Performance & Capacity Planning For Sans
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Performance And Capacity Planning Basics For Storage Networks A Computer Measurement Group (CMG) Session www.cmg.org
10/27/08
Greg Schulz Director Storage Networking Solutions INRANGE Technologies
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What Is CMG? This Presentation Is Being Delivered On Behalf Of The Computer Measurement Group (CMG) For Educational Purposes
For more information about CMG, membership, conferences, and publications please see www.cmg.org 10/27/08
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What Is CMG? • Computer Measurement Group (CMG) is an International Organization with groups located throughout the United States and the World pursuing computer measurement, performance, and capacity planning activities. CMG looks at Capacity Planning and Performance Engineering and related tasks across all platforms (Mainframe, Open Systems, Servers, Workstations, Internet) and applications. CMG is a non denominational organization meaning it is not tied to any one vendor (hardware, software, network, etc) and is multi-disciplined providing a vehicle for learning about and sharing information on performance and capacity planning activities. CMG by its nature is also concerned with management software that lends itself to the overall computer measurement and performance engineering process. • CMG activities include: – Annual international symposium (Dallas Texas, December 7-12, 2003) – Regional and international conferences, symposiums, and meetings – Online newsletter (MeasureIT), Journal, Conference Proceedings and papers 10/27/08
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Why The Concern For Capacity Planning and Performance
Customer Survey, 2001
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Can You Or Do You Need To Answer Any Of These? • • • • • • •
Do you know how many Gbyte/Tbyte/Pbyte of storage you have? Do you know how many disk storage devices and/or sub-systems you have? Do you know where the storage is located? Do you know how much of it is free, allocated, actually in use? Do you know how many switch ports you have, how many are used, ISL, un-used? Do you know when you will need to add more storage, tape, cache, ports, HBAs, etc? Do you know how utilized your storage network is in terms of: – – – – – – – –
10/27/08
Bandwidth and throughput of servers, storage devices, switches I/Os, transactions, frames and packets being sent/received end-to-end and by component Channel delays and queuing for devices, adapters, and switches/gateways Response time and latency for the network and for storage Where the bottlenecks are, what is normal, what is abnormal? Workload profiles (reads, writes, I/O size, random, sequential, response time) How long tape mounts (real or virtual) take under different conciliations? much of it is disk, how much is tape, how many devices? Performance And Capacity Planning Basics For Storage Networking
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Getting Started - What Is It? • Performance and Capacity Planning activities have occurred in the enterprise environments for S/390 Mainframes and Open Systems platforms for many years. • These activities have for the most part focused on large (expensive) components including processors, memory, storage and network interconnects, and storage subsystems (disk and tape). • Performance and Capacity Planning are independent yet related functions in that you can institute capacity planning in your environment without having to worry about performance engineering or vise versa not that it is a recommended practice. • With the advent of lower cost processors (CPUs), memory, and storage, there is a tendency to go out and buy more. For some environments this may be applicable, however it brings with it an added management burden of more resources to see over. • More recently Performance and Capacity Planning activities have focused on Internet related activities particularly response time and workload balancing. • Capacity Planning, Performance, and Storage Resource Management (SRM) are related and depend upon each other. • With storage and storage networking taking on a more prominent and lead role in many IT environments, more disciplined management activities are being employed to more effectively utilize IT resources particularly in tough business climates. 10/27/08
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Why Bother With Performance and Capacity Planning? • Hardware is cheap, people are not, why tie someone up doing tuning? – While hardware is becoming less expensive, management (people and software is not)
• Your staff is already busy if not overworked, why give them more to do? – With planning, you can utilize your resources (people, hardware, software) better
• Why not buy more and have the vendor management it for you? – This may be an alternative if you can afford it from a dollar and business perspective
• Your environment is not growing so why be concerned with planning? – If your environment is stable, now is a good time to institute a plan for the future
• Your environment is dynamic so why do tuning and capacity planning? – During the dot-com bubble this was a common practice that lead to wild purchases and the vendors absolutely loved it! – Many sites over bought at what turned out to be higher prices than now available and have excess capacity that is consuming power, cooling, and management.
• You have your vendors take care of it all so why worry about this? – As part of the vendor community, can we talk…. 10/27/08
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Getting Started - What Is It? • Capacity Planning – Monitor how resources are being used including trends – Provides insight on how resources are being used including: • Memory, CPU/Processors, I/O interfaces, Networks, Storage Devices • What the past looks like, what is normal, what is expected, what is planned • What is needed to support service level agreements (SLAs)
– Provides a view into the future as to when resources will be needed – Can help facilitate purchasing and upgrade decisions – Can help business decisions including do you have enough resources to support growth, new functions, consolidation, and mergers/acquisitions. – Provides effective measurements to help manage resources better – Facilitate timely decision making to support dynamic and changing environments – Can be simple as tracking what you have, how it is used using a spreadsheet – Can be intermediate using a combination of tools and metrics – Can be advanced including modeling, sophisticated packages tightly integrated into your environment. 10/27/08
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Getting Started - What Is It? • Performance Tuning and Engineering – Looks at how resources and application are performing – Looks at applications and underlying infrastructure items including processors, memory, file systems, operating systems, I/O interfaces, networks,and storage. – Looks at how resources are being used including activity, bottlenecks, slowdowns, and availability of resources that impact performance. – Hardware, application, operating & file system, database, and network focused – Can be simple or advanced depending on your needs and requirements – Can support and drive Service Level Agreements (SLAs) – Can range from simple maintenance like defragging the disk on your laptop to advanced configuration and tuning of the entire I/O sub-system to application optimization activities.
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Some Storage and Storage Networking Challenges… TB/Capacity
Availability
$/Budgets
Planning for Growth • Capacity doubling every 18 months (Rich Media) • SANs getting more complex (Similar to early Lans) • Consolidation of servers, storage, SANs
Data Availability Network Planning • More copies of data are needed (Regulatory) • Increased pressure for 100% uptime • DR networking costs expensive (Telco)
Shrinking Budgets and Cost Reductions • Lower management costs (Capital & Operating) • Optimize purchasing/Maximize Investment • Reduced Headcount/Improved efficient
Ultimately, how do you support growth, improve resiliency, while reducing costs? 10/27/08
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A Unified Storage Networking Environment Servers
S/390 and Open Systems Servers
NAS
SAN/DAS
Archive
Servers NAS & SAN
NFS Client
SAN/DAS
NAS
Capacity Security Performance Block / File Replication Backup
Data Sharing
SAN/DAS
Scalable Management
Consolidation
Shared Storage & Tape 10/27/08
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Capacity Planning – Part Of The SNIA Shared Storage Model
The SNIA storage model
with Services subsystem Application
Interconnect Usage Interconnect Capacity Storage Usage Storage Capacity
File system (fs)
Block Block aggregation aggregation
Storage Storage devices devices (disks, (disks, …) …)
Block layer layer
Discovery, monitoring monitoring Discovery, Resource mgmt, mgmt, configuration configuration Resource Security, billing billing Security, Redundancy mgmt mgmt (backup, (backup, …) …) Redundancy High availability availability (fail-over, (fail-over, …) …) High Capacity planning planning Capacity
Database (dbms)
Services
Storage domain
File/record File/record layer layer
53 Copyright © 2001, Storage Networking Industry Association [draft SNIA TC Proposal]
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Managing Storage And Storage Networks Monitor Data Inputs
Collect Data
Make Adjustments
Assess And Analyze
Track Progress
Monitor Resources
It Should Not Have To Be Complex!
Have A Plan, Manage And Monitor Your IT Resource Capacity And Performance With That Plan 10/27/08
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Capacity Planning And Performance Lifecycle Model SRM
Asset Management Regulatory Compliance New Development Application Changes Business Growth Consolidation Collect, Assess, What Changed? Positive Impact? Report, Analyze, Data Collection
Model, Trend, Track
Data Reporting
How Are Resources Being Utilized and How Effective?
Research, Adjust, Test, Implement Technology Options Configuration Management Test, Simulation, Modeling Engineer Changes Change Control/Management 10/27/08
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Capacity Planning Basics Assessment – What Do You Currently Have, How Is It Being Used • • • •
Do you have detailed configurations and topology information for your environment Do you have an inventory or list of what equipment and software you have Do you have profiles or information about your workloads and what is normal Do you have any metrics or can you obtain them (sar, df, iostat, MXG, SAS, etc) – Performance related includes bandwidth, I/O activity, MB/sec, I/Osec, response time – Capacity related includes disk and tape space consumption, ports and HBAs used
• Do you have any reporting and trending capabilities (paper, excel, web, SAS, etc) • Do you have any knowledge of business plans, growth, and activity to map to plan • Do you have any business tie back information to IT resources and consumption – A business transaction requires “x” Mbyte and “y” I/Os at “z” response time – A device address can correspond to a branch office, bank teller machine, or terminal
• Do you have any Quality of Service (QoS), Rules of Thumb, or SLAs? – – – – 10/27/08
A port can support “x” Tbyte of storage at “y” Mbyte/sec A server to storage port ratio is 6:1 assuming servers are doing 10-15MB/sec at 1Gb You need to keep “x” ports free, “y” amount of storage free for growth on demand You run servers at “x”% and interconnects at “y”% utilization, and storage “z” allocated Performance And Capacity Planning Basics For Storage Networking
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Capacity Planning Basics Analyze, Model, Forecast – Interpret Data and Information • • • • • • •
Identify trends and patterns based upon history, present activity, and projections Understand business, applications, hardware and software activity Create supporting reports and charts showing trends and activities Track resource consumption (ports, memory, processor, storage) Track resource activity (frames/packets/Ios, queuing, delay, bandwidth) Model and forecast using tools or pencil, paper, and calculator Identify options and various alternatives to support business needs – Upgrades and expansion – Tuning and conservation – Combination of above
• Develop plans and strategies to support business needs and available resources • This is part science, part art, part intuitive (you need to understand your environment) • The better the data, the better the information, the better the plan! – Your chances of success are as at least as good as your local weather forecaster .
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Storage Networking Focus Items • Processor/Server (CPU) – CPU and Memory – Usage, paging, busy vs overhead vs. idle – I/O bus and back plane – Is there enough capacity to support the adapters – I/O Adapters and channels including HBAs and NICs – Are adapters busy or idle
• I/O interconnect/Channel – I/O path activity – How busy is the path, any congestion or queuing or channel busy – I/O interconnect (switches and directors) – How many ports, blocking/congestion – Gateways, front end processors (FEP), bridges, and routers – Usage and profile – Metropolitan and Wide Area Network interfaces – Bandwidth, Droop, Latency
• Storage Sub-System (Disk & Tape) – – – – 10/27/08
Cache capacity and usage – Cache hits, effectiveness and utilization Device capacity and allocation –How much allocated vs. used vs. available Number and type of devices – How many devices, what type, size, etc Control Unit usage and activity – How busy is controllers vs. devices Performance And Capacity Planning Basics For Storage Networking
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Capacity Planning And Performance Focal Points • CPU Processing Resource • Number Connection Ports • Amount Of Capacity • Memory Capacity • Non Blocking Bandwidth • Number Of Devices • I/O Channel (Adapters) • I/Os and Frames/ Second • Type Of Devices Switch Interconnect
LAN
CPU Host Processor
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CPU, Memory, I/O, And Storage • Activity (Idle, Overhead, Real Work) • Usage Patterns, Response Time • Allocation, Free, Used, Compression • Busy Channels, Blocking, Queuing • I/Os and Bandwidth, Reads, Writes • Tape and Volume Mounts and Delays
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Storage Device Disk & Tape
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Storage Networking Focus Items • • • • • • • • • •
How busy are your ports (server, storage, ISLs) and effective are they? Do you need to upgrade your storage devices (e.g. cache) for faster ports? When will you need to add more ports? Will you need to upgrade or change your infrastructure to add ports? How utilized are your ISLs and Trunks? How busy and effective are your wide area interfaces? Are you incurring any blocking or congestion due to poor locality? Which of your systems benefit from 1Gb, 2Gb, 10Gb technology? Is the back plane on your servers over utilized or under utilized? Asset management (What do you have) – Servers, HBAs, cabling, switches/directors, gateways, metropolitan and WAN interfaces, network links, disk, tape, software, and their configuration. – What is owned, what is leased, who ones it, what is due for replacement
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Storage Networking Design Process – Determine requirements and objectives • • • •
Why are you building a storage network and what do you want it to support What are you success criteria, how will you know when it is done and works Do you have a strategy to align with business, or technology What are the growth plans, performance criteria, any SLAs or QoS?
– Assess what you have, what you need • Take inventory of what you have, where, and what shape it is in (Note: nothing is for Free) • Do you have components (software, hardware, networks, people) to factor in • What will you need to add, what will you need to remove
– Design based upon requirements and objectives • Develop a design that is scalable and stable to support growth and your objectives • Solicit multiple ideas from different vendors and have them explain pro’s and con’s • Determine what’s best for you, as opposed to what’s best for your vendor
– Implement and document the plan • Implement the plan yourself or have someone implement it for you • Training and documentation are important activities as well as software configuration
– Validate the plan, make adjustments and repeat steps above as needed… 10/27/08
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Some Networks For Storage Networking Block
S/390 Linux CCW On zSeries
File
Message
Open Systems DAFS NFS CIFS
SCSI
IP
Sockets
MSFT FC-SB (ESCON)
FC-SB-2 (FICON)
pSCSI
FCP iSCSI
SRP
VIA
Fibre Channel 1Gb/2Gb/[10Gb]
InfiniBand 1x/4x/[8x] 2.5Gb/10Gb/[30Gb] Optics xWDM/TDM & SONET/SDH & WANs
xWDM 10/27/08
RDMA SDP
IP
SCSI (Copper)
Fiber Optics At The Core
MSDA
SONET/SDH
Gb Ethernet 1Gb/[10Gb]
Local, Metro Wide Area Storage Networking
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CIM/SMIS Heterogeneous Simplified Storage Management S/390 NAS Server AS400 FICON Head NT Unix (p/Series)
ISVn
SAN Management and SRM Tools SMIS - CIM Clients
CIM via HTTP) SMIS (CIM/XML
CIM Server CIMOM CIM Provider
CIM Server CIMOM CIM Provider
IHVn CIM Server
Backup and Archive Applications SMIS - CIM Clients
CIMOM CIM Provider
INRANGE FC/9000
Disk Storage
Storage Devices Including Block and Object Based Storage 10/27/08
Switches & Directors
Tape Storage
Switching and Storage Virtualization along with Local, Metro, and Global Connectivity
Tape Devices and Libraries Including virtual Tape
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Collecting and Reporting On Storage Networking Activity Correlates Performance across Devices, Hosts, and LUNs Across Heterogeneous Storage Networks
Port and Session Statistics MB/sec Frame/Sec I/O Size Read/Write Response Time Monitors SAN Performance (Trend/Real-time) 10/27/08
End-to-End (Delivering Service Levels)
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Some Storage Networking Metrics Utilization: • Frames (In/Out) • FC-2 MB/Sec (In, Out) • FC-4 MB/Sec (In, Out by ULP – SCSI, IP, VI, FICON, and others) • Errors MB/Sec (In, Out) • SCSI IO/Sec (Read, Write, Other) • SCSI Read (avg, min, max, read percentage) • SCSI Write (avg, min, max, write percentage) • SCSI Other (other percentage) • SCSI Read/Write Payload Size Ranges (percentage)
Throughput Errors: • • • • • • • • • •
Invalid CRC Errors Primitive Sequence Protocol Errors Frames Too Long Frames Truncated Address ID Errors Delimiter Errors Disparity Errors Discarded Frames Invalid Transmission Words
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Availability: • Link Resets (In/Out) • OLS (In/Out) • LOGIs (Port, Fabric) • %Available Link Integrity: • Sync Loss • Sig Loss Capacity: • %capacity for all frames • FC-4 %capacity (SCSI,IP,VI,FICON, other) • % capacity link control • % capacity link services Latency: • SCSI Read/Write Duration (ms)
Storage Networking metrics (statistics) have been rudimentary and limited to what’s available from a given vendors switch, HBA, application, or storage device. The collection and flow of statistics has been either intrusive or proprietary formats. New capabilities now exist to collect in an non-intrusive manor complete statistics including detailed session level information not available from switches and directors across all platforms and storage devices. An example of this new capability is INRANGE PerformanceVSN Storage Networking probe and server with APIs.
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Performance, Workload Analysis, Capacity Planning Dashboard, Visualization Of Storage Networking Activity
Performance
Utilization
Traffic Analysis
Summary of total Mbytes/sec For 24 selected across multiple switches
Real-time Summary showing read exchanges by size from storage Device “RAID_A” to all host.
Summary of top five LUNs (Storage Devices) being Read From “Server_A”
Capacity Planning
Workload Analysis
Diagnostics
Trend over past 8 hours of total Summary of Traffic by Protocol Real-time error statistics Mbytes/se (In and Out) for a summary of a selected port selected port 10/27/08 Performance And Capacity Planning Basics For Storage Networking 25
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Storage Networking Planning Items • When Planning For Storage Networking Devices (Disk/Tape) – Account for impact to cache with 1Gb, 2Gb, 10Gb – Account for impact of mixed protocols (FCP, ESCON, FICON, Parallel SCSI) – Account for device performance and configuration (e.g. RAID level etc.) – Proper cache size for VTS devices depending on SLAs and requirements – Single, Dual, and Quad pathing of storage interfaces for resiliency
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Storage Networking Planning Items • Server and Processors – Account for any dual, quad HBA server port needs – Account for adequate bandwidth on busses and back planes – Software license of volume managers, path managers, fail over managers – Some dual/quad HBAs share common bus and may not operate at full speed
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Storage Networking Planning Items • When Planning For Storage Networking Ports – Account for any dual, quad HBA server port needs – Account for storage ports (primary and secondary) – Account for ISL and trunk ports for local and metro – Account for connectivity ports to expand to other switches for growth – Account for ports for diagnostics, test, and analyses – Account for any spare and on-demand ports – Account for ports for hardware mirroring – Account for any SAN appliances including NAS heads and Virtualization devices
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Performance, Distance, and Latency Considerations Droop Phenomenon of performance degradation over distance Performance drops before theoretical limit Not to be confused with speed of light (5microsec/km latency) Function of Network Protocol vs. Physical medium Synchronous access can be more impacted then Async. Results from lack of Buffer Credits with flow control networks
• • • • • •
Commonly found with Storage and Deterministic Interfaces
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Lack of Buffer Credits and Flow Control
9
3.5 0 60
10
20
Data Droop Rate
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30
40
50
Distance in Km
Data Rate MB/sec
Data Rate MB/sec
20
100
Sufficient Buffer Credits And Flow Control
65 45 25 0 0 80
10 90
20
30
40
Data Droop Rate
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60
70
Distance in Km
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• Locality – The root of SAN performance bottlenecks – Locality describes where ports are located in a SAN with the higher locality, the better performance will be with fewer or no hops to incur increased latency, simplified security and management. In the example below on the left, all ports are 100% local however this is determined by the number of available local ports. On a sixteen port switch, there would be 16 local ports, on a 64, 128, or 256 port director, there would 64, 128, or 256 local ports. Thus vertical scaling and locality go hand in hand. In the center example below, more ports are needed than what is available with vertical scaling so horizontal scaling is used to increase the number of ports however locality is reduced. On the right, is an example of vertical scaling to use a large port count device to improve locality to improve performance. 100% Locality
Hops = Latency
0% Locality
100% Locality
100% Locality
Vertical Scaling
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Horizontal Scaling 10/27/08
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Capacity Plan For Storage Networking Ports (All Fabrics)
Ports
256
128 96 64 48 32 16 Q1
Q2
Q3
Used/Allocated Ports
Q4
Q1
Q2
Available Ports
Q3
Q4 Trend
Time 10/27/08
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Storage Usage Information Device
GB
% Used
Free
I/Os
MBs
Dev1 Dev2 Dev3 Dev4 Dev5 5 Devices
36 36 36 36 25 180
50 25 50 75 9 46%
18 9 18 27 30 81
80 50 90 40 50 290
45 50 30 20 50 195
Depending on device type, additional capacity may be needed for example to support RAID-5, mirroring RAID-1, striping RAID-0. These devices should appear in total capacity however may be hidden in terms of usable capacity and storage. Some devices may be used for capacity indicting a low I/O or throughput (MB/sec) rate. Others may be high I/O with low utilization (possible candidate for SSD). 10/27/08
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Some Storage Networking Performance and Capacity Planning Tips The best topology is the one that works for you as opposed to one you work for Establish availability, performance, response time and other objectives Create scripts that can check end-to-end response time and know what is normal Capacity Planning concerns capacity, bandwidth, utilization, and activity When migrating from 1Gb to 2Gb assess cache impact on your storage ESCON to FICON migration can be done in phases using multi and quad paths Poor metrics and information can lead to poor decisions and management Understand what your storage network is doing and how it is being used Understand what resources you have (servers, HBAs, disk/tape, ports, etc.) Utilize capacity planning tools for reporting and monitoring Simple homegrown tools can be used including sar, iostat,df, and excel Be practical as it can be easy to get wrapped around the “axle”! 10/27/08
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Some Additional Material and Reading “The Resilent Enterprise – Veritas Press “Storage Networking Essentials” – Barker/Massiglia (Wiley) “Blueprints for High Availability” – Marcus (Wiley) “Leveraging MAN and WAN Connectivity” – SNWOnline – August 2002 InfoStor (www.infostor.com) • June 2001, Introduction To Storage Networking, • May 2002, Protocol options lead to “Storage Agnostic Networks” • August 2000, Storage Virtualization explained
Industry Associations (SNIA, FCIA, IETF, T11, SCTA) and their websites SNIA Web Site and Education Committee Tutorials • www.snia.org • SNIA Dictionary and Tutorials (Metro Storage Networks, Infrastructures)
CMG Proceedings and handouts on CD’s (www.cmg.org)
“Storage Networking Primer and Update” & “Scaling Resilent Storage networks” 10/27/08
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INRANGE Overview History – Enterprise Networking Solutions Since 1967 Thousands of World Wide Enterprise Customers • Telecommunications, Financial, Services, Transportation, Government, Manufacturing, Retail, Insurance, Life Sciences and Medical • Direct touch exposure and experience with end users for consultive sales and solutions
Technology Leadership • • • •
Scalability and Reliability Flexibility and Interoperability Network Management Simplicity Investment Protection
Balanced Business Model
Multi-Protocol Switching (Fibre Channel and FICON)
Connection and Extension (FC and ESCON over xWDM, SONET/SDH, and IP)
Monitoring & Management Fiber and Cabling Infrastructure Professional Services
• 67% Product and 33% Services • Domestic and International presence • Core Storage (Switching)/Network Provisioning/Data Center Infrastructure
Addressing Overall Storage and Storage Networking Functionality and Benefits 10/27/08
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Questions? [email protected]
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Thank You www.inrange.com
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Performance And Capacity Planning Basics For Storage Networks A Computer Measurement Group (CMG) Session www.cmg.org
10/27/08
Greg Schulz Director Storage Networking Solutions INRANGE Technologies
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What Is CMG? This Presentation Is Being Delivered On Behalf Of The Computer Measurement Group (CMG) For Educational Purposes
For more information about CMG, membership, conferences, and publications please see www.cmg.org 10/27/08
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What Is CMG? • Computer Measurement Group (CMG) is an International Organization with groups located throughout the United States and the World pursuing computer measurement, performance, and capacity planning activities. CMG looks at Capacity Planning and Performance Engineering and related tasks across all platforms (Mainframe, Open Systems, Servers, Workstations, Internet) and applications. CMG is a non denominational organization meaning it is not tied to any one vendor (hardware, software, network, etc) and is multi-disciplined providing a vehicle for learning about and sharing information on performance and capacity planning activities. CMG by its nature is also concerned with management software that lends itself to the overall computer measurement and performance engineering process. • CMG activities include: – Annual international symposium (Dallas Texas, December 7-12, 2003) – Regional and international conferences, symposiums, and meetings – Online newsletter (MeasureIT), Journal, Conference Proceedings and papers 10/27/08
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Why The Concern For Capacity Planning and Performance
Customer Survey, 2001
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Can You Or Do You Need To Answer Any Of These? • • • • • • •
Do you know how many Gbyte/Tbyte/Pbyte of storage you have? Do you know how many disk storage devices and/or sub-systems you have? Do you know where the storage is located? Do you know how much of it is free, allocated, actually in use? Do you know how many switch ports you have, how many are used, ISL, un-used? Do you know when you will need to add more storage, tape, cache, ports, HBAs, etc? Do you know how utilized your storage network is in terms of: – – – – – – – –
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Bandwidth and throughput of servers, storage devices, switches I/Os, transactions, frames and packets being sent/received end-to-end and by component Channel delays and queuing for devices, adapters, and switches/gateways Response time and latency for the network and for storage Where the bottlenecks are, what is normal, what is abnormal? Workload profiles (reads, writes, I/O size, random, sequential, response time) How long tape mounts (real or virtual) take under different conciliations? much of it is disk, how much is tape, how many devices? Performance And Capacity Planning Basics For Storage Networking
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Getting Started - What Is It? • Performance and Capacity Planning activities have occurred in the enterprise environments for S/390 Mainframes and Open Systems platforms for many years. • These activities have for the most part focused on large (expensive) components including processors, memory, storage and network interconnects, and storage subsystems (disk and tape). • Performance and Capacity Planning are independent yet related functions in that you can institute capacity planning in your environment without having to worry about performance engineering or vise versa not that it is a recommended practice. • With the advent of lower cost processors (CPUs), memory, and storage, there is a tendency to go out and buy more. For some environments this may be applicable, however it brings with it an added management burden of more resources to see over. • More recently Performance and Capacity Planning activities have focused on Internet related activities particularly response time and workload balancing. • Capacity Planning, Performance, and Storage Resource Management (SRM) are related and depend upon each other. • With storage and storage networking taking on a more prominent and lead role in many IT environments, more disciplined management activities are being employed to more effectively utilize IT resources particularly in tough business climates. 10/27/08
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Why Bother With Performance and Capacity Planning? • Hardware is cheap, people are not, why tie someone up doing tuning? – While hardware is becoming less expensive, management (people and software is not)
• Your staff is already busy if not overworked, why give them more to do? – With planning, you can utilize your resources (people, hardware, software) better
• Why not buy more and have the vendor management it for you? – This may be an alternative if you can afford it from a dollar and business perspective
• Your environment is not growing so why be concerned with planning? – If your environment is stable, now is a good time to institute a plan for the future
• Your environment is dynamic so why do tuning and capacity planning? – During the dot-com bubble this was a common practice that lead to wild purchases and the vendors absolutely loved it! – Many sites over bought at what turned out to be higher prices than now available and have excess capacity that is consuming power, cooling, and management.
• You have your vendors take care of it all so why worry about this? – As part of the vendor community, can we talk…. 10/27/08
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Getting Started - What Is It? • Capacity Planning – Monitor how resources are being used including trends – Provides insight on how resources are being used including: • Memory, CPU/Processors, I/O interfaces, Networks, Storage Devices • What the past looks like, what is normal, what is expected, what is planned • What is needed to support service level agreements (SLAs)
– Provides a view into the future as to when resources will be needed – Can help facilitate purchasing and upgrade decisions – Can help business decisions including do you have enough resources to support growth, new functions, consolidation, and mergers/acquisitions. – Provides effective measurements to help manage resources better – Facilitate timely decision making to support dynamic and changing environments – Can be simple as tracking what you have, how it is used using a spreadsheet – Can be intermediate using a combination of tools and metrics – Can be advanced including modeling, sophisticated packages tightly integrated into your environment. 10/27/08
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Getting Started - What Is It? • Performance Tuning and Engineering – Looks at how resources and application are performing – Looks at applications and underlying infrastructure items including processors, memory, file systems, operating systems, I/O interfaces, networks,and storage. – Looks at how resources are being used including activity, bottlenecks, slowdowns, and availability of resources that impact performance. – Hardware, application, operating & file system, database, and network focused – Can be simple or advanced depending on your needs and requirements – Can support and drive Service Level Agreements (SLAs) – Can range from simple maintenance like defragging the disk on your laptop to advanced configuration and tuning of the entire I/O sub-system to application optimization activities.
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Some Storage and Storage Networking Challenges… TB/Capacity
Availability
$/Budgets
Planning for Growth • Capacity doubling every 18 months (Rich Media) • SANs getting more complex (Similar to early Lans) • Consolidation of servers, storage, SANs
Data Availability Network Planning • More copies of data are needed (Regulatory) • Increased pressure for 100% uptime • DR networking costs expensive (Telco)
Shrinking Budgets and Cost Reductions • Lower management costs (Capital & Operating) • Optimize purchasing/Maximize Investment • Reduced Headcount/Improved efficient
Ultimately, how do you support growth, improve resiliency, while reducing costs? 10/27/08
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A Unified Storage Networking Environment Servers
S/390 and Open Systems Servers
NAS
SAN/DAS
Archive
Servers NAS & SAN
NFS Client
SAN/DAS
NAS
Capacity Security Performance Block / File Replication Backup
Data Sharing
SAN/DAS
Scalable Management
Consolidation
Shared Storage & Tape 10/27/08
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Capacity Planning – Part Of The SNIA Shared Storage Model
The SNIA storage model
with Services subsystem Application
Interconnect Usage Interconnect Capacity Storage Usage Storage Capacity
File system (fs)
Block Block aggregation aggregation
Storage Storage devices devices (disks, (disks, …) …)
Block layer layer
Discovery, monitoring monitoring Discovery, Resource mgmt, mgmt, configuration configuration Resource Security, billing billing Security, Redundancy mgmt mgmt (backup, (backup, …) …) Redundancy High availability availability (fail-over, (fail-over, …) …) High Capacity planning planning Capacity
Database (dbms)
Services
Storage domain
File/record File/record layer layer
53 Copyright © 2001, Storage Networking Industry Association [draft SNIA TC Proposal]
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Managing Storage And Storage Networks Monitor Data Inputs
Collect Data
Make Adjustments
Assess And Analyze
Track Progress
Monitor Resources
It Should Not Have To Be Complex!
Have A Plan, Manage And Monitor Your IT Resource Capacity And Performance With That Plan 10/27/08
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Capacity Planning And Performance Lifecycle Model SRM
Asset Management Regulatory Compliance New Development Application Changes Business Growth Consolidation Collect, Assess, What Changed? Positive Impact? Report, Analyze, Data Collection
Model, Trend, Track
Data Reporting
How Are Resources Being Utilized and How Effective?
Research, Adjust, Test, Implement Technology Options Configuration Management Test, Simulation, Modeling Engineer Changes Change Control/Management 10/27/08
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Capacity Planning Basics Assessment – What Do You Currently Have, How Is It Being Used • • • •
Do you have detailed configurations and topology information for your environment Do you have an inventory or list of what equipment and software you have Do you have profiles or information about your workloads and what is normal Do you have any metrics or can you obtain them (sar, df, iostat, MXG, SAS, etc) – Performance related includes bandwidth, I/O activity, MB/sec, I/Osec, response time – Capacity related includes disk and tape space consumption, ports and HBAs used
• Do you have any reporting and trending capabilities (paper, excel, web, SAS, etc) • Do you have any knowledge of business plans, growth, and activity to map to plan • Do you have any business tie back information to IT resources and consumption – A business transaction requires “x” Mbyte and “y” I/Os at “z” response time – A device address can correspond to a branch office, bank teller machine, or terminal
• Do you have any Quality of Service (QoS), Rules of Thumb, or SLAs? – – – – 10/27/08
A port can support “x” Tbyte of storage at “y” Mbyte/sec A server to storage port ratio is 6:1 assuming servers are doing 10-15MB/sec at 1Gb You need to keep “x” ports free, “y” amount of storage free for growth on demand You run servers at “x”% and interconnects at “y”% utilization, and storage “z” allocated Performance And Capacity Planning Basics For Storage Networking
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Capacity Planning Basics Analyze, Model, Forecast – Interpret Data and Information • • • • • • •
Identify trends and patterns based upon history, present activity, and projections Understand business, applications, hardware and software activity Create supporting reports and charts showing trends and activities Track resource consumption (ports, memory, processor, storage) Track resource activity (frames/packets/Ios, queuing, delay, bandwidth) Model and forecast using tools or pencil, paper, and calculator Identify options and various alternatives to support business needs – Upgrades and expansion – Tuning and conservation – Combination of above
• Develop plans and strategies to support business needs and available resources • This is part science, part art, part intuitive (you need to understand your environment) • The better the data, the better the information, the better the plan! – Your chances of success are as at least as good as your local weather forecaster .
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Storage Networking Focus Items • Processor/Server (CPU) – CPU and Memory – Usage, paging, busy vs overhead vs. idle – I/O bus and back plane – Is there enough capacity to support the adapters – I/O Adapters and channels including HBAs and NICs – Are adapters busy or idle
• I/O interconnect/Channel – I/O path activity – How busy is the path, any congestion or queuing or channel busy – I/O interconnect (switches and directors) – How many ports, blocking/congestion – Gateways, front end processors (FEP), bridges, and routers – Usage and profile – Metropolitan and Wide Area Network interfaces – Bandwidth, Droop, Latency
• Storage Sub-System (Disk & Tape) – – – – 10/27/08
Cache capacity and usage – Cache hits, effectiveness and utilization Device capacity and allocation –How much allocated vs. used vs. available Number and type of devices – How many devices, what type, size, etc Control Unit usage and activity – How busy is controllers vs. devices Performance And Capacity Planning Basics For Storage Networking
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Capacity Planning And Performance Focal Points • CPU Processing Resource • Number Connection Ports • Amount Of Capacity • Memory Capacity • Non Blocking Bandwidth • Number Of Devices • I/O Channel (Adapters) • I/Os and Frames/ Second • Type Of Devices Switch Interconnect
LAN
CPU Host Processor
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CPU, Memory, I/O, And Storage • Activity (Idle, Overhead, Real Work) • Usage Patterns, Response Time • Allocation, Free, Used, Compression • Busy Channels, Blocking, Queuing • I/Os and Bandwidth, Reads, Writes • Tape and Volume Mounts and Delays
Performance And Capacity Planning Basics For Storage Networking
Storage Device Disk & Tape
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Storage Networking Focus Items • • • • • • • • • •
How busy are your ports (server, storage, ISLs) and effective are they? Do you need to upgrade your storage devices (e.g. cache) for faster ports? When will you need to add more ports? Will you need to upgrade or change your infrastructure to add ports? How utilized are your ISLs and Trunks? How busy and effective are your wide area interfaces? Are you incurring any blocking or congestion due to poor locality? Which of your systems benefit from 1Gb, 2Gb, 10Gb technology? Is the back plane on your servers over utilized or under utilized? Asset management (What do you have) – Servers, HBAs, cabling, switches/directors, gateways, metropolitan and WAN interfaces, network links, disk, tape, software, and their configuration. – What is owned, what is leased, who ones it, what is due for replacement
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Storage Networking Design Process – Determine requirements and objectives • • • •
Why are you building a storage network and what do you want it to support What are you success criteria, how will you know when it is done and works Do you have a strategy to align with business, or technology What are the growth plans, performance criteria, any SLAs or QoS?
– Assess what you have, what you need • Take inventory of what you have, where, and what shape it is in (Note: nothing is for Free) • Do you have components (software, hardware, networks, people) to factor in • What will you need to add, what will you need to remove
– Design based upon requirements and objectives • Develop a design that is scalable and stable to support growth and your objectives • Solicit multiple ideas from different vendors and have them explain pro’s and con’s • Determine what’s best for you, as opposed to what’s best for your vendor
– Implement and document the plan • Implement the plan yourself or have someone implement it for you • Training and documentation are important activities as well as software configuration
– Validate the plan, make adjustments and repeat steps above as needed… 10/27/08
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Some Networks For Storage Networking Block
S/390 Linux CCW On zSeries
File
Message
Open Systems DAFS NFS CIFS
SCSI
IP
Sockets
MSFT FC-SB (ESCON)
FC-SB-2 (FICON)
pSCSI
FCP iSCSI
SRP
VIA
Fibre Channel 1Gb/2Gb/[10Gb]
InfiniBand 1x/4x/[8x] 2.5Gb/10Gb/[30Gb] Optics xWDM/TDM & SONET/SDH & WANs
xWDM 10/27/08
RDMA SDP
IP
SCSI (Copper)
Fiber Optics At The Core
MSDA
SONET/SDH
Gb Ethernet 1Gb/[10Gb]
Local, Metro Wide Area Storage Networking
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CIM/SMIS Heterogeneous Simplified Storage Management S/390 NAS Server AS400 FICON Head NT Unix (p/Series)
ISVn
SAN Management and SRM Tools SMIS - CIM Clients
CIM via HTTP) SMIS (CIM/XML
CIM Server CIMOM CIM Provider
CIM Server CIMOM CIM Provider
IHVn CIM Server
Backup and Archive Applications SMIS - CIM Clients
CIMOM CIM Provider
INRANGE FC/9000
Disk Storage
Storage Devices Including Block and Object Based Storage 10/27/08
Switches & Directors
Tape Storage
Switching and Storage Virtualization along with Local, Metro, and Global Connectivity
Tape Devices and Libraries Including virtual Tape
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Collecting and Reporting On Storage Networking Activity Correlates Performance across Devices, Hosts, and LUNs Across Heterogeneous Storage Networks
Port and Session Statistics MB/sec Frame/Sec I/O Size Read/Write Response Time Monitors SAN Performance (Trend/Real-time) 10/27/08
End-to-End (Delivering Service Levels)
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Some Storage Networking Metrics Utilization: • Frames (In/Out) • FC-2 MB/Sec (In, Out) • FC-4 MB/Sec (In, Out by ULP – SCSI, IP, VI, FICON, and others) • Errors MB/Sec (In, Out) • SCSI IO/Sec (Read, Write, Other) • SCSI Read (avg, min, max, read percentage) • SCSI Write (avg, min, max, write percentage) • SCSI Other (other percentage) • SCSI Read/Write Payload Size Ranges (percentage)
Throughput Errors: • • • • • • • • • •
Invalid CRC Errors Primitive Sequence Protocol Errors Frames Too Long Frames Truncated Address ID Errors Delimiter Errors Disparity Errors Discarded Frames Invalid Transmission Words
10/27/08
Availability: • Link Resets (In/Out) • OLS (In/Out) • LOGIs (Port, Fabric) • %Available Link Integrity: • Sync Loss • Sig Loss Capacity: • %capacity for all frames • FC-4 %capacity (SCSI,IP,VI,FICON, other) • % capacity link control • % capacity link services Latency: • SCSI Read/Write Duration (ms)
Storage Networking metrics (statistics) have been rudimentary and limited to what’s available from a given vendors switch, HBA, application, or storage device. The collection and flow of statistics has been either intrusive or proprietary formats. New capabilities now exist to collect in an non-intrusive manor complete statistics including detailed session level information not available from switches and directors across all platforms and storage devices. An example of this new capability is INRANGE PerformanceVSN Storage Networking probe and server with APIs.
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Performance, Workload Analysis, Capacity Planning Dashboard, Visualization Of Storage Networking Activity
Performance
Utilization
Traffic Analysis
Summary of total Mbytes/sec For 24 selected across multiple switches
Real-time Summary showing read exchanges by size from storage Device “RAID_A” to all host.
Summary of top five LUNs (Storage Devices) being Read From “Server_A”
Capacity Planning
Workload Analysis
Diagnostics
Trend over past 8 hours of total Summary of Traffic by Protocol Real-time error statistics Mbytes/se (In and Out) for a summary of a selected port selected port 10/27/08 Performance And Capacity Planning Basics For Storage Networking 25
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Storage Networking Planning Items • When Planning For Storage Networking Devices (Disk/Tape) – Account for impact to cache with 1Gb, 2Gb, 10Gb – Account for impact of mixed protocols (FCP, ESCON, FICON, Parallel SCSI) – Account for device performance and configuration (e.g. RAID level etc.) – Proper cache size for VTS devices depending on SLAs and requirements – Single, Dual, and Quad pathing of storage interfaces for resiliency
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Storage Networking Planning Items • Server and Processors – Account for any dual, quad HBA server port needs – Account for adequate bandwidth on busses and back planes – Software license of volume managers, path managers, fail over managers – Some dual/quad HBAs share common bus and may not operate at full speed
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Storage Networking Planning Items • When Planning For Storage Networking Ports – Account for any dual, quad HBA server port needs – Account for storage ports (primary and secondary) – Account for ISL and trunk ports for local and metro – Account for connectivity ports to expand to other switches for growth – Account for ports for diagnostics, test, and analyses – Account for any spare and on-demand ports – Account for ports for hardware mirroring – Account for any SAN appliances including NAS heads and Virtualization devices
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Performance, Distance, and Latency Considerations Droop Phenomenon of performance degradation over distance Performance drops before theoretical limit Not to be confused with speed of light (5microsec/km latency) Function of Network Protocol vs. Physical medium Synchronous access can be more impacted then Async. Results from lack of Buffer Credits with flow control networks
• • • • • •
Commonly found with Storage and Deterministic Interfaces
17
Lack of Buffer Credits and Flow Control
9
3.5 0 60
10
20
Data Droop Rate
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30
40
50
Distance in Km
Data Rate MB/sec
Data Rate MB/sec
20
100
Sufficient Buffer Credits And Flow Control
65 45 25 0 0 80
10 90
20
30
40
Data Droop Rate
Performance And Capacity Planning Basics For Storage Networking
50
60
70
Distance in Km
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• Locality – The root of SAN performance bottlenecks – Locality describes where ports are located in a SAN with the higher locality, the better performance will be with fewer or no hops to incur increased latency, simplified security and management. In the example below on the left, all ports are 100% local however this is determined by the number of available local ports. On a sixteen port switch, there would be 16 local ports, on a 64, 128, or 256 port director, there would 64, 128, or 256 local ports. Thus vertical scaling and locality go hand in hand. In the center example below, more ports are needed than what is available with vertical scaling so horizontal scaling is used to increase the number of ports however locality is reduced. On the right, is an example of vertical scaling to use a large port count device to improve locality to improve performance. 100% Locality
Hops = Latency
0% Locality
100% Locality
100% Locality
Vertical Scaling
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Horizontal Scaling 10/27/08
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Capacity Plan For Storage Networking Ports (All Fabrics)
Ports
256
128 96 64 48 32 16 Q1
Q2
Q3
Used/Allocated Ports
Q4
Q1
Q2
Available Ports
Q3
Q4 Trend
Time 10/27/08
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Storage Usage Information Device
GB
% Used
Free
I/Os
MBs
Dev1 Dev2 Dev3 Dev4 Dev5 5 Devices
36 36 36 36 25 180
50 25 50 75 9 46%
18 9 18 27 30 81
80 50 90 40 50 290
45 50 30 20 50 195
Depending on device type, additional capacity may be needed for example to support RAID-5, mirroring RAID-1, striping RAID-0. These devices should appear in total capacity however may be hidden in terms of usable capacity and storage. Some devices may be used for capacity indicting a low I/O or throughput (MB/sec) rate. Others may be high I/O with low utilization (possible candidate for SSD). 10/27/08
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Some Storage Networking Performance and Capacity Planning Tips The best topology is the one that works for you as opposed to one you work for Establish availability, performance, response time and other objectives Create scripts that can check end-to-end response time and know what is normal Capacity Planning concerns capacity, bandwidth, utilization, and activity When migrating from 1Gb to 2Gb assess cache impact on your storage ESCON to FICON migration can be done in phases using multi and quad paths Poor metrics and information can lead to poor decisions and management Understand what your storage network is doing and how it is being used Understand what resources you have (servers, HBAs, disk/tape, ports, etc.) Utilize capacity planning tools for reporting and monitoring Simple homegrown tools can be used including sar, iostat,df, and excel Be practical as it can be easy to get wrapped around the “axle”! 10/27/08
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Some Additional Material and Reading “The Resilent Enterprise – Veritas Press “Storage Networking Essentials” – Barker/Massiglia (Wiley) “Blueprints for High Availability” – Marcus (Wiley) “Leveraging MAN and WAN Connectivity” – SNWOnline – August 2002 InfoStor (www.infostor.com) • June 2001, Introduction To Storage Networking, • May 2002, Protocol options lead to “Storage Agnostic Networks” • August 2000, Storage Virtualization explained
Industry Associations (SNIA, FCIA, IETF, T11, SCTA) and their websites SNIA Web Site and Education Committee Tutorials • www.snia.org • SNIA Dictionary and Tutorials (Metro Storage Networks, Infrastructures)
CMG Proceedings and handouts on CD’s (www.cmg.org)
“Storage Networking Primer and Update” & “Scaling Resilent Storage networks” 10/27/08
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INRANGE Overview History – Enterprise Networking Solutions Since 1967 Thousands of World Wide Enterprise Customers • Telecommunications, Financial, Services, Transportation, Government, Manufacturing, Retail, Insurance, Life Sciences and Medical • Direct touch exposure and experience with end users for consultive sales and solutions
Technology Leadership • • • •
Scalability and Reliability Flexibility and Interoperability Network Management Simplicity Investment Protection
Balanced Business Model
Multi-Protocol Switching (Fibre Channel and FICON)
Connection and Extension (FC and ESCON over xWDM, SONET/SDH, and IP)
Monitoring & Management Fiber and Cabling Infrastructure Professional Services
• 67% Product and 33% Services • Domestic and International presence • Core Storage (Switching)/Network Provisioning/Data Center Infrastructure
Addressing Overall Storage and Storage Networking Functionality and Benefits 10/27/08
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Questions? [email protected]
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Thank You www.inrange.com
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