Pencemaran-unej

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ِ‫بِسْمِ الِ الرّحْمنِ ال ّرحِيم‬

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PENCEMARAN (POLLUTION) Tantut Susanto Bagian Keperawatan Jiwa & Komunitas Program Studi Ilmu Keperawatan Universitas Jember

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25 Jan 2007

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Pencemaran • Terjadinya perubahan lingkungan oleh segala sesuatu yang sifatnya membahayakan kehidupan manusia, hewan, tumbuhan dan segala sesuatu yang berhubungan, baik karen atingkah laku manusia maupun karena peristiwa alam • Adanya zat-zat asing akan menjadi kontaminan yang menjurus menjadi pencemar (polutant) bila telah melampaui nilai ambang batas (NAB) [email protected]

25 Jan 2007

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Nilai Ambang Batas (NAB) Treshold Limit Value (TLV) • Kadar tertinggi bahan polutant dalam lingkungan kerja dimana pekerja masih sanggup menerima tanpa menunjukkan penyakit atau kelainan untuk waktu 8 jam per hari atau 40 jam per minggu • Misal: – CO NAB 50 ppm – H2S NAB 20 ppm – Amoniak NAB 50 ppm [email protected]

25 Jan 2007

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Pencemaran dapat terjadi pada: • • • •

Udara (air pollution) Tanah (land pollution) Air (water pollution) Polusi radiasi

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25 Jan 2007

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PENCEMARAN UDARA Tantut Susanto

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25 Jan 2007

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Sumber Pencemaran Udara • Proses pembakaran dari industri dan pertambangan • Kendaran bermotor • Ekses dari pembangunan • Debu tanah • Kuman • Tepung sari tumbuhan

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25 Jan 2007

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Wujud Fisik Pencemaran Udara • Gas: S02, CO, CO2, NO2, NH3, NO • Partikel: asap, kabut, debu, abu • Makhluk hidup: virus, bakteri • Tumbuhan: spora, biji-bijihan, tepung sari

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25 Jan 2007

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Pengaruh Pencemaran Udara • Terhadap kesehatan • Terhadap logam dan alat rumah tangga • Terhadap pertanian dan peternakan • Terhadap hasil-hasil peternakan

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25 Jan 2007

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Terhadap Kesehatan • Kematian segera: CO, Methyl, Isocyanate • Kerusakan pencernaan: HCO • Kerusakan sistem peredaraan darah: benzena, toluen, phenol • Kerusakan saraf: carbon disulfida, methyl alkohol • Keracunan: timbal, air raksa • Kerusakan paru-paru [email protected]

25 Jan 2007

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Kerusakan Paru-Paru • • • • • • • • •

Pneumoconiosis Silicosis: debu SiO2 Asbestosis: debu asbes Berriliosis: debu berelium Bycinosis: debu kapas Stanosis: debu timah Siderosis: debu Fe2O3 Antrhocosis: debu arang batu Talcosis: debu talk

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Terhadap Logam dan Alat Rumah Tangga

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• • • •

Karat: SO2 Tekstil: NO Karet: Ozon Merubah warna cat : H2S

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25 Jan 2007

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Terhadap Hasil Peternakan • Persenyawaan florida yang menempel pada rumput bila termakan ternak akan menjadi kurus dan produksi susu menurun

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25 Jan 2007

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Usaha Pencegahan Pengotoran Udara

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• • • • •

Udara yang mengandung gas/uap Udara yang mengandung debu Udara kotor dari kendaraan Penghijauan kota Oleh alam

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25 Jan 2007

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Udara yang mengandung gas/uap

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• Dengan cara mencuci • Dengan cara membakar

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25 Jan 2007

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Udara yang mengandung debu • Dilewatkan kamar pengendap • Dengan saringan debu • Dilewatkan pada ruangan yang melingkar-lingkar (cyelone) • Dengan listrik • Dengan baling-baling • Dengan penyedot debu (dust exhauster) [email protected]

25 Jan 2007

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Udara kotor dari kendaraan • Bahan bakar yang sedikit menghasilkan pencemaran • Kendaraan berat lewat luar kota • Memperlebar jalan agar kendaraan berjalan cepat • Diciptakan tenaga listrik dan matahari

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25 Jan 2007

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Penghijauan kota • Tumbuhan berfungsi: – Melindungi panas matahari – Menghasilkan O2 – Menyerap CO2

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25 Jan 2007

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Oleh alam • Hujan • Angin

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Tindakan Pencemaran Udara Secara Umum • Tindakan teknologis – Jalur hijau – Perlengkapan industri

• Tindakan planologis – Pemisahan industri estate dan real estate

• Tindakan administratif – Dibuatnya UU dan Peraturan untuk mencegah pencemaran [email protected]

25 Jan 2007

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PENCEMARAN TANAH Tantut Susanto

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25 Jan 2007

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Microorganisme Tanah • Protozoa: amuba, flagelata, ciliata • Bactery: clostridium, rhizobium • Algae: alga biru/hijau, diatomy, jamur ragi, phycomycetes, streptomycetes

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25 Jan 2007

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Bakteri Tanah • Bakteri atotrop: untuk hidup perlu bahan in organik misal C, N • Bakteri heterotrop: perlu bahan organik, misal: protein dari hewan • Bakteri hidup di kedalam tanah sampai 2 feet (60 cm) • Kedalaman 10-12 feet (300-360 cm) bebas bakteri [email protected]

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Sumber Pencemaran Tanah • • • • • • • •

Sampah rumah tangga Sampah industri Air limbah rumah tangga Air limbah industri Racun serangga Racun jamur Racun tikus Racun tanaman

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25 Jan 2007

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Penanggulangan Pencemaran • Pengawasan terhadap pembuangan sampah • Pengawasan air limbah • Pengawasan penggunaan racun dan serangga

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PENCEMARAN AIR Tantut Susanto

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25 Jan 2007

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Sumber Pencemaran • • • •

Kegiatan industri Kegiatan pertanian Kegiatan transportasi Kegiatan rumah tangga

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25 Jan 2007

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Pencemaran air berpengaruh: • Irigasi: mengurangi produk pertanian • Perikanan: DO rendah, temperatur tinggi

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25 Jan 2007

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PENCEMARAN RADIASI Tantut Susanto

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25 Jan 2007

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Radiasi Electromagnetis • Gelombang mikro (radio, TV, Computer): – – – – –

Astenia Kelainan neurovaskuler Perubahan tonus pembuluh darah Paroxysma Kuatnya reaksi simpatis (liur, air mata banyak keluar)

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25 Jan 2007

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• Sinar lazer – Kebutaan

• Sinar ultra merah – Katarak

• Sinar ultra violet – Conjugtivitis fotoelectrica

• Sinar X – Leukemia – Impoten – Luka bakar

• Radiasi sinar radioaktif – Sinar alfa, beta, gamma akan mengacaukan proses metabolisme tubuh [email protected]

25 Jan 2007

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