ကြန္ျမဴနစ္၀ါဒသည္ ၿခဳံခိုတိုက္ခိုက္ရန္ ေစာင့္ဆိုင္းေန၏

1

2

3

pmzwfolodk‹ TO THE READER

tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&D ysufokOf;oGm;jcif;ta-umif;udk TpmtkyfY txl;tcef;wpf cef;tjzpf az:jyxm;ygonf? tb,fha-umifhqdkaomf/ ToDtdk&Donf/ bmomt,l0g'udk qef‹usifonfhtawG;tac:rsm;tm;vkH;ESifh bk&m;rJh0g'wdk‹.tajccHoabmw&m;rsm; yg&Sd aoma-umifh jzpfygonf? 'g0if0g'u zefqif;jcif;,kH-unfcsufudk jiif;y,fvdkufjcif; jzifh tv†m[ft&Sifjrwf&Sdjcif;udkvnf; jiif;y,f&ma&mufaoma-umifh/ vGefcJhonfh ESpf aygif; 140 ausmftwGif; vltajrmuftjrm;tm; olwdk‹.bmomt,l0g',kH-unfcsuf rsm;udk pGef‹v$wfoGm;apcJhjcif; 'dG[oHo,jzpfapjcif;rsm; jyKcJhayonf? xdk‹a-umifh ‚if; oDtdk&DtawG;tac:onf vdrfvnfvSnfhpm;jcif;omv#ifjzpfa-umif;udk vltrsm; &Sif;vif; pGmod&Sdoabmaygufatmifwifjy&efrSm rvkyfrae&wm0ef jzpfayonf? pmzwfy&d\wf tcsdKŒonf u|Efkyfwdk‹.pmtkyftcsdKŒudkom zwfrd-urnfjzpfaoma-umifh/ xdkoDtdk&Dt a-umif;udk TpmtkyfwGifvnf; tcef;wpfcef;wGif tusOf;csKyfI az:jyoifhonf[k ,lq ygonf? pma&;ola&;om;cJhaom pmtkyftm;vkH;wGif/ bmoma&;,kH-unfr+ESifhywfoufI uk&ftmefusrf;awmfjrwftm,ofawmfrsm;jzifh&Sif;jyI/ pmzwfoludk tv†m[ft&Sifjrwf. rdef‹-um;oGefoifcsufrsm;udk avhvmrSwfom;um xdkoGefoifcsufrsm;twdkif; aexdkif&ef zdwfac:xm;ayonf? tv†m[ft&Sifjrwf.tm,ofawmfrsm;ESifhywfoufaomta-umif; &yfrsm;udk&Sif;jy&mY pmzwfol.pdwfwGif 'Gd[oHo,uif;&Sif;I aemufxyfar;cGef;rsm; xkwf&efr&SdEdkifatmif &Sif;vif;wifjyxm;ayonf? pma&;ol. pdwf&if;apwemrSef t &if;cHaom a&;enf;a&;[efESifh vG,ful&Sif;vif;aomtokH;tE+ef;rsm;onf pmzwfolvl -uD;vli,ft&G,fwdkif;ESifh vlr+a&;tkyfpkwdkif;u vG,fulpGmem;vnfoabmaygufEdkif ygonf? xda&mufI &Sif;vif;aompmom;rsm;a-umifh wpfxdkifwnf;wGif tjyD;zwf±+ Edkifygonf? bmomt,l0g'rsm;udk jyif;xefpGmjiif;y,folwdk‹yifv#if/ Tpmtkyfyg rSefuefonfh &Sif;vif;csufESifh udk;um;csufrsm;udk jiif;qefI r&Edkif-uacs? TpmtkyfESifhtwl pma&;ol.usefpmtkyftm;vkH;wdk‹udk wpfOD;csif;zwfjcif; odk‹r [kwf tkyfpkvdkufaqG;aEG;jcif;jyKEdkifygonf? pma&;ol.pmtkyfrsm;rS tusKd;aus;Zl; &&Sd vdkolwdk‹twGuf tkyfpkzGJ‹IaqG;aEG;&eftvGefoifhavsmfygonf? xdkodk‹jyKjcif;jzifh wpfOD;ESifh wpfOD;.tjrifESifh tawG‹t-uHKrsm;udk ESD;aESmzvS,fEdkifvdrfhrnf? xdk‹tjyif/ Tpmtkyfudk a&;om;jcif;onf tv†m[ft&Sifjrwf.ESpfoufjcif;udk &,l&efudkom &nf&G,faoma-umifh/ zwf±+jcif;ESifhykHESdyfxkwfa0jcif;onf -uD;us,faom tpPvmrfhtusdK;aqmifjcif;yifjzpfayonf? Tpma&;q&m.pmtkyfrsm;onf zwfaumif; &kHru ,kH-unfxdkufaompmtkyfrsm;jzpfygonf? xdk‹a-umifh/ rSefuefaom bmomt,l 0g'twGuf tjcm;olrsm;udk qufoG,f&mY Tpmtkyfrsm;udk zwf±+&efwdkufwGef;jcif;onf taumif;qkH;aom enf;vrf;jzpfygonf? Tpma&;ol.pmtkyfrsm;wGif/ pma&;ol.yk*~vdutjrifrsm;/ 'Gd[oHo,jzpfzG,faom udk;um;csufrsm;jzifh&Sif;vif;wifjyjcif;/ &dkaoav;pm;xdkufaomrGefjrwfonfht&mrsm;ESifh ,kH-unfcsufrsm;udk xdyg;onfhtokH;tE+ef;rsm;/ pmzwfol.pdwfudk ±+yfaxG;aprnfh a0zef okH;oyfcsufrsm; uif;&Sif;ygonf?

4

uGefjrLepf0g'onf jcHKcdkwdkufcdkuf&ef apmifhae. COMMUNISM IN AMBUSH 20=&mpkESpfrS ab;qdk;-uD;onf &ufpufr+ topftwGuf jyifqifaeykHta-umif; HOW THE SCOURGE OF THE 20TH CENTURY IS PREPARING FOR FRESH SAVAGERY

[m&Gef,[f,m 2003ckESpf arv

HARUN YAHYA MAY 2003

5

pma&;olta-umif; ABOUT THE AUTHOR

Tpmtkyfudk [m&Gef,[f,m[laom uavmiftrnfjzifha&;om; ol pma&;q&m-uD;onf/ wl&uDEdkifiH tefum&mjrKdŒY 1956ckESpf wGif arG;zGm;cJhI/ tefum&mjrKdŒwGifyif txufwef; ausmif;ynm oif,lcJhavonf? tpPwefblvfjrKdŒ&Sd rDrm&fqDeefwuUodkvfwGif 0dZ…mbmom&yfudk qufvufqnf;yl;um 0dZ…mbGJ‹ESifhr[m0dZ…mbGJ‹ udkqGwfcl;cJhavonf? xdk‹aemuf tpPwefblvfwuUodkvfrS '\ed uaA'bmom&yfjzifh yg&*lbGJ‹udk qGwfcl;cJhavonf? 1980=ckESpf rSpI EdkifiHa&;odyH`bmom&yf/ odyH`bmom&yfESifh ,kH-unfcsufqdkif&mta&;rsm;ESifhywf oufonfhpmtkyfrsm;udk a&;om;xkwfa0cJhayonf? tDAdkvl;&Sif;ac:wpfpwpfp qifhuJ ajymif;vJjzpfay:jcif;tawG;tac:0g'Drsm;.ta,mifaqmifvdrfvnfr+ESifh ‚if;wdk‹. t cdkif trmtqdkjyKcsufrsm;onf usKd;a-umif;qDavsmfr+r&Sda-umif;tjyif/ 'g0if0g'ESifh wuG urBmay:wGif aoG;acsmif;pD;apcJhonfh zufqpf0g'ESifh uGefjrLepf0g'wdk‹udk aemufuG,frS aeI qufpyfay;aeolwdk‹ta-umif;udk pmtkyfaygif; rsm;pGma&;om;I az:xkwfcJhav onf? ol.uavmiftrnfonf tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfudk r,kH-unfr+wGif twdkuftcHvkyf cJh&mY ausmf-um;aom wrefawmfESpfyg;jzpfonfh [m&Gef(tm&Gef)ESifh ,[f,m(a,m[ef) wdk‹.trnfESpfckudk aygif;pyfxm;aomtrnfjzpfonf? Tpmtkyf.rsufESmzkH;rsm;wGif yg onfh wrefawmfjrwf.wHqdyfonf pmtkyftwGif;&Sdta-umif;tcsufrsm;ESifh qufpyf vsuf &Sdaeygonf? aemufqkH;usrf;awmfjrwfjzpfonfh uk&ftmefusrf;awmfjrwfESifh aemuf qkH;wrefawmfjrwfjzpfonfh rdk[rR'f(qGv†v†m[ktvdkif;a[h0qv†rf)wdk‹udk udk,fpm;jyK xm;jcif;jzpfonf? uk&ftmefusrf;awmfjrwfESifh qGEMwf(wrefawmfjrwf.-o0g'usifhpOf) rsm;.oGefoifcsuft&/ bk&m;rJh0g'wdk‹.tajccHa&aomufjrpf tcsuftvufrsm;udk oufaoom"ursm;ESifhtwl acszsufI/ bmomt,l0g'rsm;udk wm;jrpfpGyfpGJaomtoH rsm;udk wdwfqdwfoGm;apygonf? ynmhtvif;udk&&SdI yuwdjynfhpkHaumif;rGefaom tusifhoduQmESifhudk,fusifhw&m;rsm;jzifhjynfhpkHonfh aemufqkH;wrefawmfjrwf. wHqdyf awmfudk tokH;jyKI xdkbk&m;rJh0g'Dwdk‹. toHudk wdwfqdwfoGm;apjcif;jzpfygonf? [m&Gef,[f,ma&;om;onfhpmayrsm;onf/ uk&ftmefusrf;awmfjrwf.owif; rSm-um;csufrsm;udk ydk‹oay;I/ pmzwfolwdk‹tm; ,kH-unfcsufESifhoufqdkifonfh tajccH tcsuftvufrsm;udk pOf;pm;qifjcifokH;oyfjcif;jzifh tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfwnf&Sda-umif;ESifh xdkt&Sifjrwfonf wpfyg;wnf;aomt±Sifjrwf jzpfawmfrla-umif;udk od&Sd-uI/ azguf jyefaombk&m;rJhtawG;tac:rsm;. usKd;a-umif;cdkifvkHr+r&Sdonfh tajccHrsm;udk az:xkwf jyo&efom t"duyef;wdkif jzpfayonf? [m&Gef,[f,ma&;om;onfhpmtkyfrsm;udk tdEdN,EdkifiHrStar&duefEdkifiHtxd/ t*Fvef EdkifiHrStif'dkeD;&Sm;EdkifiHtxd/ ydkvefEdkifiHrSabmhpeD;,m;EdkifiHtxd/ pydefEdkifiHrS b&mZD;vfEdkifiHtxd/ pojzifh urBmtESH‹tjym;rS pmzwfy&d\wfwdk‹ zwf±+-uygonf? t*Fvdyf/ jyifopf/ *smref/ pydef/ tDwvD/ ay:wl*D/ tl&'l/ tm&AsD/ tvfab;eD;,ef;/ &k&Sm;/ qmbdk= c&dktuf/ ydkvef/ rav;/ tGD*k&f/ wl&uDESifh tif'dkeD;&Sm;bmompum;rsm;jzifh jyefqdkxm; onfudkvnf; zwf±+Edkifygonf? 6

[m&Gef,[f,m.pmtkyfrsm;onf/ urBmwpf0Srf;vkH;&Sd pmzwfoly&d\wf. -udKufESpfoufjcif;&Sdonfhtjyif/ tajrmuftjrm;aomyk*~dKvfwdk‹udk tpPvmrfomoemodk‹ jyefvnfa&muf&SdvmapI olwdk‹. tDrmef,kH-unfcsufudkvnf; ydkrdkcdkifrmap&mwGif ta&; ygvSayonf? ol.pmom;rsm;onf Om%ftajrmftjrifESifhjynfhpkHI &Sif;vif;jywfom; onfhtjyif/ em;vnfoabmaygufvG,faom a&;enf;a&;[efrsm;jzpfum/ zwf±+ol. todw&m;udk vG,fulpGmyGifhvif;apygonf? TpmtkyfwGifa&;om;xm;aomtcsufrsm; onf/ &kyf0g'tawG;tac:rsm;udk vsifjrefxda&mufpGmacsyxm;jcif;rsm;jzifh pDukH;xm; aoma-umifh/ Tpmtkyfrsm;udk tav;teufxm;olwdk‹onfvnf; bk&m;rJh0g'ESifhtwl tjcm;azgufjyefaomtawG;tac:rsm;udk qufvufaxmufcH-uawmhrnfr[kwfay? t u,fI qufvufaxmufcHae-uao;aomfvnf;/ wrifoufoufayuyf aejcif;om jzpf ayvdrfhrnf? tb,fha-umifhqdkaomf/ Tpmtkyfrsm;onf xdkuJhodk‹aom tawG;tac: rsm;udk ‚if;wdk‹.tajccH&m tkwfjrpfrsm;rSpwifI vSefvdkufjcif;a-umifh jzpfygonf? ,ae‹vuf&SdtcsdefwGif tv†m[ft±Sifjrwfudk jiif;y,faomv+yf&Sm;r+rsm; tm;vkH;onf/ [m&Gef,[f,m.pmtkyfrsm;a-umifh tawG;tac:t& ppfa&;±+H;edrfhoGm;-uavjyD? ,if;&v'frsm;onf uk&ftmefusrf;awmfjrwf&Sd Om%ftvif;ESifh ,if;.&Sif;vif; jywfom;r+rsm;a-umifhjzpfonfrSm ,kHrSm;oHo,r&SdEdkifawmhay? pma&;olonf tv†m[f t&Sifjrwf. vrf;rSefudk trsm;vlom;rsm;&SmazGpl;prf;&mwGif taxmuftuljzpfap&ef &dk;om;aom apwemt&if;cH&nf&G,fcsufxm;&Sdygonf? Tpmtkyfrsm;udk a&;om;xkwf a0aomvkyfief;wGif rnfonfh&kyf0wˆKtjrwftpGef;udkr# ar#mfudk;jcif;tvsif;r&Sdyg? Tpmtkyfrsm;udk tjcm;olrsm;zwf±+&ef tm;ay;ulnD&if;/ ‚if;wdk‹udk tv†m[f t&Sifjrwf. opPm&Sdaomaus;u|efrsm;jzpfvmatmif olwdk‹.pdwfESvkH;om;rsm;udk zGifhay; I tv†m[ft&Sifjrwf.vrf;pOfodk‹ ac:aqmifoGm;Edkifolwdk‹onf wefzdk;rjzwfEdkifavmuf atmif -uD;us,faom tusKd;aqmifolrsm;yifjzpfayonf? ,QKtcsdefwGif vlrsm;.pdwfudk Za0Z0g±+yfaxG;apI/ olwdk‹.pdwfxJ&Sd 'Gd[ oHo,jzpfaejcif;rsm;udkxda&mufpGm &Sif;vif;apEdkifjcif;r&Sdonfhtjyif cdkifvkHaomouf aoom"ursm; r&Sdonfh ±+yfaxG;aomtawG;tac:qDodk‹ OD;aqmifoGm;Edkifrnfhpmtkyf rsm;udk jzef‹a0jcif;onf tv[\tcsdefjzKef;aejcif;omv#ifjzpfaeygvdrfhrnf? vltrsm; tm; tDref,kH-unfr+aysmufuG,faejcif;rS u,fwifvdkonfhrGefjrwfaom&nf&G,fcsuf xuf/ pma&;ol.pmaytpGrf;udkjy&efudkom t"duxm;onfhpmtkyfrsm;onf xda&mufr+ r&SdEdkifay? Ttcsufudk oHo,jzpfolwdkif;onf[m&Gef,[f,m.pmtkyfwGif tDref,kH -unfr+uif;rJhjcif;udk csKd;ESdrfausmfv$m;I uk&ftmefusrf;awmfjrwf. oif-um;csufusifhpOf wefzdk;rsm;udkom t"duxm;jzef‹jzL;onfudk-unfhI pdwf&Sif;oGm;Edkifygonf? TtusKd; aqmifcsuf. atmifjrifr+onf pmzwfolwdk‹. cH,lcsuftay:wGif o&kyfouefay:vGif vmrnfomjzpfygonf? ,ae‹urBmay:wGif &ufpuf-urf;-uKwfr+/ oabmxm;uGJvGJr+a-umifh&ifqdkifwdkuf cdkufyËdyuQ jzpfae-ujcif;ESifhtwl vltrsm;-uKHawG‹ae-u&onfh tjcm;'kuQqif;&Jjcif;t aygif;wdk‹onf/ tv†m[ft±Sifjrwfudk r,kH-unfjiif;y,fonfh tawG;tac:rsm;v$rf;rdk;r+ a-umifh jzpfonfudk ta&;-uD;qkH;tcsuftjzpf rSwfom;xm;&efvdktyfygonf? xdk 'kuQyifv,frS vGwfajrmufEdkif&efrSm tv†m[ft&Sifjrwf. tHhzG,frcef;aom zef;qif; jcif;udk owdw&m;&&Sd-ujyD; xdkt&Sifjrwfu uk&ftmefusrf;awmfjrwfwGif oif-um;ydk‹cs xm;aom usifh0wfw&m;a'oemawmfrsm;udk jzef‹csdjcif;jzifh rdpm>'d@dtawG;tac:bk&m;rJh 0g'udk qkH;cef;wdkif acszsufypf&efvdktyfayonf? vuf&SdurBmhtajctaeudk -unfhvdkuf ygu/ t-urf;zufjcif;rsKd;pkHESifh azgufjyefr+yËdyuQtrsKd;rsKd;odk‹omv#if a&SŒ±+OD;wnfvsuf 7

&Sdaeojzifh/ tcsdefraESmif;rD tv†m[ft±Sifjrwf.a'oemawmfudk xda&mufpGmESifh vsifjrefpGm ydk‹csjzef‹a0&ef vdktyfaea-umif; xif&Sm;aeayonf? ,if;-uKd;yrf;csufwGif/ [m&Gef,[f,ma&;om;aom pmtkyfrsm;onf a&SŒwef;rS yg0ifvsuf&Sdayonf? tif&Smtv†m[f (tv†m[ft&Sifjrwftvdkawmf&Sdygu)/ ESpfq,fh wpf&mpkESpf&Sd urBmolurBmom;rsm;onf/ uk&ftmefusrf;awmfjrwfwGif uwdu0wf jyKxm;onfhtwdkif; jidrf;csrf;r+/ w&m;r#wr+ESifh om,maysmf&$ifr+rsm;udk &&Sdatmif ay; aqmif&mwGif Tpmtkyfrsm;rSwpfqifh &±Sdaom todw&m;rsm;u wpfpdwfwpfa'otjzpf yg0ifEdkifygvdrfhrnf?

8

tv†m[ft&Sifjrwf. vrf;awmfwGif &yfwnf&ef &nf&G,fcsufjzifh u|Ekfyf. cspfvSpGmaom ZeD;/ om;orD;rsm;/ nDtpfudkrsm;ESifhrdwfo*F[rsm;udk ESpf&Snfvrsm; cGJcGmcJhjcif;*sD[m'fwGif wpdwfwa'o jznfhwif;ygap[k &nfpl;vsuf Tpmtkyfudk ukodkvfjzpf jrefrmbmomjyefqdkygonf? uk&ftmefusrf;awmfjrwftm,wfawmfrsm;.t"dy`g,fudk &Sif;jy&mY &efukefjrdKŒuk&ftmefusrf;jrefrmbmomjyeftoif;rS xkwfa0aomjrefrmbmomjyefudk tokH;jyKygonf? Tjrefrmbmomjyef pmtkyfudk rnfolrqdk vGwfvyfpGmykHESdyfxkwfa0a&mif;csjzef‹jzL;cGifh ay;ygonf? rdk[rR'ftvD (v[D)wef*Gef; 2009=ckESpf ZEM0g&Dv 26=&uf

9

bmomjyefol.trSm Foreword from the Translator

u|Ekfyfonf bmoma&;udkif;±d+if;aom ESpfjcif;c&pf,mefomoem0if tdrfaxmifpkwGif arG;zGm; -uD;jyif;vmcJholjzpfygonf? i,fpOfuwnf;upI we*FaEGae‹wdkif; uav;oli,frsm;tm; c&pfawmf . a'oemawmfESifhorRmusrf;oifcef;pmrsm;udk/ u|Ekfyf.&GmrS twefa0;uGmaomjrKdŒ&Sd bk&m;&Sdcdk; ausmif;wGif rSefrSefwufa&mufqnf;yl;cJhygonf? "rRq&mrsm;u okH;qlonf wpfqlwnf;jzpfa-umif; oif-um;&mwGif rnfolur# u|Efkyfoabmaygufatmif &Sif;vif;jyEdkifjcif;r&SdcJh-uyg? tv,fwef; ausmif;om;b0 15=ESpfom;t&G,fwGif rGwfpvifrf'dkif*sufESifh tpPvmrpf&DjAL;r*~Zif;rsm;tjyif urBmhtvif;pmapmifudkzwf±+cGifh&&SdcJh&mrSpI/ tpPvmrfomoemonf zefqif;&SifESifhywfoufI t &Sif;vif;qkH;oif-um;aom omoemtjzpf vufcHoabmaygufojzifh/ 1955=ckESpfOD;ydkif;wGif “awm0f [D'f”ac: wpfyg;wnf;aomzefqif;&Sifudkomv#if udk;uG,fqnf;uyfaom tpPvmrfomoemudk awG‹&SdvufcHI touf 16=ESpfwGif umvDrm&S[m'wf zwfcJhygonf? xdkacwfumvwGif aemiftem*wfEdkifiHa&;avmuodk‹ ajcvSrf;-urnfh ausmif;om;rsm;onf jyifqifa&;tjzpf txufwef;tqifhrSpI wuUodkvfausmif;om;b0txd ausmif;om;or*~v+yf&Sm;r+ rsm;wGif yg0if-uonf? EdkifiHa&;udkydkrdkIpdwf0ifpm;onfhausmif;om;rsm;onfvnf; txl;ojzifh EdkifiH a&;odyH`/ '\eduaA'ESifh rEk\aA'bmom&yfrsm;udk a&G;cs,fqnf;yl;-uayonf? 'g0if.tDAdkvl; &Sif;oDtdk&D/ trsdK;om;qdk&S,fvpf(zufqpf)0g'/ jyifopfpufr+awmfvSefa&;ta-umif;/ rm;ufP/ tif *sJvf/ vDeif/ xa&mhpfuD/ pwmvifESifharmfpDwkH;wdk‹ta-umif;awGudkvnf; aema-u-uayonf? ,kwWd aA'enf;jzifhusdK;a-umif;qifjcifI tajz&Smaom&kyf0g'[kt"dy`g,f&aom tEkyËdavmr&kyf0g' (dialectic materialism) tawG;tac:udkvnf; xufatmufwGif;jyif ar$aESmufusufrSwfxm;-uay onf? xdkacwfwGif tiftm;t-uD;qkH;awmwGif;awmfvSefa&;tzGJ‹jzpfonfh ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD (Auy)odk‹0ifI awmcdkcJh-uaomausmif;om;rsm;onfvnf; xdkausmif;om;rsm;yifjzpfonf? jrefrm rGwfpvifrfwdk‹ zGJ‹pnf;onfh yoDaumifpDtzGJ‹0ifwdk‹yifv#if AuyESifhqufoG,fI ajray:ajratmuf EdkifiHa&;v+yf&Sm;-uayonf? aemifwGifarmfpDwkH;.,Ofaus;r+awmfvSefa&;umvtwGif; w&kwfEdkifiH odk‹oGm;a&mufoifwef;wufcJholta0;a&muf A[dkaumfrDwD0ifwdk‹onf AuyXmecsKyfodk‹ jyefvnf a&muf&Sdvmaomtcg/ wyfeDvli,fzGJ‹pnf;I tpGef;a&mufatmif vuf&JZuf&JowfjzwfcJh-uavonf? rdrdwdk‹.tawG;tac:0g'ESifh tenf;i,fuGJvGJolwdk‹udk/ rdrd.arG;rdcifzcifyifjzpfap/ vnfvSD;I xdkvnfacsmif;aoG;jzifh ajcaq;cJh-uonf? (tao;pdwfaumufE+wfcsufudk aemufqufwGJ(3)wGif az:jyxm;ygonf)? xdkuGefjrLepftzGJ‹0ifwdk‹onfvnf; bmomomoem udk;uG,fqnf;uyfonfh rdb rsm;rSarG;zGm;vmcJh-uolrsm;jzpf-uaomfvnf; tb,fha-umifhxdkr#avmufvlrqefatmif&uf puf-urf; -uKwfcJh-uonfudk tHh-ojcif;-uD;pGmjzifh oabmraygufEdkifcJhyg? uGefjrLepf0g'onf bmom omoem tm;vkH;udkqef‹usifonfh0g'jzpfI/ tv†m[ft&Sifjrwf.zefqif;jcif;udk jiif;y,faom0g'jzpfa-umif; udk odxm;ojzifh tajccHtm;jzifh tpPvmrfomoemESifh qef‹usifa-umif;udkawmh odxm;ygonf? [m&Gef,[f,ma&;om;aom “vl‹avmuodk‹ 'kuQqif;&Jaygif;pkH ,laqmifcJhaom'g0if0g'” pmtkyfESifh “uGefjrLepf0g'onf jcHKcdkwdkuf&ef apmifhae.” [laompmtkyfudk zwf±+rdojzifh xdk&ufpufr+rsm;. aemufuG,f&Sd tawG;tac:tiftm;pk-uD;ESifh ywfoufI &Sif;vif;pGm od&ygonf? Auywdk‹onfvnf; Ak'
rdk[rR'ftvD(v[D)wef*Gef;

10

rmwdum Contents

ed'gef; tcef; 1 uGefjrLepf0g' pwifay:aygufvmjcif;

12 14

tcef; 2 bdkvf&SDApfygwD. &dkif;pdkif;&ufpufr+ordkif;

30

tcef; 3 jiD;aiGŒzG,f uGefjrLepfavmu

84

tcef; 4 tm&SwdkufrS teDa&mift-urf;zufr+

107

tcef; 5 bmoma&;udk uGefjrLepf0g'. &efvdkr+

149

tcef; 6 uGefjrLepf0g'onf wdkufcdkuf&efacsmif;ajrmif;aeonf 168 aemufqufwGJ 1 &kyf0g'ukd y,fzsufvdkufonfh ta&;-uD;aomtrSefw&m;

182

aemufqufwGJ 2 tDAdkvl;&Sif; vdrfvnfvSnfhjzm;r+

194

aemufqufwGJ 3 Auy A[dkaumfrDwD0if &JabmfaX;.om; zdk;wl;u ol.zcifudkpGJcsufwifykH

216

11

ed'gef;(Introduction) jrLepf0g'onf/ 20&mpkESpfudk ted@m&kHtpGef;txif;rsm;jzifh npfnrf;ay usefapcJhonf? xdktpGef;txif;rsm;onf/ usL;ausmfjcif;ESifh &ufpuf -urf;-uKwfjcif;/ aoG;acsmif;pD;jcif;ESifhrsuf&nftdkifxGef;apjcif;rsm;jzpf.? &k&Sm;awmfvSefa&;rSpwifI ‚if;tawG;tac:a-umifh vl‹toufaygif;oef; 120=ausmf qkH;±+H;apcJhonf[k ordkif;yg&*lrsm;u cef‹rSef;-uayonf? xdkaoausysufpD; toufqkH;±+H;olrsm;wGif/ ppfajrjyifwGifusqkH;ol ppfom;rsm;omr[kwfbJ olwdk‹.tpdk;& rsm;u owfjzwfvdkufonfh t&yfom;rsm;yg0ifayonf? uGefjrLepfacgif;aqmifwdk‹u o em;usifemr+uif;rJhpGm owfjzwf-uonfudk wurBmvkH;u awG‹jrifcJh-uonf? aoG;at; at;ESifh&dkif;pdkif;onfh TtawG;tac:a-umifh a,musfm;rdef;r/ Z&mtdkESifhvlrr,fuav; i,frsm;tygt0if vlOD;a&aygif; oef;aygif;wpf&mwdk‹ toufqkH;±+H;cJh-uavonf? uGef jrLepftpdk;&wdk‹u/ jynfolwdk‹udk olwdk‹.aetdrfrsm;rSESifxkwfjcif;/ pepfwus zefwD;aom iwfrGwfacgif;yg;r+/ tvkyfpcef;ESifhtusOf;axmifrsm;Y u|efjyKjcif;/ ponfhvkyf&yfrsm; jzifh oef;aygif;rsm;pGmaomjynfolwdk‹. vl‹tajccHtcGifhta&;ESifh vGwfvyfr+udk qkH;±+H;ap onf? oef;aygif;rsm;pGmaom jynfolwdk‹onf/ uGefjrLepfajymufusm;wyfzGJ‹rsm;ESifht-urf; zuf tzGJ‹tpnf;rsm;. ajcmif;ajrmif;ypfcwfrnfhusnfqHtEW&m,fudk usD;vef‹pmpm; a-umufvef‹ae-u&onf? TtawG;tac:.Zpfjrpfu bmawGjzpfoenf;? uGefjrLepf0g' b,frSmarG;zGm; vmcJhoenf;? Tr#&ufpuf-urf;-uKwfI aoG;qmonfhurBmhtjrifonf rnfodk‹urBmtESH‹ tjym;wGif axmufcHtm;ay;olrsm;&&SdI rnfodk‹tjrpfwG,f&mae&mrsm; &&SdcJhoenf;? t b,fha-umifh tm%m&vmjyD;t-uD;tus,f&SifoefI ta&twGufoef;ESifhcsDaomvlxkudk qGJac:EdkifcJhoenf;? qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpkuGJjyJoGm;jcif;ESifhtwl tb,fha-umifh ed*kH;csKyf oGm;cJhoenf;? odk‹r[kwf wu,fbJ ed*kH;csKyf&yfwef‹oGm;jyDavm? odk‹r[kwf urBmajray: &Sd EdkifiHwdkif;udk jcdrf;ajcmufaeao;ovm;? Tar;cGef;rsm;udk Tpmtkyfu tajzay;I/ TtawG;tac: urBm-uD;udk quf vufjcdrf;ajcmufaeao;onf[laom ta&;-uD;qkH;tcsufudkod&Sd&ef u|Ekfyfwdk‹udk owday; xm;ygonf? [kwfuJh/ tifrwef0rf;enf;a-uuGJzG,faumif;vSygonf? uGefjrLepf0g' onf jcKHcdkwdkufcdkuf&ef acsmif;ajrmif;apmifhqdkif;aeygao;onf? vl‹toufZD0defaygif; oef; 120=udk 0g;rsdKcJhonfhaoG;tdkif-uD;rSm rcef;ajcmuf ao;yg? &Sdaeygao;onf? uGefjrLepf0g'u xdkaoG;tdkif-uD;.xdyf0udkzkH;xm;ygonf? ‚if;. rodrompdrfh0iful;pufwwfaomv+yf&Sm;r+rsm;udk tomt,modk0Sufxm;onf? ‚if;. ywf0ef;usifudk &kyfazsmufxm;I/ owdrxm;rdol tr+rJhtrSwfrJhaewwfoludk zrf;&ef axmifajcmufaxmifxm;onf? ‚if;.jyifyo¾mefrsm;onfvnf; ajymif;vJae vdrfhrnf? olokH;pGJaomtrnfrsm;onfvnf; uGJjym;aevdrfhrnf? odk‹aomfvnf; vGefcJhonfh tcsdefumvwGif vl‹avmuudk em-unf;zG,fzsufpD;apcJhovdk xyfrHzsufqD;&ef acsmif;ae ygonf? Tpmtkyf. t"du&nf&G,fcsufrSm/ qdkcJhonfhrodrompdrfh0iful;pufwwfaom tqdyftawmufjcdrf;ajcmufr+rsufESmzkH;udk cGmcsjyD; vl‹avmu-uD;udk t-uD;tus,f'kuQ ay;cJhbl;aomtawG;tac:. &kyfvkH;rSefudk uGif;uGif;uGufuGufjrifEdkifatmif az:xkwfjy &efjzpfygonf?

uGef

12

13

uGefjrLepf0g' pwifay:aygufvmjcif; How Communism Began

uGef

jrLepf0g' pwifay:aygufarG;zGm;vmjcif;ESifhywfoufI em;vnf oabm ayguf&eftwGuf/ 18=&mpkESpfESifh 19=&mpkESpftwGif; Oa&myordkif;udk qef;ppf&efvdktyfayonf? c&pfouU&mZf 'kwd,&mpkESpfydkif; bk&if{uU &mZfuGefpwifwdkifrSpwifI c&pf,mefomoemudk vufcHvmcJh-uavonf? c&pf,mef omoemonf/ Oa&mywdkufwpf0Srf;vkH;wGif/ ynmtvif;yGifhjcif;tzGJ‹ (The Enlightenment)acwfrwdkifrDtxd ausmf-um;jyef‹yGm;cJh.? xdk‹aemufydkif;wGifum; tEkynmonfESifh tawG;tac:&Siftawmfrsm;rsm;u *&dESifh&dkref,Ofaus;r+wdk‹. bk&m;rJhrdpm>'d@dt,l0g'udk vufcH,kH-unf-uonfESifhtr# bmomomoem.ynwfcsufrsm;udk ypfy,f-uavonf? ynmtvif;yGifhjcif;tzGJ‹. EdkifiHa&;qdkif&m&vm'ftusdK;qufwpf&yfrSm jyifopfawmfvSef a&; jzpfonf? xdkawmfvSefa&;onfacwfa[mif;tkyfcsKyfa&;tm%mudk ykefuefawmfvSef jcif;omr[kwfbJ/ wpfcsdefwnf;wGif bmoma&;udkvnf; awmfvSefypfjcif; jzpfayonf? jyifopfawmfvSefa&;. tajccHonf bk&m;w&m;r,kH-unfaom rdpm>'d@dtawG; tac:&Sifrsm;jzpf-uonfh Adkvaw/ 'pf'g&GwfESifh rGefwuf-uLwdk‹. -oZmv$rf;rdk;r+atmuf wGif ysdK;axmifcJhayonf? c&pfouU&mZf 1789=ckESpfrSpI ynmtvif;yGifhjcif;tzGJ‹. rd pm>'d@dESifh bmomt,l0g'qef‹usifa&;[efrl&mrsm; xif&Sm;vmcJhonf? tjyif;txef0g' jzef‹jyD;aemuf/ *sufudkbiftzGJ‹om;wdk‹u/ tajccdkifvsuf&Sdaom umaomvdwfc&pf,mef omoemudk qef‹usifonfhawmfvSefa&;udk OD;aqmif-uawmhonf? omoemtopfudkyif xlaxmifEdkif-uavonf? 1790=ckESpf Zlvdkifv 14=&ufae‹wGifusif;yaom jynfvkH;qdkif &mtoif;rsm;.nDvmcHpm;aomufyGJwGif/ xdkawmfvSefa&;. omoemopfylaZmfyor+udk awG‹&ayonf? aoG;acsmif;pD;onfhawmfvSefa&;acgif;aqmifwpfOD;jzpfol &dkbufPydkif,m u tpD&ifcHpmwpfapmifwGif olwdk‹.bmomt,l0g'opf. pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm;udk az:jyxm;ayonf? xdkt,l0g'opfudk “tjrifhrm;qkH;ewfbk&m;udk udk;uG,fqnf;uyf jcif;”[k ac:xm;onf? yg&DjrdKŒawmf-uD;&Sd aemfwma';rfbk&m;&Sdcdk;ausmif;udk “usdK; a-umif;qifjcifjcif;bk&m;ausmif;”[ktrnfay;jyD; olwdk‹. bmomopfbk&m;ausmif;t jzpf ajymif;vJvdkufavonf? c&pf,mefolawmfpif“pdef‹”wdk‹.&kyfykH&kyfxkrsm;udk jzKwf zsufvdkuf-ujyD; “qifjcifjcif;.ewforD;” (Goddess of Reason) &kyfxkudk tpm;xdk;xm; 14

onf? jyifopfawmfvSefa&;umvtwGif; c&pf,mefb&if*sDbkef;-uD;ESifhoDv&Siftrsm;t jym;towfcHcJh&onf? bkef;-uD;ausmif;rsm;ESifhc&pf,mefbk&m;&Sdcdk;ausmif;rsm;udk vk,uf zsufqD;ypf-u.? wpfcsdefwnf;wGif &kyf0g'tawG;tac:jyefvnf&SifoefEdk;-uGvmjyD; Oa&mywdkuf wcGifvkH;wGif pwifjyef‹ESH‹avonf? tcsdKŒaoma&S;a[mif;*&dtawG;tac:&Sifrsm;u Tt awG;tac:udk wifjycJh-ubl;onf? olwdk‹.wifjycsuft&/ j'yfypPnf;omv#if y&rwfjzpf I/ ouf&SdypPnf;[lor#=vlom;wdk‹.todw&m;tygt0if=wdk‹onf “j'yfypPnf;. v+yf &Sm;r+”omv#ifjzpfonf[k qdk.? 18=&mpkESpftwGif; jyifopfawmfvSefa&;Y emrnf xif&Sm;aom yk*~KdvfESpfOD;jzpfonfh 'Jepf 'pf'g&GwfESifh ol.a,mif;,if; ab&Gef 'D[dk;vf bufwdk‹u TtawG;tac:udk vufcH,ljyD; vltrsm;tay:twif;t"rR&dkufoGif;-u onf? 1770=ckESpfwGif ykHESdyfxkwfa0aom obm0.pepf trnf&SdpmtkyfwGif/ ab&Gef 'D [dk;vfbufu “ody`Henf;us”pdwful;rSef;qcsuf[kac:onfhtqdkwpfckudk wifjy.? T wifjycsufwGif/ j'yf0wˆKypPnf;ESifhpGrf;tifom wnf&Sdonf[k qdkxm;onf? wpf,loef rdpm>'d@d 'D[dk;vfbufonf/ vlom;wdk‹ udk,fusifhw&m;&Sdjcif;udk qef‹usifI/ vlom;wdk‹ onf rdrd.aysmf&$ifr+udk&,loifhonf[k qdk.? xdkaysmif&$ifr+&&Sd&eftwGuf rdrdvkyfEdkifpGrf; &Sdor# tm;vkH;vkyfaqmifoifhonf[k qdkonf? uGefjrLepf0g'.Zpfjrpfonf “qifjcifjcif;. ewforD;”jzifh o&kyfaz:xm;aom/ bmoma&;udk &efvdkykefuefonfh/ jyifopfawmfvSefa&;rS tpjyK cJh.? vuf0JwGifjyxm;onfh ykHuJhodk‹ aemufydkif; wGif uGefjrLepfydkpwmrsm;wGif ,if;ewforD;ykHudk awG‹&onf?

18=&mpkESpfwGiftcsdKŒaomtawG;tac:&Sif wdk‹u vufcH-uI/ 19=&mpkESpfwGif jyif opfEdkifiHe,ferdwfudk ausmfvGefI tjcm;O a&myEdkifiHrsm;odk‹ xyfrHus,fjyeful;puf vmcJhayonf? 20=&mpkESpftpOD;ydkif;wGif/ *smreD EdkifiHY ta&;ygonfh &kyf0g'DtawG; tac:&SifESpfOD;ay:aygufvmonf?vl'f0duf bGcsfemESifh umvfaAmh*fjzpf.? aAmh*fu vlom;.qifjcifwkHw&m;ESifhpOf;pm;csifh csdefjcif;udk om"ujyjcif;jzifh &Sif;jyonf? “tonf;uonf;ajc&nfxkwfvkyfouJhodk‹ OD;aESmufonfvnf; pOf;pm;Om%fxkwf vkyfonf”[kqdkonf? t"dy`g,fuif;rJhaom aAmh*f .E+dif;,SOfcsufudk ol.acwfrS &kyf0g'D wdk‹yif vufrcH-uacs? xdkodk‹aom t"dy`g,fuif;rJhonfh wifjycsufrsm;udk ay;vifhupm;/ bmoma&;udk qef‹usifvdkonfhtiftm;pku &kyf0g'udk axG;ydkuf-ujyD; Oa&myvl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;odk‹ twif; t"rR&dkufoGif;-uavonf? &kyf0g'onf qifjcifokH;oyfjcif;ESifhodyH`ynmwdk‹. tajccH tkwfjrpfjzpfonf[k 0g'jzef‹-uonf? ,if;vdrfvnfvSnfhjzm;r+u ynmtvif;yGifhjcif; toif;om;rsm;t-um;wGif vsifjrefpGmjyef‹ESH‹oGm;avonf? yxr jyifopfjynfrS *smreD EdkifiHodk‹jyef‹oGm;I/ wajz;ajz;Oa&mywcGifvkH; ysH‹ESH‹oGm;avonf? Todk‹jyefESH‹oGm;jcif; 15

wGif z&D;arqGeftzGJ‹onf ta&;-uD;onfhr[mrdwfjzpfayonf? arqGefwdk‹onf 19=&mpk ESpfwGif &kyf0g'udk olwdk‹.omoemtjzpf vufcH,kH-unf-uI/ ynmtvif;yGifhjcif;tzGJ‹ 0iftajrmuftjrm;wdk‹onfvnf; z&D;arqGeftzJG‹0ifjzpfoGm;-uavonf? (z&DarqGeftzGJ‹ ESifhywfoufonfhpmtkyfudk TpmtkyfbmomjyefjyD;aemuf qufvufI jrefrmbmomjyef ygrnf? =tif&Smtv†m[f? bmomjyefol) Ta&S;a[mif;wpf,loef,kH-unfr+jyef‹yGm;oGm;onfESifhtr#/ odyH`ynmbmom&yf tajrmuftjrm;wGifvnf;/ &kyf0g'ESifhudkufnDatmif qGJoGif;n‡d,l-uavonf? 1? obm0qdkif&modyH`ynmbmom&yfwGif t*FvdyfvlrsdK;odyH`ynm&Sif csm;vfpf 'g0ifu tokH;jyK.? 2? vlr+a&;odyH`bmom&yfwGif *smreftawG;tac:&Sif umvfrm;ufPESifh z&uf'&pf tif*sJvfwdk‹u tokH;jyK-uonf? 'g0if. qDavsmfatmifjyKjyif,lonfhtawG;tac:udk tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&D[k wGif ac:I/ rm;ufPESifhtif*sJvfwdk‹ qDavsmfatmifjyKjyifokH;jcif;udk uGefjrLepf0g'[k ac:.?

rm;ufPESifh'g0if (Marx and Darwin) 'g0if.oDtdk&DwGif rm;ufPESifhtif*sJvfwdk‹.tawG;tac:rsm;yg0ifaejyD;om;jzpf onf[k qdkEdkifygonf? tb,fha-umifhqdkaomf/ uGefjrLepf0g'onfvnf; ordkif;ESifhvlr+ a&;bmom&yftwGuf “tDAdkvl;&Sif;”(tvdktavsmufwpfpwpfp ajymif;vJjcif;)udk t vdkufoifhatmif jyKjyif,ljcif;omjzpfayonf? tvGefausmf-um;vlodrsm;aom 'g0if0g'D= rm;ufP0g'DtawG;tac:&SifwpfOD;jzpfol tefwGef yifeDukwfu 20=&mpkESpftpOD;ydkif;wGif ykHESdyfxkwfa0aom ol.pmtkyfwGif atmufygtwdkif; a&;om;xm;ayonf? rm;ufP0g'ESifh'g0if0g'wdk‹. odyH`enf;t& ta&;-uD;aomtcsufrSm 0g'ESpfrsdK;pvkH;onf tDAdk vl;&Sif;oDtdk&DudkvdkufemcH,ljcif; yg&Sdaeonfhtcsufyifjzpfayonf? wpfrsdK;rSm ouf&Sdatmf *JepfavmuESifhywfoufI/ tjcm;wpfckrSm vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;e,fy,fESifhywfoufayonf?=== xdk‹a-umifh/ 'g0ifESifhrm;ufPwdk‹.oGefoifcsufESpfrsdK;pvkH;onf/ wpfcku ouf&SdZD0avmu(-o *Jepfavmu)ESifhywfoufI tjcm;wpfckrSm vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;ESifhywfoufaeojzifh/ tDAdkvl;&Sif; oDtdk&Dudk cdkifrmrSefuefaomodyH`ynmtqifhodk‹ jr‡ifhwifay;avonf? Todk‹jyKjcif;jzifh/ vltrsm;u tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Dudk vlr+a&;odyH`ESifhZD0aA'qdkif&m wdk;wufzGH‹jzdK;r+twGuf tajc 1 cH cH,lcsuftjzpf vufcHap.?

'g0if0g'ESifhrm;ufP0g'wdk‹onf tcsufESpfcsufwGif tH0ifcGifusI tjynhft0vdkuf zuftokH;jyKEdkifayonf? 1? 'g0if0g'u &Sd&Sdor#t&mcyfodrf;onf “v+yf&Sm;a&GŒvsm;aeaomj'yf0wˆK” omyg0ifzGJ‹pnf;xm;onf[kwifjy.? bk&m;ocif(tv†m[ft&Sifjrwf)u j'yf0wˆKypPnf; udk zefqif;xm;jcif;r[kwfonfhtjyif trdef‹ay;Edkifjcif;/ xdef;uGyfjcif;r&Sd/ ouf&Sdt&m tm;vkH;onf rawmfwq-uKH-udKufjcif;jzifh ol‹tvdkvdkjzpfay:vmonf[k qdkonf? vl om;onf wd&pm>ef.rsdK;uGJwpfrsdK;omjzpfI/ wd&pm>efrSqif;oufvmjcif;jzpfonf? xdk‹ a-umifh wd&pm>efruswus owW0gjzpf.? odk‹aomfvnf; TtqdkrSm;,Gif;a-umif; aemuf ydkif;odyH`ynmawG‹&Sdcsufrsm;u oufaoxlxm;jyD;jzpfonf? 'g0if.oDtdk&Donf j'yf0wˆK omv#if y&rwftjzpfwnf&Sdonf[k ,kH-unfonfhtjyif/ vl‹ordkif;wpfckvkH;udkvnf; &kyf 0g'jzifh &Sif;jyI&Edkifonf[k ,kH-unfaomrm;ufPESifhtif*sJvfwdk‹.tjrifESifh o[Zmwjzpf vsuf&Sdaeonf? (tao;pdwftcsuftvufrsm;udk Dawinism Refuted: How the Theory

16

of Evolution Breaks Down in the Light of Modern Science by Harun Yahya, Goodword Books, 2002 ESifh The Evolution Deceit by Harun Yahya, Ta-Ha Publishers, 2002 wdk‹wGif-unfhyg?)

2? ouf&SdowW0grsm;wGif/ “yËdyuQ”jzpfjcif;onf wdk;wufzGH‹jzdK;r+twGuf v+HŒ aqmfr+wGef;tm;jzpfonf[k wifjyonf? urBmajr-uD;.obm0o,HZmwypPnf;rsm;onf ouf&SdowW0grsm;udk axmufyHh&efrvkHavmuf[k qdk.? xdk‹a-umifh ouf&SdypPnf;rsm;onf tqufrjywf&kef;uefae-u&ojzifh tcsif;csif;wdkufcdkuf-u&.? xdkwdkufcdkufr+ESifh &kef; uefv+yf&Sm;r+wdk‹u wpfpwpfajymif;vJr+jzpfpOf=tDAdkvl;&Sif;ay:aygufaponf[k wifjy xm;onf? rm;ufPESifhtif*sJvfwdk‹ cH,laom ,kwWdaA'enf;us usdK;a-umif;qifjcifI trSef w&m;udk&SmazGjcif;/ wpfenf;tEkyËdavmr('dkiftmvufwpf)enf;onfvnf; 'g0ifwifjy xm;aomcH,lcsufESifh twlwljzpfonf? 'dkiftmvufwpftqdkt&/ p-um0VmurBmavmu wGif wdk;wufzGH‹jzdK;r+jzpfay:ap&ef qef‹usifbuftkwfpkwdk‹t-um; yËdyuQr+jzpfay:aponfh ikwfv#dK;aeaom v+H‹aqmfr+wGef;tm;onf wpfckwnf;aomtiftm;jzpf.? vl‹ordkif;wGif wdk;wufr+&SdvmcJhjcif;onfvnf; TyËdyuQa-umifhjzpf.? vl‹avmu-uD;onfvnf; xdk odk‹aomenf;jzifhomv#if wdk;wuf-uD;xGm;vmcJhonf[k tEkyËdavmr 'dkiftmvufwpf tawG;tac:u qdkxm;onf?

trSefrSm/ um;vfrm;ufPu 'g0if. &kyf0g'twGufta&;ygaomaqmif&Gufcsufudk yxrqkH;owdxm;rdI todtrSwfjyKoljzpfonf? 1859=ckESpfwGif ykHESdyfxkwfa0aom 'g0if. rsdK;pkrsm;jzpfay:vmjcif; pmtkyfudk zwf±+jyD;aemuf/ rm;ufPu ol.oDtdk&Dudk t -uD;tus,ftaxmuftulay;aea-umif;udk awG‹&Sdavonf? 1896=ckESpf 'DZifbmv 19=&ufae‹pGJygtif*sJvfxHodk‹a&;aompmwpfapmifwGif/ 'g0if.pmtkyfwGif “u|Ekfyfwdk‹. obm0ordkif;tjriftwGuf tajccHoabmw&m; yg&Sdaeonf”2[k a&;om;cJhonf? 1861=ckESpf ZEM0g&Dv 16=&ufae‹pGJyg vmaq;avxHodk‹a&;aompmwpfapmifwGif/ rm; 17

ufPu “'g0if.pmtkyfonf u|Ekfyfa&;om;aeaom vlwef;pm;v+yf&Sm;r+ordkif;twGuf t a&;ygaom obm0odyH`tajccHudk ay;aqmifygonf?“3[k qdkxm;onf? rm;ufP. 'g;pfuJyDwmvf pmtkyfwGif a&; om;xm;aom 'g0if. -uD;us,faomtawG;t ac:qdkif&maqmif&GufcsuftwGuf &nfn$ef;pum; rsm;u olwdk‹ESpfOD;. wlnDaomtawG;tac:pdwf "gwfudk jyqdkvsuf&Sdayonf? *smrefbmomjzifh ykHESdyfxkwfa0aom txufygpmtkyfwGif “csm;vf 'g0ifxHodk‹= trSefwu,fcsD;-uL;vsuf&Sdol um;vfrm;ufPxHrS”[k rm;ufPudk,fwdkif. vufa&; jzifh &nfn$ef;pum;a&;om;I 'g0ifxHodk‹ ydk‹cJh.? tif*sJvfuvnf; 'g0ifudk csD;-uL;onf? “obm0onf 'dkiftmvufwpf. prf;oyfcsuf jzpfonf? aemufqkH;wGif/ obm0onf 'dkiftm vufwpftwdkif; jzpfysufI/ obm0vGeftiftm; jzifh jzpfysufjcif;r&Sd[k ed*kH;csKyf&rnf?==TudpP wGif 'g0ifudk tm;vkH;xuf OD;pGm todtrSwfjyK& ayrnf?”4 tjcm;wpfae&mwGifvnf;/ “'g0ifu ouf&Sdobm0. tDAdkvl;&Sif;ed,mrudk awG‹&Sdo vdk/ rm;ufPuvnf; vl‹ordkif;. tDAdkvl;&Sif;udk awG‹&SdcJh.?5

&k&Sm;vlrsdK; uGefjrLepfacgif;aqmifwpfOD; jzpfol yavcgaemhu/ rm;ufP0g'onf “vl r+a&;odyH`wGiftokH;jyKxm;aom 'g0if0g' jzpfonf”[k qdk.?

EdkifiHwumrm;ufP0g'pmayrsm;udk 'dkifcHOD;pD;jyKpkojzifh vDeif.csD;-uL;jcif;cH&ol &k&Sm;uGefjrLepfacgif;aqmifwpfOD;jzpfonfh *sdK*sD AmvifwDEdkAdcsf yavcgaemhu rm;ufP0g' onf “vlr+a&;odyH`wGiftokH;jyKxm;aom 'g0if0g'jzpfonf?”6[k cyfjywfjywf twdkcsHK; xm;onf? AufwDuifjrKdŒawmf-uD;rS ykyf&[ef;rif;-uD;orRmusrf;pmoifwuUodkvfrS ygarmuQ rmvmcsD rmwifu rm;ufPESifh 'g0ifwdk‹t-um; qufpyfr+udk atmufygtwdkif; az:jyxm; onf? csm;vfpf'g0ifu tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Dudk ykHESdyfxkwfa0vdkufonfhtcsdefwGif/ rm;ufPu oDtdk&D wpfcktjzpfxufydkI vufcHvdkufonf? bk&m;oQif.aumif;uifbkHr&Sd/ j'yf0wˆKypPnf;avm uom&Sdonf [laomol.,kH-unfcsuftwGuf “odyH`enf;us”oufaocHtjzpf aumuf,l vdkufonf? rm;ufPu a[*sJvf. y"ge0g'udkjiif;y,f&mwGif pdwfpEdk;paemifhrjzpfbJ uif; &Sif;vdyfjymoef‹oGm;atmif 'g0ifuoufaoxlay;vdkufavonf? 'g0if.tDAdkvl;&Sif;onf oDtdk&DtawG;tac:omjzpfaeao;onfudk arhxm;vdkuf.?==rm;ufPu/ 'g0if.tDAdkvl;&Sif; tawG;tac:udk/ ol.acwf&Sd vlr+a&;twef;pm;ESifhywfoufonfhtawG;tac:wGif tokH;cs vdkufonf?==='g0if.oDtdk&Dtwdkif; rm;uPfuvnf; j'yf0wˆKuJhodk‹ vlwef;pm;rsm;onf qufvuf&Sifoefa&;ESifh -oZmv$rf;rdk;cs,fvS,fEdkifa&;twGuf tpOfojzifh&kef;uefwdkufcdkuf 7 -u&onf[k okH;oyf.?

rsufarSmufacwfrS tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'Dwdk‹uvnf; 'g0if0g'ESifh rm;ufP0g'wdk‹t-um; wGif cdkifrmaomqufpyfr+aESmif-udK;&Sdonf[k rSwfcsufcs-uonf? vuf&SdacwfrS tDAdkvl; &Sif;oDtdk&Dudk axmufcHtm;ay;&mY tausmf-um;qkH;wpfOD;jzpfol ZD0aA'ynm&Sif a'guf vyfpf zlwl,mrmu/ “rm;ufP.ordkif;ESifhvl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;qdkif&m &kyf0g'oDtdk&Dtygt0if 18

===(tDAdkvl;&Sif;),EW&m;ESifh&kyf0g'ZmwfckH. ysOfcsyfrsm;udk 'g0ifu tacsmoyfay;vdkuf onf?”8[k ol.tDAdkvl;&Sif;qdkif&mZD0aA' Evolutionary Biology trnf&Sdpm tkyfpum; csD;wGif a&;om;xm;ayonf? emrnfausmfausmufjzpf&kyfu|if;ynm&Sif pwDzif a*s a*gvfuvnf;/ “'g0ifonf obm0udk&Sif;jy&mY udkufnDaom&kyf0g'tawG;tac: udk tokH;csay;onf?9[k qdk.? vDeifESifhtwl &k&Sm;awmfvSefa&;ydokumwpfOD;jzpfol vD,Gefxa&mhpuDu/ 'g0if.awG‹&Sdcsufudk “ouf&SdypPnf;-o*JepfavmuwpfckvkH;ESifh ywfoufaom tEkyËdavmr='dkiftmvufwpfqdkif&m tjrifhrm;qkH;atmifjrifr+jzpfonf” [k qdk.?10 Ttcsufwdk‹onf 'g0if0g'ESifhrm;ufP0g't-um;&Sd -uD;us,fcdkifrmaomqufpyf r+EG,f-udK;udk jyqdkvsuf&Sdonf? 'g0if.-oZmv$rf;rdk;r+r&SdcJhygu rm;ufPoDtdk&Donf vnf;ay:aygufvmcJhrnfr[kwfay? xdk‹tjyif 'g0if0g' rrSefuef w&m;r0ifygu rm;ufP 0g'onfvnf; w&m;r0if rrSefuef[k oabmayguf&ayrnf? xdkenf;wl 'g0if0g'udk us,fus,fjyef‹jyef‹vufcHonfh vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;wdkif;wGif rm;ufP0g'onfvnf; rvGJra&Smif om -uD;xGm;vmayonf? xdk‹a-umifh/ 'g0if0g'onf odyH`avmuwGifaomfvnf;aumif;/ vlr+a&;odyH`e,f y,fwGifvnf;aumif;/ w&m;r0ifjcif;udk em;vnfoabmayguf&ef tvGefta&;-uD;ay onf? Todk‹em;vnfoabmaygufjcif;onf/ ‚if;rSt&if;cHvmI wpfa-umhjyefvnfx-uG vm&ef apmifhqkdif;aeonfhrm;ufP0g' jyefvnf&Sifoefvmjcif;r&Sdatmif umuG,fEdkifrnf jzpfonf? ‚if;jyif vGefcJhonfh&mpkESpftwGif; vl‹avmu-uD; cHpm;cJh&onfhem-unf; r+xyfrHrjzpfvm&efvnf; [ef‹wm;Edkifrnf jzpf.? ordkif;udku 'g0if0g'r&Sdv#if rm;ufP 0g'vnf;r&SdEdkifa-umif; jycJhavjyD?

bk&m;ocifudk jiif;y,f&mY 'g0ifonf uGefjrLepf0g'udk/ olwdk‹tqdkt& odyH`enf;usonf qdkonfh tajccHudkay;.? xdk‹a-umifh bdkv&SDApfawmfvSefa&;. qdk;&Gm;&ufpufonfhacgif; aqmifwpfOD;jzpfol xa&mhpuDu/ 'g0ifonf obm0odyH`avmutwGuf tEkyËdavmr= 'dkiftmvufwpf&kyf0g'wGif axmufcHtm;ay;oljzpfonf[k qdkonf?

19

'g0if0g'ysHŒESH‹r+ESifh uGefjrLepf0g'ESifht&if;&Sif0g'wdk‹t-um; qufpyfr+ Dawinism's Spread and The Relationship Between Communism and Capitalism

'g0if0g'. EdkifiHa&;-oZmv$rf;rdk;r+udk u|Ekfyfwdk‹avhvmonfhtcg/ ToDtdk&Donf tawG;tac:wpfckwnf;ESifhqufpyfaejcif;r[kwfbJ uGJjym;jcm;em;oa,mif&Sdaom t awG;tac:rsm;pGmESifh qufpyfaeonfudk owdxm;&rnf? uGefjrLepf0g'tjyif/ 'g0if0g' wGiftajccHaomtawG;tac:rsm;onf e,fy,ftm;jzifhus,f0ef;I/ vlrsdK;a&;0g'/ e,fcsJŒ 0g'/ t&if;&Sif0g'ESifh zufqpf0g'/ uGefjrLepf0g'rsm;yg0ifayonf? TtawG;tac:0g' rsm;onf wpfckESifhwpfck oD;jcm;r+&Sdonfhtjyif tcsdKŒrSm qef‹usifbufyifjzpf-uaomf vnf;/ wpfyg;wnf;aomzefqif;&Sif bk&m;ocif(tv†m[ft&Sifjrwf)udk,kH-unfonfh bmomt,l0g'wdk‹. w&m;a'oemESifh udk,fusifhw&m;oGefoifcsufrsm;udk qef‹usifykef uefonfhtcsufwGif tm;vkH;wlnD-uonf? ‚if;tawG;tac:rsm;.OD;pD;acgif;aqmifwdk‹onf bmomt,l0g',kH-unfcsufESifh wefzdk;rsm;udk t[ef‹twm;rsm;tjzpfjrif-uI bmoma&;udk wdkufcdkufzsufqD;ypf&ef 'g0if0g'udk vufeuftjzpftokH;jyK-uonf? &,fbG,faumif;onfhtcsufwpfcsufrSm olwdk‹.tawG;tac:udk tiftm;aumif;aprnfhenf;vrf;&Sm&if; ‚if;enf;tm;vkH;wdk‹onf tjydKiftawG;tac:rsm;udk ydkrdktm;aumif;apjcif;om jzpfaeayonf? Oyrm/ t&if;&Sifwdk‹ u/ vGwfvyfaomaps;(z&D;rm;uuf)wGif -urf;wrf;&ufpufaom “touf&Sifa&; twGuf &kef;uefwdkufcdkufjcif;”udk w&m;0ifap&ef 'g0if.tjrifvdktyfonf[k qdkonf? Todk‹jzifh olwdk‹qef‹usifvsuf&Sdaom uGefjrLepf0g'udk tm;ay;vsuf&Sdaeonf? tefwGef yefeDukwf. rm;ufP0g'ESifh'g0if0g' [laompmtkyfwGif ‚if;0da&m"d (wpfckESifhwpfck jcm;em;onfhtoGifaqmifaomfvnf; tESpfom&tm;jzifhwpfrsdK;wnf;jzpf aejcif;)ESifhywfoufI xkwfaz:ajymjyxm;ayonf? blkZGm(Oa&mywdkufrS csrf;om-uG,f0 aom t&if;&Sif)wdk‹u 'g0if0g'udk tm;ay;axmufcHonfhta-umif;udk atmufygtwdkif; az:jyxm;.? rm;ufP0g'onf ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;v+yf&Sm;r+twGif; ta&;-uD;aomu¾wGif yg0ifa-umif; tm;vkH;odxm;jyD;jzpfonf?==odk‹aomfvnf; 'g0if0g'onfvnf; rm;ufP0g'twdkif; awG‹-uKH cJh&onfudk uGif;uGif;uGufuGufjrifEdkif&ef cufcJayvdrfhrnf? 'g0if0g'onf odyH`ynmavm uwGif "rR'd@mefusus aqG;aEG;ppfaq;I vufcHonfh pdwful;,OftawG;tac:,lqcsuf oDtdk&Dwpfck r[kwfay? 'g0if0g'ay:aygufvmvmcsif; pdwftm;xufoefpGm axmuf cHtm;ay;ol &SdouJhodk‹/ tjyif;txefqef‹usif-uolrsm;vnf; &SdcJhonf? 'g0if0g'. tqdkyg yg0ifr+u¾a-umifh uGefjrLepf0g'onfvnf; vsifjrefaomE+ef;jzifh ysHŒESH‹oGm;um pdwftm; xufoefpGm axmufcHtm;ay;olESifh tmCmwxm;onfhqef‹usifolwdk‹vnf; ay:aygufvm jcif;jzpfonf? ya'o&mZfvlwef;pm;/ rif;pdk;&mZmtodkif;t0dkif;/ bkef;awmf-uD;rsm;.&ydkifcGifhrsm;ESifh ya'o &mZft&Sifocifrsm;udk qef‹usifykefuef&mwGif/ 'g0if0g'onf blZGmwdk‹twGuf taumif;qkH; vufeuf jzpfcJh.? blZGmwdk‹u olwdk‹a&SŒwGif umqD;tkyfpdk;aeaomtm%mudk jzKwfcsazsmuf zsufypfvdkjcif; jzpfonf?==bmoma&;.tultnDjzifh bkef;awmf-uD;rsm;u -uD;rm;aomvl xkudk -oZmoufa&mufEdkifojzifh blZGmwdk‹.awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk qef‹usif&ef tqifoifh&Sd ae-uonf?==bmomt,l0g'ESifh rd&dk;zvmxkH;pHrsm;udk qef‹usifwdkufzsuf&eftwGuf obm 0odyH`onf taumif;qkH;vufeufjzpfayonf? odyH`ynmESifh topfpufpufawG‹&Sdaz:xkwf aom obm0ed,mrOya'orsm;udk a&SŒwef;rS wifjy-uayonf? Tvufeufrsm;jzifh blZGm wdk‹u wdkufyGJ0ifcJh-uavonf?=='g0if0g'onfvnf; tcsdefaumif;wGif tHudkufay:xGufvm

20

cJhayonf? vlom;onf tqifhedrfhaom wd&pm>efrS arG;zGm;ajymif;vJqif;oufvmonf[laom oDtdk&Du/ c&pf,mefomoem. tajccH,kH-unfcsufudk zsufqD;ypfavonf? Tta-umif; &if;a-umifh blZGmwdk‹u 'g0if0g'ay:xGufvmvmcsif; pdwftm;xufoefpGmjzifh zufvJwuif; axG;ydkuf,lvdkuf-ujcif;jzpfonf?==Todk‹aomtajctaewGif/ vlwef;pm;v+yf&Sm;r+ESifh ywf oufI odyH`aqG;aEG;yGJrsm;udkvnf;t±l;trl; pdwftm;xufoefpGm usif;yI jiif;ckH-uonf? xdk‹a-umifh odyH`pma&;q&mrsm;yif jzpf-uaomfvnf; 'g0ifESifhywfoufI tusdK;tjypfokH;oyf onfh pmaya&;om;r+rsm; yvlysHaeatmif a&;om;acwfpm; cJh-uonf?11

'g0if0g'onf trSefwu,f Tenf;twdkif; ysHŒESH‹cJhayonf? Oa&mywdkufwGif pdk; rdk;-uD;pdk;aeonfh tiftm;pkonfvnf; olwdk‹.wdkif;jynfrsm;wGif wnfaxmiftajcpdkuf xm;onfh t&if;&SifpepfESifh wurBmvkH;wGif wnfaxmifxm;aome,fcsJŒpepfwdk‹udk w&m; 0ifap&eftwGuf 'g0if0g'udk &Sm;yg;vSonfhtcGifhta&;tjzpf jrif-uayonf? (tao; pdwfudk/ [m&Gef,[f,m. vl‹avmuodk‹ab;'kuQtaygif;pkH ,laqmifcJhaom 'g0if0g' wGif -unfhyg?) 'g0if0g'. odyH`ynmt&a&SŒaemufrnDnGwfjcif;/ pdwful;,Ofoufouf jzpfaom,lqcsufrsm;ESifh t"dy`g,fuif;rJhaom tqdkjyKcsufrsm;udk rodusdK;u|efjyK-uay onf? bmoma&;ESifh udk,fusifhw&m;udk qef‹usifrnfhvufeuftjzpf tokH;csvdkolwdk‹ onf/ 'g0if0g'udk tawG;tac:0g'a&;&mtwGufoufouf jzef‹jzL;-uavonf? odk‹aomfvnf;/ 'g0if0g'udk jzef‹jzL;onfh t&if;&Sifvlwef;pm; blZGmwdk‹onf/ ToDtdk&DudktaxmuftuljyKonfhtwGufa-umifh olwdk‹.jydKifbufwdk‹udkvnf; tvdkvdk taxmuftul ay;cJh-uayonf? tb,fha-umifhenf;´? 'g0if0g'udk jzef‹jzL;jcif;a-umifh bmoma&;udk zsufqD;jcif;onf olwdk‹.t&if;&SifpepftwGuf tusdK;&Sdoavmuf/ rm;ufP 0g'twGufvnf; tusdK;oufa&mufayonf? bmoma&;onf tvGeftu|Hrjzpfatmif csifhcsdefwwfjcif;/ oifhwifhavsmufywfatmif aexdkifqufqHjcif;/ nD&if;tpfudk armif&if; ESrpdwf"gwfxm;&SdI cspfcif-uifemwwfapjcif;/ udk,fusdK;pGef‹wwfjcif;/ oem;-uifem wwfjcif;/ ponfwdk‹udk oif-um;ay;.? Ttcsif;t&mrsm;udk y,fzsufvdkufonfESifh w jydKifwnf;/ vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;onfvnf; &ufpuf-urf;-uKwfonfh ppfwvif;-uD;jzpfoGm; awmhonf? t&if;&Sifwdk‹onf “touf&Sifa&;twGuf wdkufcdkuf&kef;uef”-uoavmuf/ t&if;&SifESifh uGefjrLepfwdk‹t-um;wGifvnf; vlwef;pm;wdkufyGJ t-udwfte,fqifEGJ-u awmhonf? 1871=ckESpfukefydkif;wGif/ Oa&mywdkufrS obm0odyH`ynm&Sifrsm; tjynfjynfqdkif &muGef*&ufnDvmcHusif;y-uonf? xdkuGef*&ufwGif rdef‹cGef;ajymolrsm;teuf wpfOD; jzpfol *smreDEdkifiHrSobm0avmuynm&Sifvnf;jzpf/ t"du&EdkifiHa&;orm;wpfOD;vnf; jzpfol &l;a'ghzf AmcsdKu/ “'DoDtdk&Dudk owdxm;-uyg/ 'DoDtdk&Du usKyfwdk‹&JhtdrfeD;em;csif; EdkifiHwpfEdkifiHrSm xdwfvef‹a-umufrufzG,faumif;atmif qdk;0g;onfhtjzpfudk zefwD;ay; wJhoDtdk&DeJ‹ qufpyfaew,f?12 [k rdef‹cGef;wGif xnfhajymcJh.? olqdkvdkaomEdkifiHrSm jyif opfEdkifiHjzpfI olqdkvdkonfh oDtdk&DrSm jyifopfuGefjrLepf0g' jzpfonf? jyifopfuGefjrLepf ygwDu xdkESpfwGif yg&DuGefjrL;ef (yg&DjrdKŒawmfbkHtzGJ‹)udk wnfaxmifcJhonf? (xdkuGef jrL;efonf jyifopfEdkifiHu jyifopfy&yf&Sefppfa-umifh tiftm;csdeJ‹oGm;csdefwGif uGefjrLepf wdk‹u awmfvSefykefuefI jrdKŒawmfwpfckvkH;udk vaygif;rsm;pGmtkyfcsKyfcJh-uonf? bmom a&;qdkif&mXmersm;ESifh omoemhacgif;aqmifrsm;udk wdkufcdkufowfjzwf-uonf?) aemufqkH;wGif/ olwdk‹t-um;&Sd rwlnDjcm;em;r+rsm;&Sdaeaomfvnf;/ t&if;&SifESifh uGefjrLepfESpfrsdK;pvkH;onf/ bmoma&;udk qef‹usifrnfh bkHtajccHudk awG‹&Sd-uonf? xdk odk‹jzifh bmoma&;udk qef‹usif&eftwGuf 'g0if0g'udk 0dkif;0ef;tm;ay;axmufcH-u.? xdk‹a-umifh/ vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;wpf&yfonf/ awmfvSefa&;pwifjcif;rjyKrD OD;pGmt&if;&Sif jzpf& rnf[k uGefjrLepfwdk‹u ,kH-unf-uayonf? TtawG;tac:t&/ t&if;&Sifudk,fusifhw 21

bmoma&;udk wdkufcdkuf&efrljcif;ESifhywfoufI uGefjrLepfESifh blZGmwdk‹onf wpfrsdK;wnf;jzpf-u onf[k vDeifu a&;om;cJhayonf? uGefjrLepf0g'ESifh t&if;&Sif0g'wdk‹t-um;&Sd yËdyuQonf t rSefpifppf “twGif;jy\em”omjzpfI/ ,if;&kyf0g'tawG;tac:ESpfrsdK;pvkH;. bkH&efolrSm bmom a&;jzpfonf[k vDeifu &Sif;jyxm;ayonf?

&m;udk a,bk,stm;jzifhtrsm;uvufcHaom ('g0if0g' 0g'jzef‹r+onft"du&u¾wGif yg0ifaeaom)vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;onf uGefjrLepf0g'&Sifoefr+rjzpfrD bmoma&;,kH-unfr+udk OD;pGm pGef‹ypf&rnf? “tvkyform;ygwD. bmoma&;tay:oabmxm;”[laomacgif;pOf yg 1909=ckESpfwGif a&;om;onfh vDeif.aqmif;yg;wpfyk'fY/ bmoma&;udkqef‹usif onfh t&if;&SifblZGmwdk‹. yg0ifr+u¾ESifhywfoufI uGefjrLepfacgif;aqmif-uD;u atmufygtwdkif; a&;om;xm;ayonf? ===bmoma&;udk wdkufzsufjcif;onf awmfvSefa&;orm;blZGmwdk‹. ordkif;ay;wm0ef jzpf .? taemufEdkifiHY/ ordkif;opfu¾zGifhcJhaom tv,facwf ya'o&mZfpepfudkykefuefonfh awmfvSefa&;rsm;wGif Twm0efudk blZGm'Drdkua&pDu trsm;qkH;aqmif&GufcJhonf? jyifopfEdkif iHESifh *smreDEdkifiHESpfEdkifiHpvkH;onf/ qdk&S,fvpf0g'tvsif ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmuwnf;upI/ blZGmwdk‹u bmoma&;udkppfcif;onfhtpOftvm&SdcJhayonf? &k&Sm;EdkifiHwGif/ u|Ekfyfwdk‹. blZGm'Drdkua&pDawmfvSefa&;tajctaea-umifh/ TawmfvSefa&;wm0efonfvnf; tvkyfo rm;vlwef;pm;.ykckef;ay:odk‹ tjynfht0 usa&mufvmjcif;jzpfonf?13

22

bmoma&;acgif;aqmifrsm;/ q&mawmfrsm;udk ao'%fay;&eftwGuf yg&DuGefjrLepf tm%m om;rsm;.a&SŒwGif wef;pDxm;pOf?

t&if;&Sifwdk‹onf Oa&mywdkufrSmuJhodk‹ bmoma&;udk wdkufcdkufacsrkef;&efwm0ef &Sdonf/ odk‹aomfvnf; &k&Sm;EdkifiHwGif t&if;&Sifvlwef;pm; r&Sdojzifh olESifhtwl ol.uGef jrLepfygwDu Twm0efudk,l&rnf[k vDeifuqdkvdkjcif;jzpfonf? vDeifajymaompum; rsm;u uGefjrLepfESifh t&if;&Sifwdk‹t-um; qef‹usifjcif;onf “twGif;a&;yËdyuQ”omjzpf onf[k t"dy`g,foufa&mufayonf? trSefrSm Ttiftm;pkESpfckpvkH;. bkH&efolrSm bm oma&;jzpf.? uGefjrLepf0g'Dwdk‹onf/ vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;rskm;udk qkwf,kwfoGm;ap&ef -udK;yrf;ae-u a-umif; xif&Sm;ayonf? olwdk‹.bmomw&m;r&Sdaompepfudk vufcHap&ef vlwdk‹udk trSef w&m;rSuif;uGmapI udk,fusifhw&m;ESifhvl‹usifh0wfwefzdk;rsm;udk tm;aysmhap&ef -udK;yrf;-uonf? odk‹aomfvnf; Twdkufppfrsm;onf wpfckrSatmifjrifjcif;r&Sdacs? vGef avjyD;aom acwfumvtqufqufwGif tajrmuftjrm;aomvlwdk‹u bmom,kH-unf r+udk wdkufzsufcJh-uavjyD? tv†m[ft&Sifjrwf. wrefawmfrsm;udk emcHjcif;r&Sd/ t&Sif jrwf.usrf;*efrsm;udk ausmcdkif;cJh-uavonf? t&Sifjrwf.omoemawmfudk qef‹ usifwdkufcdkuf taESmuft&Sufay;olwdk‹udk TurBmay:0,f jypf'%ftrsdK;rsdK;ay;cJh.? tcsdKŒudkrlum; aemifwrvGefb0 aemufqkH;w&m;pD&ifrnfhae‹txd 'kuQqif;&Jjcif; cHpm;&ef apmifhqdkif;aponf? uk&ftmefusrf;awmfjrwf(40;4=6)wGif/ atmufygtwdkif; rdef‹qdkxm;awmfrl.? tv†m[ft&Sifjrwf. tm,oftrdef‹awmfrsm;ESifhpyfvsOf;I “umzd&f”aoGznf jiif;y,faomolwdk‹onfomv#if tjiif;tckH jyKavh&Sd-uukef.? odk‹jzpfay&m wdkif;jynfEdkifiHrsm;wGif ‚if;wdk‹.vSnfhywfoGm;vmv+yf&Sm;r+onf toifhtm; jzm; a,mif;jcif; r&Sdap&? Tolwdk‹tvsif (eADwrefawmf)“El;[f”.trsdK;om;wdk‹ onfvnf;aumif;/ xdk“El;[f”.trsdK;om;wdk‹.aemufwGif (aygufzGm;cJhaom) tkyfpkrsm;onfvnf;aumif;/ (&plvfwrefawmfrsm;tm;)r[kwfrrSefl[lI pGyfpGJjiif; y,fcJh-uayonf? xdk‹jyif tkyfpkwdkif;onf rdrdwdk‹(xH yGifha&mufcJhaom)&plvfw refawmftm; zrf;qD;&ef -uH&G,fcJh-uonfhjyif ‚if;wdk‹onf trSm;udk vufudkif xm;I trSefudk wdrf;yg;aptHhaomiSm (&plvfwrefawmfrsm;ESifh) tjiif;tckH jyKcJh 23

-uavonf? odk‹jzpfay&m igt&Sifjrwfonf ‚if;wdk‹tm; zrf;qD;uGyfrsufcJhay onf? xdk‹aemuf igt&Sifjrwf. tjypf'%fonf rnfodk‹&SdcJhoenf;? pifppfaomf um; Tenf;twdkif;yif “umzd&f”aoGznfjiif;y,folwdk‹ESifhywfoufI “{ueft rSef ‚i;fwdk‹onf i&Jom;rsm; jzpf-uonf” [laomtoifhtm; zefqif;arG;jrLawmf rlaomt&Sifjrwf (rdef‹-um;awmfrlaom) trdef‹awmfonf twnfjzpfcJhacsjyDw um;?

zufqpf0g'ESifhuGefjrLepf0g'wdk‹ t&l;trl;,kH-unfonfh = 'g0if0g'qdkif&m yËdyuQ THE COMMON DELIRIUM OF FACISM AND COMMUNISM: DAWINIST CONFLICT

uGef

1

jrLepf0g'udk wnfaxmifcJhaomrm;ufP u/ ordkif;wGif wdk;wufzGH‹jzdK;r+ jzpfay:vm&ef twGuf yËdyuQjzpfjcif;onf/ wpfckwnf;aomenf;vrf;jzpfonf[k qdk.? vl‹tzGJ‹ tpnf;ESifh pdwful;=tawG;tac:wdk‹onf ppfjzpfjcif;ESifhawmfvSefa&;qifE$Jjcif;jzifh omv#if wdk;wufEdkifonf[k olu,kH-unfonf? wpfqifhwufI tppt&m&monf/ xdkodk‹wdkufcdkuf &kef;uefjcif;r&Sdygu ajymif;vJjcif;r&SdbJ wnfjidrfaevdrfhrnf[k qdk.? um;vfrm;ufPonf/ “tiftm; okH;jcif;onf topftqef;wnf;[laomudk,f0efaqmifudk arG;xkwfay;rnfhvufonf jzpfonf/”[k ajymI oef;aygif;ajrmufjrm;pGmaom vlwdk‹udk ppfajrjyifodk‹ aoG;acsmif;pD;aeatmif owfjzwf-u&ef zdwfac:cJhayonf? rm;ufP. ‚if;tawG;tac:onf aemifESpfaygif;tenf;i,ftwGif; vltajrmuftjrm;. axmufcHtm;ay;r+udk vufcH&&SdcJhayonf? urBmavmuwGif &ufpuf-urf;-uKwfqkH; owfjzwfr+udk OD;aqmifcJhol uGefjrLepfacgif;aqmifvDeifu “zGH‹jzdK;wdk;wufr+onf qef‹usifolwdk‹t-um; wdkufcdkuf 2 &kef;uefjcif;jzpfonf” [k ,kH-unfcJhayonf? xdk‹tjyif ,if;&kef;uefjcif;onfvnf; aoG;acsmif;pD; jcif; jzpfay:&rnf[k ,kH-unfonf? uGefjrLepfacgif;aqmifrsm;uJhodk‹ zufqpf0g'Dacgif;aqmifwdk‹onfvnf; t-urf;zufjcif;/ awmfvSefykefuefjcif;ESihf ppfyGJcif;usif;jcif;onfomv#if wdk;wufr+twGuf wpfckwnf;aomenf;vrf; jzpfonf[k ,kH-unf-uonf? [pfwvm. tawG;tac: ay:xGef;vma&;Y ta&;-uD;qkH; -oZm oufa&mufol vlrsdK;cJGjcm;a&;ordkif;yg&*l [def;&dcsf AGef x&pfcsfuDu “wdkif;EdkifiHwdk‹onf jyif;xefpGm 3 jydKifqdkifjcif;r&Sdygu wdk;wufzGH‹jzdK;jcif; r&SdEdkif[k qdk.?” rdkqdkvDeDonfvnf;/ t-urf;zufjcif;onf vl‹ordkif;.aphaqmfr+wGef;tm;jzpfI &kef;uefjcif;onf awmfvSefykefuefjcif;udk ay;aqmifonf[k ,kH -unfaom aemufxyfzufqpfacgif;aqmifwOD;jzpfonf? ol‹twGuf/ “t*FvefEdkifiHu ppfcif;&ef wGef‹qkwfaejcif;onf tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Dt& jAdwdo#tifyg,maqG;ajrŒqkwf,kwfaejcif;udk jyqdkonfh 4 oufaocHjzpfonf?” TtawG;tac:0g'wdk‹onf/ 'g0if. obm0&Sd touf&Sifa&;twGuf&kef;uefwdkufcdkuf& jcif;tqdkwGif tajccHtm;jzifhaxmufcHtm;ay;r+ ,lxm;jcif;jzpfonf? rm;ufP.'dkiftmvufwpf tEk yËdavmr&kyf0g'tawG;tac:ESifh zufqpf0g'.yËdyuQonf aphaqmfr+wGef;tm;jzpfonf[laom,kH -unfcsufwdk‹onf/ 'g0if.tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Dudk vlr+a&;odyH`rsm;wGif tokH;jyKjcif;yif jzpfonf? TtawG;tac:0g'wdk‹onf &vm'fESpfrsdK;udk arG;xkwfay;.? ‚if;&vm'fwdk‹rSm/ rjywfrpJ aomyËdyuQ vdktyfonf[kqdkjcif;ESifh vl‹avmuudk ysufokOf;oGm;aprnfh rjywfrpJaomaoG;xGuf oH,dkr+twGuf tqifhrsm;jzpfonf? T0g'tawG;tac:wdk‹udk vufcH,kH-unfolonf/ tjcm;olrsm;ESifh tpOftjrJyËdyuQjzpfjcif;/ wdk;wuf-uD;xGm;zGH‹jzdK;r+trnfjzifh tjcm;oltay:&ufpuf-urf;-uKwfjcif;/ ponfwdk‹udk a&SmifvGJIr&Edkifacs? vlwdk‹. jidrf;csrf;om,mr+ESifhcsrf;omokcudk zsufqD;-u.? bk&m;

24

ociftv†m[ft&Sifjrwfu trdef‹ay;n$ef-um;xm;aom/ cspfjcif;arwWm/ &dkaoav;pm;r+/ udk,fusdK;pGe‹f v$wfr+/ r#wpGmcGJa0r+ ponfwdk‹udkvnf; zsufqD;-u.? T0g'tawG;tac:wdk‹a-umifh/ vGefcJhonf&mpk ESpfonf/ em-unf;zG,f'kuQqif;&Jaygif;pkH yifv,fa0aomumv jzpfcJhonf? trSefrSm t-urf;zufjcif;ESifh owfjzwfjcif;onf rvdktyfacs? obm0tavsmuf ae&mw umwGif qef‹usifaomydkpGef;ESpfzuf &SdpjrJjzpfonf? ae‹ESifhn/ tvif;ESifhtarSmif/ tE+wfESifhtaygif;/ yljcif;ESifhat;jcif;/ aumif;jcif;ESifhqdk;jcif;/ ponfjzifh jzpf.? odk‹aomfvnf; Tqef‹usifzuf tcsif; t&mrsm;onf zefqif;xm;aomt&mrsm;jzpfI/ vSyjcif;udk wefqmqif&eftwGuf tav;xm;&if; onf;cHjcif;/ cGifhv$wfwwfjcif;ESifhjidrf;csrf;jcif; ponfhudk,fusifhw&m;rsm;udk aqmifusOf;&ef jzpfay onf? xdktcsif;t&mrsm;onf tawG;tac:avmuESifhvnf; oufqdkifayonf? vlwpfOD;csif; tjrif rwluGJjym;-ujcif;twGuf tcsif;csif;owfjzwf-u&ef ta-umif;r[kwfay? bk&m;ocif tv†m[ft&Sif jrwfonf vlom;wdk‹tm; rdrd.&efoludkyif aumif;rGefpGmqufqH&efESifh vlwdk‹tm; aumif;rGef&nfrGef aompum; yD,0gpmjzifh ajymqdkqufqH&ef rdef‹qdkoif-um;ayonf? trSefpifppfaomfum; aumif;r+ESifh raumif;r+wdk‹rSm wl-uonfr[kwfay? (odk‹jzpfay&m) toifonf (raumif;r+udk) aumif;r+jzifh ckcHwGef;vSefygav? odk‹jzpfv#if t-uifolESifh t oif.t-um;Y &efjidK;&Sd.? xdkolonf rdwfaqGt&if;uJhodk‹jzpfvmayrnf? (pl&m 41;34) uk&ftmefusrf;awmfjrwfwGif rdef‹qdkxm;onfhtwdkif;/ owdw&m;&SdI Om%faumif;olwdk‹onf/ tajctwifjiif;ckHr+tajctaewdkif;udk at;csrf;,kH-unfpGmESifh onf;cHjcif;jzifh ajz&Sif;-uayonf? T -o0g'udk oabmraygufbJ/ 'dkiftmvufwpftEkyËdavmr&kyf0g'.vSnfhjzm;r+udk ,kH-unfolwdk‹onf wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD; ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmwdkufcdkuf-ujcif;/ awm&dkif;wd&pm>efrsm;uJhodk‹ vkH;axG;owfjzwf-ujcif; a-umifh aemufqkH;wGif wdkif;EdkifiHwpfEdkifiH.tiftm;ukefcef;oGm;avonf? TtrSefw&m;ESifhywfoufI tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfu uk&ftmefusrf;awmfjrwf pl&m 8;46 wGif rdef‹qdkxm;awmfrl.? xdkrSwyg; toifwdk‹onf tv†m[ft&Sifjrwf.trdef‹awmfrsm;udkvnf;aumif;/ xdkt&Sifjrwf .&plvfwrefawmf.trdef‹rsm;udkvnf;aumif;/ vdkufem-uavukef? xdk‹jyiftoifwdk‹onf tcsif;csif; tjiif;ryGm;-uukefvifh? odk‹tjiif;yGm;cJh-uv#if toifwdk‹onf pdwf"gwfusqkH;-u ayrnf? toifwdk‹.tiftm;onfvnf; qkwf,kwfoGm;acsrnf? ‚if;jyif toifwdk‹onf onf;cH -uavukef? {uefrvGJ tv†mt&Sifjrwfonf onf;cHolwdk‹ESifh twl&Sdawmfrlayownf;? Ttm,ofawmft&/ vlwdk‹onf tv†m[ft&Sifjrwf.eADwrefawmfrsm;u oGefoifay;aom tv†m[fhvrf;pOfrS a&SmifcGmaoGznfoGm;-uayonf? jidrf;csrf;om,maomurBmavmutjzpfwnf aqmufrnfhtpm;/ urBmajr-uD;udk &ufpuf-urf;-uKwfjcif;aygif;pkHarG;xkwf&ma'otjzpfodk‹ ajymif;vJ xm;-uayonf? xdk‹a-umifh olwdk‹wGif&Sdaom tm%mESifhpGrf;yum;rsm;udk qkH;&+H;vufv$wf-u&jyD; ysufpD;jcif;tjzpfodk‹ a&mufcJh-uavonf? uk&ftmefusrf;awmfjrwfwGif oGefoif-o0g'ay;xm;onfh udk,fusifhw&m;rsm;jzpfonfh -uifemoem; arwWm*&k%mw&m;&Sdjcif;/ oufn‡mcGifhv$wfjcif;/ udk,fusdK; pGef‹wwfjcif;/ onf;cHjcif;cEWDw&m;xm;&Sdjcif;/ w&m;r#wjcif;/ ponfwdk‹omv#if vlom;wdk‹ESifhtwl wdkif;EdkifiHrsm;twGufyg tiftm;t&if;tjrpf trSefjzpfonfudk rarhoifhay? bmomt,l0g'qef‹usifa&; rdkufrJr+rS aygufzGm;vmonfh tEkyËdavmr='dkiftmvufwpf&kyf0g'uJhodk‹aom t"dy`g,fuif;rJhonfh tawG;tac:rsm;onf/ ysufpD;,dk,Gif;jcif;ESifhem-unf;zG,f'kuQqif;&Jjcif;udkom ay;aqmif.? TurBm ajr-uD;ay:0,f vlom;wdk‹ u,fwifjcif;udkcH&I csrf;omokc&Sd&Sd vkHjcHKpGmjzifh aexdkifaygufzGm;Edkif&ef wpfckwnf;aomenf;vrf;onf uk&ftmefusrf;awmfjrwfwGifay;xm;aom tv†m[ft&Sifjrwf.trdef‹ awmfrsm;twdkif; aexdkif&efom jzpfayonf?

25

'g0if0g'. aoG;acsmifpD;apaom tEkyËdavmr Dawinism's Bloody Dialectic

Ttxd urBmwpf0Srf;vkH;wGif uGefjrLepf0g'jyef‹yGm;cJhjcif;ta-umif; t-urf;zsif; az:jycJh-ujyD? wdkif;jynfwdkif;vdkvdkwGif t&if;&Sifpepfodk‹r[kwf zufqpf0g'twGuf tjcm;a&G;p&mtawG;tac:tjzpf jyef‹yGm;cJhayonf? uGefjrLepf0g'ESifhzufqpf0g'wdk‹onf t&if;&Sif0g'ESifh wdkuf&dkufqef‹usifbufjzpfykHay:aomfvnf;/ 'g0if0g'onf ‚if;wdk‹tm; vkH;. tajccH&mv+H‹aqmfr+jzpfaeonf? t&if;&Sif0g'ESifhzufqpf0g'wdk‹onf 'g0if0g'. vufsmbufawmifyHjzpfI/ uGefjrLepf0g'onf vuf0Jbuf awmifyHjzpfayonf? wdkif; jynfwdkif;wGif/ 'g0if0g'acwfpm;vmonfESifhwjydKifwnf;/ xdkawmifyHESpfckpvkH;u csuf csif; ay:aygufvmpjrJjzpf.? xdk‹a-umifh/ zufqpf0g'ESifh t&if;&Sif0g'wdk‹udk axmufcH tm;ay;olonf uGefjrLepf0g'udkvnf; tvdkvdkaxmufcHtm;ay;&m oufa&mufayonf? 'g0if0g'Dwdk‹. bk&m;rJh0g'tjrift&/ vuf0JESifhvufsmwdk‹onfwpfcktwGufwpf ckaygufzGm;ay:xGef;vmonfhtjyif/ wpfckESifhwpfck ta-uG;tarG;jyK tiftm;jznfhwif;ay; vsuf&Sd.? wpfbufonf tjcm;wpfbufESifh tpOfrjywfyËdyuQ&SdaejrJjzpfonf? 'g0if 0g'u Todk‹aom&ifqdkifaejcif;onf oifhawmfr+&SdI vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;rsm;twGuf vdktyf csufyif jzpfonf[k qdkonf? Ta,bk,st-urf;zsOf;az:jycsufudk-unfhjcif;jzifh/ 'g0if0g'onf EdkifiHa&;t qifh 'dkiftmvufwpf(,kwWdaA'enf;us usdK;a-umif;qifjcifjcif;jzifh trSefw&m;udk &SmazG jcif;=tEkyËdavmr)udk wDxGifaz:xkwfonf[k u|Ekfyfwdk‹ qdkEdkifayonf? *smrefvlrsdK; ygarmuQ a[*sJvfu wifjyI/ aemufydkif;wGif rm;ufPESifh tif*sJvfwdk‹u vufcHtokH;jyK aom 'dkiftmvufwpfrSm/ p-um0VmwpfckvkH;wGif zGH‹jzdK;wdk;wufr+rSefor#onf yËdyuQrS jzpfay:vmjcif; jzpfonf[k qdk.? tajctaewdkif; odk‹r[kwf t-uHOm%ftawG;tac: wdkif;onf “avhvmwifjycsuf”jzpfI ‚if;ESifh yËdyuQjzpfaom“qef‹usifbuftajctae odk‹r[kwfwifjycsuf”vdkufvmpjrJjzpf.? aemufqkH;wGif pkaygif;nd‡E+dif;jcif;wGifqkH;jzwf csuf cs&ayonf? tcsdeftwef-umaomtcg/ xdknd‡E+dif;qkH;jzwfcsufuyif avhvmwifjy csuf jzpfvmjyefjyD;/ aemufxyfqef‹usifbuf wifjycsufwpfcku yËdyuQtjzpf xyfrHay:aygufvmonf? 'dkiftmvufwpftawG;tac:t& yËdyuQonf Tenf;twdkif; qkH;cef;wdkifjcif;r&SdbJ qufvufjzpfysufaevdrfhrnf? 'g0if0g'onf/ vl‹avmuudk bk&m;ociftv†m[ft&Sifjrwfzefqif;xm;onf [l aomtcsufudkjiif;y,fI vlom;rsm;onf wd&pm>efwpfrsdK;jzpfonf [laomtawG;tac: udk v+H‹aqmfjr‡ifhwifI 'dkiftmvufwpftawG;tac:twGuf ppfajrjyiftjzpf zefwD;xm; ayonf? urBmhEdkifiHtajrmuftjrm;/ txl;ojzifhOa&mywdkufwGif/ vufsmorm;'g0if0g'D wdk‹ -oZmanmif;pdk;rdk;-uonf? bmoma&;udkzsufqD;ypfjcif;/ wpfenf;tm;jzifh udk,fusifh w&m;wefzdk;rsm;udk zsufqD;ypfjcif;jzifh/ *&k%mw&m;uif;rJhaomt&if;&Sifpepfudk az: xkwfI ‚if;rSwpfqifh zufqpf0g'udk az:xkwfcJh-uayonf? Ttkyfpkudkqef‹usifI/ vuf0Jorm; uGefjrLepfwdk‹u pkaygif;pnf;vkH;um/ ESpfzufpvkH;onfvnf; tqkH;rowf Edkifonfh yËdyuQtajctaeodk‹ ajcpkHypf0if-uayonf? T'g0if0g''dkiftmvufwpft awG;tac:. nd‡E+dif;ajz&Sif;onfh&vm'frSm/ tpOfojzifh ae&mwum twlwlyifjzpfay onf? ‚if;&vm'frSm ESdyfpufjcif;/ emusifjcif;/ aoG;acsmif;pD;jcif;/ ppfajrjyifjzpfjcif;/ rsuf&nftdkifxGef;jcif;/===ponfhted@m&kHrsm;omv#if jzpfayonf? u|Ekfyfwdk‹. tjcm;pmtkyfrsm;wGif/ vufsmorm; 'g0if0g'D'dkiftmvufwpf tawG; tac:orm;rsm;jzpfonfh zufqpf0g'Dwdk‹. &ufpufykHrsm;udk az:jyxm;ygonf? Tpm 26

tkyfwGifrlum; uGefjrLepfwdk‹. xdwfvef‹a-umufrufzG,faom &dkif;pdkif;r+ ESifh&ufpufr+ rsm;udk ppfaq;-uygrnf?

rdrdESifhqef‹usifonfhtawG;tac:rsm;udk “'dkiftmvufwpfyËdyuQ” jzifh wdwfqdwfoGm; atmif vkyfvdkolwdk‹onf acwfwdkif;wGif t±+H; ay;-u&pjrJ jzpf. THOSE WHO WISH TO SILENCE OPPOSING IDEAS WITH A "CONFLICT OF DIALECTIC" ARE DEFEATED IN EVERY AGE

'dkif

tmvufwpf&kyf0g'onf/ 'g0ifoDtdk&DwGiftajccHI ordkif;onf qef‹usifbufjzpf aomtawG;tac:rsm;t-um; oem;-uifemr+uif;rJhpGm wdkufcdkuf &kef;uef-u&onfht jzpftysufrsm;omjzpfonf[k cH,lxm;.?20=&mpkESpftwGif; uGefjrLepf0g'Dwdk‹u zu qpf0g'Dwdk‹ESifh xdyfwdkufawG‹-u&if; ESpfzufaomwdkif;oljynfom;wdk‹udk qef‹usifwdkufcdkuf-uap jcif;jzifh urBm-uD;udk aoG;tdkiftjzpf zefwD;cJh-uonf? 0g'wpfckcsif;uvnf; rdrd.tawG;tac: 0g'uom tEdkif&&Sdvdrfhrnf[k ,kH-unf-uonf? odk‹aomfvnf;/ uGefjrLepf0g'Dwdk‹u atmifEdkifol tjzpf ay: xGef;vmcJhjcif;r&Sdonfhtjyif/ 'dkiftmvufwpf &kyf0g'. tawG;tac:jzpfaom ordkif; qdkif&m 'dkiftmvufwpf(tEkyËdavmr)onfvnf; ysufokOf;oGm;cJhayonf? vl‹ordkif;wav#mufvkH;wGif/ wpfckESifhwpfck qef‹usifbufjzpfaom taumif;ESifhtqdk; wdk‹onf/ tawG;tac:avmuwGifyif tpOftjrJ&SdvmcJhayonf? aumif;r+onf tpOftjrJ tEdkif&&Sd .? tb,fha-umifhqdkaomf/ uk&ftmefusrf;awmfjrwfwGif tv†m[ft&Sifjrwf ay;xm;awmfrlaom trdef‹-o0g'rsm;onf jidrf;csrf;jcif;udk,laqmifvm&ef/ wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD;,kH-unfr+&Sd&Sd taqGcifyGef; jzpfap&ef/ wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD;rkef;wD;I &efoljzpfaejcif;udk ysufys,foGm;&ef tuGufcspDpOfxm;aom a-umifhjzpf.? Oyrm/ tv†m[ft±Sifjrwfu eADwrefawmfrlpmtm; zg&dk;bk&ifvrf;rSefodk‹ a&mufvm atmif w&m;a'oemjzifhzdwfac:&ef cdkif;apawmfrl.? eADrlpm(tvdkifa[hqvmrf)ESifh zg&dk;bk&if wdk‹.&nf&G,fcsufrSm wpfrsdK;pDwpfjcm;pDjzpfaeayonf? odk‹aomfvnf; xdkqef‹usifbufESpfzuf pvkH;udk rsufESmqkHnDawG‹apawmfrl.? tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfu eADwrefawmfrlpm(rdk;Zuf)ESifh ol. nDawmf[m&Gef(tm&Gef)wdk‹tm;/ “toifwdk‹ESpfOD;onf zpf&fatmifefxHodk‹oGm;-uavukef? {uef rvGJ ,if;zpf&fatmifefonf vGefpGmarmufrmvsuf&SdaeacsjyD? xdk‹aemuf toifwdk‹ESpfOD;onf ‚if; tm; El;nHhodrfarG‹aompum;udk ajymqdk-uavukef? ,if;zd&fatmifefonf w&m;&aumif;&&Sday vdrfhrnf? odk‹wnf;r[kwf‚if;onf(tv†m[ft&Sifjrwftm;)a-umuf±GHŒaumif; a-umuf±GHŒayvdrfh rnf? (pl&mwGm[m 20;43=44)? tv†m[ft&Sifjrwf.trdef‹awmftwdkif; eADwrefawmfrlpmESifh[m&Gefwdk‹u zg &dk;bk&ifxH odk‹oGm;-ujyD; enf;rsdK;pkHjzifhodrfarG‹aompum;rsm;tokH;jyKI tv†m[ft&Sifjrwf. aumif;rGefajzmifh rwfaomtrdef‹awmfrsm;udk &Sif;jyvrf;n$ef-uavonf? tqkH;wGif zg±dk;bk&ifonf trSefw&m;udk rjrifEdkifbJ qufvufI zdESdyfcsKyfcs,faeayonf? aemufqkH; zg&dk;bk&ifonf a&epfaoqkH;oGm;I/ eADwrefawmfrlpmwdk‹rSm vGwfajrmufoGm;-uavonf? TOyrmonf vl‹ordkif;. tusOf;csKyf yifjzpf.? wdkufcdkufjcif;ESifhaoG;xGufoH,dkr+jzifh rnfolurS atmifEdkifjcif;r&Sdacs? yËdyuQjzpfjcif; ESifh t-urf;zufjcif;jzifh wufvmolwdk‹onfyif/ oufawmifhoufom jidrf;csrf;om,maomb0jzifh tqkH;rowfEdkif-uacs? olwdk‹onf tcsdefor,wdkif;wGif &kyf0wˆKa&;&mESifhpdwf"gwfqdkif&m wGif npfnL;EGrf;e,fIom touf&Sif-u&onf? tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfudk tDrmefouf0if ,kH -unfolwdk‹ rlum; tpOftjrJ vlwdk‹tm; jidrf;csrf;om,mr+ESifh ,kH-unfr+tjynfht0jzifh pOf;pm;a0zefokH;oyf&ef wdkufwGef;Ed+;aqmftm;ay;vsuf&Sd-uonf?

27

txyfygykHwGif tD*spfvlrsdK; zg&dk;bk&ifu ol‹udkqef‹usifolwdk‹. OD;acgif;udk &dkufcGJaeykH o&kyfaz:xm; onf? zg&dk;bk&ifonf ol.&ufpuf-urf;-uKwfr+ESifh zdESdyfcsKyfcs,fr+rsm;udk txl;wvnf *k%f,l.? odk‹aomfvnf; olonf 0rf;enf;a-uuGJbG,fed*kH;csKyf&ayonf?

28

29

bdkvf&SDApfygwD. &dkif;pdkif;&ufpufr+ordkif; The History of Bolshevik Savagery

bdkvf&SDApfygwD. &dkif;pdkif;&ufpufr+ordkif;

ESpf

q,f&mpkESpfonf vl‹ordkif;wGif ,Qifur-um;bl;aom urBmppf-uD;rsm;/ vl rsdK;jzKwfowfjzwfr+rsm;/ tusOf;pcef;rsm;/ El;uvD,m;ESifh"gwkaA'vufeuf rsm;udkxkwfvkyfjcif;/ bkH;-uJjcif;/ ajymufusm;wdkufyGJrsm;/ t-urf;zufr+rsm;ESifh jynfhae onfh t-uD;us,fqkH;aomaoG;acsmif;pD;onfh acwfumvjzpfayonf? T &ufpuf-urf; -uKwfr+rsm;a-umifh vl‹toufaygif; oef;aygif;&mcsDI qkH;&+H;cJhonf? tb,fha-umifh vGefcJhonfh&mpkESpfonf xdkr#txd aoG;acsmif;pD;aomumv jzpfcJh oenf;? yxrqkH;tcsufrSm/ wdk;wufonfhwufEdkvdk*sDenf;ynmrsm;u ,Qifuxuf ydkrdk tiftm;-uD;rm;I tkyfpkvdkufaoa-uysufpD;apEdkifaomppfvufeufud&d,mrsm;udk xkwf vkyfEdkifatmif zGH‹jzdK;apjcif; jzpfonf? odk‹aomfvnf;/ 'kwd,ta&;-uD;qkH;tcsufrSm/ ‚if; ppfvufeufrsm;udk urf;ukefatmif &uf&ufpufpuf tokH;jyKaponfh tawG;tac:rsm; a-umifh jzpfonf? 20=&mpkESpfonf 19=&mpkESpfwGif tajccHtkwfjrpfcsI ysdK;cif;-uJcJh aom “tpfZif;rf=0g'a&;”trsdK;rsdK;wdk‹. &ufpuf-urf;-uKwf cg;oufonfh tqdyfoD;ESH rsm;udk &dwfodrf;onfhESpf[k qdk&ayrnf? ,if; “tpfZif;rf=0g'a&;”rsm;teuf uGefjrLepf0g'onftus,fjyef‹qkH;0g'jzpfI t&ufpuf-urf;-uKwfqkH;ESifh aoG;acsmif;pD;jcif;trsm;qkH;jzpfay:apaom0g'jzpfonf? vGefcJhonfh ESpfwpf&mtwGif; uGefjrLepftpdk;&ESifh uGefjrLepftzGJ‹tpnf;rsm;uowfjzwfI aoa-uysufpD;apcJhaomvlOD;a&rSm t-urf;tm;jzifh oef;aygif; 120=cef‹&SdcJh.? 0g'a&; &mwpfckwnf;a-umifh xdkolwdk‹onf/ rdrdwdk‹.aetdrfrsm;rSESifxkwfcH&jcif;/ tvkyfpcef; ESifh tusOf;pcef;rsm;wGif aoqkH;jcif;/ qdkifab;&D;,m;jrufcif;vGifjyifrsm;wGif aoa-u ukefatmif ESifxkwfcH&jcif;/ a-umufrufzG,ftaumif;qkH;tusOf;pcef;rsm;wGif ESdyfpufcH &jcif;/ uGefjrLepfOD;aESmufaq; ynmay;olt-urf;zuform;wdk‹.vufcsufjzifh owf jzwfcH-u&jcif;/ vnfrsdKudkn‡pfowfcH&jcif;/ vnfvSD;owfcH&jcif;/ wrifwumtpma& pmiwfrGwfacgif;yg;apjcif;jzifh iwfrGwfIaoapjcif;/ ponfjzifhtoufqkH;±+H;cJh-uonf? TtvHeD&dkif;pdkif;t-urf;zufr+onf 1917=ckESpfwGif &k&Sm;EdkifiHYay:aygufaom bdkvf&SDApfawmfvSefa&;rS pwifcJh.? topfpufpufwnfaxmifcgp qdkAD,ufjynfaxmif pkwpf0Srf;ysHŒESH‹oGm;I/ xdkrSwpfqifh ta&SŒOa&myEdkifiHrsm;/ w&kwfEdkifiH/ udk;&D;,m;EdkifiH/ AD ,uferfEdkifiH/ uarBm'D;,mEdkifiH/ vmwiftar&duEdkifiHtcsdKŒ/ -uLbm;EdkifiHESifh tmz&du wdkufEdkifiHtajrmuftjrm;wdk‹odk‹ ysHŒESH‹oGm;cJhonf? 30

vDeif. aoG;acsmif;pD;onfhawmfvSefa&; Lenin's Bloody Revolution

um;vfrm;ufPu rnfonfhEdkifiHa&;ygwDudkr# OD;pD;OD;aqmifrvkyfcJhacs? olonf vl‹ ordkif;udk 'dkiftmvufwpf(tEkyËdavmr)&kyf0g'pnf;rsOf;twGif;wGif jyGwfodyfoGwfoGif; xm;ol oDtdk&Daz:xkwfoltawG;tac:&SifwpfOD;jzpfonf? T±+axmifht&/ olonf t wdwfudkt"dy`g,fzGifhqdkI tem*wfudk cef‹rSef;cJhayonf? xdkcef‹rSef;csufwGif t-uD;us,f qkH;rSm wurBmvkH;wGif awmfvSefa&;jzpfay:vmvdrfhrnf [laomtcsufjzpfonf? tvkyf orm;rsm;u t&if;&Sifpepfudk zsufodrf;ypfjyD;aemuf vlwef;pm;rJh vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf; ay: xGef;vmvdrfhrnf[k uwdjyKcJhonf? 1883=ckESpfwGif um;vfrm;uPfuG,fvGefjyD;aemuf 10ESpfwdkifwdkif rnfonfhawmf vSefa&;rS ray:aygufcJhacs? Oa&mywdkuf&Sd t&if;&Sifpepfwdkif;jynfrsm;wGif tvkyform; rsm;. aexdkifa&;ESifhtvkyfcGiftajctae ydkrdkaumif;rGefvmonf? blZGmt&if;&Sifrsm;ESifh tvkyform;rsm;t-um; wif;rmr+onfvnf; tvdkufoifh avsmhyg;oGm;ayonf? awmf vSefa&; ray:aygufvmcJhacs? ay:aygufrnfh tvm;tvmvnf;r&Sday? 1900=ckESpfOD;ydkif;wGif &k&Sm;EdkifiHY ta&;-uD;onfh aemufxyftrnfwpfck ay: aygufvmonf? &k&Sm;EdkifiHwGif rm;ufP0g'Dwdk‹ wnfaxmifxm;cJhaom qdk&S,f'Drdku&uf wpfygwDY Avm'DrD&f tDvdcsf vDeiftrnf&SdolwpfOD;onf xif&Sm;vmayonf? vDeifu rm;ufP0g'udk tjrifopfjzifh t"dy`g,fzGifhqdkonf? ol.tjrift&/ awmfvSefa&;onf ae &mwumjydKifwljzpfay:vmEdkifjcif;r&Sd[k qdk.? tb,fha-umifhqdkaomf Oa&mywdkuf t vkyform;vlwef;pm;onf blZGmwdk‹. jidrfaq;wdkufau|;jcif;a-umifh arhajrmae-uonf? tjcm;EdkifiHrsm;Yvnf; tvkyform;tiftm;pkrSm ajymyavmufaom OD;a&r&Sd [kqdkonf? Tjy\emudk vDeifu t-urf;zufvufeufokH;enf;jzifh ajz&Sif;&ef tqdkjyKonf? tvkyform;(rm;ufP0g'pmayrsm;wGif ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;)wdk‹u awmfvSefa&;udk pwif-u rnfr[kwfbJ/ ppfoifwef;wufjyD; ppfynmu|rf;usifolwdk‹u tvkyform;vlwef;pm;. udk,fpm; awmfvSefa&;qifEGJay;vdrfhrnf[k vDeifu cef‹rSef;a[mudef;xkwf.? vufeuf tokH;jyKI 0g'jzef‹jcif;jzifh “uGefjrLepfygwD”u EdkifiHa&;&mawmfvSefa&; aqmifusOf;ay; vdrfhrnf[k qdkonf? ola[mudef;xkwfonfhtwdkif;/ tm%m&&csif; vDeif.tac: “ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm; tm%m&Sifpepf”udk wnfaxmifavonf? ‚if;pepfonf/ qef‹usif olwdk‹udk z,f&Sm;okwfoifypfI yk*~vduydkifypPnf;rsm;udk zsufqD;ypfum vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf; onf uGefjrLepfvrf;pOftwdkif; wdk;wufzGH‹jzdK;r+ &&Sdayrnf? vDeif.oDtdk&Dt&/ uGefjrLepf0g'onf vufeufudkift-urf;zuform;wpfpk. tawG;tac:jzpfoGm;awmhonf? ol.aemufydkif; uGefjrLepfygwD(odk‹r[kwf aoG;acsmif; pD;jcif;udkom vdkvdkvm;vm;tm&kHpdkufaom awmfvSefa&;tvkyform;ygwD)aygif; &mESifh csDI wurBmvkH;jyef‹oGm;avonf? uGefjrLepfygwDu ‚if;.awmfvSefa&;wGif rnfonfhenf;rsm;udk tokH;jyK&ef &nf &G,fcJhoenf;? vDeifu Tar;cGef;udk pmaya&;om;jcif;jzifhvnf;aumif;/ vufawG‹t aumiftxnfjyjcif;jzifhvnf;aumif;/ tajzay;cJhayonf? uGefjrLepfygwDonf twwf EdkifqkH; aoG;trsm;qkH;xGufonfhenf;udk tokH;jyKayrnf? 1906=ckESpf/ bdkv&SDApfawmf vSefa&;rwdkifrDtvsif wpfq,fhwpfESpfwGif ypPnf;rJh r*~Zif;wGif atmufygtwdkif; a&; om;cJh.?

31

rm;ufPuG,fvGefjyD;aemuf vDeifu rm;ufP.tawG;tac:udk t"dy`g,fzGifhqdkI rm;ufPucsefxm;cJh aom raojcmra&&monfhtcsufrsm;udk -udK;pm;jznfhpGufcJh.? xdkodk‹jyKpOftwGif;/ vDeifu vuf eufokH;t-urf;zufI uGefjrLepftm%mwnfaqmufEdkifrnfh ykHaoenf;udk az:xkwfcJhayonf? t ay:ykHonf 1897=ckESpfwGif vDeif(tv,f)ESifh tjcm;uGefjrLepft-urf;orm;rsm;ESifhtwl pdef‹yDwm (pf)bm;*fwGif &dkufxm;aomykHjzpfonf? vufsmykHrSm rm;ufP. 'g;pfuJyDwmvfpmtkyfudk &k&Sm;bm ompum;jzifh jyefqdkxm;aompmtkyfjzpfonf?

32

33

u|Efkyfwdk‹pdwf0ifpm;aomjzpf&yfrSm vufeufudkifwdkufyGJ0ifv+yf&Sm;jcif;jzpfonf? wpfOD;csif; a&m tkyfpki,ftvdkufa&mjzifh vkyfaqmif-u&rnf? tcsKdŒu awmfvSefa&;tzGJ‹tpnf;awGrSm yg0if-ujyD; tcsdKŒ(&k&Sm;EdkifiH.tcsKdŒaoma'orsm;rS trsm;pkwdk‹)rSm rnfonfhtzGJ‹tpnf;wGif rS yg0ifjcif;r&Sd? vufeufudkifwdkufcdkuf&kef;uefjcif;wGif/ &nf&G,fcsufESpfck yg0ifonf? ‚if; &nf&G,fcsufrsm;udk jywfjywfom;om;cGJjcm;Edkif&rnf? yxr&nf&G,fcsufrSm/ Tvufeuf udkifv+yf&Sm;r+onf tkyfcsKyfa&;acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh ppfwyfESifh&JtzGJ‹wGiftr+xrf;vsuf&Sdaom ‚if;wdk‹.wynfhrsm;/ yk*~dKvfwpfOD;csif;udk owfjzwf&efjzpfonf? 'kwd,&nf&G,fcsufrSm/ tpdk; &ESifh yk*~vduydkif aiGa-u;rsm;udk &HykHaiGtwGuf wdkufcdkuf odrf;,l&efjzpfonf? odrf;,l&&Sd aomaiGa-u;rsm;rS wpfydkif;udk ygwD&HykHaiGtjzpfcGJa0ay;I/ tjcm;wpfydkif;udk vufeufudkif x-uGykefuef&ef vufeufpkaqmif;&eftwGuf cGJa0ay;&rnf? aemufqkH;wpfydkif;udk Tvkyf ief;wGif wdkuf&dkufyg0ifolwdk‹. aea&;xdkifa&;pm;aomufa&;twGuf jzpfonf? -uD;rm;onfh (Oyrm aumauqyfwGif &lb,fvf 200000ausmfESifh armfpudkjrdKŒ-uD;wGif &lb,f 875000) tvkH;t&if;odrf;,l&&SdaiGrsm;wGif yxrqkH; awmfvSefa&;ygwDrsm;odk‹cGJa0ay;I/ ao;zGJaom odrf;,l&&SdaiGrsm;udk “oGm;a&mufodrf;,lol”wdk‹udk trsm;pk odk‹r[kwf tm;vkH;ay;tyfvdkuf 14 onf?

1900=ckESpfOD;ydkif;wGif/ &k&Sm;'Drdku&ufwpfygwDY tawG;tac:uJGvGJr+jzpfay:cJh onf? vDeifOD;aqmifaomtkyfpku vufeufudkift-urf;zufawmfvSefa&;udk axmufcHI/ useftkyfpkonf rm;ufP0g'udk &k&Sm;EdkifiHodk‹ ydkI'Drdkua&pDqefaomenf;jzifh ,laqmifoGwf oGif;vdkayonf? vDeif.aemufvdkufom;rsm;u/ vlenf;pkjzpfaomfvnf;/ enf;rsdK;pkHokH;I trsm;pkjzpfvmatmif zdtm;ay;pkaqmif;-uonf? xdk‹a-umifh aemifygwD0ifvlrsm;pk. axmufcHr+&&Sdaomtcg olwdk‹.tkyfpkudk &k&Sm;bmompum;t& “trsm;pk”[kt"dy`g,f& aomtrnf bdkvf&SDApf[k ac:wGifavonf? tjcm;tkyfpkudkrl “vlenf;pk”[k t"dy`g,f& aom rif&SDApf[k ac:wGifavonf? bdkvf&SDApfwdk‹onf vDeifvrf;cif;ay;onfhtwdkif; pnf;&kH;a&;qif;I vkyf-uHowf jzwfjcif;/ tpdk;&b¾maiGrsm;udkwdkufcdkufodrf;ydkufjcif;/ tm%mydkifwdk‹.vkyfief;Xmersm; udk "g;jywdkufjcif; ponfwdk‹udk pwifaqmif&Guf-uavonf? jynfESif'%fcH&ojzifh ESpf aygif;rsm;pGm aysmufae-u&mrS/ 1917=ckESpfwGif bdkvf&SDApfwdk‹u &k&Sm;awmfvSefa&;udk p wif-uavonf? trSefrSm/ xdkESpfwGif oD;jcm;pDjzpfonfhawmfvSefa&;ESpfckjzpfay:cJhonf? yxrwpfckrSm/ azaz:0g&DvwGifjzpfI/ Zmbk&if'kwd,edudkvyfpfudk eef;csum ol.tdrf axmifpkwpfckvkH;ESifhtwl tusOf;cs-ujyD; 'Drdkua&pDtpdk;&wnfaxmif-uonf? odk‹aomf vnf; bdkvf&SDApfwdk‹u 'Drdkua&pDudk rvdkvm;-uacs? olwdk‹u ypPnf;rJhtm%m±Sifpepfudk wnfaxmif&efom pdwftm;oef-uavonf? 1917=ckESpf/ atmufwdkbmvwGif olwdk‹apmifhar#mfcJh-uaomawmfvSefa&;udk t aumiftxnfaz:-uonf? vDeifESifhol.yxrvufaxmuf xa&mhpuDwdk‹OD;pD;aom uGef jrLepfvufeufudkift-urf;zuform;wdk‹u jrKdŒawmfa[mif; yD-wdK*&ufESifh armhpudkjrdK‹udk odrf;ydkufvdkuf-uonf? TjrdK‹awmf-uD;ESpfckwGif jzpfcJhaomwdkufyGJwdk‹u urBmhyxrOD;qkH; aom uGefjrLepftpdk;&udk wnfaxmifay;cJhonf? atmufwdkbmawmfvSefa&;.aemufydkif;wGif/ &k&Sm;EdkifiHonf okH;ESpfwdkifwdkif Zm bk&if.AdkvfcsKyfwdk‹pnf;&kH;OD;pD;aomwyfjzLESifh xa&mhpuDOD;pD;aom wyfeDwdk‹wdkufcdkuf onfh jynfwGif;ppfudk tvl;tvJcH&avonf? 1918=ckESpf ZlvdkifvwGif Zmbk&if'kwd,ed udkvyfpfESifh ol.om;orD;okH;yg;tygt0if tdrfaxmifpkwpfckvkH;udk uGyfrsuf&ef vDeif u bdkvf&SDApfwdk‹tm; trdef‹ay;cJhonf? xdkjynfwGif;ppftwGif;/ bdkvf&SDApfwdk‹onf tqdk; &Gm;qkH;aom&mZ0wfr+/ owfjzwfr+rsm;udk usL;vGef-uI olwdk‹tm;qef‹usifolwdk‹udk enf; rsdK;pkHjzifh ESdyfpuf&ef 0efrav; rwGef‹qkwfcJh-uacs? 34

tay:ykH? 1918ckESpfwGif vDeifudk bdkvf&SDApft-urf;zuform;wpfpkESifhtwl awG‹&ykH? vlxkutpOfa-umufvef‹ajcmufjcm;ae&eftwGuf vDeifu uGefjrLepft-urf;zuform;rsm; xHodk‹ oH-udK;pmjzifh tqufrjywftrdef‹ay;cJhavonf?

awmfvSefa&;udk qef‹usifonfh &k&Sm;vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;tm;vkH;udk wyfeDESifh vDeifzGJ‹ pnf;aom csufumac:ppfykvdyftzGJ‹u/ t-urf;zufjcdrf;ajcmuf-uonf? ygarmuQwpfpk u 0dkif;0ef;a&;om;jyKpkI [m;AwfwuUodkvfrS ykHESdyfxkwfa0aom uGefjrLepf0g'. pmtkyfrJ (The Black Book of Communism)trnf&SdpmtkyfwGif uGefjrLepfwdk‹. wurBm vkH;twdkif;twmESifh tvGef‹tvGef&ufpuf,kwfrmaomvkyf&yfrsm;ta-umif;a&;om;&m Y bdkvf&SDApfwdk‹. a-umufrufxdef‹vef‹zG,fvkyf&yfrsm;udkvnf; atmufygtwdkif; xnfh oGif;az:jyxm;ayonf? bdkvf&SDApfwdk‹onf/ olwdk‹udk odk‹r[kwfawmfvSefa&;ESifhtm%mudk qef‹usifolESifhoabmrwl olwdk‹tm;/ Oya't&a&m um,uHajrmuft&yg azsmufzsufypf&ef qkH;jzwfcsufcsxm;-u onf? olwdk‹.vkyfenf;vkyf[efrSm/ EdkifiHa&;tjrift& olwdk‹ESifhqef‹usifonfhtkyfpkrsm;ESifht wl txufwef;v$mya'o&mZfrsdK;EG,frsm;/ tv,ftvwfvlwef;pm;rsm;/ ynm&Sifrsm;/ aq;q&m0eftif*sifeD,mponfhtoufarG;0rf;ausmif;u|rf;usifolrsm;/ ppfom;ykvdyft&m&Sd rsm;ESifh bmoma&;q&mbkef;-uD;rsm;udk z,f&Sm;ypf-uonf? wpfcsdKŒtydkif;wGif bdkvf&SDApfwdk‹ u rsdK;jzKwfowfjzwfjcif; vkyfaqmif-uonf? 1920=ckESpfwGifpwifonfh “aumqufvlrsdK; &Sif;vif;a&;”tpDtpOfonf u|Ekfyfwdk‹ajymonfhvlrsdK;jzKwfowfjzwfjcif;twGuf taumif; qkH;Oyrm jzpf.? ae&ma'owpfckwGif twnfwustajcpdkufaexdkifaom aumhqufvlrsdK;pk wpfckvkH;udk ukefcef;vkeD; owfjzwfypf-uonf? a,musfm;rsm;udk ypfowfvdkuf-uonf? rdef;r/ uav;oli,fESifh Z&mtdkwdk‹udkrl jynfESif'%fay;-u.? &Gmrsm;udkrD;wif±d+Œypfjcif; odk‹r [kwf aumhqufvlrsdK;r[kwfolwdk‹udk ay;aeonf? vDeifu aumhqufvlrsdK;rsm;udk 1795=ck ESpfY acwfopfuGefjrLepf0g'udk yxrOD;qkH;wDxGifol *&ufcsKpfbmbkpfu “vlOD;a& av#mh 15 aygha&;”[kac:aom jyifopfawmfvSefa&;acwftpDtpOfrS Aif'Dwdk‹ESifhEd+if;,SOfavonf?

bdkvf&SDApfwdk‹ 0ifa&mufonfhjrdKŒwdkif;wGif olwdk‹.tawG;tac:udk vufrcHolrsm; udk owfjzwfypf-uonf? vlxku olwdk‹tm; a-umuf&GHŒap&ef tvGef&dkif;pdkif;,kwfrm 35

aomt-urf;zufr+rsm;udk -uL;vGef-uonf? uGefjrLepf0g'.pmtkyfrJwGif c&D;rD,m;Y -uL;vGefaom&ufpufr+rsm;udk az:jyxm;ayonf? bdkvf&SDApfwdk‹onf/ c&D;rD,m;jrdKŒ-uD;ESifhtwl qDAwfpfwdkydkvf/ a,mvfwm/ tvl&SmESifh qDrfzg &dkydkvf ponfhjrdKŒrsm;wGif tvm;wlt-urf;zufr+rsm;udk -uL;vGef-uayonf? 1918=ckESpf {jyDvESifh arvtwGif; olwdk‹udk awmfvSefykefuefaeaom aumhqufjrdKŒ-uD;wGifvnf; tvm; wl&ufpuf-urf;-uKwfonfht-urf;zufr+rsm;udk -uL;vGef-uayonf? tifrwefwdusvSaom 'ifeDuifaumfrD&Sif. rSwfwrf;wGif “vlaotavmif;rsm;onf/ vufrsm;jzwfxm;jcif;/ t&dk;rsm;-udK;aejcif;/ OD;acgif;rsm;udk qkwfjzJxm;jcif;/ ar;&dk;rsm;-udK;aejcif;ESifh vdifwefqm 16 rsm;vSD;jzwfxm;jcif;/ ponfwdk‹jzifh jynfheufaeayonf?

qdk&S,fvpf0g'D&k&Sm;vlrsdK;ordkif;yg&*ljzpfol tufpfyD rJvf*laemhAf. &k&Sm;EdkifiHrS teDa&mif&ufpuft-urf;zufr+rsm;(The Red Terror in Russia) [laompmtkyfwGif/ rsuf jrifoufaorsm;udk ajzmufzsuf&Sif;vif;a&;wdkufyGJa-umifh qDAwfpfwdkydkvfjrdKŒudk “-udK;qGJ csjrdKŒ”tjzpf ajymif;vJypf-uonf[k a&;om;xm;onf? emcDarmhAfpuDrSpI vrf;wGifzrf;qD;&&SdcJhonfh t&m&Sdrsm;/ ppfom;rsm;ESifh t&yfom;rsm;.t avmif;rsm;udk vrf;ab;wpfav#muf wGJavmif;qGJxm;onfudk awG‹&onf? jrdKŒwpfckvkH;onf aoaeaomjrdKŒjzpfaeonf? touf&Sifusefaeolwdk‹onfvnf; jrif;aZmif;xyfcdk;ESifh ajr atmufcef;rsm;wGif ykef;atmif;ae-uonf? eH&HawG/ qdkifa&SŒawGESifh a-u;eef;wdkifrsm;wGif “aopPmazgufwdk‹udk owfypf” [laomydkpwmrsm;jzifh jynfheufvsuf&Sdonf? olwdk‹u vlawG 17 udk taysmfwef; owfjzwfae-uonf?

bdkvf&SDApfwdk‹onf/ olwdk‹owfjzwfvdkaomvlrsm;udk trsdK;tpm;cGJxm;-uonf? O yrm/ (qdk&S,fvpf0g'udk bdkvf&SDApfwdk‹ em;vnfoabmaygufjcif;wGif jcm;em;onfh “rif &SDApf”ac:)blZGmwdk‹onf tpdk;&opf. t"du&efol jzpfonf? vlOD;a&trsm;qkH;yg0ifaom “ulvyf”udk txl;wvnfxm;I okwfoif&Sif;vif;-uonf? &k&Sm;bmompum;wGif ul vyfonf -uG,f0csrf;omaom ajrydkif&Sifwdk‹udk ac:aomtrnfjzpfonf? awmfvSefa&;um vtwGif; ulvyfwdk‹tay:odk‹ oem;-uifemr+uif;rJhonfht-urf;zufr+rsm;jzifh uHqdk;rdk; arSmifusa&mufaponfh &maygif;rsm;pGmaomtrdef‹pmrsm;udk vDeifudk,fwdkif xkwfjyefcJhay onf? Oyrm/ yifZmqdkAD,ufrS A[dktvkyftr+aqmifaumfrDwDodk‹ay;ydk‹aoma-u;eef; pmwpfapmifwGif/ “&Jabmfwdk‹/ oifwdk‹.ig;c&dkifwGif jzpfay:onfh ulvyfx-uGr+udk oem;-uifemjcif;uif;rJhpGm ESdrfeif; ypf&r,f? awmfvSefa&;wpfckvkH;&JhtusdK;twGuf ,if;aqmif&Gufcsufvdktyfw,f? ulvyfwdk‹eJ‹ aemufqkH;jydKifqdkifwdkufcdkufjcif; ,QKtcsdefuae pwifaejyD? 'DvlawGeJ‹ oifwdk‹ erlemjy-uyg? -udK;qGJcsowfyg? (u|Ekfyfqdkvdk&if;u/ trsm;vlxkjrifatmif vlxka&SŒrSm -udK; qGJowf-uyg?) tenf;qkH;wpfc&dkifrSm -uG,f0csrf;omwJhacG;rom; aoG;pkwfaumif ulvyf 100 pD owfyg? olwdk‹&JhemrnfawGudk pm&if;jyKpk jyD;a-umfjimtjzpf a0iSyg? olwdk‹&Jh qef pyg;tm; vkH;odrf;,lyg? ywf0ef;usifrdkifaygif;rsm;pGmuvl awG awG‹atmif/ oabmayguf-uatmif/ wkefv+yf ajcmufjcm;atmif u|Ekfyftrdef‹ay;wJhtwdkif;vkyf-u 18 yg? oifwdk‹.==vDeif?

vDeifonf Todk‹aomtrdef‹pm t ajrmuftjrm;xkwfjyefcJhonf? bdkvf&SDApft -urf;zuform;wdk‹uvnf; ol.trdef‹udk 0rf;yef;wom vdkufemaqmif&Guf-uonf? tcsdKŒu olwdk‹pdwful;&onfh &ufpufenf; rsm;udk xyfrHuGef‹-uao;onf? tvGefausmf 36

-um;aompma&;q&m rufZifrfa*:uDu ‚if;enf;tcsdKŒudk oufaocHIa&;om;cJhayonf? wrfabmhAfwdkif;wGif uGefjrLepfrsm;u vlawGudk vuf0g;uyfwdkifwGif vufwpfzufESifh ajc wpfzufudk oHrd+&dkufI ajrjyifrS wpfrDwmcef‹tjrifhwGifudk&dk;um;,m;um;pifwifxm;onf udk vlxktm; 0dkif;-unfhaponf? tusOf;om;.0rf;ydkufudkcGJI tlodrftpydkif;udk opfyif/ ikwfwdkif odk‹r[kwf a-u;eef;wdkifYcsnfxm;jyD; xdktusOf;om;udk &dkufESufIxGufajy;cdkif;av &m tlodrfonfvnf; 0rf;wGif;tacGrS woDwwef;-uD; ajyxGufvmonfudk vlxktm; -unfh cdkif;.? tpdk;&t&m&Sdrsm;udk zrf;qD;I udk,fvkH;wD;c|wfjyD; ykckef;rSom;a&udk pvG,fodkif;-udK; 19 uJhodk‹ cGmxm;onfudkvnf; jyo-uonf?===

37

38

uGefjrLepf0g'udk vufrcHol rvdkufemolwdk‹udk azsmufzsufypf&mY bdkvf&SDApfwdk‹ u wm0ef,l-uonf? vlaygif;odef;ESifhcsDI ckH&kH;wifppfaq;jcif;r&SdbJ owfjzwfypf-u onf? uGefjrLepfqef‹usifoltajrmuftjrm;wdk‹tm; “ulvyf”[kac:aomEdkifiHa&;tusOf; pcef;odk‹ ydk‹-uonf? xdkpcef;rsm;Y tifrwef-urf;wrf;aomtvkyfrsm;udk vkyf-u&ojzifh qif;&J'kuQ-uD;pGmjzifh aoqkH;-u&onf? trsm;tm;jzifh xdkpcef;rStouf&SifI jyefvmcJh jcif; r&Sd-uacs? 1918=ckESpfrSpI 1922=ckESpftxd uGefjrLepftpdk;&udk qef‹usifonfh &Gmom;rsm;ESifh tvkyform;aygif; odef;aygif;rsm;pGmudk owfjzwfcJh-uonf? [m;AwfwuUodkvfrS ordkif;yg&*l &pfcsm'fydkufpfu ol. trsm;rodaomvDeifac: pmtkyftwGuf qdkAD,uf&k&Sm;.v#KdŒ0SufarmfuGef;pm&Gufpmwrf;rsm;udk &SmazGokawoe jyKcJhonf? vDeifu vltajrmuftjrm;udk ESdyfpufowfjzwfonfhtrdef‹pmaygif;ra&rwGuf Edkifavmufatmif xkwfjyefcJhonf[k az:xkwfcJhayonf? aemufqkH;wGif ol.pmtkyfwGif atmufygtwdkif; csifhwGufxm;ayonf? ,QKtcsdeftxd&&Sdaom oufaotaxmuftxm;rsm;t&/ vDeifonf pHerlemxm;xdkufol wpfOD;r[kwfbJ wpfpkHwpfckaomjy\emtrSefbJjzpfjzpf pdwful;,OfbJjzpfjzpf/ ,if;jy\ emrsm;udk ajz&Sif;onfhtaumif;qkH;enf;vrf;rSm xdkjy\emudkpwifzefwD;oludk owfjypfjcif; jzpfonf[k ,kH-unfol/ tpkvdkuftjyKHvdkufowfjzwfol vlowform;jzpfonf [laomtqdk udk jiif;qef&ef cufcJayonf? olonf/ 20=&mpkESpftwGif; toufZD0defoef;aygif;&mcsDI qkH;±+H;aponfhEdkifiHa&;ESifh vlr+a&;qdkif&mrsdK;jzKwfowfjzwfr+tavhtxudk pwifcJholjzpf 20 onf?

ygAfavmhAf.acG;rsm;ESifh vlom;tDAdkvl;&Sif;twGuf vDeif.pDrHudef; Pavlov's Dogs and Lenin's Plans for Human Evolution

vDeif.t-urf;zufr+ESifhaemufxyfvdkufygvmaomuGefjrLepf&ufpufr+wdk‹. aemufuG,f&Sd ta-umif;&if;rsm;udk oabmayguf&ef ta&;-uD;ayonf? pwmvif/ armf ESifhyGefyGwftp±SdonfhuGefjrLepfacgif;aqmifwdk‹onf tb,fha-umifhtodw&m;uif;rJhouhJ odk‹ xdef;rEdkifodrf;r&aom vlowform;rsm; jzpfcJh-uonfudk u|Ekfyfwdk‹qef;ppf-uygrnf? t"dua-umif;&if;rSm/ olwdk‹cH,lvufudkifxm;aom &kyf0g'ESifh vlom;rsm;tay:t jrifa-umifhjzpfayonf? u|Ekfyfwdk‹ tpOD;ydkif;wGif az:jycJhonfhtwdkif;/ uGefjrLepf0g'onf tajccHtm;jzifh &kyf0g'tawG;tac:udk ordkif;wGiftokH;jyKxm;I/ &kyf0g'udk obm0avm uudkavhvm&mY vufeuftjzpftokH;jyKonfh'g0if.oDtdk&DESifh o[Zmwoifhonf [laomtawG;tac: jzpfonf? uwfoD;uwfowfu-udua-umifEdkifaom TtawG;t ac:. t"dutcsufrsm;udk atmufygtwdkif; az:jyEdkifayonf? 1? vlom;onf/ j'yf0wˆKjzihfzGJ‹pnf;xm;aomt&momjzpfI/ 0dnmOfyg0ifaejcif; r&Sd? 2? vlom;onf/ tjrifhqkH;zGH‹jzdK;jyDjzpfaom wd&pm>efrsdK;pdwfwpfrsdK;jzpfonf? vl om;ESifh wd&pm>eft-um;wGif t"du&uGmjcm;r+r&Sdacs? vlom;onf tjcm;wd&pm>efrsm; t-um;&Sd wpfckwnf;aomuGmjcm;aer+rSm/ ol.ywf0ef;usifu ol‹tm;,Ofyg;apjcif; om jzpfayonf? 3? obm0ESifh vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;wGif rajymif;rvGJEdkifonfhwpfckwnf;aomOya'o rSm yËdyuQjzpf.? udk,fusdK;wGif &kef;uefwdkufcdkufjydKifqdkifjcif;wnf;[laom yËdyuQjzpf jcif; ay:aygufvmonf? aemufqkH;wGif obm0tavsmufaomfvnf;aumif;/ vdktyfcsuf 39

a-umifhaomfvnf;aumif;/ wpfzufzufu±+H;edrfhjcif;/ 'kuQcH&jcif;ESifh aoa-uysufpD;jcif; jzifh ed*kH;csKyf&onf? 4? xdk‹a-umifh/ uGefjrLepftjrift&/ zGH‹jzdK;wdk;wufr+wpfckcktwGuf/ Oyrm=“awmf vSefa&;”atmifjrif&eftwGuf vlaygif;ajrmufjrm;pGm 'kuQcH&jcif;/ EdSyfpufcH&jcif;/ ao a-uysufpD;-u&jcif; ponfwdk‹jzpfay:vm.? wpfcgwpf&H xdkodk‹jzpf&efyif vdktyf.? 5? uGefjrLepf0g'ESifhtwl &kyf0g'tawG;tac:udkvufcHaom tjcm;EdkifiHa&;t awG;tac:tm;vkH;wdk‹onf/ T(txufwGifqdkcJhjyD;aom)cH,lcsufrsm;udk w&m;0ifjzpfap &eftwGuf vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;. bk&m;oQif(tv†m[ft&Sifjrwf)Y ,kH-unfr+udk wdkufzsuf-u ayonf? trSefrSm &kyf0g'.&nf&G,fcsufrSm vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;. tv†m[ft&Sifjrwftm; ouf0if,kH-unfjcif;udk yaysmufapI bmomw&m;ESifhudk,fusifhw&m;wefzdk;rsm;udk ypf y,fap&efjzpfonf? ‚if;aemuf trsm;vlom;wdk‹udk rdrdudk,fudk0dnmOfuif;rJhaomwd&pm>ef jzpfonf[k xifjrif,kH-unfoGm;ap&ef jzpfonf? Tenf;jzifh TEdkifiHa&;tawG;tac:&Sif ESifh axmufcHtm;ay;olwdk‹onf/ trsm;vlxkudk xdef;csKyfEdkifjyD; olwdk‹.-oZmtm%m wnfaqmufI olwdk‹usL;vGefvdkonfh udk,fusifhw&m;uif;rJhaom &ufpuf-urf;-uKwfr+ rsm;twGuf w&m;0ifonfhtajccHrl0g'tkwfjrpfudk csrSwfwnfaqmufEdkifrnf[k ,kH-unf -u.? uGefjrLepf0g'onf vlom;udk Todk‹aomtjrifjzifh -unfhonfhaemufydkif;/ olwdk‹ vkyfvdkonfhvkyfief;ydkif;rsm;u qufvufI vdkufygvmayonf? vlwdk‹udk “wd&pm>efpdwf "gwf”oGwfoGif;I/ awm&dkif;wd&pm>efrsm;udk qufqHouJhodk‹“&dkufESuf”jcif;/ emusifap jcif;jzifh a-umuf&GHŒatmifvkyfjcif;/ tu,fI vdktyfygu olwdk‹. vnfacsmif;udk "g;jzifh vSD;jzwfjcif;rsm; jyKvkyf-uayonf? vDeifonf/ vlom;rsm;udk wd&pm>eftjzpf jrifonfh &kyf0g'='g0if0g'DtawG;tac: tjrifudk cH,la-umif; xif&Sm;ayonf? avhusifhay;xm; onfhtwdkif; wkH‹jyefvkyfaqmifaponfhaq;udk wd& pm>efrsm;tm; tyfjzifhxkd;jcif; wdkufa-uG;jcif;jyK onfhprf;oyfcsufjzifhemrnfausmf-um;aom &k&Sm; vlrsdK;odyH`yg&*l tdkifAif yuf-wdKApf ygAfavmhAfESifh v#KdŒ0SufawG‹qkHjyD;aemuf &k&Sm;vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;wGif ‚if;aq;enf;udk tokH;cs&ef-udK;pm;cJhonf? pma&; q&m tdkvef'dk zD*suf a&;om;aom trsdK;om;wpf ck.a-uuGJzG,ftjzpf=&k&Sm;awmfvSefa&;ordkif; [l aompmtkyfwGif vDeifu &k&Sm;vlrsdK;wdk‹tm; wd& pm>efrsm;udkavhusifhay;onfh enf;twdkif; “avh avhusifhay;xm;onfhtwdkif; wkH‹ usifhoifwef;”ay;&efqEN&Sda-umif;ESifh xdkuJhodk‹ jyefvkyfaqmifaponfhaq;udk t okH;jyKI wd&pm>efrsm;udk avhusifh aom&nf&G,fcsufqEN. t&if;tjrpfonf 'g0if ay;&mwGif emrnfausmf-um;aom 0g'wGif rnfodk‹tajccHonfudk az:jyxm;ayonf? tdkifAif ygAfavmhAf

tausmfaZ,stajymt& vDeifonf ZD0urRaA' ynm&Sif tdkifyDygAfavmhAf."gwfcGJcef;odk‹ v#dKŒ0SufpGm oGm;a&mufI avhusifhay;xm;onfhtwdkif; wkH‹jyefvkyfaqmifaponfh aq;enf;udk tokH;jyKI &k&Sm;vlrsdK;rsm;tm; bdkvf&SDApfwdk‹u vdkovdkoifwef;ay;avhusifhjyD; cdkif;Edkif&ef twGuf ppfaq;ar;jref;cJh.? “usKyfu &k&Sm;vlrsdK;wdk‹ uGefjrLepfykHpHudk vdkufemusifhokH; wkH‹

40

jyefapcsifw,f?”==[k vDeifu &Sif;jy.? ygAfavmhAfu xdwfvef‹w-um; tHhtm;oifhoGm; avonf? ol‹taeESifh acG;rsm;udk avhusifh&mwGif tokH;jyKonfhaq;udk vlom;rsm;wGif tokH;

jyK&ef&nf&G,fa-umif; csufcsif;odvdkufonf? “&k&Sm;vlrsdK;tm;vkH;udk wpfykHpHxnf;jzpfatmif vkyfr,fvdk‹ qdkvdkygovm;? olwdk‹tm;vkH;udk wpfykHpHxnf;usifh-uHjyKrlapr,fvdk‹ ajymwm vm;?”[k ygAfavmhAfu vDeifudkar;&m/ “tJ'Dtwdkif;ygbJ?”[k vDeifujyefajzonf? vlom; [mjyKjyifvdk‹&w,f? vlom;udk usKyfwdk‹u jzpfapcsifovdkjzpfatmif vkyfEdkifw,f?” ===uGef

41

jrLepfpepf&Jh tpGef; qkH;&nf&G,fcsufu vlom;&Jhobm0udk ajymif;vJypfzdk‹jzpfonf? xdkacwf wGif tcsif;csif;wdkufcdkufae-uaom tjcm;tm%m&Siftpdk;&rsm;uvnf; T&nf&G,fcsufykHpH twdkif; &Sd-uonf? 1920=ckESpfwGif pwifcJhonfh *smrmefemZDwdk‹. a&SŒajy;v+yf&Sm;r+jzpfaom vlrsdK;oef‹pifa&;pepfonf vlom;ESifhywfoufonfh cH,lcsufajymif;vJoGm;a-umif; u|Ekfyf wdk‹rsufjrifudk,fawG‹ jzpfcJhayonf? ==trsm;vlxkudk todOm%fyGifhvif;apjcif;jzifh ykHpHopf vlom;rsm;udk ysdK;axmifxkwfvkyfa&;onf 19=&mpkESpfrS &k&Sm;vlrsdK;ynm&Sifwdk‹. u,fwif &Sifhwm0eftjzpf ,lqxm;aomoabmxm;rS bdkvf&SDApfwdk‹ay:xGufvmcJhayonf? rm;ufP0g' tawG;tac:onfvnf;/ vlom;.obm0onf ordkif;zGH‹jzdK;r+rS ay:xGef;vmjcif;jzpfaom a-umifh/ awmfvSefa&;jzifh ajymif;vJay;Edkifonf[k oGefoifxm;ayonf? vDeifi,f&G,fpOf tcsdefu &k&Sm;vlrsdK;ynm&Sifwdk‹twGuf bmomomoemESifhwef;wltqifh xm;jcif;cH&aom odyH`enf;usonfh 'g0ifESifh [yfpfavwdk‹.&kyf0g'tjrifuvnf; olwdk‹touf &Sifaeaom TurBmavmuudk owfrSwfay;cJhonf? xdk‹a-umifh/ bdkvf&SDApfwdk‹u olwdk‹. awmfvSefa&; onf odyH`ynm.tultnDjzifh ykHpHtopfjzpfaomvlom;rsm;udk zefwD;Edkifvdrfhrnf[k okH;oyf aumufcsufcsapjcif; jzpfayonf?=== ===ygAfavmhAfonf awmfvSefa&;udk ajAmifwdkufIa0zefoljzpfI/ EdkifiHjcm;odk‹armif;xkwfypf rnf[k r-umc%jcdrf;ajcmufcH&aomfvnf;/ bdkvf&SDApfwdk‹u ol.azgufonf jzpfaeonf? ESpfESpfcef‹ oludk,fwdkifjcHwGif [if;oD;[if;&Guf rkHvmOeDpdkufysdK;pm;aomufae&mrS/ ygAfavmh u &m&Sifaumif;aumif;ESifh armfpudkjrdKŒ-uD;twGif; us,f0ef;aomwdkufcef;wdk‹jzifh qkcsjcif; cH&avonf?===vDeifu ygAfavmhAf.aqmif&Gufcsufonf awmfvSefa&;twGuf t-uD;t us,f tusdK;jyKonf[k csD;-uL;ajymqdkayonf? blcg&ifu ‚if;aqmif&Gufcsufudk &kyf0g'. 21 oHvufeufwdkufrS vufeufwpfck[k trnfay;avonf?

uGefjrLepftawG;tac:. oabmw&m;a&;&mynm&SifwpfOD;jzpfonfhtjyif/ vD eifjyD;v#if'kwd,ta&;-uD;qkH;yk*~dKvfjzpfol xa&mhpuDuvnf; 'g0if0g'wGiftajccHaom vDeif.“vlom;obm0udk jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;”tjrifudk oabmwlcJhayonf? xa&mh puDu atmufygtwdkif; a&;om;xm;ayonf? vlom;[lonftb,fenf;? vlom;[lonf jyD;jynfhpkHI tpOfojzifho[Zmwoifhaoma0ae ,sr[kwfay? olonf tvGeftrif;uoduatmifhtcsdK;rusao;aom owW0gjzpfaeao; onf? vlom;onf/ wd&pm>efwpfrsdK;jzpfI pDrHudef;tpDtpOfusus wpfjydKifwnf;ajymif; vJay:aygufvmcJhjcif;r[kwfaoma-umifh/ rnDrnGwftjrD;tarmufrwnfhjcif;rsdK;pkHudk pk aqmif;vmcJhayonf? ta&;-uD;onfhtcsufu rnfodk‹ynmoif-um;ay;Ixdef;a-umif;&rnf/ rnfodk‹vl‹udk,fum,ESifhpdwf"gwfwnfaqmufr+jyD;jynfhpkHatmiftjyif wdk;wufaumif;rGefvm atmif rGef;rH&rnf/ qdkonfhtcsufutvGef-uD;rm;aomjy\emjzpfayonf? ,if;jy\emudk qdk&S,fvpf0g'tajccHjzifhomv#if oabmaygufEdkifayonf? u|Ekfyfwdk‹onf q[m&moJuEWm &udkjzwfI rD;&xm;vrf;aqmufvkyfEdkif-u.? tDzDvfar#mfpif-uD;udkvnf; aqmufvkyfEdkif-u .? e,l;a,mufjrdKŒESifhvnf; wdkuf&dkufpum;ajymEdkif-u.? odk‹aomfvnf;/ vlom;udk ydkrdk aumif;rGefatmif rjyKjyifEdkif-uyg? wu,fwef;awmh vkyfEdkifygonf? ykHpHopfrlopfvlom; xkwfvkyfbdk‹u==uGefjrLepf0g'.aemiftem*wfwm0efjzpfonf?==vlom;onf rdrdudk,fudk ukefpdrf;wpfcktjzpf -unfhjrif&rnf? tn‡mwmqkH;taeeJ‹ rjyD;pD;ao;onfhwpf0ufwpf jywfxkwfvkyfxm;aom xkwfukeftjzpf-unfhjyD;/ “cspfvSpGmaom[dkrdkaqyD,Ha&==igawmh 22 rif;udk jyKjyifa&;vkyfawmhr,f?”[k ajym&ygrnf?

vDeifESifhxa&mhpuDwdk‹ESifhtwl/ tjcm;bdkvf&SDApfwdk‹uvnf; vlom;udk wd&pm>eft rsdK;tpm;wpfrsdK;tjzpfomjrif-uI/ j'yfypPnf;rsm;pk&kH;aygif;pnf;aejcif;om jzpfonf[k ,kH-unf-uayonf? olwdk‹u vl‹b0oufwef;.wefzdk;vkH;0r&Sd[kjrif-uojzifh/ awmf vSefa&;twGuf vlOD;a&aygif;oef;aygif;rsm;pGm.toufudk paw;EdkifcJh-uayonf? &pf csm'fydkufpf. “vltrsm;rodaomvDeif”(The Unknown Lenin) pmtkyft& “vDeift wGuf vlom;avmuwpfckvkH;onf txifao;p&mcsnf;jzpf.? pm&Gufpmwrf;rsm;u vDeiftwGuf vlom;wpfOD;csif;onf bmwefzdk;rS r&Sdacs? tvkyform;vlwef;pm;udkrl 42

oHxnftvkyform;wpfa,mufu oHowWK&dkif;udkjrifouJhodk‹om jrifayonf?” [laom a*:uD.tqdkudk twnfjyKaxmufcHvsuf&Sdayonf?23

wrifwumiwfrGwfacgif;yg;apaom vDeif.ay:vDpD Lenin's Policy of Deliberate Starvation

20=&mpkESpftwGif;rS uGefjrLepftpdk;&tm;vkH;vdkvdk jynfolvlxktm; iwfrGwf acgif;yg;apcJh-uonf? vDeif.acwfwGif iwfrGwfacgif;yg;jcif;a-umifh vlOD;a& ig;oef; aoqkH;cJhavonf? 1932=ESpfrS 1933=ckESpftxd/ pwmvif.acwfwGif ‚if;enf;twdkif; iwfrGwfacgif;yg;r+xyfrHjzpfay:.? Twpf-udrfwGifrl ydkrdkus,fjyef‹jyD; vlOD;a& ajcmuf oef; aoqkH;cJhonf? a&SŒwGifvmrnfhpmrsufESmrsm;wGif armfpDwkH;.w&kyfeDESifh yGefyGwf. uarBm'D,m; EdkifiHwdk‹wGif vlOD;a&oef;aygif;ajrmufjrm;pGm iwfrGwfjcif;jy\ema-umifh aoqkH;cJh-uonfudk zwf±+&ygrnf? ,ae‹tcsdefwGif/ plygrm;uufrsm;/ rkef‹zdkrsm;/ tqmoGwfudwfrkef‹qdkifrsm;/ pm; aomufqdkifrsm; ponfwdk‹u u|Ekfyfwdk‹udk ywfvnf0dkif;vsuf&Sdonf? tiwfjy\emqdk onfrSm tjcm;urBmrS -um;bl;em;0jy\emwpfcktjzpfom xif-uayonf? tiwfjy\ emqdkonfudk u|Ekfyfwdk‹-um;&aomtcg c%wjzKwfxrif;iwfonfhtjzpfudkomawG;xif avh&Sd-u.? odk‹aomfvnf; &k&Sm;EdkifiH/ w&kwfeDEdkifiHESifh uarBm'D,m;EdkifiHwdk‹wGif jzpfcJh onfhtiwfjy\emrSm tcsdeftm;jzifh vaygif;rsm;pGm-umjrifhI/ tcsdKŒa'orsm;wGif ESpfcsD I-umjrifhcJhayonf? awmifolv,form; &Gmol&Gmom;wdk‹rSm olwdk‹udk,fwdkif pdkufysdK;I&&Sd Edkifaom qefpyg;tcsdKŒuvGJI useftpm;tpmtm;vkH;udk vk,uf,loGm;jcif;cH-u&onf? pm;aomufp&mtjcm;tpm[lI vkH;0r&Sdawmhacs? jynfolvlxkawmifolv,form;rsm;u a&mif;cs-uonfh oD;ESHopfoD;0vHrsm;udk pm;okH;-u&onf? a&mif;cs&efarG;jrLxm;aom wd&pm>efrsm;tm;vkH;udkvnf;owfjzwfpm;okH;vdkuf-u&.? xdktpm;tpmrsm;ukefcef;oGm; onfESifhwjydKifwnf; jrufrsm; opf&Gufrsm;ESifh opfacgufrsm;udk csufjyKwfpm;aom-u& jyefonf? oDwif;tygwfaygif;rsm;pGm tpmiwfjywfI qmavmifrGwfodwfaomtcg olwdk‹. udk,fcE<monfvnf; ydefcsKH;csdeJ‹oGm;-uawmhonf? tcsdKŒu acG;avacG;vGifhrsm;/ a-umifrsm;-uGufrsm;udk zrf;owfpm;I/ tcsdKŒuvnf; &Edkifonfh ydk;aumifrsdK;pkHudk zrf;,l pm;aomuf-uavonf? aemufqkH;awmh vlawGvnf; wpfa,mufjyD;wpfa,muf touf xGufaoqkH;-uavonf? vlaotavmif;rsm;udk jr‡yfESHrnfholvnf; r&Sdawmhacs? tpm iwfrGwfacgif;yg;jcif;. tqdk;qkH;tpGef;a&mufcsdefwGif yxrydkif;wGif vlaotavmif; rsm;udk pm;aomuf-uonfh tajctaea&mufavonf? aemufydkif;wGifrl awG‹&mvludk wdkufcdkufowfjzwfjcif;/ uav;oli,frsm;udk zrf;,loGm;jcif;jyKI tirf;r±aomuf -uavonf? uGefjrLepftawG;tac:t& vlwdk‹udk wd&pm>efppfppftjzpfajymif;vJay;vdkuf onf? vlxkrSm vlom;rsm;r[kwf-uawmhovdk/ xdktajctaeudk wrifwumzefwD;ol wdk‹onfvnf; vlom;r[kwf-uawmhay? Tum; uGefjrLepftpdk;&. yef;wdkifyifjzpfayonf? r,HkEdkifavmufaomtjzpft ysuf jzpfaomfvnf; 20=&mpkESpftwGif; vDeifacgif;aqmifaombdkvf&SDApfvufxufwGif &k&Sm;EdkifiHY trSefwu,fjzpfcJhonf? 1918=ckESpfwGif/ bdkvf&SDApfwdk‹tm%m&jyD;r-umrDtwGif;/ vDeifu yk*~vdu y pPnf;ydkifqdkifr+udk zsufodrf;ypfvdkufonf? ol.qkH;jzwfcsufwGif ta&;-uD;qkH;tcsufrSm/ awmifolv,form;rsm;ydkifqdkifaomajr,mudk odrf;jcif;jzpfonf? bdkvf&SDApfygwD0ift -urf;zuform;rsm;/ csufumykvdyfolv#Kdrsm;ESifh wyfeD&Jabmfrsm;u/ &k&Sm;wEdkifiHvkH;&Sd v,f,majrrsm;odk‹wyfjzef‹I vufeufjzifhjcdrf;ajcmufum/ awmifolv,form;rsm; cuf 43

cJpGm aexdkiftouf&Sifaeaomtajctae-um;xJrS &Sdor#tpm;tpmESifh oD;ESHxkwfvkyfEdkif onfh t&mtm;vkH;udk odrf;,lvdkuf-uavonf? awmifolv,form;rsm;tm; bdkvf&SDApf wdk‹udk ay;tyf&rnfhoD;ESHcGJwrf;udkwm csay;avonf? ,if;cGJwrf;udkwmudk jznfhEdkif&ef

awmifolv,form;wdk‹u &dwfodrf;I&or#aomoD;ESHrsm;udk tyfvdkuf&onf? jiif;qef ol&Gmom;rsm;udk t-urf;qkH;enf;jzifh toHwdwfoGm;atmif vkyf-uonf? tcsdKŒ&Gmom;rsm;u oD;ESHtm;vkH;tyfvdkuf&rnfudk ESarsmojzifh tcsdKŒt0ufudk odk0Sufxm;-uonf? xdkodk‹aomvkyf&yfonf awmfvSefa&;udk qef‹usifaomvkyf&yfjzpf onf[k pGyfpGJum r,kH-unfEdkifavmufaom &dkif;pdkif;&ufpufaomenf;jzifh '%fcwf-u 44

onf? 1922=ckESpf azaz:0g&Dv 14=&ufae‹wGif tkH;rfa'oodk‹ oGm;a&mufppfaq;cJhaom t&m±SdwpfOD;awG‹cJhaomtjzpfudk atmufygtwdkif; az:jyxm;ayonf? ,cktcsdefwGif acsmqGJwyf. &mxl;udkrSDcdkI jyKusifhaomvkyf&yfrsm;onf/ bGif;bGif;ajym& v#if/ r,kH-unfEdkifavmufaomtqifhodk‹ a&mufaeygjyD? zrf;xm;aomawmifolv,form; rsm;udk/ -udKwifpDpOfxm;onfhtwdkif;/ tyltaEG;ray;xm;aom -uD;rm;onfhpyg;usDwGif csKyf aESmifxm;-u.? xdk‹aemuf olwdk‹udk -udrf'%fay;jyD; ao'%fay;rnf[k jcdrf;ajcmuf-u onf? owfrSwfxm;onfh udkwmudk tjynfhray;Edkifolwdk‹udk -udK;csnfjyD; t0wfwkH;vkH;c|wfI &Gmv,facgifwGifajy;cdkif;onf? xdk‹aemuf tyltaEG;ray;xm;aom av,mOfodkavSmifaom tdrfrsm;wGif csnfaESmifxm;-uonf? rdef;rtawmfrsm;rsm;udk owdvpfarharsmoGm;onftxd 24 &dkufESufI ESif;awmxJwGif wl;xm;aomusif;Y udk,fvkH;wD;c|wfjyD;ypfxnfh-uonf?==

&Gmom;rsm;rS csrSwfxm;aomudkwmrjznfhEdkifonfhpm&if;udk awG‹aomtcg vDeif u a'goacsmif;acsmif;xGufavonf? 1920=ckESpfwGif/ tcsdKŒa'orS oD;ESHudkwm(cGJwrf;) csjcif;udkqef‹usifonfh&Gmrsm;udk tvGefjyif;xefpGm '%fcwfonfhtrdef‹xkwf.? xdk&Gm rsm;rS oD;ESHtm;vkH;udk odrf;,lonfhtjyif rsdK;aphrsm;udkygodrf;,lvdkufavonf? aemifESpf wGif xyfrHpdkufysdK;pm;aomuf&ef rjzpfEdkifawmhacs? rvGJraoG iwfjywfIaoaus-uay rnf? 1921=ckESpfrS 1922=ckESpftxd xdkodk‹aom jypf'%fcwfjcif;udk &k&Sm;vlrsdK; 29= oef;u cH-u&I OD;a&aygif; 5=oef;rSm iwfrGwfjcif;'%fa-umifh aoqkH;cJh-uavonf? taemufEdkifiHrsm;odk‹ xdkiwfrGwfjcif;jy\emowif; a&mufoGm;aomtcg/ vlxk .twd'kuQrsm;udk oufomap&ef ulnDu,fq,fa&;vkyfief;pwif-uonf? atmifjrif vkeD;eD;jzpfaomfvnf; bdkvf&SDApfwdk‹u ,if;owif;udk jiif;qdkI aemufxyfowif;rjyef‹ &ef owif;Xmersm;udk ydwfyif-uawmhonf? &pfcsm'fydkufa&;om;aom &k&Sm;EdkifiHawmf vSefa&;ordkiftusOf;csKyf [laompmtkyfwGif atmufygtwdkif;a&;om;xm;ayonf? 1921=ckESpf aEGOD;ydkif;wGif/ tpm;tpmiwfrGwfacgif;yg;aomt&yfa'orSvlrsm;onf jrufyif rsm;/ opfacgufrsm;ESifh -uGufrsm;udk pm;okH;-uonf?==vlom;udkvnf; pm;okH;-ua-umif; cdkifvkHaom owif;&&Sd.? 'kuQonf oef;aygif;rsm;pGmwdk‹onf/ olwdk‹.&Gmrsm;udk ypfxm; cJhjyD; tpm;tpm&Sdonf[kowif;&&Sdaomt&yfodk‹ oGm;&efar#mfvifhcsufjzifh teD;qkH;rD;&xm; blwm&kHodk‹ -udK;pm;I ta&mufoGm;-uonf? 1921=ckESpf Zlvdkifvtxd armfpudktpdk;&u iwfrGwfjcif;jy\em'kuQqif;&Jjcif;jzpfay:r+udk jiif;qefxm;aoma-umifh/ &Gmom;rsm;udk rD;& xm;jzifh c&D;oGm;cGifhrjyKay? xdk‹a-umifh blwm&kHrsm;onfvnf; vlawGESifh jynfhusyfvsuf&Sd .? xdktcsdefwGif blwm&kHY 'kuQcHcJh&ol.tajymt&/ “vlawGu rvmrnfhrD;&xm;udk apmifh ar#mfae-uonf? odk‹aomfvnf; olwdk‹xHodk‹ aorif;um; rvGJraoGa&muf&SdvmcJhonf?” c&D; oGm;olwdk‹onf &Gmwpf&GmjyD;wpf&Gm jzwfoef;vmcJhaomfvnf; ouf&Sd[lI wpfpkHwpf&mudkr# rawG‹-uacs? &Gmol&Gmom;rsm;onf toufaoqkH;oGm;onfvnf;&SdI raoao;olwdk‹rSm vnf; a&GŒvsm;Edkifrnfhtm;tifr&Sdawmhojzifh arSmuf&ufvJae-u.? vrf;wav#mufwGifrl 25 um; vlaotavmif;rsm;jzifh jynfheufvsuf&Sd.?==

Tay:vDpDwGif rnfonfh&nf&G,fcsufrsm; yg&Sdaeygoenf;? vDeifonf yk*~vdu ydkifqdkifr+udk zsufodrf;um &Gmol&Gmom;wdk‹. xkwfukefrsm;udk odrf;ydkufI bdkvf&SDApftpdk; &. pD;yGm;a&;udk awmifhwif;atmifvkyfvdk.? odk‹aomfvnf; ol.aoG;csif;om;csif;jzpf onfh &k&Sm;vlrsdK;rsm;udk tiwfjy\emESifh -uHKapjcif;wGif tjcm;&nf&G,fcsufwpfckvnf; &Sdaeao;onf? tpmiwfjywfjcif;onf/ vlwdk‹udk t-uD;tus,f pdwf"gwfus pdwftm; ajymhaponfudk olaumif;aumif;odxm;.? vlxk.bk&m;ocifudk ,kH-unfonfhpdwf tm; wdkufzsufypf&ef iwfrGwfjcif;jy\emudkvufeuftjzpftokH;jyKvdkjcif;jzpfonf? xdk rSwqifh bmoma&;tiftm;pkudk wdkufzsuf&ef v+HŒaqmf&eft-uHjzpfavonf? uGefjrLepf 0g'. pmtkyfrJwGif vDeif.pdwftajctaeudk az:jyxm;ayonf? 45

46

Avm'DrD&f tDvpfcsf tkvf,maemhAf trnf&Sdvli,fa&SŒaewpfOD;onf iwfrGwfacgif;yg;jcif; jy\em t-uD;us,fqkH;usa&mufaoma'oqdkif&mjrdKŒawmfjzpfonfh qrm&mjrdKŒwGif arG;zGm;I xdkjrdKŒwGifyif tajcpdkufaexdkifoljzpfonf? a'ocHynmwwfrsm;teuf olonfqmavmif rGwfodwfolwdk‹twGuf u,fq,fa&;vkyfief;wGifyg0if&ef wpfOD;wnf;aomjiif;qefol jzpf onfhjyif trsm;a&SŒwGif vlod&Sif-um;qef‹usifoljzpf.? “Avm'DrD&f tDvpfcsf tkvf,m aemhAfu/ tiwfjy\emrS aumif;aomtcsuftajrmuftjrm; &&Sdvmvdrfhrnf[k ajymxGuf 0ef‹oljzpfonf? blZGmrsm;xHrS pD;yGm;a&;vufajymif;vGJ,l-urnfh pufr+vufr+ypPnf;rJh vlwef;pm; ay:xGufvma&;twGuf txl;tusdK;&Sdonf?==tiwfjy\emonf/ a&S;usaejyD jzpfaom awmifolv,form;pD;yGm;a&;udk zsufqD;ypfI/ aemufxyftqifhwpfqifhodk‹ ydkrdk vsifjrefpGm wufvSrf;Edkifatmif az;ray;vdrfhrnf? aemufqkH;wGif t&if;&Sifpepfudk tpm; xdk;rnfh qdk&S,fvpfpepfodk‹ OD;aqmifoGm;vdrfhrnf? tiwfjy\emonf/ Zmbk&ifudk,kH-unf udk;pm;jcif;udk wdkufzsufypfrnfomr[kwf/ bk&m;ociftm; ,kH-unfjcif;udkvnf; zsufodrf; ay;vdrfhrnf[k trsm;a&SŒwGif &J&J0ifh0ifhajymqdkcJha-umif;/ ol.oli,fcsif;rsm;u jyefajymjyygonf?” aemif ESpfaygif; 30 -umjyD;aemuf/ xdk“vli,fa&SŒae”u bdkvf&SDApftpdk;&acgif;aqmifwpfOD; jzpfvmonftcsdefwGif/ ol.tawG;tac:onfvnf; rajymif;vJao;ay? tiwfjy\em onf “&efoludk evHrxlEdkifavmufatmif ESufay;vdkufEdkifcJhonf?” xdkodk‹vnf; jyif;jyif; xefxef ESufay;oifhayonf? xdk&efolonfum;/ a&S;&dk;c&pf,meftoif;awmf (Christian 26 Orthodox Church)yif jzpfayonf?

47

ay:vpfjAL&kdtzGJ‹0ifrsm;xH vDeifay;ydk‹cJhaom 1922=ckESpf rwfv 19=&ufae‹pGJyg pmwGif/ vlxkESifhbmoma&;t-um;&SdaESmif-udK;udk jzwfawmufypf&ef tiwfjy\emudk vufeufwpfcktjzpftokH;jyK&efvdkvm;a-umif; jyqdkvsuf&Sd.? bmoma&;qdkif&mXme rsm;udk wdkufcdkufzsufqD;&efpDrHudef;twGuf vlxkxHrSwefjyefrnfh&efudk tiwfjy\em jzifh xkHxdkif;oGm;apjcif;jzpfonf? trSefrSm vuf&Sdtajctaeonf/ olwdk‹udkxuf usKyfwdk‹udk ydkjyD;tomay;aeonf? olwdk‹ (usKyfwdk‹.&efolrsm;)udk evHrxlEdkifavmufatmif ESufay;jyD; aemifvmrnfhESpfaygif;rsm;pGm twGuf A[dktm%mudk csKyfudkifEdkif&ef 99=&mcdkifE+ef;eD;yg; aocsmaeygonf? olwdk‹tcsif; csif;owfpm;ae-uonfhtjyif oef;ESifhcsDIaoae-uonfh iwfjywfae-uaomvlawG.tul tnDjzifh usKyfwdk‹usef&Sdaeao;onfh&ufpufEdkifonfhtiftm;tm;vkH;udktokH;jyKI c&pf,mef omoemydkifypPnf;rsm;udk odrf;ydkufvdkuf-u&ef Ttcsdefonf aemufxyf&Smr&aom wpf-udrf wnf;aomtcGifhta&;jzpfonf?==tajctaetm;vkH;u Ttcsdefonf u|Ekfyfwdk‹twGuf aemufxyf&SmI apmifhqdkif;Ir&Edkifaomtcsdefjzpfa-umif; oufaocHaeygonf? tb,fh a-umifhqdkaomf vlawGudk iwfjywfatmifvkyfvdkufjcif;jzifh olwdk‹.ar#mfvifhcsufrsm; ukefqkH; -ujyD;jzpfaoma-umifh/ u|Ekfyfwdk‹udk tav;ay;-uvdrfhrnf? odk‹r[kwfvnf; tenf;qkH; 27 rESpfjrdKŒonfht-unfhjzifhom -unfhEdkif-uvdrfhrnf?

48

49

50

vDeif.&ufpufenf;onf uGefjrL epfwdk‹. yxrqkH;aom &dkif;pdkif;,kwfywf r+jzpf.? ol‹aemufvmaom uGefjrLepftm %m&Sif pwmvifESifh armfwdk‹u xdka-umuf rufzG,fvkyf&yfrsm;udk xyfrHIwdk;yGm;ap cJhonf? vDeif. aemufqkH;ae‹rsm;uvnf;/ trsm; oHa0*&atmif azgufonfcsxdkuf onfhtjzpftysufwpfck jzpfayonf? 1922=ckESpf arvwGif yxrOD;pGm avoif wkef;jzwfI/ 1922=ckESpf 'DZifbmv 16 &ufae‹wGif aemufxyfwcg cH&jyefonf? udk,fwpfydkif;aooGm;I ukwifay:rSmom vJavsmif;ae&onfhtajctaea&mufav onf? 1923=ckESpf rwfvwGif ol.a&m*g ydkqdk;vmojzifh aemufqkH; pum;rajymEdkif awmhacs? t-uD;tus,facgif;udkufojzifh 1923=ckESpf wpfESpfvkH;wGif bD;wyfukvm; xdkifay:Yom tcsdefukefavawmhonf? ol aocgeD; aemufqkH;vydkif;rsm;wGif/ t&l; wpfydkif;jzpfaeonfh ol‹rsufESmudk jrifol wdkif; xdwfvef‹w-um; jzpfukef-u.? OD;aESmufwGif; aoG;,dkI 1924=ckESpf ZEM 0g&Dv 21=&ufae‹wGif aoqkH;oGm;av onf? bdkv&SDApfwdk‹onf/ ol.tavmif;udk,fcE<mydkif;udk &kyfvkH;oGif;xm;I/ OD;aESmuf udkvnf; tifrweftzdk;wefonf[kqdkjyD; aq;&nfpdrfxm;-uonf? ol.udk,fcE<mudk armhpudkjrdKŒ-uD;&Sd ,ifjyifeD-uD;wGif *&dbk&m;ausmif;ykHpHtaqmif aqmufvkyfI jyoxm; onf? vltajrmuftjrm;vnf; oGm;a&muf-unfh±+-uayonf? wef;pDaeonfhvlwdk‹u vnf; tavmif;aumifudk a-umuf&GHŒxdwfvef‹pGm -unfh±+-uayonf? olwdk‹. a-umuf±HGŒxdwfvef‹jcif;onf/ aemifvmrnfhESpfrsm;wGif qxufwHydk; wdk;vmcJhawmhonf? vDeif.OD;aqmifr+udkqufcHaom *sdK;Zufpwmvifonf/ ydkrdk&ufpuf -urf;-uKwfI vlowfjcif;Y ydkrdkaysmfarG‹-unfEl;oljzpf.? tcsdeftenf;i,ftwGif; acwf opfordkif;wGif/ t-uD;us,fqkH;aom “a-umufrufzG,f-urf;-uKwfonfhtm%mpuf”udk wnfaxmifvdkufavonf?

51

52

pwmvif rnfodk‹uGefjrLepfjzpfcJhoenf; How Did Stalin Become Communist?

tdkiftdkqdzf Apfpm&DtdkEdkApf Zl*g&SfADvDonf a*smf*sD,me,f bDvDpDjrdKŒteD;&Sd *dk&DjrdK‹ i,frS qif;&JEGrf;yg;aomtdrfaxmifpkwGif 1879=ckESpfY arG;zGm;cJh.? &k&Sm;bmom pum;t& “oHr%da,musfm;”[kt"dy`g,f&aom pwmvif[lonfhtrnfudk 1913=ckESpf rSpwifI tokH;jyKcJhavonf? ol.rdcifonf/ bmoma&;udkif;&+dif;aomtrsdK;orD;wpfOD;jzpf.? olr.om;udk bmoma&;bkef;awmf-uD;jzpfap&ef olr.tiftm;&Sdor#tokH;jyKI jyKpkysdK;axmifcJhay onf? xdk‹a-umifh *dk&DjrdKŒl&Sd c&pf,mefpmoifausmif;wGif ausmif;xm;cJh.? ig;ESpft-um wGif xdkausmif;rSatmifcJhI/ bDvDpDjrdKŒ&Sd c&pf,mefomoemusrf;pmoifausmif;wGif 0if a&mufqnf;yl;um a*smf*sD,efatmfodka'ghc&pf,meftoif;awmfwGif bkef;-uD;&mxl;jzifh tr+pwifxrf;aqmifavonf? TumvtwGif;/ pwmvifonf pmtkyftcsdKŒudkzwf±+I ol.urBmhtjrifonf vnf; ajymif;vJvmcJhavonf? Ttcsdeftxd/ olonf bmoma&;udkif;±+dif;onfhrdcifudk opPm&Sdaeao;aomfvnf;/ 'g0if.rsdK;pkwdk‹pwifjzpfay:jcif;pmtkyfudk zwf±+jyD;onfhaemuf bk&m;rJh0g'DwpfOD;jzpfvmcJhavonf? atmufpzdk‹'fwuUodkvf ordkif;yg&*lwpfOD;jzpfonfh tvufpf 'D a*smif;u ol. pwmvifESifhqdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpkudk ykHpHoGif;jcif; [laompmtkyfwGif/ pwmvif. i,f &G,fpOfb0ykHpHoGif;&mwGif 'g0if.yg0ifr+u¾ta-umif;a&;om;xm;ayonf? a*smif;. tqdkt&/ pwmvifonf/ “bmomw&m;wGif,kH-unfr+ysufjym;oGm;aom usrf;pmoif ausmifom;jzpfI/ xdkodk‹,kH-unfr+ysufjym;oGm;&mY 'g0ifonf t"duwm0ef&Sdonf[k pwmvifu ,lq.?”28 pwmvifu aemifr-umrDtwGif; uGefjrLepf0g'udkvnf; xyfrH arG;pm;vdkufavonf? pwmvifu tvmyovmypum;0dkif;wdkif;vdkvdkwGif Ttcsufudk txl;jyKI xkwfaz:ajymqdkavh&Sdonf[k a*smif;uqdkonf? 53

t*FvdyfvlrsdK;ordkif;yg&*l tvefbl;avmufu ola&;om;aom [pfwvmESifhp wmvif=b0wlrsm; [laompmtkyfwGif/ xdkyk*~dKvfESpfOD;udk Ed+if;,SOfxm;&mY/ pwmvif onf i,f&G,fpOftwGif; &k&Sm;bmomjyefxm;aom um;vfrm;uPfESifh-o*wfpfawaumfrf awwdk‹.pmtkyfrsm;udk zwf±+I ol‹tay:tvGeftrif; -oZmv$rf;rdk;cJhonf[k qdkxm;ay onf?29 trSefrSm/ TvSnfhjzm;r+onf pwmvif wpfOD;wnf;cHcJh&onfr[kwfacs? olESifhwpf acwfwnf; &k&Sm;ausmif;om;trsm;pkESifh t jcm;vli,ftajrmuftjrm;wdk‹vnf; yg0ifcJh .? 'g0if/ [yfpavESifh vmrufwdk‹.odyH` 0wf&kHjcKHxm;aom wifjycsufa-umifh &k&Sm;vl rsdK;vli,ftajrmuftjrm; bmomrJhjzpfukef -uonf? vlrsdK;wpfrsdK;.a-uuGJzG,ftjzpf= &k&Sm;awmfvSefa&;ordkif; [laompmtkyfwGif ordkif;yg&*l tdkvef'dk zdkif*sJpfu “odyH`ynm qefatmifjyKjyifaz:jyxm;onfh 'g0ifESifh[yf pavwdk‹. &kyf0g'onf/===vDeifi,f&G,f pOftcsdefY &k&Sm;vlrsdK;ynmwwfvlwef;pm; wdk‹twGuf bmomt,l0g'wpfcktqifhtxd &SdcJh.?”30 [k a&;om;xm;ayonf? zdkif*sJpf u tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'jzef‹r+a-umifh aemifwGif bdkv±SDApftzGJ‹0ifjzpfoGm;aomvli,ftvkyf orm;wpfOD;jzpfol/ qDrif umewfcsDaumhAf bmomomoemudk rnfodk‹ypfy,foGm;onfhta-umif; az:jyxm;ayonf? vli,ftvkyform;wpfa,mufu vlom;udk bk&m;oQifzef;qif;xm;jcif;r[kwfa-umif; bl; wpfbl;wGif ajr-uD;tjynfhxnfhI aEG;axG;atmifxm;v#if r-umrD&uftwGif; ydk;r$m;rsm; jzpfay:vmonfudk oufaoom"utjzpf ol‹tm;jycJhonf? TuJhodk‹aom 'g0ifrwdkifrDt csdefu atmufwef;usonfhodyH`ynmrsm;udk xdktcsdefuvuf0Jorm;wdk‹. vufurf;pmapmif rsm;wGif a0a0qmqm awG‹&.? umewfcsDaumhAfuJhodk‹aom vli,ftvkyform;rsm;udk tvGeftrif;-oZmv$rf;rdk;qGJaqmifEdkifayonf?===“,cktcsdefwGif u|Ekfyf.tajctjrpfr&Sd aom tpGJtvrf;rSv$wfajrmufjyD;aemuf/ a&SŒodk‹t&Sdeft[kefjyif;pGmjzifh csDwufvsuf&Sdyg onf? bk&if*sDbkef;awmf-uD;xHwGif tjypfzGifhqdk0efcHjcif; rvkyfawmhyg? bk&m;&Sdcdk;ausmif;odk‹ vnf; roGm;yg/ wm;jrpfxm;onfhtpm;tpmrsm;udkvnf; pwifpm;aomufaeygjyD?”[k a&; 31 om;xm; ayonf?

tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfu touf&Sdjcif;udk zrf;qif;xm;jcif;r[kwfa-umif;ESifh t oufonf rawmfwqjzpfay:vmjcif;jzpfonf[laomtqdkudk taxmuftuljyKaprnfh txufwGifn$ef;cJhonfhOyrmrsdK;onf rSefuefjcif;r±dS twkta,mifomv#ifjzpfayonf? wDaumifydk;aumifrsm;onf tv,facwfwGif ,kH-unfcJh-uonfhtwdkif; bmrSr&Sd&mrS ol‹ tvdkvdkrawmfwqjzpfay:vmjcif;r[kwfay? ajr-uD;wGif;Y Ocsxm;aomydk;aumifwD aumifwdk‹. Orsm;rSaygufxGufvmjcif;jzpfayonf? odk‹aomfvnf; xdkacwfu odyH`avm uonf/ oufrJhypPnf;rsm;rS ouf&SdypPnf;jzpfay:vmEdkifjcif;r&Sda-umif;udk rod&Sdao;o jzifh/ xdkuJhodk‹aom'¾m&Drsm;u a&v$rf;rdk;ouJhodk‹ jyef‹vmEdkifaoma-umifh/ ynmrpkH rvsifaom&k&Sm;vli,frsm;udk bk&m;w&m;rJht,l0g'wGif epfrGef;oGm;apcJh.? 54

&k&Sm;EdkifiHwGif 19=&mpkESpftwGif; -uD;xGm;rsm;jym;vmcJhaombk&m;w&m;rJh0g'Dwdk‹ onf/ 20=&mpkESpfwGif opPm&SduGefjrLepfrsm;jzpfvmcJh-uavonf? ‚if;wdk‹teuf pwm vifvnf; wpfOD;tygt0ifjzpf.? pwmvifonf 1898=ckESpfwGif uGefjrLepftzGJ‹odk‹0if cJhjyD;/ 1901=ckESpfrSpI b&'fZdkvm(&kef;uefjcif;)ac:v#dKŒ0SufuGefjrLepfpmapmifwGif aqmif;yg;rsm; pwifa&;cJhavonf? 1917=ckESpfwGif olonfvDeifOD;aqmifaomuGefjrL epfv+yf&Sm;r+wGif udk,fwdkif&ma&mufyg0ifaqmif&Gufaom uGefjrLepft-urf;zuform; wpfOD; jzpfvmcJhavonf? 1917=ckESpf atmufwdkbmawmfvSefa&;aemufydkif;wGif/ ol onf uGefjrLepfygwDwGif tjrifhqkH;tqifhjzpfaom ydkvpfjAL&dktzGJ‹0ifjzpfvmcJhavonf? 1923=ckESpfwGif vDeifemzsm;rusef;jzpfonfESifhwjydKifwnf; pwmvif.tm%mpuf onfvnf; ydkrdk -uD;xGm;vmavonf? aemufqk;H wGif vDeifuG,fvGefoGm;csdefwGif olonf tjrifhqkH;tm%mudk vufcH&&SdI tm%m&Sifjzpfvmavonf? pwmvifonf 1924= ckESpfrS 1929=ckESpftwGif; ol.twdkuftcHrsm;udk vkyf-uHowfjzwfjcif;/ ao'%fay; jcif;/ jynfESif'%fay;jcif;ESifh jynfyodk‹xGufajy;oGm;apjcif;rsm;jzifh &Sif;vif;okwfoif ypfavonf? atmufwkdbmawmfvSefa&;.ydokum xa&mhpuDonfyifv#if pwmvif. a'gorkefwdkif;rSrvGwfEdkifbJ qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpkrS ESifxkwfjcif;cH&avonf? ol.tm%mwnfjrJonfESifhwjydKifwnf;/ ol.oHr%dvufoD;qkyfonf jynfol jynfom;vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;odk‹ vSnfhvmawmh.? vDeifu pdkufysdK;ajr,mtm;vkH;udk jynfol ydkifodrf;&ef -udK;pm;cJhaomfvnf;/ 1921=1922=ckESpfiwfrGwfjcif;jy\em-uD;a-umifh ‚if; tpDtpOfudk a&$Œqdkif;xm;cJh&onf? pwmvifonf TtpDtpOfudk tqkH;owfvdkojzifh/ “pkaygif;pDrHudef;”[laomtrnfjzifh pwifavonf? t"du&nf&G,fcsufrSm awmifol v,form; &Gmom;wdk‹. ypPnf;tm;vkH;udk odrf;&efjzpfonf? olwdk‹.xkwfukefrsm;udk odrf;,lI jynfyodk‹xkwfa&mif;&efjzpfonf? &&SdonfhaiGudk qdkAD,ufpufr+vufr+wGif &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHI ppfwyftiftm;-uD;xGm;a&;twGuf tokH;jyK&efjzpfonf? pwmvifonf ol.pDrHudef;udk zrf;qD;EdSyfpufjcif;/ owfjzwfjcif;ESifh iwfrGwf acgif;yg;jcif;jy\emzefwD;jcif;jzifh taumiftxnfaz:.? olu qefpyg;(*sKH)wefcdsef aygif; odef;oef;csDI EdkifiHjcm;odk‹wifydk‹a&mif;cspOf &k&Sm;vlxk 6oef;wdk‹onf iwfrGwfI aoqkH;cJh-uonf? vlom;avmuonf wd&pm>efrsdK;pkwpfckomjzpfojzifh/ emusifr+jzifh 55

jyKjyifqkH;r&rnf [laom&kyf0g'='g0if0g'tawG;tac:udk pwmvifu wzefxyfrHI vufawG‹ taumiftxnfaz:um ordkif;rSwfwrf;wifxm;cJhavonf?

pkaygif;pepf. &ufpufr+rsm; The Savagery of Collectivization

pwmvif.Tay:vDpDonf 1929=ck ESpfwGifpwif.? ol.pDrHudef;t& yk*~vdu ydkif tm;vkH;udk y,fzsufypf&efjzpfonf? &Gm om;wdkif;onf EdkifiHawmftpdk;&udk ol. xkwfvkyfr+rS owfrSwfxm;aom udkwmcGJ wrf;twdkif; qufo&.? olwdk‹.xkwf ukefrsm;udk a&mif;cscGifhydwfyifvdkufonf? owfrSwfxm;aom udkwmcGJwrf;rSmjrifhvGef; ojzifh trsm;tm;jzifh olwdk‹&Sdor# ay;tyf vdkuf&-u.? 1920=ckESpfwGif vDeifpwif cJhaom &ufpufr+onf wpfa-umhxyfrH a&mufvmawmhonf? pkaygif;pDrHudef;udk taumiftxnf az:&eftwGuf pwmvifonf t&ufpufqkH; pwmvifonf aemufydkif;wGif vDeifESifhyl;yl; uyfuyf aygif;oif;I ygwDtwGif; ol.wuf enf;rsm;udk tokH;jyK.? jiif;qefolwdk‹udk vrf;twGuf -udK;yrf;cJh.? vDeifuG,fvGefjyD; owfjzwfvdkuf.? qdkufab;&D,m;e,fodk‹ aemuf/ pwmvifonf ol.jydKifbufrsm;udk (ESpf&Snfowfjzwfjcif;tjzpf)vnf; ydk‹vdkuf tEdkif,lI qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpk. wpfOD; onf? odk‹r[kwf tpmiwfatmif ypfxm;jcif; wnf;tkyfpdk;onfh tm;%m&SifjzpfvmcJhonf? jzifh wajz;ajz;csif;aooGm;aponf? uGefjrL epfpepf. pkaygif;pDrHudef;udk qef‹usifol rsm;ESifh ulvyfac: -uG,f0csrf;omonfh ajr ydkif&Sifwdk‹udk wdkif;jynfwpfckvkH;tESH‹tjym; vdkufvH&SmazGI zrf;qD;owfjzwfvdkufonf? Tay:vDESifhywfoufI uGefjrLepfpepf.pmtkyfrJ wGif atmufygtwdkif; a&;xm;.? pkaygif;pepfudk qef‹usifonfhulvyfwdk‹tm; zrf;qD;ypfowfvdkuf-uonf? tcsKdŒudkrl olwdk‹. ZeD;om;orD;rsm;ESifhtwl jynfESif'%fay;vdkufonf? ulvyftm;vkH;udk wdkuf&dkufazsmufzsuf vdkufjcif;rvkyfaomfvnf;/ tvGefa0;uGmaomajrmufydkif;t&yfa'oESifh qdkufab;&D,m;e,f rsm;odk‹ tvkyf-urf;jypf'%fay;jcif;ESifh ydk‹xm;vdkufjcif;jzifh/ touf&Sifusef&pf&eftcGifht vrf; tifrwefenf;yg;vSayonf? wpfOD;wavomtouf &SifcJhavonf? vlaygif;aomif; aygif;rsm;pGm ,if;a'orsm;Y toufqkH;&+H;cJh-u.? aoqkH;oGm;olwdk‹.pm&if;twdtusudk rnfolurS rodEdkifay? 1932=33=ckESpfrsm;wGif twif;t-uyfcdkif;apaom pkaygif;pDrHudef; udk vlxkuqef‹usifojzifh ,lu&def;jynfe,fY jzpfay:aom vaygif;rsm;pGm-umanmif;onfh 32 iwfrGwfjcif;jywf\emwGif vlOD;a&aygif; 6oef; xufrenf; aoqkH;cJh-uavonf?

56

&ufpufr+taygif;wGif ulvyfwdk‹ tay:Y t-urf;-uKwfqkH;enf;rsm;jzifh us a&mufcJhayonf? 1933=ckESpf{jyDvwGif p wmvifxHodk‹ pma&;q&m rDac; ±d+vdkacghzf a&;om;ay;ydk‹aompmwpfapmifwGif atmuf ygtwdkif;az:jyxm;ayonf? qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpkwGifyg0ifaom emydkavmhAfpuD cdkvfcdk‹ZfwGif/ yavmhuiftrnf &Sd c&dkifaumfrDwDtm%mydkifwpfOD;onf zrf;vm cJhaom vlrsm;udk av,mOf&kHwpfckY eD&Jaeatmif tylay;xm;aomrD;zdkwGifrD;vkHapjyD;/ rDjidrf;vdkuf 33 um udk,fvkH;wD;ydwfxm;cJh.?

1929ckESpfwGif ,lu&def;e,fY pkaygif;pepf ta-umif;0g'jzef‹jcif;udk em;qifae-upOf? pkaygif;pepfudk pdkufysdK;a&;oD;ESHxGufwdk;yGm;r+ ykHpHjzifh wifjy-uaomfvnf;/ vufawG‹wGifrl t-uD;tus,fiwfrGwfjcif; jzpfay:apcJh.?

pwmvifuvnf;/ vDeifuJhodk‹yif “ulvyf”[kac:aom pdwful;,Of&efoludk wDxGifonf? olwdk‹azsmufzsufvdkolwdkif;udk Ttrnfwyfay;vdkuf-uonf? uGefjrLepf wdk‹twGuf/ olwdk‹rvdkvm;olwdk‹udk TtrnfwyfI cGJjcm;um‚if;wdk‹udk zrf;qD;okwfoif ypf&ef jrdKŒwdkif;odk‹trdef‹xkwfvdkufonf? Tta-umif;ESifhywfoufI uGefjrLepf0g'. pmtkyfrJ wGif atmufygtwdkif; az:jyxm;ayonf? tcsdKŒaomc&dkifrsm;wGif/ ulvyf&Sif;vif;a&;wGif 80 rS 90=&mcdkifE+ef;onf aq&ufnmufac: tv,ftvwf0ifaiG&Sdonfh awmifolv,form;rsm; jzpf-uonf? a'ocHwyfwdk‹onf csrSwf xm;aomcGJwrf;jynfhatmif ydk‹aqmif-u&onf? tu,fI jzpfEdkifygu ydkrdkydk‹&ef wdkufwGef; xm;.? 1925=ckESpfESifh 1926=ckESpfrsm;wGif/ rdrdwdk‹. oD;ESHxGufukefrsm;udk a&mif;xkwfol/ oD;ESH&dwfodrf;&eftvkyform;&SdolESifh a&aEG;wnfonfh &k&Sm;c&m;tdk;ESpfvkH;&Sdol ponfhawmif olv,form;wdk‹udk zrf;qD;I jynfESif'%fay;vdkuf-uonf? 1929=ckESpf puf wifbmvwGif rdrdydkif0ufwpfaumifudk“owfpm;onfhtwGuf” qdk&S,fvpfpD;yGm;a&;pepfumuG,fxdrf;odrf; onfhtaejzifh jynfESif'%fay;vdkufonf? awmifolv,form;wdk‹ olwdk‹&SdonfhypPnf;rsm;udk a&mif;csojzifh “pD;yGm;a&;vkyfonf”[kpGyfpGJjyD; owfvdkuf-uonf? awmifol v,form; wpfa,mufrSm ol.OD;av;wpfa,mufonf Zmbk&if.tpdk;&tzGJ‹wGif t&m&SdwpfOD;jzpfaom a-umihf jynfESif'%fay;cH&onf? aemufwpfa,mufudkrl “bk&m;&Sdcdk;ausmif;odk‹ r-umc% oGm;aoma-umifh “ulvyf”wpfa,mufjzpfonf[k pGyfpGJcH&onf? pkaygif;pepfudk qef‹usif olwdkif;tm; ulvyfjzpfonf[k pGyfpGJvdkuf-uonf? tcsdef-umjrifhvmonfESifhtr# ulvyf &Sif;vif;a&;onfvnf; ±+yfaxG;vmawmhonf? aq&ufnmuf wpfa,mufonfvnf; ol udk,fwdkifulvyf&Sif;vif;a&;wyfzGJ‹wGif yg0iftr+xrf;aevsufESifh jrdKŒ.tjcm;wpf bufwGif 34 wm0efxrf;aqmifaeaom wyfzGJ‹u zrf;qD;onfudk cH&avonf?

ulvyfrsm;[k pGyfpGJjcif;cH&onfhtrnfpm&if;wGif/ bmoma&;0efxrf;rsm;ESifh c&pf ,mefbkef;awmf-uD;rsm; xdyfqkH;u yg0ifonf? 1930=ckESpfwGif bkef;awmf-uD;aygif; 13,000 wdk‹onf/ ulvyf&Sif;vif;a&;wGif ygoGm;avonf? &GmESifhjrKdŒrsm;wGif pkaygif; pepfudk pwifonfESifhwjydKifwnf; c&pf,mefbk&m;&Sdcdk;ausmif;rsm;udk ydwfypfI bmom a&;acgif;aqmifrsm;udk &Sif;vif;ypf-uonf?35 pkaygif;pepfrS &vm'fESpfckrSm iwfrGwfjcif;jy\emESifh jynfESif'%fay;jcif;jzpf.?

57

pwmvif,laqmifvmcJhaom iwfrGwfacgif;yg;jcif;jy\em Famine Brought About by Stalin

ol.tvsifvDeifuJhodk‹/ pwmvifonfvnf; pkaygif;pepfudk vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;tm; jcdrf;ajcmufonfh vufeuftjzpf tokH;jyK&ef -uHpnfcJhonf? wdkif;jynftwGif; oltvdk&Sd onfha'orS qefpyg;rsm;udkodrf;,ljcif;jzifh xdka'owGif iwfrGwfjcif;jy\em jzpfay:ap onf? ,lu&def;jynfe,fu uGefjrLepf0g'udk qef‹usifaoma-umifh pkaygif;pepf. ypf rSwfjzpfcJhonf? ordkif;wGif vluzefwD;aomiwfrGwfacgif;yg;jcif;uyfqdk;udk ,lu&def; jynfe,fu t-uD;us,fqkH;tvl;tvJcH&I/ iwfjywfjcif;a-umifh vlOD;a& av;oef;ausmf aoqkH;cJhavonf? rnfodk‹rnfykHjzpfvmcJhonfrSm xif&Sm;vS.? 1931=ckESpfwGif pkaygif;a&;ay:vDpD t& ,lu&def;jynfe,frS *sKHaphwefcsdefaygif; 7oef; 7odef; cGJwrf;csawmif;qdkcJh.? pk aygif;a&;wyfzGJ‹rS *sKHwefcsdefaygif; 18oef; odrf;qnf;cJhavonf? eudkuwnf;u awmif olv,form;&Gmom;wdk‹ iwfjywfvkeD;eD; rEdkifreif;jzpfaeonfhcGJwrf;a-umifh ,lu&def; e,fom;wdk‹u pwmvif.wyfrsm;udk qef‹usif-uavonf? xdk‹a-umifh pwmvifu ydkrdka'goacsmif;acsmif;xGufI oem;-uifemjcif; ydkrdkuif;oGm;avawmhonf? 1932=ckESpf ZlvdkifvwGif eudkcsrSwfaom udkwmcGJwrf;tay:wGif aemufxyfwefcsdef 7 oef; 7odef; xyfrHcsI A[dktpdk;&udk qufo&ef awmif;qdkvdkufavonf? vlaygif; oef;aygif;rsm; pGmudk iwfrGwfI aoaponf? Tay:vDpDESifhywfoufI b&kdif;,ef rG,fem[ef . &k&Sm;EdkifiH=vGefcJhonfhESpfwpf&mordkif;wGif atmufygtwdkif; az:jyxm;ayonf? uGefjrLepfv+yf&Sm;r+acsmqGJ*dk%f;rsm;onf/ q,fayavmuf&Snfvsm;aomoHr%dacsmif;rsm;udk udkifaqmifI ,lu&def;jynfe,fodk‹ pkjyKHa&mufvm-uavonf? tdrfwGif;tdrfjyif/ -uyfcdk;rsm;/ wJukwfrsm;/ pyg;usDrsm;/ 0ufjcH/ aumuf&dk;ykH ponfwdk‹tm;vkH;udk ESH‹aeatmif &SmazG-uonf [k t&SmcH&aom&Gmom;wpfOD;u ajymjy.? v,fuGif;wGif ,m,Dar#mfpifrsm;aqmufvkyfI ajcmif;ajrmif;ypfcwfrnfh&efudk apmifh-uyf-unfh±+-uonf? xdkar#mfpifwGif uif;apmifholwdk‹ onf ESpfvkH;jyL;aoewfrsm; udkifaqmif-uonf? qmavmifrGwfodyfvGef;olwdk‹rSm ajymif;zl;ESH rsm;udk uyfa-u;jzifh jzwf,lpm;-uonf? zrf;rdolrsm;teuf tcsdKŒrSm Oya't& 7=8 ESpf

58

axmifusI/ tcsdKŒrSmrl ypfowfcH-u&onf? cg&faumhAfw&m;&kH;wpfckwGif wpfvtwGif; tr+aygif; wpfaxmifhig;&mppfaq;axmifcs.? rdef;rwpfa,mufudk rdrdpdkufxm;aom ajymif;zl; tzl; 100 ckwf,lonfhtr+a-umifh axmif 10ESpfcsvdkuf.? aemufESpfygwfwGif ol.vifa,mufsm;rSm tiwfab;a-umifhaoqkH;oGm;&Smonf? -uufESifh0ufrsm;udkrl 1932=ck

59

ESpf aqmif;OD;ydkif;wGif owfpm;ukefjyD? ‚if;aemuf acG;ESifha-umifrsm;udk qufvufIowfpm; onf? AmqmvD *a&mhpfrmefu ‘zrf;zdk‹awmfawmfcufw,f’[ka&;onf? ‘wd&pm>efawGu vl awGudka-umufjyD; &dkif;ukef-uw,f? vlawGu olwdk‹udkjyKwfpm;-uw,f?=’ =1932=ckESpf ukefwGif wefcsdefaygif; 4 oef; 7 odef;om qufoEdkifcJhonf? cGJwrf;opfxyfrHa-ujimonf? rdk;av0ot&m&Sdrsm;u oD;ESHrsm;ysufpD;atmif rdk;av0orSm;,Gif;pGmcef‹rSef;onfhtwGuf t zrf;cH&-uonf? wd&pm>efq&m0efrsm;udk/ arG;jrLa&;ysufvdkysufpD;vkyfonfhtwGuf ypfowf vdkuf-uonf? oD;ESHpdkufysdK;a&;orm;rsm;udk ulvyfjzpfonf[kpGyfpGJI qdkufab;&D,m;odk‹ydk‹ vdkuf-uonf?==1933=ckESpf rwfvwGif ESif;t&nfaysmfonfhtcsdefupI jynfolvlxk-uD; wpfckvkH; iwfjywf-uavonf? vlwdk‹u -uGufrsm;/ yk&Gufqdwfrsm;ESifh wDaumifrsm;udkyif zrf;,lpm;aomuf-uonf? &moDtvdkufyGifhonfhyef;rsm;ESifh zuf,m;yifrsm;udkjyKwfI pm; aomuf-u.? e,l;a,mufnae*sme,frS owif;axmufwpfOD; uDAfjrdKŒESifh rdkif20 a0;aom &Gmwpf&Gmodk‹ oGm;a&mufcJh&m ‘wJwpfvkH;wGif trnfray;wwfaom pGyfjyKwftdk; rD;ay:wnf xm;onfudk awG‹cJh&onf’[k a&;.? ‘tdk;xJwGif t&dk;rsm;/ ta&jym;rsm;yg0ifI bGwfbdeyf tpu tdk;xdyfqkH;wGif ay:aeonf’=== vlawGu olwdk‹.&Gmrsm;udk ypfxm;cJh-uonf? rD;&xm;vrf;ab;rsm;wGif rD;&xm;jywif; aygufrsm;rS tpmt-uGif;tusefrsm;ypfcsay;rnfudk apmifhar#mf-uonf? ppfwyfrsm;a&$Œajymif; onfht&yfbufodk‹ vdkuf-uonf? jrdKŒtwGif; av;bufwGm;-uonf? uDAfjrKdŒwGif eHeufwdkif; vufwGef;vSnf;rsm;jzifh ,QifnwGifaooGm;aomtavmif;rsm;udk vdkufaumuf-u.? uav; rsm;. ydefcsKH;I &SnfarsmaeaomrsufESmrsm;onfvnf; iSufESifhyif wlawmhonf?

60

61

62

odk‹aomfvnf;/ uGefjrLepfv+yf&Sm;r+acsmqGJ*dk%f;om;rsm;onf/ qefpyg;rsm;udk qufvufIom &SmazGae-u.? tmvl;wl;aeonfhrdcifrsm;udkawG‹v#if ypfowfvdkuf-uonf? rsufESmazg a,mifaejcif;onf iwfjywfr+.vuQ%mjzpfonf? xdkodk‹azga,mifaejcif;r&Sdolrsm;udk ol wdk‹0Sufxm;onfhtpmrsm;udk jy&ef &dkufESuf-uonf? ‘u|Ekfyfwdk‹onf ordkif;.vdktyfcsufudk az:xkwfae-uonf’[k vJAf udkydkvJAfu a&;om;xm;.?‘u|Ekfyfwdk‹onf u|Ekfyfwdk‹.awmf vSefa&;wm0efudk xrf;aqmifae-ujcif;jzpfonf? u|Ekfyfwdk‹onf u|Ekfyfwdk‹. trdtzqdk&S,f vpfajrtwGuf qefpyg;pkaqmif;ae-ujcif;jzpfonf?== rdef;rESifhuav;rsm;. ylazgif;ae aom0rf;ydkufrsm;/ aoG;r&Sdojzifhtjyma&mifoef;aeonfhrsufESm/ [mvm[if;vif;touf uif;aeonfhrsufvkH;rsm;udk awG‹jrifae-uonf? pkwfjywfaeonfh odk;om;a&jcKHxm;aomvl aotavmif;rsm;/ aps;aygIjyJaejyDjzpfaombGwfzdeyfrsm;pGyfxm;onfh vlaotavmif;rsm; udk jcHv,fwJawG/ ESif;awmawGESifh cg&faumhAfwHwm;ay:awGrSm/ ae&mwum awG‹&.==?’ ==taemufEdkifiHrsm;odk‹ tiwfjy\emowif;a&mufvmonf?==AD,ifembda&Smhbkef;awmf -uD;.OD;aqmifr+atmufwGif tjynfjynfqdkif&m u,fq,fa&;aumfrDwDzGJ‹pnf;vdkufonf? odk‹ aomfvnf; qdkAD,uftpdk;&u rnfonfhtiwfjy\emrS rjzpf[k jiif;qdkvdkufaoma-umifh 36 bmrSrvkyfEdkif?

T±+cif;rsm;u rDac;vf ±+dvdkacghAfudk pwmvifqDodk‹ Tr#&ufpuf-urf;-uKwf onfhvkyf&yfrsm;udk csufcsif;&yfwef‹&ef awmif;qdkonfhpm a&;ap.? odk‹aomfvnf; pwm vifu wrifwumzefwD;aom jzpf&yfrsm;om jzpfaeonf? 1933=ckESpf {jyDvwGif pma&;q&m rDac;vf ±+dvdkacghAf ulbefjrdKŒteD;jzwfoGm;&m/ pkaygif; v,f,mtvkyform;rsm;udk a'ocHt&m&Sdrsm;uESdyfpufI olwdk‹.oD;ESHtm;vkH;udk tyf&ef twif;cdkif;apaeonfudk awG‹ojzifh pwmvifxHodk‹ pmESpfapmifa&;om;ay;ydk‹cJhavonf? xdk pmrsm;wGif twGif;a&;r+;csKyfrS tpm;tpmtjrefqkH;ydk‹&efawmif;qdk.?=== arv 6 &ufae‹pGJjzifh a&;aomjyefpmwGif pwmvifonf [efaqmifIyif oem;-uifemr+udk r jyocJhacs?==1933=ckESpfwGif vlaygif;oef;ESifhcsDI iwfjywfIaoa-uae-upOf/ qdkAD,uft pdk;&u qefpyg; tav;csdef[jEdNwf 18oef;udk “pufr+vufr+ul;ajymif;a&;twGuf” EdkifiHjcm; 37 odk‹ wifydk‹a&mif;cscJhavonf?

tiwfjy\ema-umifh a,mufsm;rdef;r/ uav;oli,frsm;/ Z&mtdkrsm; OD;a& ajcmufoef;ausmf aoqkH;cJh.? qdkAD,ufEdkifiHu tpma&pmxkwfvkyfr+ravmufiaom a-umifhr[kwf? uGefjrLepfygwDu vlvkyfaomtiwfjy\emudk wrifwumzefwD;jcif; a-umifhjzpfonf? wpfenf;tm;jzifh vlxktajrmuftjrm;udk owfjzwfjcif;jzpf.? pwmvifu taemufEdkifiHrsm; xdkjzpf&yfudk odoGm;rnfudk tifrwefpdk;&drfcJhavonf? tb,fha-umifhqdkaomf/ ol&nf&G,fcsuf-uD;pGmjzifh ,lu&def;jynfe,fudk qkH;r'%fcwfjcif; tm;aysmhoGm;rnfudk pdk;&drfaoma-umifh jzpfonf? ordkif;yg&*l 'gem 'vf&ifrfyvfu/ atmufygtwdkif; a0zefxm;ayonf? qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpkonf tiwfjy\emay:aygufcJhonf[k w&m;0if b,faomtcgr# 0ef cHjcif; rjyKcJhacs? tar&duefESifht*Fvdyfwdk‹ qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpkESifhywfoufI ,lu&def;jynfe,f wGif ay:aygufcJhaomtiwfjy\emta-umif; wpfcgwpf&H xnfhajymavh&Sd-uaomfvnf; twdtus tao;pdwfaz:jyjcif;rjyK-uay? odk‹aomfvnf; qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpkwGif jzpfysufcJhaom tiwf jy\emESifhywfoufI tjcm;EdkifiHrsm;wGif tao;pdwfrSwfwrf;wifxm;onfudk awG‹&Sd&ayonf? tb,fha-umifh Todk‹uGmjcm;oenf;? tajzrSm 1932=34=ckeSpf tiwfjy\emonf/ aemifqufI 38 jzpfyGm;aomtiwfjy\emESifhrwlbJ vlvkyfonfhtiwfjy\emjzpfaoma-umifhwnf;?

pkaygif;pepfa-umifh/ ,lu&def;jynfe,frS awmifolv,form;wdk‹trsm;qkH; xdcdkuf epfemqkH;±+H;cJh-u.? toufaygif; 4 oef;aoa-ucJhonf? umZufpwefwGif vlwpfoef; pkaygif;pepfa-umifh iwfjywfcJh-uonf? aumhauqyfajrmufydkif;ESifh ajreufa'oydkif;wGif 63

toufaygif; wpfoef;aoa-ucJh.? pwmvif. wpfckwnf;aomtrdef‹jzifh vlaygif; ajcmufoef; aoa-uysufpD;cJhavonf?39

jynfESif'%fcH&olrsm;ESifh tvkyfpcef;rsm; Exiles and Work Camps

pwmvifu uGefjrLepfpepfudk qef‹usifol oef;aygif;rsm;pGmtm; “jynfESif'%f” ay;jcif;jzifh owfjzwfcJh.? qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpktpdk;&onf/ c&DrD,Hwl&uDvlrsdK;rsm; tygt0if vlenf;pktajrmuftjrm;udk a&G;xkwfI/ nOfhtcsdefwGif olwdk‹.tdrfrS armif; xkwfum uDvdkrDwmaxmifESifhcsDIa0;vHaomt&yfrsm;odk‹ tvdkvkdaoa-uysufpD;ukef atmifydk‹vdkuf-uonf? c&D;vrf;-um;wGif OD;a&aygif;odef;ESifhcsDI aoa-u-uukef.? qdkufab;&D,m;taemufbuf em&ifrfwGifwm0ef,l&aom ygwDaumfrDwD0ifwpf OD;u &k&Sm;EdkifiH. jynfESif'%f[lonf “tpkvdkufowfjzwfjcif;omjzpfonf”[k atmuf ygtwdkif; ol.udk,fydkifrSwfwrf;wGifa&;om;xm;.? 1933=ckESpf {jyDv29 ESihf 30 &ufae‹rsm;wGif “acwfrrDa[mif;EGrf;aomypPnf;”rsm;udk armhpudkESifhvDeif*&ufwdk‹rS o,f,lvmonfh rD;&xm;wGJuGefAG,frsm; u|Ekfyfwdk‹xHodk‹a&muf &Sdvmonf? awmif;rfblwmodk‹a&mufv#ifa&mufcsif; wGJrsm;udka&qdyfodk‹ydk‹I wHcg;rsm;udk zGifhvdkufonf? arv 18 &ufae‹ESifh 26 &uf ae‹rsm;wGif emZD&dkjrpfESifh atmhbfjrpfqkH txuf &Sd emZD&dkt&yfodk‹ydkvdkufonf? yxr uGefAG,fwGif vlaygif; 5070 ygvmI 'kwd,wGif 1044 a,mufygvmonf? pkpkaygif; 6114=a,muf &Sdonf? ydk‹aqmifa&;tajctaeonf qdk;&Gm;vS .? ygvmonfhtpmtenf;i,frSm pm;Ir&acs? c&D;onfrsm;udk av0ifaygufr&Sdo avmufaomae&mwGif jyGwfodyfxnfhxm;onf?==ae‹pOfvlaygif; 35 a,mufrS 40 E+ef;txd aoqkH;-uonf? emZD&dku|ef;wGif olwdk‹tm; apmifhaeaomtajctaeESifhEd+if;,SOfv#if Ttajc taeonf ZdrfcHonfhtajctae[kyif qdk&ygrnf? (xdkae&mrSwpfqifh emZD&dkjrpftxuf topfcsJŒcJhaome,fajrodk‹ tcsdKŒudk cGJIydk‹&rnfjzpfonf?) emZD&dku|ef;onf vlaetdrfajc uif;rJhaomt&yfjzpfonf? 'g;aygufwl;aygufjym;ponfhud&d,mvufeuf wpfckrSr&Sdacs? qefpyg; tpm;tpm[lIAvmewˆd? trdk;tumr&Sdonfhae&mwGif ypfxm;vdkuf-uonf? tat;'%fudkumuG,f&ef rD;arG;Edkifjcif;yifr&Sd-uacs? yxrae‹wGif vlaotavmif;aygif; 295=udk jr‡KyfESHvdkuf&onf? xdku|ef;odk‹ vlrsm;a&muf&SdvmjyD;aemuf 4=5&uf-umrS *sKHr+ef‹ tenf;i,fa&muf&Sdvmonf? wpfOD;v#if aygifcsdeftenf;i,fpDa0r#ay;&.? olwdk‹udk a0iS ay;onfh&m&Sifudk vufcH&&SdonfESifhwjydKifwnf; qmavmifvGef;ojzifh rdrdwdk‹wGifygaom OD;xkyf abmif;bD *sufuufrsm;wGif *sKHr+ef‹udk a&jzifhe,fI pm;-uonf? tcsdKŒrSm a&ESifhre,fEdkifawmhbJ *sKHr+ef‹udkyg;pyfxJodk‹oGyfxnfhvdkufjyD; a&aomufcsvdkuf&m vnf acsmif;wGifwpfI qdk‹aooGm;olvnf; &Sd.? xdkjynfESif'%fay;cH&olwdk‹u Tu|ef;wGif vma&mufydk‹xm;onfhae‹rSpI wpfcsdefvkH;&&SdaomtpmrSm Tr#omjzpf.? tcsdKŒuvnf; ygvmaomtpmrsm;jzifh udwfrkef‹zkwf&efe,fxm;onfh *sKHudkpm;-uonf? zkwf&efrD;r&Sd/ tjcm;a&mp&mvnf;bmr#r&Sd? r-umrDtwGif;rSmawmh tcsif;csif;owfpm;ojzifh vlom; 40 pm;pepfay:vmawmh.?

pwif;zdk‹'fwuUodkvfrS okawoeynm&Sif a&mbwfaumifuGuf. a-uuGJzG,f aumufoif;&dwfodrf;jcif; [laompmtkyfwGif pwmvifacwfrS jynfESif'%fay;cH&olrsm; ta-umif; atmufygtwdkif; a&;om;xm;ayonf? 1940=ckeSpfwGif wpfzefjzpfay:onfh vlenf;pkrsm;udk tpkvdkuftjyKHvdkufjynfESif'%fay;ol rsm;udk o,fydk‹pOfvrf;c&D;-um;Y 15 rS20 &mcdkifE+ef;txd/ trsm;tm;jzifhuav;oli,frsm;/ aoqkH;ukef-u.? jynfESif'%fay;cH&olrsm;wGif usef;rma&;tajctaetrsdK;rsdK;yg0ifonf? tcsdKŒrdef;rrsm;onf udk,f0efaqmifrsm;jzpf-uonf? aumhquftrsdK;orD;wpfOD;u rD;&xm;

64

65

ay:uav;arG;av&m uav;rSm oefoefrmrmyuwdtwdkif; jzpfaomfvnf;/ r-umrDtwGif; aoqkH;oGm;.? tapmifhppfom; ESpfa,mufu xdkuav;tavmif;udk rD;&xm;ckwfarmif;ae pOf wHcg;rSatmufodk‹ ypfcsvdkufonf? jynfESif'%fay;cH&oltajrmuftjrm;onfvnf; ol wdk‹.b0aemufqkH;c&D;odk‹ wdkuf&dkufydk‹aqmifjcif; cH-u&onf? tcsdKŒvnf; vrf;-um;rS jrdKŒ i,frsm;wGif aeusefcJh-uonf?==tm&fcsef*JvfwGif bk&m;&Sdcdk;ausmif;tm;vkH; ydwfxm;onf? bk&m;&Sdcdk;ausmif;rsm;udk tusOf;om;rsm;twGuf vrf;c&D;-um; wnf;cdk&mae&mtjzpf ajymif; vJxm;onf? tdyf,mqifhrsm;udk txyfxyfaqmufxm;onf? zrf;qD;vmcJhaom awmifol v,form;rsm;onf udk,fvufaq;a-umEdkifjcif;r&Sd/ temrsm;tESH‹tjym; aygufvsuf&Sdonf? jrdKŒwGif;wGif vSnfhvnfawmif;&rf;-uonf? tultnDawmif;-uonf? odk‹aomfvnf; jynfESif'%fay;cH&onfh tusOf;om;rsm;udk a'ocHrsm;rS rnfonfhtultnDr# ray;&ef jyif; xefpGm wm;jrpfxm;.? aooGm;onfhtavmif;udkyif aumuf,ljr‡KyfESHcGifh r&Sday? a'ocHvl wdk‹onfvnf; olwdk‹udk,fwdkifu tvGeftrif; a-umuf&GHŒxdwfvef‹ae-u&onf? Adkvkwf'gjrdKŒ -uD;wGifvnf; bk&m;&Sdcdk;ausmif; av;q,fhckepfausmif;odrf;,ljyD; jynfESif '%fay;cH&ol 41 rsm;ESifh jynfhESufvsuf&Sd.?

jynfESif'%fay;cH&olwdk‹udk tpkvdkuftjyKHvdkufowfjzwfonfh aemufxyfenf; wpfenf;rSm/ tvkyfpcef;rsm;jzpfonf? 1928=rS 1953=ckESpf(pwmvifaoqkH;onfhESpf) txd/ cef‹rSef;ajctm;jzifh qdkAD,uftkyfcsKyfa&;tawG;tac:ESifhrwlol oef;aygif; 30=udk zrf;qD;I aexdkiftouf&SifIrjzpfEdkifonfh qdkufab;&D,me,frsm;wGif owfrSwfwnf 66

aqmufxm;aom*lvyfac:tvkyfpcef;rsm;odk‹ ydk‹vdkuf.? Tpcef;rsm;wGif okH;ykHESpfykH xufrenf;=tenf;qkH; oef;aygif; 20=aoqkH;cJh-uonf? tpm;tpm iwfjywfr+a-umifh aovkeD;yg;jzpfaeonfhtusOf;om;rsm;onf wpfae‹v#if 14 em&DrS 16 em&Dtxd tvkyf vkyf-u&.? tusOf;om;tjrm;tjym;wdk‹udk tapmifhppfom;wdk‹u cdkifvkHaomta-umif;jy

pwmvif,kH-unfaom &kyf0g'tawG;tac:u ol‹tm;Tr#&ufpuf-urf;-uKwfoltjzpf ajymif;vJ vdkuf.? tjyHK;rygaomrm;ufP."gwfykHudk odef;aygif;rsm;pGmudk owfjzwfypf&ef ao'%ftrdef‹pm vufrSwfxdk;aompwmvif.&kH;wGif csdwfqGJxm;.?

67

csufr&SdbJ owfvdkuf-uonf? tcsdKŒtusOf;om;rsm;udk wrifwum tpmtiwfxm;I aoaponf? aexdkifonfhtajctaeqdk;&Gm;r+ESifh tpmt[m&rvkHavmufr+a-umifhvnf; useftusOf;om;tajrmuftjrm;aoqkH;ukef-uonf? tusOf;om;tajrmuftjrm;wdk‹udk yg;v$maomt0wfjzifhom tvkyfvkyfapojzifh/ qdkifab;&D,me,f. tat;'%fudk rcH EdkifI awmifhwif;cJIaooGm;-uavonf? tusOf;om;wdk‹vufacsmif;ajcacsmif;rsm; yx rqkH; cJIa-uGusoGm;onf? aemufawmh em;&GufESmacgif;rsm;“a-uGus”oGm;avonf? Tenf;jzifh vlaygif;odef;aygif;rsm;pGmaoa-uysufpD;ukef-uonf? emrnfausmf &k&Sm;vl rsdK;pma&;q&m tvufZENm qdkvfZifepfqifu ol. 1918=1956 *lvyfolu|ef; [laom pmtkyfwGif ‚if;a-umufrufzG,f&mtjzpftysufESifhywfoufaom aemufxyfoufao om"ursm;udk a&;om;az:jyxm;ayonf?

ta&SŒEdkifiHrsm;tkyfpkrS teDa&mifxdwfvef‹a-umuf&GHŒzG,frsm; Red Terror in the Eastern Block

1953=ckESpfwGif pwmvifuG,fvGefoGm;onf? vDeifpwifaz:xkwfcJhaom xdwf vef‹a-umuf&GHŒzG,fvkyf&yfrsm;udk pwmvifu xyfrHcJsŒxGifcJhojzifh/ vlaygif; oef;csDI aoqkH;-u&um/ ajrmufjrm;pGmaom vlenf;pkwdk‹u ESdyfpufcH&onfh'kuQi&Judk -uKHawG‹cJh -u&.? vDeif=pwmvifacwfrS uGefjrLepf&dkif;pdkif;&ufpufr+rsm;udk uGefjrLepf0g'. teufa&mif pmtkyfwGif tus,fw0ifh az:jyxm;ayonf? 1918 rS 1922=ckESpftwGif; tusOf;om;aygif; odef;aygif;rsm;pGmESifh olwdk‹udk awmfvSefykefuefaom tvkyform;ESifhawmifolv,form; odef;aygif;rsm;pGmwdk‹ tm; w&m;pD&ifjcif;r&SdbJ owfjzwfypfjcif;? 1922=ckESpfwGif jzpfyGm;apaom iwfrGwfacgif;yg;jcif;jy\emzefwD;jcif;a-umifh toufaygif; 5=oef; aoqkH;oGm;jcif;? 1920=ckESpfwGif 'GefaumhqufvlrsdK;wdk‹udk jynfESif'%fay;I taysmuf&Sif;ypf jcif;? 1918 rS 1930=ckESpftxd tusOf;pcef;wGif odef;aygif;rsm;pGmudk owfjzwfjcif;? 1937=38=ckESpfwGifjzpfyGm;aom tm%mvkyGJwGif vlaygif; 690000 owfjcif;? 1930=1932=ckESpftwGif; ulvyf(ESifhulvyf[k pGyfpGJcH&ol)aygif; 2=oef;udk jynfESif'%fay;jcif;? 1932=33=ckESpfrsm;wGif aocsmpepfusus pDpOfcJhaom tiwfab;rsm;a-umifh ,lu&def;jynfe,fom; 4 oef;ESifhtwl tjcm;vlrsdK;rsm; 2 oef; aoa-uysufpD; apjcif;? 1939=ckESpfrS 1941=ckESpftxdESifh aemufxyf 1944=45=ckESpfrsm;wGif/ ydkvfvl rsdK;rsm;/ ,lu&def;vlrsdK;rsm;/ abmhvlrsdK;rsm;/ rdkv'dkAefvlrsdK;rsm;ESifh abqm&mbD ,HvlrsdK;rsm; odef;aygif;rsm;pGmudk jynfESif'%fay;jcif;? 1941=ckESpfwGif Adkv*g*smrefvlrsdK;rsm;udk jynfESif'%fay;jcif;? 1943=ckESpfwGif c&DrD,HwmwmvlrsdK;rsm;udk tpktjyKHvdkuf jynfESif'%fay;jcif;? 1944=ckESpfwGif cscsifvlrsdK;rsm;udk tpktjyKHvdkuf jynfESif'%fay;jcif;/ 1944=ckESpfwGif tif*Gwfcsf vlrsdK;rsm;udk tpktjyKHvdkuf jynfESif'%fay;jcif;?42 68

pwmvifaoqkH;jyD;aemuf qdkAD,uftpdk;&onf/ tuef‹towftm;jzifh aysmh ajymif;oGm;cJhonf? odk‹aomfvnf;/ a-umuf&GHŒxdwfvef‹r+jzifh wnfaqmufvmcJhaom tkyf csKyfr+u vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;udk v$rf;rdk;qJ jzpfonf? aemufvmrnfh tydkif;wGif/ qdkAD,ufjynf axmifpkESifh tjcm;uGefjrLepfvl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;rsm;wGif a-umuf&GHŒjcif; rnfodk‹v$rf;rdk;I rnf odk‹pnf;&kH;-uonfudk ppfaq;-uygrnf? qdkAD,ufwdk‹onf olwdk‹.ajcmufvSef‹jcdrf;ajcmufr+udk olwdk‹.vlxktay:Yom uef‹owfxm;jcif;r[kwfacs? 'kwd,urBmppfjzpfyGm;jcif;u qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpk. -o Zmtm%monf ta&SŒOa&mywdkif;jynfrsm;odk‹ a&muf&Sdvmapawmhonf? urBmppfjyD;onf ESifh rsm;pGmaomwdkif;jynfwdk‹u qdkAD,uf-oZmatmuf a&mufoGm;avonf? EdkifiHa&;vkyf -uHr+ESifh v+yf&Sm;r+enf;rsdK;pkHtokH;jyKI ESpfrsm;r-umrDtwGif; wdkif;jynftajrmuftjrm;wdk‹ u armhpudk. tm%mpufatmuf a&mufoGm;avonf? ydkvefEdkifiH/ [efa*&DEdkifiH/ csuf udkpvdkaA;eD,m;EdkifiH/ &dkareD,m;EdkifiH/ blva*;&D,m;EdkifiH/ tvfab;eD,m;EdkifiHESifh t a&SŒ*smreDEdkifiHwdk‹u pwmvif.aoG;pGef;aomvufoD;qkyfwGif;odk‹ usa&mufoGm;-u.? teDa&mif&dkif;pdkif;&ufpufr+jzifh TEdkifiHrsm;wGif i&JbkHor#aom'kuQqif;&Jjcif; b0odk‹a&mufoGm;aponf? tpdk;&udk qef‹usifolwdk‹udk zrf;qD;ESdyfpufum owfjzwf-u onf? r-umrDtwGif; xdwfvefa-umuf&GHŒjcif;onf ,if;EdkifiHwdk‹. vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;rsm; wGif v$rf;rdk;oGm;avonf? 1990=ckESpf/ blva*;&D,m;uGefjrLepftpdk;&jyKwfoGm;jyD; aemuf/ trsdK;orD;wpfOD;u/ 1944=ckESpfwGif olrtay:usa&mufcJhaom tjzpftysufudk blva*;&D,m;&kyf&SifrSwfwrf;&dkuf&mwGif zGifhqdkcJh.? usr.zcifudkzrf;oGm;jyD;aemufwpfae‹wGif/ tjcm;ykvdyf&Jwpfa,muf a&mufvmjyD;/ xdkae‹ 5=em&DtcsdefwGif &JXmemtrSwf 10 odk‹ oGm;a&muf&ef rSm-um;oGm;w,f? usr.rdcifrSm vSyI oabmaumif;aomtrsdK;orD;wpfOD;jzpfygw,f? t0wftpm;vJjyD;xGufoGm;w,f? usrESifhtwl armifESrokH;a,mufu tdrfwGifapmifhaecJh-uygw,f? taru eHeufwpfem&DcGJ tcsdefrSm jyefvmygw,ff? rsufESmjzLzwfjzLa,mfjzpfI t0wfawGvnf; pkwfjywfayawaeyg w,f? ol0ifvmvmcsif; rD;zdkodk‹oGm;um t0wftm;vkH;c|wfIrD;±d+Œvdkufygw,f? jyD;aemufa& csdK;jyD;rS usrwdk‹udkayG‹ygw,f? aemufae‹rSm ol‹udk,folowfaozdk‹-udK;pm;w,f? aemuf xyfokH;cgaoa-umif;-uHcJhygw,f? aemufqkH;tacgufrSm tqdyfaomufaozdk‹ -udK;pm;yg w,f? olckxd touf&Sifaeygao;w,f? usrbJ ol‹udkjyKpkygw,f? pdwfrESH‹awmhbl;? olwdk‹ 43 wawG ol‹udk bmvkyfcJhw,f qdkwmudk b,faomtcgrS rodEdkifcJhygbl;&Sif?

tusOf;orm;rsm;onf tvGefyiftwd'kuQa&muf-uonf? uGefjrLepf0g'. pm tkyfrJ wGif edudkvf ±d+qufpul. &dkar;eD,m;tpdk;&u jyKusifhcJhaom vkyfaqmifcsufrsm; udk atmufygtwdkif; az:jyxm;ayonf? &dkareD,m;onf tm&SuGefjrLepfwdk‹tokH;jyKonfh OD;aESmufaq;jcif;enf;udk Oa&mywdkufEdkifiH rsm;wGiftokH;jyKonfh yxrOD;qkH;EdkifiHjzpfEdkifonf? trSefrSm tm&SEdkifiHrsm;wGif Tenf;rsm; udk tus,fw0ifh tokH;rjyKrD &dkar;eD,m;EdkifiHwGif yxrOD;pGm jyD;jynfhpkHatmif prf;oyfjyif qifcJhjcif; jzpfonf? ‚if;wDxGif-uHqr+.,kwfywfqdk;oGrf;onfhyef;wdkifrSm/ tusOf;om; tcsif;csif;ESdyfpuf-uatmif zefwD;ay;jcif;jzpfonf? Tprf;oyfcsufonf 1949=ckESpf 'DZif bmvwGifpwifI okH;ESpf-umrS tqkH;oyfcJhavonf?==TtzGJ‹.yef;wdkifrSm EdkifiHa&;t usOf;om;rsm;tm; udk,fum,ESifhpdwf"gwft& ESdyfpufI uGefjrLepf0g',kH-unfcsufrsm;udk 44 oGwfoGif;ay;jcif;jzpfonf?

tusOf;om;wdk‹. bmoma&;,kH-unfcsufrsm;udk zsufqD;ypfI aemufqkH;wGif bk&m;ocifudk jiif;y,foGm;vdrfhrnf[k ar#mfvifhxm;-uonf?

69

qDul&Dwdwfac: &dkareD,m;v#dKŒ0Sufykvdyfu/ ar;jref;ppfaq;aepOftwGif; a&S;a[mif;ESdyfpuf enf;tm;vkH;udk tokH;jyK-uonf? &dkufESufjcif;/ ajczaESmifhudk ydwfuefjcif;/ ajymif;jyefcsnfI wGJavmif;qGJxm;jcif;/ ponfjzpf.? odk‹aomfvnf; blcsm&ufpfjrdKŒrS uDvdkrDwm 110 a0;uGm

70

aom yDwufpwDt&yfwGif 1930=ckESpfrsm;wGif aqmufvkyfonfh tusOf;axmifwGif xdkESdyf pufenf; rsdK;xufajrmufrsm;pGm ydkrdk&ufpufaomenf;rsm;udk tokH;jyK-uonf? tawG;tac: &Sif A&f*sdvf tD&efum.tajymt&/ “yDwufpwDwGif pdwful;aygufEdkifor# ,kwfywfqdk; oGrf;qkH;aom ESdyfpufenf;rsm;udk tokH;jyK-uonf? tusOf;om;. wpfudk,fvkH;udk pD;u&uf jzifh rD;±+dŒxm;onf? olwdk‹.wifyg;rsm;rS pwifykwfyGvmavonf? olwdk‹vJavsmif;aomtcg

71

olwdk‹.om;a&cGHrsm;onf tem-uD;a&m*gjzpfouJhodk‹ uGmusvmonf? tcsdKŒtm; rpifudk ZGef;jzifhcyfIpm;aponf? tu,fI rpm;bJpGef‹ypfonfudk awG‹v#if/ olwdk‹.tHzwfudk pm; cdkif;onf? ==A&f*sdvf tD&efum. tqdkt&/ jyefvnfynmay;enf; tqifhav;qifh&Sdonf? yxrtqifh udk “jyifyrsufESmzkH;cGmcsjcif;”[kac:onf? tusOf;om;udk yxrpGyfpGJpOfu zkH;zdxm;onfh tcsufrsm;udk az:xkwf0efcHcdkif;jcif;jzifh ol.opPm&Sdjcif;udk oufaojyaponf? txl;ojzifh jyify&Sd rdwfaqGtquftoG,frsm;udk az:xkwfjcif;jzpfonf? 'kwd,tqifhrSm/ “twGif;pdwf "gwfrsufESmzkH;cGmjcif;”[kac:onf? ‚if;rSm/ tusOf;pcef;wGifa&mufpOf pcef;twGif;Y ol‹ udkulnDay;olwdk‹udk az:xkwfcdkif;onf? wwd,tqifhrSm/ “vlxka&SŒ pdwf"gwfrsufESm zkH;cGmjcif;”[k ac:onf? w&m;cHjzpfoltxGwftjrwfwefzdk;xm;onfht&mtm;vkH;/ rdwfaqG o*F[/ tdrfaxmifpk ZeD;odk‹r[kwf cspfolwdk‹udk qJqdk-udrfqJypfy,fvdkuf&onf? tu,fI bmomt,l0g'udk ,kH-unfoljzpfv#if bk&m;ocifudkvnf; -udrfqJ&onf? pwkwˆtqifhrSm/

72

uGefjrLepf0g'udk ,kH-unfaomtusOf;om;tzGJ‹ (Organization of Prisoners with Communist Beliefs- 0PCB)odk‹0ifI/ olwdk‹. t&if;ESD;qkH;rdwfaqGoli,fcsif;wdk‹udk ESdyf pufjcif;jzifh olwdk‹udk,fwdkif vlowform; tm%mom;awGjzpfoGm;&ef jzpfonf?

qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpkonf/ 0ifa&mufodrf;ydkufaomta&SŒOa&myEdkifiHrsm;odk‹ uGefjrLepf0g'udk &uf puf-urf;-uKwfpGmt-urf;zufjcif;jzifh,laqmifcJhonf? armhpudkESifhqef‹usifonfh rnfonfhv+yf&Sm; r+udkrqdk aoG;acsmif;pD;aom*vJhpm;acsjcif;jzifhom ESdrfeif;.? 1968=ckESpf aEGOD;ydkif;wGif csufudk qvdkaA;uD,m;wGifay:aygufaom vGwfvyfa&;v+yf&Sm;r+aemufydkif; wyfeDwdk‹ 0ifa&mufodrf;ydkuf vdkufonf? (txufyg)ykHwGif 1968=ckESpf -o*kwfvwGif 0ifa&mufodrf;ydkufpOf qdkAD,ufwifh um;rsm;udk awG‹&pOf? ==(OPCD)onf EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;rsm;udk jyefvnfynmay;jcif;ESifh uGefjrLepf0g'wpf ,loef ,kH-unfcsufpmtkyfrsm;ESifhtwl pdwf"gwfa&mudk,fcE<myg ESdyfpuf&onfhvkyfief;jzpf &m (t-uD;tuJwpfa,mufjzpfol) ,l*sifwmumElu bmoma&;0efxrf;wdk‹ukd twif;t-uyf ,kH-unfcsuf±+wfcsaponfh tvGefqdk;,kwfaomenf;udk wDxGif.? bmoma&;orm;tusOf; om;rsm;udk ao;a&ESifhrpifa&maESmxm;aoma&ykH;wGif rdrdwdk‹.acgif;udk t-udrf-udrftcgcg 45 ESpfaepOf tapmifhu ESpfjcif;r*FvmESifhqdkifonfh "rRaw;oDcsif;udk qdkay;onf?

Oa&myta±SŒydkif;EdkifiHwdkif;onf pdwful;aygufovdkt&l;xonfh a-umufrufzG,f aomuGefjrLepf0g'. vufatmufcHtjzpfoGwfoGif;jcif;cH&I/ bmoma&;udkvnf; jyif; jyif; xefxefrkef;wD;atmif zefwD;ay;avonf? 'g0if0g'D=&kyf0g'DtawG;tac:onf vl om;rsm;udk wd&pm>efwpfrsdK;tjzpfowfrSwfxm;onfhenf;wl/ ,if;“wd&pm>ef”wdk‹tm; ,Ofyg;ap&ef tpOfwpdkuf-urf;wrf;cufxefaomESdyfpufr+ESifh a-umuf&GHŒr+vdktyfonf[k ,kH-unfxm;onf? xdk‹a-umifh/ uGefjrLepftusOf;axmifrsm;wGif a-umufrufzG,fpdk;rdk;r+ udk ,laqmifvm-ujcif;jzpfayonf? xdk‹a-umifh/ 'g0if0g'onf tEW&m,fr&Sd[kqdkol/ odk‹r[kwf 'g0ifoDtdk&DrSyGm;vm aomoDtdk&Drsm;onfvnf; tEW&m,fr&Sd[k xifjrif-uolwdk‹onf/ Tpmtkyfudk aoao csmcsmzwf±+&ef vdktyfygonf? 'g0if0g'D=uGefjrLepftawG;tac:wdk‹. aemufqkH;&nf &G,fcsufonf/ vlwdk‹udk tcsif;csif;&efwdkufay;jcif;/ udk,fusifhw&m;ESifhjrifhjrwfaom pdwfxm;rsm;udk ypfy,fI “wd&pm>eftkyf”wpftkyfuJhodk‹jzpfoGm;apjcif;jzifh/ vG,fulpGm xdef;ausmif;,Ofyg;apum vG,fulpGmtkyfcsKyfEdkif&ef jzpfonf? rnfonfhtawG;tac: 73

tjzpf &kyfzsufxm;apumrl/ olwdk‹.&nf&G,fcsufonfum; ajymif;vJjcif;r&Sdonfudk ordkif;u oufaocHcJhavjyD?

-uL;bm;EdkifiHrStarSmifacwf Darkness in Cuba

ppfat;umvtwGif;/ qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpku zD'Jvfumpf-wdK. -uL;bm;EdkifiH uGefjrLepftpdk;&udk axmufyHhcJh.? umpf-wdK. ajymufusm;v+yf&Sm;r+udk tm*sifwDem ajymufusm;wyfacgif;aqmif tmeufpfwdk “csD”*GDAm&m. ulnDr+jzifh 1959=ckESpfwGif tm%modrf;cJh.? umpf-wdKonf ol.tpdk;&udk qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpk.EdkifiHa&;ppfa&; ESpfrsdK;pvkH;ulnDaxmufyHhr+jzifh umuG,fxm;EdkifcJhonf? qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpk tpdwf pdwftr$mr$m uGJoGm;onfhtcsdefwGifyif umpf-wdKu qufvuftouf&SifEdkfifao;onf?

-uL;bm;EdkifiHESifh a,bk,stm;jzifh vufwiftar&duwdkufrS uGefjrLepfv+yf&Sm;r+ rsm;udk -unfEl;zG,f&mtjzpftysufrsm;tjzpf jrifavh&Sd-uonf? txl;ojzifh csD*GDAm;&m; .ajymufusm;wyfv+yf&Sm;r+rsm;udk “ol&Jaumif;wpfOD;.Zmwfvrf;”tjzpf wifjyavh&Sd -uonf? vli,ftajrmuftjrm;u csD.uGefjrLepf0g'twGuf -udK;yrf;r+ydkpwmrsm;udk 74

csdwfqGJxm;I vufwiftar&duuGefjrLepfoDcsif;rsm;udk 0dkif;qdk-uonf? tay:,Htm; jzifh -uL;bm;awmfvSefa&;onf jynfolvlxktm; -uL;bm;tm%m&Sif bmwpfpwm. zd ESdyfcsKyfcs,f&ufpufr+rsm;rS u,fwifonfh “vGwfajrmufa&;wdkufyGJ”tjzpf jrif-uonf? odk‹aomfvnf;/ pifppftm;jzifh ‚if;twdkif;tm;vkH;rSefonf[k rqdkEdkifay? uGefjrL epf0g'. pmtkyfrJwGif -uL;bm;uGefjrLepfEdkifiH. tvkyfpcef;ESifhtusOf;pcef;rsm;t a-umif; az:jyxm;ayonf? tvkyfcGiftajctaerSm -urf;wrf;cufcJr+ tpGef;a&mufayonf? tusOf;om;rsm;onf udk,f vkH;wD;vkeD;eD; twGif;cHabmif;bDomomavmufom 0wfqif-u&onf? “vl±+yfvlrdkufrsm;” udk '%fcwfonfhtaejzifh jrufrsm;udkoGm;ESifhudkufjzwfcdkif;onf? odk‹r[kwf qD;oGm;aom wGif;rsm;wGif wpf-udrfv#if em&Daygif;rsm;pGm xdkifcdkif;xm;onf? tusOf;axmifwGif; &ufpuf-urf;-uKwfr+onf omrmef&mZ0wfr+tusOf;om;rsm;ESifh EdkifiHa&; tusOf;om;rsm;tm;vkH; wpfrsdK;wpfpm;wnf; cHpm;-u&onf? &ufpuf-urf;-uKwfr+rSm Departmento Tecnico Investigaciones (DTI-'DwDtdkif) ppfaq;a&;enf;ynmXmerSppf aq;ar;jref;csdefrS pwifonf? 'DwDtdkifwdk‹onf/ tusOf;om;rsm;udk oD;oef‹wpfa,mufxnf; avSmifI ppfaq;avh&Sdonf? rdef;rwpfOD;rSm ydk;r$m;rsm;udk a-umufwwf&m/ ydk;[yfrsm; jynfh -uyfaeaomtcef;wGif wpfa,mufxnf; avSmifxm;.? 'DwDtdkifwdk‹onf um,uHajrmuf vnf; ESdyfpuf-uonf? tusOf;om;rsm;udk cJtav;rsm;tjynfhxnfhxm;aombGwfbdeyfudk pD;apI avSum;wufcdkif;onf? avSum;xdyfa&mufonfESifh avSum;atmufxpfqkH;a&muf atmif uefcsvdkuf-ujyefonf? pdwfydkif;qdkif&mESdyfpufr+udkvnf;/ aq;vkyfom;wpfpkjzifh aqmif&Guf-u.? tusOf;om;udk tdyfridkufatmif qdk'D,rfyifwmaomvfaq;wdkufxm;-u onf? rwfZdk&maq;&kHwGif aq;ydkif;qdkif&m-uD;-uyfr+rygbJ/ '%fcwfonfhtaejzifh tpOfo jzifh v#yfppf"gwfjzifhusifatmif wdk‹avh&Sdonf? tapmifhrsm;u acG;qdk;rsm;udkvnf;tokH;jyK-u onf? ao'%fay;jcif;twkvnf; vkyf-uonf? pnf;urf;csdK;azgufolrsm;udk qkH;ronfht usOf;cef;rsm;wGif a&ESifhv#yfppf"gwftm;ray;xm;acs? tcsdKŒtusOf;om;rsm;udk vkH;0tvkH ydwfxm;jcif;vnf; vkyf-uonf?== ==aqGrsdK;rsm;vma&mufvnfywfjcif;onfvnf;/ tusOf;om;rsm;udk oduQmcs&ef tcGifht vrf;wpfrsdK; jzpfoGm;onf? vmumbmemtusOf;pcef;rStusOf;om;rsm;udk olwdk‹.tdrf axmifaqGrsdK;rsm;a&SŒwGif udk,fvkH;wD;t0wfrygAvmusif;I awG‹qkHaponf? rdef;rtusOf; orrsm;udk olwdk‹.vifa,mufsm;a&SŒwGif rzG,fr&m udkifwG,f&SmazGjy-uonf? -uL;bm;tusOf;axmifrsm;wGif trsdK;orD;tusOf;orrsm;twGuf tapmifhwdk‹. n‡if;yef; jcif;jzifh umrqENom,mr+,ljcif;ESifh -uKH&ayonf? 1959=ckESpfrSpI trsdK;orD;aygif; 1100 xufrenf; EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;tjzpf axmifus-uonf? 1963=ckESpfwGif olwdk‹udk *Ggema*stusOf;axmifY csxm;-uonf? olwdk‹udk &dkufESufjcif;ESifh ESdyfpufuvljyKjcif;trsdK; rsdK;vkyfonfudk rsufjrifoufaorsm;u xGufqdk-uonf? Oyrm/ a&rcsdK;rD tusOf;orwdk‹ 46 udk tapmifhrsm;a&SŒY wpfudk,fvkH;c|wfjycdkif;I &dkufESuf-uonf?

1959=ckESpf awmfvSefa&;aemufydkif;wGif/ vlaygif; wpfaomif;ausmfudk ao'%f ay; owfjzwfcJhonf? OD;a&aygif;okH;aomif;xufrenf;aomvlrsm;udk txufaz:jyygt ajctaersdK;jzifh tusOf;csxm;cJh-uonf? tjcm;uGefjrLepftpdk;& pdk;rdk;tkyfcsKyfaomEdkifiH rsm;rSmuJhodk‹yif em-unf;zG,f ESdyfpufjcif;ESifh a-umuf&GHŒxdwfvef‹zG,frsm;udk zefwD;-u .? wpfcsdefwnf;wGifqdkAD,ufwdk‹xHrSvufcH&&Sdaom -uD;rm;onfhaiGa-u;tultnD axmufyHhr+tvkH;t&if;-um;wGif -uL;bm;vlxkonfvnf; wajz;ajz;qif;&JEGrf;yg;vm -uonf?

75

tzf*geDpwefwGif qdkAD,ufwdk‹.owfjzwfr+ Soviet Massacres in Afghanistan

rm;ufP0g'D=vDeif0g'Dbdkv&SDApfwdk‹. tawG;tac:ESifh ‚if;.&dkif;pdkif;&ufpufr+ rSwfwrf;udk tjynfhtpkH ppfaq;Edkif&eftwGuf/ qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpku 0ifa&mufodrf; ydkufaom EdkifiHrsm;udkvnf; -unfh&ayrnf? tzf*geDpwefonf t&ufpuf-urf;-uKwfqkH; cHpm;&aom EdkifiHwpfEdkifiHjzpfonf?

1979=ckESpfwGif/ wyfeD-uD;onf tzf*geDpwefEdkifiHudk 0ifa&mufodrf;ydkufI/ rdef;ruav;ra&G;udk rsdK;jzKwfowfjzwfjcif; jyK-u.? txufygykHonf 1984=ckESpfwGif armhpudkjrdKŒwGifusif;yaom/ olwdk‹tqdk atmifyGJ ppfa&;jyjcif;jzpfonf?

1978=ckESpfwGif/ uGefjrLepfppfAdkvfcsKyfrsm;ESifh t&yfom;uGefjrLepftcsdKŒwdk‹yl; aygif;I tzf*geDpwefY tm%modrf;vdkuf-ujyD;/ uGefjrLepftpdk;&u qufvufI tkyf csKyfoGm;rnfjzpfa-umif; a-ujimvdkufavonf? bmoma&;udk qef‹usifonfhppfudkvnf; t-urf;wrf;qkH; cif;-uonf? Tay:vDpDESifhywfoufI uGefjrLepfpepf. pmtkyfrJ wGif atmuf ygtwdkif; az:jyxm;ayonf? r-umrDtwGif;/ tpdk;&u bmoma&;qef‹usifonfhu&l;qdwfppfyGJudk cif;-uavonf? trsm; vlxka&SŒwGif uk&ftmefudk rD;±d+Œ-uonf? tDrmrfESifhbmoma&;acgif;aqmifwdk‹udk zrf;qD;I uGyfrsuf-uonf? 1979=ckESpf ZEM0g&Dv 6&ufae‹ nOfhtcsdefwGif rdk*s'f'D'DrsdK;EG,frS &SDtmacgif;aqmifaygif; 130=a,mufudk owfjzwfvdkufonf? bmoma&;0wfjyKjcif; tm; 47 vkH;udk wm;jrpfvdkuf.?==

tzf*gefuGefjrLepfwdk‹.vpmudk qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpkrS ay;I/ olwdk‹.vlrsdK;rsm; udk armhpudkrS “t-uHay;t&m&Sd”wdk‹.n$ef-um;csuftwdkif; tkyfpkvdkufowfjzwfjcif; jyK -uonf? olwdk‹tm%m&&SdjyD;aemufr-umrDtwGif; t-uD;tus,fxdwfvef‹r+ oufa&muf aponf? tzf*geDpwefqdkif&m u|rf;usifolyg&*l rdkufu,f bm&Du xdkodk‹aomtjzpf tysufwpfckudk xkwfaz:xm;ayonf? 76

1979=ckESpf rwfvwGif=au&mvm&GmrS vltm;vkH;wpfa,mufrusef uav;vl-uD;pkpkaygif; 1700=wdk‹udk/ jrdKŒv,facgif,ifjyifwGifpk&kH;xm;I pufaoewfjzifh teD;uyfypfowfvdkuf-u onf? aojyD;olrsm;ESifh aovkeD;olrsm;tm;vkH;udk usif;okH;usif;wGif pkjyKHypfcsI bdk'dkZmESifh ajrzdk‹vdkuf-u.? usif;teD;wGif -unfhaeonfh rdef;rtcsdKŒu/ twGif;rS raoao;olwdk‹ xGufvmEdkifatmif -udK;pm;aejcif;a-umifh zdk‹xm;aomajr-uD;onf twef-umonftxd v+yf &Sm;aeonfudk awG‹cJh-uonf? odk‹aomfvnf; r-umrDtwGif; jidrfoufoGm;onf? rdef;rawG 48 tm;vkH;vnf; ygupPwefodk‹ xGufajy;oGm;-u.?

wpfcsdefwnf;wGif/ umblvfjrdKŒawmf-uD;Yvnf; a-umufrufzG,f xdwfvef‹ ajcmufjcm;aeavjyD? jrdKŒawmf-uD;.ta&SŒzufjrdKŒjyif&Sd ydkvf=at=us&fuDaxmif-uD;onf vnf; pkaygif;tusOf;pcef;jzpfoGm;avawmhonf? TtusOf;axmifwGif jzpfysufykHrsm; udk uGefjrLepfpepf. pmtkyfrJ Y atmufygtwdkif; az:jyxm;ayonf? tusOf;axmif.n$ef-um;a&;rSL;jzpfol qm,'ftAf'lvmu tusOf;om;rsm;udk “rif;wdkŒ[m trd+ufykHwpfykHjzpfoGm;zdk‹ 'Dae&mudka&mufvm-uwmjzpfw,f?”[k &Sif;jy.? EdSyfpufjcif;onf vkyf&dk;vkyfpOftvkyfwpfckomjzpfonf? tqdk;qkH;rSm tusOf;om;rsm;udk t&Sifvwfvwf tdrf omwGif;rsm;wGif jr‡Kyfvdkufjcif;jzpfonf? nwdkif;tusOf;om;&maygif;rsm;pGmudk owfjzwf-u onf? vlaotavmif;ESifh aovkeD;yg;vlrsm;udk pkjyKHI usif;xJodk‹ypfxnfhjyD; bdk'dkZmESifh ajr zdk‹vdkuf-uonf? pwmvif.jypf'%fay;enf;twdkif;/ tcsdKŒaomolwdk‹.vkyf&yfjypfr+a-umifh vlrsdK;pkwpfckvkH;udk '%fcwf-u.? 1979=ckESpf -o*kwfv 15=&ufae‹wGif [mZm&mvlrsdK; pktcsdKŒudk awmfvSefa&;udkaxmufcHonf[k rouFmojzifh vlaygif; 300 udkzrf;qD;vdkuf onf? “vl 150=udk t&Sifvwfvwf bdk'dkZmESifh ajrzdk‹owfvdkuf-u.? usefvlrsm;udkrl "gwfqDavmif;I t&SifvwfvwfrD;±d+Œowfvdkuf-uonf?” 1979=ckESpf pufwifbmvwGif tusOf;axmiftm%mydkifwdk‹u vlOD;a&aygif; 12000=udk owfjzwf&Sif;vif;ypfjyDjzpfa-umif; 0efcH-uonf? ydkvf=at=us&fuDtusOf;axmifn$ef-um;a&;rSL;u em;axmifolwdk‹udk Todk‹ &Sif;jy.? “usKyfwdk‹u tzf*efvlOD;a& 1=oef;udkbJ touf&Sifvsufxm;r,f? qdk 49 &S,fvpfpepfudk wnfaxmifzdk‹ usKyfwdk‹tJoavmufbJvdkw,f?”

Tvkyf&yfrsm;tm;vkH;udk armhpudkrS n$ef-um;jcif;jzpfonf? trSefrSm/ tzf*gefeDp wefEdkifiH. jynfwGif;±+yfaxG;r+tm;vkH;udk qdkAD,ufwdk‹u -udKwifpDrHudef;csjyD;jzpfonf? tzf*gefuGefjrLepfwdk‹udk tm%modrf;&efOD;pGmqGay;I/ ‚if;udkta-umif;jyK,r,f&SmjyD; olwdk‹tqdkt& “'Drdkua&pD”tpdk;&udk taxmuftulay;onf[k ta-umif;jyum tzf *gefeDpwefEdkifiHudk usL;ausmfwdkufcdkufodrf;,lcJhavonf? EdkifiHa&;ordkif;yg&*ltrsm;pkwdk‹ u armhpudk. ,if;pDrHudef;aemufuG,f&Sdta-umif;&if;rSm tpPvmrfomoemudk uGefjrL epf0g'twGuf tEW&m,f&Sdonf[k ,lqxm;jcif;jzpfonf[k vufcH-uonf? 1979=ckESpf 'DZifbmv 27&ufae‹wGif qdkAD,ufwyfeD-uD;onf tzf*gefuGefjrL epftpdk;&u rGwfpvifrf“twdkuftcH”rsm;udkwdkufcdkuf&mY ulnDaxmufyHh&ef[kt a-umif;jyI/ tzf*gefpwefEdkifiHudk 0ifa&mufodrf;ydkufcJhonf? Todk‹jzifh tzf*gefvlrsdK; rsm;tay:Y ydkrdk-uD;av;aom&ufpuf-urf;-uKwfr+ usa&mufavawmhonf? wyfeD-uD; onf tzf*gefEdkifiHwGif q,fESpftajcpdkufcJh.? xdkumvtwGif;/ twdkuftcHtkyfpkrsm; u wefjyefawmfvSefjcif;udk oem;-uifemjcif;uif;rJhaom &ufpuf-urf;-uKwfqkH;enf; rsm;jzifh zsufqD;-uavonf? tzf*gefeDtwdkuftcHtzGJ‹0ifwpfOD;u T&ufpufenf;rsm; udk az:jycJh.? qdkAD,ufwdk‹onf tdrfwdkif;udk 0ifa&mufwdkufcdkufI/ vk,ufjcif;ESifh trsdK;orD;wdk‹udk rk'def; usifhjcif;rsm; jyK-uonf? olwdk‹.&dkif;pdkif;r+onf ADZxufydkrdkvGefuJ.? -udKwifpDrHudef;csI vkyfaqmifonf[k ,kH-unfEdkifayonf? xdkodk‹jyKusifhjcif;jzifh u|Efkyfwdk‹. vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;.t 50 ajccHrludk zsufqD;ypfjcif;jzpfonfudk aumif;pGm odxm;-uonf?

77

tzf*gefrGwfpvifrfrsm;tay:wGif qdkAD,ufwyfeDu tajccHtusqkH;aomenf;udk tokH;jyKayonf? rdkif;AkH;rsm;udk uav;upm;p&mtoGif jyKvkyfxm;ojzifh uav;i,f wdk‹ aumuf,lupm;&if; aoa-uysufpD;-uatmif vkyf-uonf? twdkuftcHtkyfpkwdk‹udk zrf; qD;I &ufpufqkH;enf;rsm;jzifh n‡if;yef;ESdyfpuf-uonf? t&yfom;rsm;udk AkH;-uJ&efvnf; 0efrav;-uacs? q,fESpf-umaom qdkAD,ufwyfpGJjcif;u odef;aygif;rsm;pGmaom touf aoa-uysufpD;onfhtjyif odef;aygif;rsm;pGmaom 'kuQdwrsm;udk csefxm;cJh.? xdk‹a-umifh tzf*gefvli,ftrsm;tm;jzifh vufjywfajcjywfawG jzpfukef-uonf? urBmay:wGif tzf *gefEdkifiHonf ajcwkvufwk trsm;qkH;xkwfvkyfonfhEdkifiH jzpfvmayonf? odk‹aomf vnf;/ qdkAD,ufwyf qkwfcGmoGm;onfhtcsdefwGif/ tm%muGufvyf usef&pfcJhI jynf wGif;ppfqufvufjzpfyGm;avonf? twdkcsKH;Iajym&rnfqdkv#if/ 1970=ckESpfwGif qdkAD,ufu pwifzefwD;rD;±d+ŒcJhonfh &kdif;pdkif;&ufpufr+rsm;onf/ tzf*geDpwefEdkifiHudk &mpkESpf=xuf0ufausmf avmifu|rf;em-unf;ap.? txufuqdkcJhonfhtwdkif;/ uGefjrLepf&k&Sm;EdkifiHonf tpPvmrfomoemjyef‹yGm; jcif;udk tEW&m,fwpfcktjzpfjrifI/ ,if;jyef‹yGm;r+udkumuG,fonfhtaejzifh &ufpuf-urf; -uKwfjcif;udk oufa&mufapcJh.? tzf*gefeDvlrsdK;wdk‹udk qGvmwf0wfjyKjcif;Y wm;jrpfcJh -uonf? uk&ftmefusrf;awmfjrwftkyfa&aygif;rsm;pGmudk rD±d+ŒypfI tpPvmrfomoemhwm 0efudkaqmif&GufusifhokH;olwdk‹udk owfjzwfypf-uonf? odk‹aomfvnf;/ usL;ausmfolwdk‹u ta&;-uD;onfhtcsufwpfcsufudk xnfhwGufjcif;rjyKcJh-uacs? ,kH-unfr+r&Sdolwdk‹onf ouf0if,kH-unfolrktfrifefwdk‹ESifh tv†m[ft&Sifjrwft-um;&Sd cdkifjrJaomqufpyfr+udk o abmraygufEdkif-uay? usrf;awmfjrwfpmtkyfrsm;udk zsufqD;ypfjcif;jzifh ,kH-unfr+aysmuf uG,foGm;vdrfhrnf[k xif-uonf? odk‹aomfvnf; ,kH-unfr+onf tonf;ESvkH;wGif&Sd.? tDrmef,kH-unfr+ cdkifjrJolwdk‹onf/ olwdk‹cHpm;ae-u&aom 'kuQokctm;vkH;wdk‹onf tv†m [ft&SifjrwfxHawmfrSvmaom prf;oyfr+jzpfonfudk od-u.? xdk‹a-umifh olwdk‹onf/ xdk 'kuQrsm;udk onf;cH-u.? uk&ftmefusrf;awmfjrwf pl&mtvfbuU&m 2;155=157wGif/ xdk‹jyifw0 rc|wf{uef igt&Sifjrwfonf toifwdk‹udk wpfpkHwpfckaom a-umuf &GHŒpdk;&drfapjcif;jzifhaomfvnf;aumif;/ iwfrGwfapjcif;tm;jzifhaomfvnf;aumif;/ OpPm ypPnf;rsm; qkH;yg;apjcif;jzifhaomfvnf;aumif;/ toufaoa-uysufpD;apjcif;jzifhaomf vnf;aumif;/ aumufyJoD;ESHysufjym;apjcif;jzifhaomfvnf;aumif;/ om;orD;rsm;aoqkH; apjcif;jzifhaomfvnf;aumif;/ prf;oyfawmfrlvwHWŒ? odk‹&mwGif cEWDw&m;jzifh onf;cHolt aygif;tm; 0rf;ajrmufzG,f&m aumif;jcif;r*Fvmowif;udk toifonf ajym-um;ygav? xdkolwdk‹onf rdrdwdk‹tay:Y ab;Oy'ftEW&m,fwpkHw&mqdkufa&mufvmaomtcg {ueftrSef tu|Ekfyfwdk‹onf tv†m[f t&Sifjrwf. tbdk‹t&momjzpfI rkcs{uef xdkt &Sifjrwf. txHawmfodk‹om jyefvnf oGm;-u&rnfholrsm; jzpf-uygonf[k qdkavh&Sd-u ukef.? Tolwdk‹tay:Yomv#if ,if;olwdk‹tm; arG;jrLawmfrlxaomtv†m[ft&Sifjrwf txHawmfrS aumif;csD;r*Fvmrsm;ESifh arwWm*&k%mawmf oufa&mufayrnf? ‚if;jyifxdk olwdk‹omv#if ajzmifhrwfrSefuefaomw&m;udk&&Sdolrsm; jzpf-uukefownf;? Tuk&ftmeftm,wfawmfrsm;wGif rdef‹qdkxm;onfhtwdkif;/ rktfrifefwdk‹onf T urBmavmuwGif trsdK;rsdK;prf;oyfcH-u&.? odk‹aomfvnf; rnfonfhtcuftcJwGifrqdk olwdk‹onf tv†m[ft&SifxHawmfodk‹rsufESmvSnfhI tultnDawmif;-uayonf? xdk‹ a-umifh rnfonfhrGwfpvifrfurS olawG‹-uHK&onfhtcuftcJrsm;twGuf pdwfysufvuf 78

av#mhjcif;/ ar#mfvifhcsufukefcrf;jcif;r&Sdacs? olonf tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfu uk&ftmef usrf;awmfjrwfwGif uwday;xm;onfhtwdkif; aemifwrvGefb0wGif 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;om jcif;taygif; ty,fv#Hvdrfhrnfudk odxm;ojzifh 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;omvsufom&Sdayonf?

uGefjrLepf&dkif;pdkif;&ufpufr+.aemufuG,frS tawG;tac:= vlom;rsm;udk wd&pm>eftjzpf owfrSwfjcif; The Philosophy behind Communist Savagery: The Bestialization of Humam Beings

&kyf0g'tawG;tac:&Sifrsm;jzpf-uaom rm;ufPESifhtif*sJvfwdk‹ wifjyaom 20=&mpk ESpfrS uGefjrLepfvdrfvnfr+onf/ aoG;qmavmifjcif;wGif 0tDjcif;r&SdEdkifonfh vlowf puf,EW&m;-uD; jzpfayonf? uGefjrLepfpepfonf -uD;us,faom &mZ0wfr+rsm;udk -uL; vGefxm;.? vlom;wdk‹tm; vlr+a&;zdESdyfr+/ a-umuf&GŒHxdwfvef‹jcif;/ jynfESif'%fay; jcif;/ ESdyfpufjcif;/ tvkyftusOf;pcef;rsm;/ iwfrGwfacgif;yg;r+ESifh owfjzwfr+rsm;udkom ay;aqmif.? odk‹aomfvnf;/ T,kwfrm&dkif;pdkif;r+'%fudk aemiftem*wfwGif aemufxyf rcHpm;-u&atmif/ ‚if;.t&if;tjrpfta-umif;tcsufudk a0zefokH;oyf&ygrnf? vDeif ESifh pwmvifuJhodk‹aom tm%m&Sifwdk‹. &ufpufrdkufrJr+ESifh yk*~vdujyif;jyaomqENrsm; omjzpfoavm´ odk‹r[kwf 'g0if0g'wGiftajccHonfh uGefjrLepftawG;tac:udk vuf awG‹tokH;csusifhokH;jcif; jzpfoavm´ 'kwd,tcsufonfomv#if tajzrSefjzpfonfudk awG‹&ygrnf? ,kwfywf&dkif;pdkif; r+&Sdonfum; trSefjzpf.? vlom;onf/ wd&pm>eftrsdK;pm;wpfrsdK;omjzpfonf[laom uGefjrLepftawG;tac:.&vm'fonf Todk‹omjzpfrnfrSm obm0yifjzpf.? rm;ufPu vnf; uGefjrLepf0g'onf 'g0if.tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&DwGif tajccHonf[k rarmryef; t xyfxyftcgcg n$efjyxm;onf? 'g0if.tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Donf/ vlom;onf zGH‹jzdK;jyD; jzpfaom wd&pm>efjzpfI/ vlom;tcsif;csif; jydKifqdkifjcif;/ yËdyuQjzpfjcif;/ zdESdyfcsKyfcs,f jcif;/ &dkif;pdkif;-urf;wrf;jcif;/ tiftm;udktokH;jyKI t-urf;zufjcif; ponfwdk‹onf o bm0t*Fg&yfomjzpfojzifh w&m;0ifonf[k wifjyxm;.? tu,fI TtawG;tac:udk vufcH,kH-unfolwpfOD;wpfa,mufonf vkHavmufaomtm%mESifh vkyfEdkifcGifh jynfhpkHyg u/ olawG;Edkifor#aom &ufpuf-urf;-uKwfr+rsm;udk usifh-uHvkyfaqmifvdrfhrnfom jzpf onf? TtcsufESifhywfoufI uGefjrLepf0g'. pmtkyfrJ wGif Todk‹qdkxm;.? vlwdk‹udk owfjzwfjcif;udpPESifhywfoufI tawmftwefavhvm&ef vdktyfayonf? vlom; tcsif;csif; owfjzwfvdkpdwf&Sdolrsm;onf Ed+if;,SOfcsuft& tifrwefenf;yg;ayonf? xdk‹ a-umifh TudpPtwGuf enf;vrf;wpfckckudk &Sm&efvdktyfayonf? txda&mufqkH;enf; vrf;rSm paw;cH&ol. vlom;tqifhudkjiif;y,fI vlr[kwfaomom;aumiftjzpfodk‹a&muf atmif vkyfjcif;jzpfonf? atvdef; ba&mhqwfu “t&dkif;tpdkif;wdk‹.ylaZmfyor+wGif a&G; cs,fjcif;"avhESifh vlrsdK;&Sif;vif;a&;,EW&m;wdk‹onf/ tjcm;ol/ &efoltppftrSef odk‹r[kwf pdwful;&efolwpfOD;OD;udk wd&pm>eftjzpfrsdK;a&mufatmif zdpD;ESdyfpufr+ESifh rsm;pGmqufpyf vsuf&Sdayonf?”[k rSwfcsufcsxm;.? Oa&mywdkufom;rsm;. &SDAm&DESifhumeDAmvfyGJawmf rsm;onf tjcm;oludk wd&pm>eftqifhtxdowfrSwfaponfh a&S;&dk;xkH;"avhjzpfI/ 18=&mpk ESpfwGif EdkifiHa&;&kyfajymifrsm;tjzpf jyefvnfay:aygufvmcJhonf? TylaZmfyGJ tcef;tem; wGif zkH;uG,fxm;aomyËdyuQtm;vkH;udktpm;xdk;xkwfaz:-uonf? 1930=ckESpf armhpudkjrdKŒ wGif tpm;xdk;az:xkwfjcif;rsdK;r[kwfawmhay? wd&pm>eftjzpfowfrSwfol &efoljydKifbufrsm; udk om;aumiftjzpf OD;acgif;wGif aoewfjzifhrypfowfrD vdkufvHzrf;qD;-uonf? pwmvif u Ta&S;&dk;"avhudk pepfwusrGef;rHI tus,fw0ifh tokH;jyKvdkufav&m/ aemifwGif uarBm

79

'D,m;EdkifiH/ w&kwfEdkifiHESifh tjcm;a'otajrmuftjrm;wGif tarGqufcH-uavonf? trSef rSm pwmvifu Tenf;vrf;rsm;udk wDxGifcJhol r[kwfay? vDeifudkom tjypfwifxdkufyg onf? oltm%m&jyD;aemuf/ ol.&efolrsm;udk “tEW&m,fydk;aumifrsm;”/ “avS;aumifrsm;/” 51 “uif;jrD;aumufrsm;/”“aoG;pkwfaumifrsm;”ponfjzifh ac:a0:orkwfavh&Sd.?

rm;ufP/ tif*sJvfESifh vDeifwdk‹u uGefjrLepf&dkif;pdkif;&ufpufr+onf 'g0if. vlom; udk wd&pm>eftjzpfowfrSwfaom tjrifudk vufawG‹tokH;csjcif;omjzpfonf[k t-udrft cgrsm;pGm tav;teufxm;I ajymcJhavjyD?

80

uGefjrLepfordkif;u|rf;usifol jyifopfEdkifiH/ trsKd;om;odyH`okawoepifwmrS ok awoen$ef-um;a&;rSL; pwD zdef; aumfwG,f.tqdkt&/

wyfeD-uD;.tusOf;om;rsm;udk wd&pm>efrsm;udkuJhodk‹ oHavSmiftdrfwGif xnfhxm;-uonf? uGefjrLepf0g'wGif/ vlr+a&;§EdkifiHa&;qdkif&m vlrsdK;oef‹pifa&;tpDtpOf&Sdonf? vlr+a&;'g0if 0g'wpfrsdK;jzpfonf? 'dkrDepf udkvwfpfu “vlr+a&;rsdK;pkqdkif&m tDAdkvl;&Sif;ynm. t&Sif ocifjzpfol vDeifonf/ rnfol‹udk ordkif;.tr+dufykef;xJodk‹xnfhI ±+wfcsjcif;jzifh azsmuf zsufypf&rnf[laom tcsufudk vDeifuqkH;jzwf.?”[k qdk.? (EdkifiHa&;ESifh ordkif;a&;&mt awG;tac:tjyif rm;ufP=vDeif 0g'wdk‹wGiftajccHI) blZGmwdk‹onf vlom;avmu. tqifh wpfqifhudk ausmfv$m;cJh-ujyDjzpfojzifh/ twef;pm;wpfcktjzpfaomfvnf;aumif;/ xdktwef; tpm;wGif trSefwu,fyg0ifolESifh yg0ifonf[k xif&ol wpfOD;csif;udkaomfvnf;aumif;/ azsmufzsufypfjcif;udk odyH`enf;usaomtajccHjcif;jzpfonf[k qkH;jzwfcsufcsjcif;onf qkH; 52 jzwfcsufcscsdefrSpI w&m;0ifonf [k&Sif;jy.?

ol.a0zefcsufaemufqkH;ydkif;wGif/ rm;ufP=vDeif0g'. tajctjrpfudk rm;ufP.a&;om;csufrsm;wGif vkH;0&SmawG‹Edkifrnfr[kwf? odk‹aomfvnf; 'g0if0g'rS udkif;EG,fvmaomykHpHudk vlr+a&;udpPrsm;twGuftokH;jyKI trSm; rsm;ay:aygufvmovdk/ vlrsdK;a&;udpPrsm;wGif xyfrHtokH;csonfhtcg/ xdkuJhodk‹aom ysufpD; 53 jcif; ay:aygufvmayonf?

pifppftm;jzifh qufpyfr+&Sdayonf? uGefjrLepf0g'onf 'g0if0g'wGiftaotcsm tajccHayonf? 'g0if0g'rS udkif;EG,fvmaomykHpHr[kwfyg? 'g0if0g'wGif tajccHonf [k twdtusajymEdkifygonf? vlom;rsm;onf wd&pm>efrsdK;pkwpfckjzpfonf/ obm0t avsmufESifhrvGJra&SmifomaomyËdyuQjzpfjcif;a-umifh ordkif;zGH‹jzdK;wdk;wufvmjcif;jzpf onf/ rnfol‹tay:wGifrS wm0efr&Sd/ [laomtawG;tac:wdk‹onf csm;vfpf 'g0if. tawG;tac:rsm;jzpfonf? 'g0ifu oDtdk&Dtjzpf wifjycJh.? uGefjrLepfwdk‹u vufawG‹ 81

usifhokH;onf? 20=&mpkESpftwGif; uGefjrLepfwdk‹jyKusifhcJhaomaoG;xGufoH,dkr+tm;vkH; onf/ “odyH`ynm”udkta&jcHKxm;onfh t"dy`g,fuif;rJhaomtEkyËdavmr('dkiftmvuf wpf) &kyf0g'udk az:xkwfjyjcif;jzpfI/ trSefpifppfrSm tokH;cs'g0if0g'omv#if jzpfonf?

82

83

jiD;aiG‹zG,f uGefjrLepfavmu The Dull World of Communism

jrLepftawG;tac:onf ododomom-uD; a&S;&dk;qefI rmausmwif;usyf um ta&miftqif;uif;rJhaomvl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;udk az:xkwfayonf? Tt csufudk oabmayguf&ef uGefjrLepfwdk‹ olwdk‹. jynfolrsm;tay:xm;&Sd aom oabmxm;udk jyefvnfokH;oyf&kHjzifh vkHavmufayonf? txufu qdkcJhonfhtwdkif;/ uGefjrLepf0g' tajccHaom &kyf0g'onf/ vlom;udk j'yfypPnf;rsm;pk aygif;yg0ifaeaom ouf&SdypPnf;wpfrsdK;tjzpfom jrifonf? vlom;wGif 0dnmOf&Sdjcif;udk jiif;y,fxm;.? &kyf0g'.tqdkt& vlom;wdk‹. todOm%fESifhtodw&m;onf “j'yf 0wˆKypPnf;a&GŒvsm;r+”rSjzpfay:vmjcif;omjzpfonf? xdk‹a-umifh &kyf0g'Dwdk‹twGuf vlom; wdk‹onf wdk;wufqkH;aom puf,EW&m;rsm;om jzpfayonf? vlwdk‹.pOf;pm;Om%fESifh cHpm;csufrsm;tm;vkH;onf/ xdkpuf,EW&m;twGif;&Sd "gwfypPnf;rsm;tcsif;csif; "gwfjyK jcif;rS jzpfay:vmjcif;jzpfonf[kqdk.? wpfenf;tm;jzifh/ u|Ekfyfwdk‹.udk,fcE<mtwGif;Y wnfaqmufyg0ifaeaom qJvf ESifhtwrft%kjrLwdk‹onf todw&m;/ pOf;pm;qifjcifEdkifpGrf;/ awG‹jrif-um;emEdkifpGrf;/ vS yjcif;udk ESpfoufwwfjcif;/ qdk;&Gm;r+ESifh-uHKawG‹aomtcg 0rf;enf;wwfjcif; &Sd-uonf [k &kyf0g'Dwdk‹u ,kH-unf-u.? Tyk*~Kdvfwdk‹udk t%kjrLtwrfwpfvkH;onf pOf;pm;qif jcifEdkifpGrf;&Sdygovm;[k ar;v#if/ r&Sd[kajz-uvdrfhrnf? odk‹aomfvnf; t%kjrLtwrf tcsdKŒ vma&mufpkaygif;I OD;aESmufjzpfvmonfhtcg pOf;pm;qifjcifEdkifpGrf;&Sdvmonf[k ,lq-uonf? xdk‹xufru/ rm;ufP0g'tawG;tac:wGif vlom;wdk‹.,Ofaus;r+ESifh todw&m; tm;vkH;wdk‹onf &kyf0wˆKypPnf;wGifom tajccHonf[k qdkonf? uGefjrLepf0g'tawG;t ac:t&/ u|Ekfyfwdk‹.ywfvnf&Sd&kyfavmutjyif vGwfvyfaomtodw&m;r&Sdacs? vlom; wdk‹. todw&m;onf &kyfavmutwGif;Yom tjynfhtpkHjzpfay:cHpm;vmjcif; jzpfonf [k ,kH-unf-u.? rm;ufPu/ “vlom;wdk‹.todw&m;u vl‹om;wdk‹wnf&Sdaejcif;udk owfrSwf ay;jcif;r[kwf/ olwdk‹. vlr+a&;tqifhwnf&Sdjcif;u olwdk‹.todw&m;udk owfrSwfay;onf?54[k qdk.? ausmf-um;aom rm;ufP0g'tawG;tac:&SifwpfOD;jzpfol vG'f0duf jzLtmbuf u/ t"dy`g,fuif;rJhaom &kyf0g'avm*spfudk twdkcsKH;xm;. = “vlwpfOD;onf olpm;aomtpmjzpf.”[lowwf?

uGef

84

vDeif/ tif*sJvfESifhrm;ufPwdk‹. at;pufaomrsufESmwdk‹onf uGefjrLepftpdk;&wdkif;. ta&;ygaom Xmersm;wGif qif,ifxm;-uonf?

olwdk‹.rSef;qqkyfudkifxm;aom&kyf0g'tpGJtvrf;a-umifh/ rm;ufP0g'Dwdk‹onf vl‹ tzGJ‹tpnf;udk &kyf0wˆKtaetxm;jzifhom -unfh-uayonf? olwdk‹onf &kyf0g'cH,lcsuf jzpfaom“vlwef;pm;”udpPudk trsm;qkH;t"duxm; tm&kHpdkuf-uonf? vlwef;pm;qdkonf rSm vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;&Sd pD;yGm;a&;tqifhtrsdK;rsdK;ESifhoufqdkifonf? rm;ufP0g'Dwdk‹twGuf ‚if; onfomv#if wpfckwnf;aomta&;-uD;qkH; ta&;jzpfonf? Oyrm/ rm;ufP0g'Dwdk‹u tvkyform;tm;vkH;udk “ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;”[kac:aom wpfckwnf;aomvlwef;pm;wGif pkykHxm;vdkufonf? t&if;&Sifwdk‹onf “blZGm”vlwef;pm;wGif yg0if-uonf? tvkyfo rm;tm;vkH;onf roifhjrwfaomtajctaewGifaexdkif-u&aoma-umifh olwdk‹tm;vkH; “ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;”todw&m;om&Sd-u&rnf? xdkenf;wl/ t&if;&Siftm;vkH;wdk‹onf vnf;/ OpPm"ewpfckwnf;udk 0dkif;0ef;ydkifqdkif-uojzifh “blZGm”vlwef;pm;todw&m;om &Sd-urnf? rm;ufP0g'Dwdk‹onf/ tvkyform;wpfa,muf odk‹r[kwf puf&kHydkif&Sifwpfa,muf onf/ vGwfvyfaom-uHtifvuQ%mt*Fg&yf odk‹r[kwfurBmhtjrifrS vkH;0jcm;em;aom t odw&m;&SdEdkifonf [laomtcsufudk vufrcHacs?55 Ttjrif.&vm'frSm/ vlwdk‹udk oD;jcm;&kyf0wˆKtrsdK;tpm;rsm;tjzpfcGJjcm;I csifh wGuf wefzdk;jzwfxm;jcif;om rvGJraoGjzpf.? rm;uPf0g'Dwdk‹u vlwdk‹udk blZGmrsm;/ t ao;pm;blZGmrsm;/ ypPnf;rJhrsm;/ e,fcsJŒorm;rsm;ESifh uGefy&m'dkrsm;= pojzifh cGJjcm;owf rSwfxm;jcif;onf vkH;0&kyf0g'tajccHjcif;jzpfonf? tu,fI puf&kHtvkyform;wpf a,mufonf ol.vufjzifh tvkyfvkyfv#if/ ol.touf&Sifwnf&Sda&;udk olvkyfaom tvkyfjzifh owfrSwfxm;onf? tu,fI &Gmom;wpfa,mufonf v,fawm,mawm wGif &Gmom;wpfa,muf. todw&m;omv#if &Sdvdrfhrnf? TtjrifrsdK;a-umifh/ rm;ufP0g'Dwdk‹u ordkif;jzpfpOfwav#mufvkH;. tqkH;tjzwf ay;aomt&monf “ukefxkwfvkyfr+enf;vrf;”omv#ifjzpfonf[k tcdkiftrmajym-u 85

onf? rm;ufP. tifrwefausmf-um;aom 'g;pfuJyDwvf wGif ordkif;udk ukefxkwfvkyfr+ enf;vrf;jzifh -udK;pm;&Sif;jyxm;ayonf? rm;ufPtaeESifh “ordkif;OD;vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;”onf awmvdkufpkaqmif;aexdkifpm;aomuf-uaom vlwpfpkomv#if jzpfonf? pdkufysdK;a&; ay: aygufvmonfESifh “ajru|ef”ac:vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;wpfrsdK; ay:aygufvmavonf? aemif wGif xkwfukefenf;vrf;ESifhtrsdK;tpm;topftopfajymif;vJvmonfESifhtr# “ya'o &mZfvl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;” qufIjzpfay:vmonf? puf,EW&m;rsm;udk wDxGifvdkufonfESifh pufr+vufr+[kac:aom ukefxkwfvkyfr+topf xyfrHjzpfay:vmonf? ,if;ESifhtwl “t&if;&Sifvl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;”ay:aygufvmavonf? rm;ufP.tqdkt&/ bmoma&;/ EdkifiH ESifhEdkifiHtpdk;&/ Oya'/ tdrfaxmifESifhudk,fusifhw&m;wdk‹onf ukefxkwfvkyfr+ rwlnDuGm jcm;r+rsm;rS ay:aygufvmjcif;jzpfonf? rm;ufP0g'.usOf;ajrmif;aomordkif;tjrif rrSefuefa-umif; cdkifrmonfhtawG‹t -uHKrsm;udkrajym-uawmhbJ tomxm;vdkufygawmhrnf? tawG;tac:&Sif tajrmuftjrm; wdk‹u &Sif;jyxm;-uonfrSmvnf; rsm;jym;vSygjyD? xdk‹a-umifh/ Tae&mwGif xdkodk‹aom rrSefa-umif;tcsufrsm;udk xyfrHoufaoxlaep&mrvdktyfawmhyg? &kyf0g'Dwdk‹wDxGif zefwD;xm;aom a&S;&dk;qefjcif;/ jiD;aiG‹zG,frmausmwif;usyfjcif;/ ta&miftqif;uif;rJh jcif;rsm;jzifhjynfheufaeaomvl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;jzpfa-umif;udkomt"duxm;tm&kHpdkufygrnf? rm;ufP0g',kH-unfcsufESifh rwlnDonfhtcsufrSm/ vlom;wdk‹.0dnmOfonf &kyf 0wˆKypPnf;rS ay:xGufvmjcif;r[kwfay? trSefrSm/ u|Ekfyfwdk‹u j'yf0wˆKypPnf;[kac:onfh t&mudk 0dnmOfu jrifjcif;/ -um;jcif;ESifh xdawG‹cHpm;jcif; jzpfonf? xdk‹a-umifh 0dnmOfu awG‹jrifcHpm;&onfh 0wˆKypPnf;rsm;.oabmw&m;jzifh 0dnmOf(&l[f)udk az:jyI rjzpfEdkif acs? tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfonf0dnmOfudk Om%fynmxufjrufr+/ pdwful;,Ofr+/ cHpm;r+ESifh vdktifqEN&Sdr+ ponfhoGifjyifvuQ%mESifh ,drf;,dkifr+trsdK;rsdK;&Sdatmif zefqif;xm;onf? vlom;onf rnfonfhtajctaewGifbJ&Sdaeonfjzpfap/ xdk,drf;,dkifr+ESifhoGifjyifvuQ %mrsm;onf yaysmufajymif;vJjcif;r&Sdacs? ‚if;wdk‹udk xkwfaz:jyor+omv#if uGmjcm;ay onf? tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfonf yxrOD;qkH;aomvlom;udkzefqif;cJhpOfu ,ae‹&Sdvlom; rsm;wGif&Sdonfht&nftcsif;rsm;ESifhu|rf;usifr+rsm;udkyg wygwnf;jynfhpkHatmif zefqif; cJhavonf? xdk‹a-umifh u|Ekfyfwdk‹.todw&m;tqifhonf u|Efkyfwdk‹aexdkifaygufzGm;onfh ae&mESifhtcsdefay:rlwnfI jcm;em;jcif;r&Sday? vl‹ordkif;rS yxrOD;qkH;vlom;.pdwWm "dywdac:pdwfpGrf;tm;ESifh qEN/ pdwfwGif;cHpm;r+rsm;/ pdwful;pdwfoef;rsm;ESifh pdwftm&kHwdk‹ onf ,ae‹urBmay:wGiftouf&Sifaeonfh vlom;wdkif;ESifh twlwlyif jzpfayonf? jcm; em;csufrSm/ ‚if;wdk‹udk az:jyxkwfaz:&mY oltokH;jyKaomenf;edo#rsm;omv#if jcm;em; rnfjzpf.? vlyk*~KdvfwpfOD;csif;. todw&m;rsm;onf/ ol.pdwful;pdwfoef; Om%fpGrf; Om%fprsm;udk rnfodk‹tokH;jyKonf/ rnfonfhOm%fpGrf;tqifhtxdol‹udkay;xm;onf/ ol .todw&m;u rnfr#txdawmifhwonf/ [lonfhtcsufrsm;tay:rlwnfI jcm;em;-u ayonf? Ttcsufudk odaomrGwfpvifrfwdk‹udk/ ae&ma'o/ ywf0ef;usif odk‹r[kwf tawG;tac:rsm;. uef‹owfxm;jcif;r&Sdacs? tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfu uk&ftmefusrf;awmf jrwfwGif rdef‹qdkxm;onfhtwdkif;/ olwdk‹wGifjzpfvmor#udpPt00udk pOf;pm;qifjcifwkH w &m;jzifh ‚if;.odrfarG‹El;nHheufeJr+udkpOf;pm;a0zefum ‚if;.tvSudk xdk;xGif;-unfhjrif wwf-uonf? uk&ftmefusrf;awmfjrwf pl&mtvfbuU&m 2;164wGif/ Todk‹rdef‹qdkxm; awmfrl.? rdk;aumif;uifrsm;ESifh yx0Dajrjyifudk zefqif;awmfrljcif;Yvnf;aumif;/ ae‹ESifh nY ajymif;vJoGm;vmjcif;Yvnf;aumif;/ vlom;wdk‹tm; tusdK;jzpfxGef;apaom0wˆK 86

ypPnf;rsm;udk wifaqmifI yifv,fork'N&mrsm;wGif pkHqefoGm;vmaeaom a&,mOfrsm;Y vnf;aumif;/ ajraoajra[mif; ajroa&mif;udk jyefvnf&SifapjyD; (ajr-oZmjzpfapI opfyif0g;yiftrsdK;rsdK;aygufa&mufap&ef tvdk‹iSg) rdk;aumif;uifrS tv†m[ft&Sifjrwf &GmoGef;apawmfrlaomrdk;a&Yvnf;aumif;/ xdkajrjyifYaygufyGm;jyef‹ESH‹apawmfrlaom wd& pm>eftrsdK;rsdK;Yvnf;aumif;/ rdk;ESifhajr-um;0,f(tv†m[ft&Sifjrwf.trdef‹awmfudk) emcH vsuf&Sdaom rdk;wdrf rsm;Yvnf;aumif;/ edorROm%ft&if;cHI pOf;pm;qifjcif odjrifem; vnf-uukefaom vlrsm;tbdk‹ rkcs{uef oufaovuQ%mrsm; &Sdayownf;? xdk‹a-umifh/ tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfudk ouf0if,kH-unfolwdk‹onf ydkrdkI us,fjyef‹pGm awG;wwf jrifwwf.? tpOftjrJ vGwfvyfpGmawG;awm.? tzufzufaomtEkynmY jyifvsmwifharmr+qdkif&mtvS&ocHpm;r+udk tqkH;r&Sd tuef‹towfr&Sd ±+jrifwwf-u.? TtrSefw&m;udk awG;awmEdkifpGrf;r&Sdonfh rm;ufPESifh ol.aemufvdkufwdk‹onf/ vl‹todw&m;udk tifrwefusOf;ajrmif;I olwdk‹u -uHzefykHpHoGif;xm;onfh “vlwef;pm;= todw&m;”wGif jyGwfodyfxnfhvdkuf-uonf? olwdk‹-oZmanmif;Edkifolwdkif;udk Tpdwf ul;,Ofa0g[m&twGif;Yom touf&Sifaexdkifaponf? rm;ufP0g'-uD;pdk;tjrpfwG,frd onfh EdkifiHwdkif;wGif vlaygif;oef;aygif;rsm;pGmudk ESajrmwojcif;/ oem;-uifemjcif;/ aemifw&jcif;vkH;0r&SdbJ owfjzwfvdkuf-uovdk/ vlom;wdk‹. tEkynm&oaz:xkwf jcif;/ jyifvsmwifharmr+qdkif&mtvS&ocHpm;r+ESifh vlom;wdk‹. tjcm;pdwf"gwfpdwful; pdwfoef;rsm;udk [ef‹wm;&yfwef‹aponf?

toufrygaom “uGefjrLepftEkynm” The Lifelessness Of "Communist Art"

1917=ckESpf bdkvf&SDApfawmfvSefa&;jzifh &k&Sm;EdkifiHwGif urBmhyxrOD;qkH;aom rm;ufP0g'tpdk;&udk wnfaxmifcJhonf? yxr vDeif/ xdk‹aemufpwmvif.oHr%dvuf oD;qkyfatmufwGif/ uGefjrLepftawG;tac:u wEdkifiHvkH;udk jyefvnfpDpOfykHpHoGif;cJh.? ‚if;.-oZmwdurudk ta&;-uD;aom,Ofaus;r+qdkif&mtEkynm/ tvS&ocHpm;r+ESifh ydokumvuf&mrsm;wGif awG‹&Sd&.? awmfvSefa&;jyD;jyD;csif;/ “ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;tEkynm”xGufay:vmonf? Iskus stvo Kommunu ac: “bkHpepftEkynm” r*~Zif;wGif uGefjrLepftEkynmonfwdk‹u ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;,Ofaus;r+udk tusdK;aqmifonfh tEkynmvuf&mrsm;az:xkwfrnf[k a-unmavonf? tvm;wlpdwful;t-uHtpnfudk Proletkult (ypPnf;rJh,Ofaus;r+)pm apmifwGifxkwfaz:xm;onf? olwdk‹u “ypPnf;rJhtEkynm”.t"dy`g,fudkvnf; pwifaqG;aEG;-uonf? 1920= ckESpf ESpfOD;ydkif;rSpI/ Avm'DrD&f ,JAf*&mzdkAdcsf wwfvifESifh tvufqef rDac;vdkAdcsf &dk'f csifudk tp&Sdonfhausmf-um;aom&k&Sm;tEkynmonfwdk‹u tEkynmonfwpfOD;.pdwful; tawG;tac:onf ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;.jy\emrsm;udk vufawG‹ ajz&Sif;ay;onfh enf; ynmonfwpfa,mufjzpf&rnf[k umuG,fajymqdk-uonf? vDeifu TtawG;tac:udk axmufcHtm;ay;I/ tEkynme,fy,ftajrmuftjrm;udk ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;tjrift& t usdK;r&Sd[k,lqojzifh csKyfcs,fydwfyifcJhavonf? Oyrm/ wwfvifESifh&dk'fcsifudkwdk‹u tEk ynmqefonfhaz:jycsufrsm;onf tvkyform;wpfa,muf. ae‹pOfb0twGuf tokH;r 0ifaoma-umifh/ yef;csDykHqGJjcif;onf w&m;r0ifaomtEkynmwpfrsdK;jzpfonf[k owf rSwf-uonf? 87

1921=ckESpfwGif/ “tjyKoabm”[kac:onfh TtEkynmoabmw&m;topf onf/ qdkAD,uf&k&Sm;. w&m;0if tEkynmay:vDpDjzpfvmcJhavonf? wwfvifonf/ Todk‹aomtawG;tac:.a&SŒwef;wGif&yfwnfI/ tokH;rusonfhyef;csDykHrsm;udk a&;qGJ rnfhtpm;/ tdrfESifhy&dabm*uJhodk‹ “tokH;us”aom'DZdkif;ykHrsm;udk a&;qGJ&efvdktyfonf[k tawG;aygufavonf? ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;.b0udk tvkyfta-uG;jyKonfhtaejzifh/ ol wdk‹twGuf tcsdef-um-umtvkyfvkyfaepOf 0wfqifEdkifrnfh tjrifhqkH;aEG;axG;r+udkay;I tvkyfvkyf&mwGif v+yf&Sm;r+tqifajyqkH;ay;Edkifum ayghyg;qkH;jzpfjyD; ‚if;.ukefpdrf;aps; E+ef;tenf;qkH;jzpfrnfh t0wfykHpH'DZdkif;udk a&;qGJay;.? olu/ tyl&Sdeftjrifhrm;qkH;ay;I avmifpmtenf;qkH;tokH;jyKonfh rD;zdkwpfrsdK;'DZdkif;ykHpHudkvnf; a&;qGJay;cJhonf? tEkynmonfyef;csDq&mtm;vkH;u wwfvifuJhodk‹“tif*sifeD,m”rjzpfcJh-uay? odk‹aomfvnf; “ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;tEkynm”tawG;tac:udk vufcH-ujyD;/ olwdk‹.t pGrf;tptm;vkH;udktokH;jyKI uGefjrLepftawG;tac:udk tvkyfta-uG;jyKcJh-u&Smonf? xdk acwfu qdkAD,ufyef;csDq&mtm;vkH;eD;yg;wdk‹onf tvkyform;uvyfESifh “qdkAD,uf awG”[kac:aom tkyfpki,frsm;twGuf ydkpwmrsm;/ qdkif;bkwfrsm;/ a-uG;a-umfa&;pmwrf; rSykHrsm;udk a&;qGJay;cJh-uonf? tm;vkH;uvnf; vufarmif;-uGufom;azgif;azgif;-uG-uG ESifh tifwdkuftm;wdkuftvkyf-udK;yrf;aeaom wludkifonfhtvkyform;ykHESifh wHZifudkif xm;aom&Gmom;ykH/ a'gowacsmif;acsmif;xGufaeaomypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;wdk‹u rwfwyf &yfae&mY olwdk‹udk csnfaESmifxm;aom oH-udK;rsm;udkqGJjzwfypfaeykH/ vDeif.acgif; aqmifr+ESifhatmifvHwHcGefatmufwGif -uGm;-uGm;0ifh0ifhcsDwufae-uonfh ppfom;wdk‹. ykH/==ponfwdk‹udkom wnDwnmwajy;nD 0dkif;qGJ-u.?

88

Todk‹aom tEkynmoabmw&m;opfwGif/ “jyifvsmwifharm tvS&ooabm” rsm; uif;rJhvsuf&Sd.? ‚if;udk tEW&m,f&SdaomblZGmtpGJtvrf;jzpfonf[kyif ,lq-u .? vSyjcif;oabmwGif pHerlemjzpfaomyef;csDykHrsm;/ &kyfvkH;rsm;/ ydkpwmrsm;/ taqmif wGif;qif,ifr+rsm;ESifh ydokumvuf&m'DZdkif;rsm;udk zsufqD;jzKwfypf-uonf? jAdwmedum pG,fpkHusrf;wGif TudpPESifhywfoufI/ “vSyjcif;oabmudkqef‹usifa&;”onf uGefjrL epftEkynmavmuudk -uD;pdk;oGm;ojzifh/ vdktyfonfxufydkaomcufxefjcif;/ jiD;aiG‹ zG,fxkHxdkif;jcif;ESifh acsmarmajyjypfjcif;r&Sd-urf;wrf;onfh oGifjyifrsm;tjzpfodk‹ ul; ajymif;oGm;ayonf[k qdkxm;onf? pwmvif.acwfwGif/ tEkynmESifhywfoufonfh Todk‹aomoabmaygufjcif; onf ydkrdkIa&S;&dk;qefonfh “qdk&S,fvpf,xmblwtjrif”(Socialist Realism)ac:aom ay:vDpDudkw&m;0ifyif csrSwfavonf? Tay:vDpD.oabmw&m;rSm tEkynmonf/ qdkAD,ufawmfvSefa&; (uGefjrLepftawG;tac:)rS ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;.ae‹pOfb0t wGuf xm;&SdaomtajccHrl. “,xmblwusjcif;”udk ay:vGifatmifwifjyjcif;jzpfonf [k qdk.? qdk&S,fvpf ,xmblway:vDpDt& 0wˆKZmwfvrf;rsm;wGif uGefjrLepfvl-urf; rsm;udk/ qkH;jzwf&Jolrsm;/ owWdajymifolrsm;ESifh udk,fusdK;pGef‹olrsm;tjzpf o&kyfaz:oifh onf? olwdk‹.-udK;yrf;csufrsm;udk twk,lxdkufonfhykHpHay:vGif&rnf? Zmwfvrf;tqkH; ydkif;wGif &yfol&Gmom;rsm;ESifh tvkyform;rsm;onf awmfvSefa&;a-umifh rnfodk‹aysmf&$if ae-uonf [laomtcsufrsm; yg0if&rnf?

1927=ckESpfwGif &k&Sm;vlrsdK;yef;csDq&m tvufqENm; &kd'fcsifudk a&;qGJaom “yuf-wKd*&ufumuG,fa&;” trnf&Sd yef;csDum;

89

qdk&S,fvpf,xmblwusaomtEkynmonfwdk‹onf/ awmfvSefa&;u vlxkxH aysmf&$ifr+ay;aqmifjcif;r&SdbJ/ tpmiwfjywfjcif;/ zdESyfcsKyfcs,fjcif;ESifh aoa-uysufpD; jcif;udkomay;aqmifonfh trSefw&m;ESifh wdkuf&dkuf qef‹usifbufjzpfaomo&kyfaqmif jcif;twGuf pdwfrodk;roef‹rjzpf-uacs? trSefrSm/ qdk&S,fvpf,xmblwonf ,xmbl wrusay? pdwful;,OfZmwfvrf;omv#if jzpf.? jAdwmedum pG,fpkHusrf;.tqdkt&/ “qdk&S,fvpf,xmblwonf/ trsm;vlxk. todw&m;udk ykHpHoGif;Edkif&eftwGuf ol&J aumif;wpfOD;OD;ESifhtjzpftysufwpfckckudk pHerlemtjzpfxm;I ajr‡mufyifh0g'jzef‹ay; onfh pdwful;,OfZmwfvrf;xGifjcif;odk‹ wpfa-umhjyefvSnfhoGm;jcif;ESifh wlayonf?”[k a&;om;xm;ayonf? qdk&S,fvpf,xmblwudk 1932=ckESpf aoG;ajrtrsm;qkH;usonfh pwmviftpdk;& acwfwGifaz:xkwfowfrSwfxm;cJhjcif;jzpf&m/ 1980=ckESpfrsm;txd qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpk .w&m;0ifEdkifiHawmftEkynmqdkif&may:vDpD jzpfcJhonf? xdkumvwav#mufvkH;twGif; uGefjrLepf0g'. pdwf-unfvifzG,fuif;rJhI at;wdat;pufEdkifum rajymif;rvJxkHxdkif; r+wdk‹onf qdkAD,uftEkynmavmuudk v$rf;rdk;xm;ayonf? tjynfjynfqdkif&mtodt rSwfjyKjcif;cH&&eftwGuf/ qdkAD,uftpdk;&u tEkynmonfrsm;udk tEkynmvuf&mopf rsm; wDxGifxkwfvkyf&efta&;-uD;a-umif; v+H‹aqmftm;ay;jyefonf? odk‹aomfvnf;/ qdk &S,fvpf,xmblw w&m;ao0g'.udkifwG,fenf;a-umifh tEkynmvuf&mrsm;onf usOf;ajrmif;I pdwf-unfvifzG,fuif;rJhum &kyfqdk;yef;qdk;vGef;aomykHpHwGifom zdESdyfcsKyf cs,fxm;jcif;cH&cJhonf? 1949=ckESpfrSpwifI qdk&S,fvpf,xmblwonfvnf; uGefjrL epftpdk;& tm%m&oGm;jyDjzpfaom w&kwfEdkifiHodk‹ ul;pufoGm;avawmhonf? tvm;wl xdkif;r+dif; -urf;wrf;onfhtEkynmoabmu w&kwfEdkifiHudk pdk;rdk;oGm;avonf?

uGefjrLepf0g'vufatmufwGif/ tEkynmonf ‚if;.jyifvsmwifharmaomtvSoabmawG aysmufuG,f ukefjyD;/ 0g'jzef‹ puf&kyfykHpHxkwfvkyfr+tjzpfodk‹ ajymif;vJoGm;.? Tyef;csDykHwdk‹onfacwfopfvlrsm;udk o&kyfaqmifxm;onf? -urf;wrf;cufxefI/ cGeftm;ESifhjynfhpkHum r+Hr+dkif;onfhtvkyform; odk‹r[kwf t xufucsay;onfhpepfudkomvdkufemwwfonfh awmifolv,form;ykHrsm;omjzpfonf?

90

1920=ckESpfrsm;u qdkAD,uf0g'jzef‹ydkpwmrsm;=“ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;. ynwfawmfq,fyg;”ESifh “tjynfjynfqdkif&m e,fcsJŒwdk‹.rkom;?”

awmfvSefa&;rwdkifrDumvwGif/ &k&Sm;vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;u tifrwefaumif;rGefvSy onfhtEkynmvuf&mrsm;ESifh -uD;us,fcef;em;onfhydokumvuf&mrsm;udk xkwfvkyfcJh onf? pdef‹yDwmpbufrS urBmausmf[mrDwufjywdkufwGif xif&Sm;-uD;us,fonfh tEky nmvuf&mrsm;udk pkaqmif;xm;ayonf? trsm;tm;jzifh Oa&mywdkuf tEkynmonfwdk‹ .vuf&mrsm;jzpfonf? odk‹aomfvnf; uGefjrLepf0g'u 1917=ckESpfwGif &k&Sm;tEkynm udk &yfwef‹ypfonfhtjyif/ ,if;wdk;wufzGH‹jzdK;r+rsm;udkyif aemufodk‹qkwfcGmoGm;apcJh.? &kyf0g'tawG;tac:rS pdwf-unfvifzG,fuif;rJhaom uGefjrLepftEkynmu uGef jrLepfavmu. urBmhtjrifudk owfrSwfay;.? &kyf0g'tawG;tac:onf/ vlom;udk j'yf0wˆKrsm;pkaygif;pkpnf;aeaomt&mtjzpf jyifytay:&Hudkom-unhfjrifojzifh/ t&m cyfodrf;udk &kyf0wˆKtjzpfodk‹om av#mhcsvdkufayonf? &kyf0g'tawG;tac:udk tEkynmY tokH;csjcif;onf/ tjcm;aomvkyfief;ydkif;wGifuJhodk‹ t±+H;-uD;jzifhom-uKH&ayonf? tEkynmtppfrSm/ vlom;rsm;onf tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfu ay;oem;awmfrlaom jyifvsmwifharm vSyjcif;oabmwGif -unfEl;I cspfjcif;arwWmESifhtjcm;cHpm;csufpdwf v+yf&Sm;r+rsm;udk xkwfaz:Edkif-ujcif; jzpfayonf? tEkynmvuf&mrsm;udk xkwfvkyfEdkif &eftwGuf/ vlom;.0dnmOfonf arG;&mygtwGif;oabmudk twwfEdkifqkH;vGwfvyfpGm xkwfaz:jyoEdkifcGifh &Sd&ygrnf? qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpkwGif pwiftkwfjrpfcswnfaqmufcJh aom =aemifwGif w&kwftpdk;&/ Oa&myta&SŒydkif;EdkifiHrsm;tkyfpk/ tif'dkcsdKif;em;ESifh -uL; bm;EdkifiHwdk‹wGif ykHwlul;cscJhonfh= uGefjrLepftm%m&Sifpepfonf/ TvGwfvyfIouf awmifhoufom&Sdonfhywf0ef;usiftajctaeudk tjyD;ydkifacszsufypf-uonf? olwdk‹. 91

jynfolrsm;udk tpOfwpdkufzdESdyfcsKyfcs,fjcif;jzifh tEkynmudk uGyfrsufowfjzwfvdkuf-u onf?

olwdk‹udk bmoma&;rSjzwfawmufuif;uGmapojzifh/ uGefjrLepf0g'onf tEkynm udk aemufxyfwpfrsdK; xdk;ESufvdkufjyefonf? tEkynmudk yxrOD;pGmjzpfay:Edk;-uGvmap jcif;onf bmoma&;rS&&Sdaom pdwf"gwfa&;&m-unfEl;r+jzpfonf? ordkif;wGif tausmf -um;qkH;aom tEkynmonfwdk‹u wDxGifcJhaomyef;yk&kyfvkH;rsm;ESifh ydokumvuf&mrsm; onf/ olwdk‹.bmoma&;,kH-unfr+rS&&Sdaom pdwf"gwfa&;&mEdk;-uGr+tiftm;jzifh bmom a&;tmabmfrsm;wGiftajccHaom vuf&mrsm;yif jzpfayonf? olwdk‹onf/ vlom;rsm;udk 92

93

qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpku uruxjyKIusif;ycJhaom wwd,t-udrfajrmuf tjynfjynfqdkif&m uGefjrLepfnDvmcH. 0g'jzef‹ydkpwmwpfckjzpfonf? at;pufr+efrd+if;aomuGefjrLepfavmuudk t vHudkifxm;onfh vl-urf;-uD;.rsufESmwGif xif[yfvsuf&Sd.?

aojcif;jzifhaysmufysufoGm;rnfh wd&pm>efrsdK;pkwpfcktjzpfrjrif-ubJ/ tv†m[ft&Sifjrwf u 0dnmOfoGif;ay;xm;aom ouf&Sda0ae,stjzpf jrif-uonf? olwdk‹u vl‹avmuudk cspfcifI txl;wvnftr$rf;wifcsD;-uL;um olwdk‹.tEkynmvuf&mrsm;wGif tv†m[f t&Sifjrwf.zefqif;jcif;tEkynmudk xif[yfaponf? bmom,kH-unfr+r&Sdonfh vl‹tzGJ‹ tpnf;wGifrlum;/ vlwdk‹onf Todk‹aompdwftm;xufoefr+ESifh-unfEl;r+ qkH;±+H;oGm;-u I/ pdwf"gwf0dnmOfa&;t& tokH;0ift&ma&mufjcif;uif;rJhr+rsm;jzifh ywfvnf0dkif;xm; jcif; cHae-uonf? TtawG‹t-uHKrsdK;udk uGefjrLepftpdk;&wdkif;wGif awG‹&Sd&ayonf? bm omt,l0g'r&Sdjcif;ESifh vlom;onf wd&pm>efrsdK;pkwpfckomjzpfonf [laomtawG;t ac:wdk‹a-umifh vl‹b0vl‹toufonf wefzdk;r&SdawmhbJ/ vlwpfOD;csif;. wnf&Sdjcif;onf ol.udk,fcE<maoqkH;oGm;csdefwGifukefqkH;oGm;ayonf? xdkodk‹aomvl‹ tzGJ‹tpnf;wGif tqdk;jrif0g'/ -unfEl;r+uif;rJhjcif;ESifht"dy`g,fuif;rJhjcif;wdk‹ v$rf;rdk;vmawmhonf? armfpDwkH;. w&kwfeDEdkifiHonf/ uGefjrLepf0g'. a&S;&dk;qefjcif;ESifh oabmxm; usOf;ajrmif;jcif;wdk‹u aemufxyfxif&Sm;aomO'g[&k%frsm;tjzpf jyqdkcJhayonf? (T ta-umif;udk a&SŒvmrnfhtcef;rsm;wGif qufvufqef;ppf-uygrnf)? ,Ofaus;r+awmf vSefa&;umvtwGif; vlwdkif;onf t0wfwpfrsdK;wnf;0wfqif&.? tdrfwGif;tvSarG; aomwd&pm>efrsm;udk wm;jrpfcJhonf?

94

t"dy`g,fuif;rJhaom “uGefjrLepf odyH`ynm” The Nonsense of "Communist Science"

odyH`ynmonfvnf; uGefjrLepf.jyif;xefaomvufoD;xkaxmif;jcif;cH&onfh t ydkif;wpfydkif;jzpfonf? pwmviftpdk;&u “ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;tEkynm”ESifhtwl “ypPnf; rJhvlwef;pm;odyH`ynm”udkvnf; wifjycJh.? ToDtdk&Dt&/ blZGmodyH`ynmESifh ypPnf;rJhvl wef;pm;odyH`ynm[lI ESpfrsdK;&Sdonf [l.? jcm;em;aomodyH`ynmESpfrsdK;u jcm;em;aom &vm'frsm;udk &aponf? Ttcsufudk emZDygwD.*smreDEdkifiHu *sL;vlrsdK;odyH`ynm&Sif tdkifpwdkif;. awG‹&Sdcsufudk ypfy,fonfhtjzpfESifh E+dif;,SOf&ygrnf? ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;odyH`ynmonf &Sd&if;pGJodyH`ynmudk &kyf0g'tawG;tac:ESifh udkufnDatmif ta&;ay:jyKjyifajymif;vJxm;jcif; jzpfonf? pwmvif.qdkAD,uftm %m&Sifpepftpdk;&twGuf trSwfw&jzpfapaom “vdkifqifudk tjzpftysuf”onf xif &Sm;aomoufaoom"uwpfck jzpfayonf? x&dkzif 'ifeDqdkApf vdkifqifudkonf qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpkrS pdkufysdK;a&;ausmif; rsm;wGif ynmoif-um;atmifjrifcJholjzpfonf? 1940=ckESpfrsm;wGif pwmvif.pdwf0if pm;r+udk vufcH&&SdI qdkAD,ufpdkufysdK;a&;ESifhZD0aA'ay:vDpDtm%mudk wpfOD;wnf;ydkif pdk;rdk;vmcJhavonf? ta&;-uD;qkH;rSm/ vdkifqifudku -op-wD,HvlrsdK; &kuQaA'ynm&Sif c &pf,mefbkef;awmf-uD; *&D*dk rif;'Jvf. 19=&mpkESpftwGif; awG‹&SdcJhI 20=&mpkESpfwGif aemufxyfvufawG‹prf;oyfcsufrsm;jzifh oufaojycJhaom rsdK;ADZaA'udk ypfy,fjcif; jzpf onf? vdkifqifudku rif;'Jvf.ed,mrrsm;udk “blZGmodyH`ynm”jzpfonf[kqdkum y,fcs ypfI/ 18=&mpkESpfrS jyifopfZD0aAynm&Sif vmruf. “avhusifh,ljcif;jzifh&&Sdaomt &nftcsif;udk ADZtarGcHjcif;”pmwrf;udk axmufcHcJhonf? vdkifqifudk. tawG;tac:onf rnfonfhodyH`ynmqdkif&m oufaojycsufay: wGifrS tajccHjcif;r[kwfacs? 1930=ckESpfrsm;wGif qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpku -uD;us,f onfh pdkufysdK;a&;jy\emESifh -uHKawG‹&jcif;a-umifh/ vdkifqifudktm; pdwf0ifpm;cJhjcif;jzpf onf? ol.oDtdk&Dudk tokH;jyKjcif;jzifh ZD0aA'ynm&Sifwdk‹,kH-unf-uonfhenf;xuf qef ESifh*sKHpyg;xGufE+ef;ydkrdkaumif;rGefvmvdrfhrnf[k uwday;cJhonf? Oyrm/ tu,fI oifh awmfonfhtajctaeay;IpdkufysdK;ygu *sKHpyg;onf &dkif;pyg;aphtjzpfodk‹tvdkvdkajymif; vJ xGufvmvdrfhrnf[k tcdkiftrmtqdkjyK.? ol‹tqdktwdkif; atmifjrif&ef jyifqif.? (TtqdkrSm tu,fI acG;rsm; awmeufxJwGifusufpm;ygu ajracG;uav;tjrKHvdkuf arG;xkwfay;vdrfhrnf [kqdkonfESifhtvm;wl.? ,if;tqdkonf odyH`ynmESifh vkH;vkH;-uD; qef‹usifaeonf? xdkuJhodk‹aomtjzpftysufudk b,faomtcgurS rawG‹bl;cJh-uacs?) 1940=ckESpfwGif/ pwmvifu vdkifqifudktm; qdkAD,ufqdk&S,fvpfjynfaxmifpkorw EdkifiH. odyH`ynmtu,f'rDrS rsdK;ADZaA'Xmet-uD;tuJtjzpfcef‹tyfvdkufavonf? T wuUodkvfonf qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpk. t-uD;us,fqkH;aom wuUodkvfjzpfayonf? vdkifqifudkuvnf; T&mxl;udk ESpfq,fhig;ESpfwdkif ,lxm;cJh.? 1948=ckESpfwGif or&dk;usrsdK;ADZaA' oif-um;ydk‹csjcif;udk wm;jrpfvdkufonf? vdkifqifudk. tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'Dpmwrf;udk 0dkif;y,fI rif;'Jvf. rsdK;ADZoDtdk&Dudk axmufcH aom rsdK;ADZynm&Sifwdk‹udk v#KdŒ0Sufzrf;qD;jyD; uGyfrsufypfvdkufonf? xdktcsdeftawmtwGif;/ vdkifqifudk. pdkufysdK;a&;ay:vDpDu oD;ESHxGufE+ef;usqkH; jcif; tus,fw0ifh jzpfay:aponf? Oyrm/ tu,fI rsdK;aphrsm;udk at;pufaeaom a&cJ a&wGif tcsdeftwef-umatmif pdrfxm;jyD;aemuf xkwf,lIpdkufygu at;jraom&moDudk 95

cHEdkifvdrfhrnf[k tcdkiftrmtqdkjyKonf? ol.,lqcsufudkprf;oyf&ef wefcsdefrsm;pGm aom rsdL;aphrsm;udk a&cJa&wGifpdrfI qdkufab;&D,m;jrufcif;jyifwGif -uJapcJhonf? rsdK; aphrsm;rSm tan‡mufrxGufvmay? tvm; wl prf;oyfcsufrsm;tm;vkH;onfvnf; atmifjrifr+r&SdcJhacs? odk‹aomfvnf; T qkH;&+H;r+rsm;ESifhywfoufI 1960=ckESpft xd az:xkwfjcif;r&SdbJ 0Sufxm;cJh-uav onf? aemufqkH; 1964=ckESpfwGifusrS vdkifqifudk.oDtdk&DrSm;,Gif;a-umif; 0ef cH-uavonf? rif;'Jvf.rsdK;ADZawG‹&Sd csufudk tus,fw0ifhoif-um;&ef pDrH udef;csI tokH;cs-u&ayonf? &k&Sm; EdkifiHonf tar&duefpdkufysdK;a&;rS rsdK; pyfjcif;ESifh aemufacs;ajraqG;tokH;jyK I pdkufysdK;ajrrsm;udk jyefvnfjyKjyifonf h enf;odk‹ ul;ajymif;&avonf? olwdk‹. t"dy`g,fr&Sdaompmwrf;u &k&Sm;EdkifiH pdkufysdK;a&;udk t-uD;tus,fysufpD;apcJh aomfvnf;/ vdkifqifudkESifhtaygif;ygwdk‹ kifqifudku tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&DtwGuf rsdK;ADZ onf olwdk‹.pdwful;rsm;udk rypfy,f-u vd aA'udkjiif;y,fxm;ojzifh/ qdkAD,ufpdkufysdK;a&; ao;acs? qdkAD,ufodyH`ynmavmuwGif onf ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm acwfaemufus usef&pfcJh olwdk‹.&mxl;tqifhrsm;udk xdef;xm;EdkifcJh avonf? -uao;onf?

vdkifqifudkvufsmbufvlu qdkAD,ufu|rf;usifolrsm;tm; “ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;odyH`ynm”ta-umif; &Sif;jyaeykH?

96

a,bk,stm;jzifh/ acwfopftDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Dorm;wdk‹onf/ tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&D wGif rsufpdrSdwfwG,fuyf,kH-unfjcif;a-umifh -uD;us,fonfhysufpD;jcif;udk ay;aqmif onfh vdkifqifudkudpPESifhywfoufI zGifh[ajymqdkjcif;rjyK-uay? vdkifqifudk. tawG;t ac:ta-umif;ajymv#if vmruf0g'wpf,loefykHpHjzpfonf[k pGyfpGJI pum;jzwfypfavh&Sd -uonf? odk‹aomfvnf; vdkifqifudkESifhtaygif;ygwdk‹onf vmruf0g'Drsm;omr[kwf-u acs? olwdk‹onf 'g0ifoDtdk&D0g'Drsm;jzpfonfhtjyif/ vmrufESifh'g0ifwdk‹ESpfOD;pvkH;onf wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD;tjyeftvSefjznfhpGufr+ay;-uonfh tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&DtawG;tac:&Sifrsm; jzpf-uonf[k ,kH-unf-uayonf? vmruf. “avhusifhI&&Sdaomt&nftcsif;udk tarGcHjcif;”oDtdk&Dudk tajct jrpfr&Sd[k ypfy,fvdkufaomtcsdefwGif/ 'g0if.oDtdk&Donfvnf; tajccHr&Sdawmha-umif; udk olwdk‹owd&-uayonf? xdk‹a-umifh olwdk‹u vmruf.oDtdk&Dudk rsufpdrSdwfI qufvuf axmufcHcJh-uonf? rm;ufP0g'D='g0if0g'DtawG;tac:±Sif a&mbwf tJrf ,ef;u ola&;aomaqmif; yg;wpfyk'fwGif atmufygtwdkif; a0zefxm;onf?

TykHwGif/ vdkifqifudk. t"dy`g,fuif;rJhaomoDtdk&Dudk &k&Sm;awmifolv,form;rsm;tm; twif;t usyfvdkufemusifhokH;ap&ef tao;pdwf&Sif;jyaeonf? &vm'frSm -uD;rm;aomqkH;±+H;r+om jzpf.?

97

u|Ekfyfwdk‹.vuf&Sdacwfodk‹a&mufvmcgeD;tcsdefwGif/ vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;ESifhobm0wdk‹onf tDAdk vl;&Sif;oDtdk&DESifh uGefjrLepf0g'ESpfrsdK;pvkH;udk vdkufemonf[laom vdkqifudktawG;tac: udk ,kH-unfjcif;a-umifh t-uD;us,fqkH;aom ysufpD;,dk,Gif;r+ESifh -uKHcJh-u&.? obm0ed,m ronf 'dkiftmvufwpf(,kwWdaA'enf;us qifjcifokH;oyfjcif;jzifhtrSefw&m;udk&SmazGjcif;= tEkyËdavmr)usonf[k qdk.? Ttwdkif;r,kH-unfonfh ZD0aA'ynm&Sifonf tvkyfjzKwf cH&.? &Hzef&Hcg ol.vGwfvyfr+vnf; qkH;±+H;-u&.? wpfcsdKŒvnf; toufygqkH;±H+;-u&.? vdkifqifudktawG;tac:onf/ tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'jzpfI urBm-uD;.useftydkif;wGif pdwf0ifpm; zG,faom rsdK;ADZaA'qdkif&mzGH‹jzdK;r+udk vspfvsL±+xm;jcif;jzpfonf? 'g0if0g' trnfjzifhom 56 aqmif&GufcJh-ujcif;jzpfonf?===

vdkifqifudk.acwfwGif qdkAD,uftkyfcsKyfa&;tm%mydkifwdk‹u rsdK;ADZaA'udk qef‹ usif-ujcif;onf &kyf0g'Dwdk‹. t,loefjcif;udk jyonfhOyrmwpfckjzpfayonf? xdkenf; wl/ vdkifqifudkESifh ol‹udkaxmufcHaomtaygif;ygwdk‹u rsdK;ADZaA'ed,mrrsm;udk vufcH &efjiif;y,fcJh-uouJhodk‹/ ,ae‹vuf&Sdacwf &kyf0g'Dtajrmuftjrm;wdk‹onfvnf; ouf&Sd t&mtm;vkH;wGif wdusonfhykHpH“'DZdkif;”(0g=&nf&G,fcsuftjynfh&Sdaomzefqif;jcif;)&Sd a-umif; odyH`ynmuawG‹&Sdaz:xkwfxm;onfudk olwdk‹. tawG;tac:bufvdkufr+a-umifh rsufpdrSdwfxm;-uonf? Ttcsufudk qef‹usifEdkifonfhoDtdk&Dwpfckck&&Sd&ef a':vm oef; aygif;rsm;pGmtukefcHjzKef;wD;I ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm tyifyef;cH-uaomfvnf; olwdk‹. okaw oersm;rSm tcsnf;ESD; aiGukefvlyef;om jzpfaeayonf?

uGefjrLepf0g'. vlr+a&;wGif xdcdkufr+ Communist Ideology's Effect on Social Life

20=&mpkESpfwGif/ uGefjrLepfwpf,loefwdk‹.-oZmonf olwdk‹pdk;rdk;aomwdkif;jynf rsm;. vlr+a&;tydkif;wGif tE+wfoabmxdcdkufcdkufr+&SdcJhonf? ,if;EdkifiHwdk‹rS jynfol jynfom;rsm;udk oem;-uifemjcif;pdwf"gwfuif;rJhI i&JbkHwGifa&mufaeouJhodk‹aom

uGefjrLepftpdk;&onf a-umufvef‹&onfhtpdk;&jzpfonf? vlxkudk rma-umcufxefaomrsufESm xm;jzifh txufrS-unfhaeonfh ,leDazgif;0wft&m&Sdwdk‹u tpOfjcdrf;ajcmufaeayonf?

98

qif;&Jjcif;b0odk‹ twif;tusyfydk‹aqmifcJh-u.? tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfwnf&Sdjcif;udk jiif; y,fap.? vlwdk‹udk bmoma&;rSuif;uGmapjyD; bmoma&;todw&m;pdwf"gwfrsm;ESifh udk,fusifhw&m;rsm;udk twif;tusyf azsmufzsuf-u.? vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;udk vlom;rsm; onf j'yf0wˆKypPnf;wdk‹ompka0;aygif;pnf;xm;onfhtwkH;twpfjzpfI xdktwkH;twpf -uD;onf aoqkH;oGm;onfESifh aysmufysufoGm;rnf[laom tjrifudk twif;&dkufoGif; onfh vl‹ordkif;wGif vlrqefqkH;usifhpOfxkH;"avhudk wnfaqmufcJh-uayonf? qdkAD ,ufjynfaxmifpk/ Oa&mywdkufta&S‹ydkif;tkyfpkESifh w&kwfeDEdkifiHrsm;wGif u|Ekfyfwdk‹awG‹ jrifcJh-uonfh tjzpftysufrsm;t&/ uGefjrLepf0g'onf/ olwdk‹.jynfoljynfom;rsm;udk wd&pm>eftkyfwpftkyftjzpfomjrifonfh vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;ykHpHudk wnfaxmif&ef-udK;yrf;-u onf[k qdkEdkifygonf? ‚if;rSm/ 'g0if.oDtdk&DrS &nf&G,fcsuftwdkif;yif jzpfonf? • 'g0if.tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&DESifh tif*sJvf. “obm0qdkif&mtEkyËdavmr ('dkif tmvufwpf)”wdk‹onf/ vlom;rsm;udk wdk;wufzGH‹jzdK;jyD;aom wd&pm>efwpfrsdK; jzpfonf[k ,lqxm;onf? xdk‹a-umifh vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;onf wd&pm>ef tkyf-uD; wpftkyfomjzpfonf[laom,lqcsufudk tqifhwdkif;wGif az:jy-uonf? uGefjrLepftpdk;&wdk‹onf/ pdwfr-unfrvifjzifh pdwf"gwfjyif;jyjcif;vJr&Sd/ toufvnf;rygouJhodk‹aom wd&pm>efvnf;ru puf&kyfvnf;rus xdkESpfrsdK; -um;&Sdvlom;rsdK;udk ysdK;axmif-uonf? • uGefjrLepfpHepfonf vlyk*~dKvfwpfOD;csif;udk wefbdk;rxm;ay? tkyf-uD;wGif OD; a&tm;jzifh rsm;jym;onfhtwGuf wpfOD;wpfavudk qkH;±+H;vdkuf&jcif;onf t a&;r-uD;acs? rpGrf;roefol tvkyfrvkyfEdkifol'kuQdwwdk‹udk tkyf-uD;rSz,f xkwfypfI iwfjywfaooGm;atmif ypfxm;-uonf? rusef;rmola&m*gonf wdk‹udk tEW&m,fay;Edkifoltjzpf owfrSwf-uonf? cGifhv$wfjcif;/ oem;-uif u&k%mw&m;xm;&Sdjcif;/ opPm&Sdjcif; ponfwdk‹onf uGefjrLepfavmuwGif r&Sdaoma-umifh/ vlwdkif;onf tdkrif;jcif;ESifhaoqkH;jcif;udk a-umuf&GHŒ-u onf? Z&mtdkrsm;onf rnfonfhjyKpkr+udkrS rcHpm;-u&acs? “ao&eftwGuf ocsõKif;odk‹OD;wnfoGm;aeonfh qifwpfaumif”udkrnfolurS av;pm;jcif; rjyK-uawmh ouJhodk‹jzpf.? •

wd&pm>eftkyfwGifuJhodk‹ vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;onf wpfrsdK;wpfpm;wnf;aom vlom v#if yg0ifzGJ‹pnf;.? t0wf/ armfawmfum;ESifh tdrfrsm;onf wpfykHpHwnf; jzpfonf? vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;wpfckvkH;onf/ jiD;aiG‹zG,f&kd;tDaeatmif xyfwvJvJ jzpfjcif;/ jyifvsmwifharmr+tvS&o oabmuif;rJhjcif;rsm; pdk;rdk;vsuf&Sd.? tm;upm;orm;rsm;/ tEkynmonfrsm;/ ynm&Sifrsm;ESifh tvkyform;rsm;tm; vkH;wdk‹onf b0ykHpHwpfrsdK;wnf;jzifh aexdkiftouf&Sif-uonf? tdrfrsm;onf vnf;/ arG;jrLa&;wd&pm>efwdk‹twGuf aqmufvkyfxm;aomwif;ukwfrsm;ESifh wl.? t0wftxnfrsm;udkvnf; taemufEdkifiHrsm;rStdrftvSarG;onfhwd& pm>efrsm;udk tat;'%fumuG,f&efcsKyfay;aomt0wfuJhodk‹ wpfykHpHwpfa&mif wnf;csKyf0wf-u&onf?

• Tpepfonf &kyf0g'wGif vkH;0tajccHxm;aom “tvkyfESifhukefxkwfvkyf jcif;”pepfjzpfonf? ta&;-uD;qkH;rSm jynfolvlxkyk*~dKvfwpfOD;csif;. t&nf tcsif;r[kwfbJ/ oluvl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;twGuf aqmif&Gufay;Edkifjcif;om t"du jzpf.? pHjyyk*~dKvfrSm/ tvkyf-udK;pm;onfhtvkyform; odk‹r[kwf oD;ESHxGuf trsm;qkH;pdkufysdK;xkwfvkyfay;Edkifonfh awmifolv,form; jzpf.? vlom; 99

wdk‹. udk,fusifhw&m;wefzdk;/ &nf&G,fcsufrsm;ESifh pdwf"gwftajctaersm;udk *&kpdkufjcif; r&Sdacs?

qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpkY/ vlxkqENjyjcif;udk ESdrfeif;&mwGiftokH;jyKonfh 'ZifrfpuDtxl;wyfzGJ‹?

• vl‹b0onf touf&Sifaea&;twGuf vkH;yef;v+yf&Sm;ae&jcif;jzpfonf[k jrifxm; onfhtwdkif;/ TtawG;tac:rsdK;onf tm;enf;csdeJ‹olwdk‹udk z,f&Sm;ypf&mY jy\ emr±Sdacs? xdk‹xufru Todk‹jyKvkyfjcif;onf vdktyfcsufjzpfonf[k ,lqayonf? wd&pm>efrsm;t-um;wGif/ touf&Sifaea&;twGuf wdkufcdkufvkH;yef;-u&ovdk/ vl wdkif;onf ol‹twGufyxrjzpf&rnf[k pOf;pm;-u.? xdk‹a-umifh wdk;wufr+r&Sdacs? vlwdk‹onf -uifemoem;jcif;u&k%mw&m;uif;rJhjcif;a-umifh/ vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;onf jidrf;csrf;jcif;ESifh om,m0aysmr+ r&&SdEdkifacs? -uifemjcif;u&k%mw&m;uif;rJhjcif; tay:wGif tem*wftwGuf pdk;&drfa-umifhusjcif;u xyfrHjznfhpGufvdkufjcif;a-umifh/ ar#mfvifhcsufuif;rJhjcif;ESifh tqdk;bufudkomjrifjcif;pdk;rdk;vmayonf? • “wd&pm>eftkyfpdwf"gwf”a-umifh/ tedrfhqkH;rStjrifhqkH;tqifh&Sdvltm;vkH;wdk‹onf/ t pOfojzifh a-umuf&GHŒxdwfvef‹ae-uojzifh/ udpPwdkif;udk a-umufvef‹w-um; jyef vnfwkH‹jyef-uonf? ukwftusô&Snf0wfxm;ol tdrfa&SŒwGifvm&yfv#if 'l;wkefatmif a-umufae-uonf? tpdk;&tm%mydkift&m&Sdrsm;u qifhac:rnfudk a-umufvef‹ae-u onf? odk‹aomfvnf; olwdk‹u bmudka-umufaeonf/ bmha-umifha-umufaeonf 100

[laomta-umif;&if;rSm xif&Sm;jcif;r&Sdacs? b,folurSvnf; twdtus owfrSwf az:jyEdkifjcif; r&Sdacs?

bmvifwHwdkif;-uD;udk rjzdKzsufypfrD awG‹&ykH? oHql;-udK;rsm;/ rdkif;bkH;rsm;ESifh wifhum;rsm;u uGefjrLepf tm%m&Sifpepf.vuQ%mudk az:jyvsuf&Sd.?

• tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfudk a-umuf&GHŒ&rnfhae&mwGif/ tjcm;a-umuf&GHŒ&rnfh “Xme”trsm; tjym;&Sd.? Oyrm/ qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpkwGif/ (,Qif csufumESifh tifauAD'DuJhodk‹ aom v#dKŒ0SufwyfzGJ‹jzpfonfh) au*sDbDu vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;wpfckvkH;udk aovkcref; xdwfvef‹a-umuf&GH‹aeatmif -udK;pm;oGwfoGif;arG;jrLay;onf? vloef;aygif;rsm;pGm udk &kH;wifppfaq;jcif;r&Sd/ rdrdudk,fudk umuG,fxkacscGifhr&SdbJ aorif;pcef;odk‹ydk‹ vdkuf-uonf? TtzGJ‹tpnf;wdk‹u pD&ifcsufcscJhonfhtjzpftysufrsm;u -um;&ol jrif&olwdk‹ESifh jynfolvlxkwpfckvkH;.pdwfudk pdk;rdk;ajcmufjcm;apayonf? TtzGJ‹t pnf;wdk‹onf/ awm&dkif;tavhtxay:tajccHI pepfwusa&G;cs,fokwfoif &Sif;vif; -uonf? • bk&m;ociftm; a-umuf&GŒHtm;udk;jcif;udk pepfwus zsufqD;ypfvdkufojzifh/ yk*~Kdvf wpfOD;csif;wdk‹onf xkdpepfudka-umuf&if; olwdk‹.twGif;pdwfoabmxm;todw&m; tm;vkH;udkESdyfuGyf odk0Sufxm;vdkuf-u.? xdk‹a-umifh pepfu teH‹cHEdkifjcif; odk‹r[kwf jypf'%fcyfEdkifjcif;r&Sdygu cdk;0Sufjcif;/ vmbfay;vmbf,ljcpm;jcif;/ tvGJokH;pm; 101

•

•

•

•

•

•

vkyfjcif; pojzifh -uHLor#aomOya'qef‹usifa&;vkyf&yfrsm;udk a&Smif&Sm;jcif;r&Sd-u awmhacs? usD;vef‹pmpm;a-umuf&GHŒxdwfvef‹ae&jcif;/ a-umufpdwfr$efaejcif;wdk‹jzifh jynfheuf aeaomywf0ef;usifwGifaexdkif&ojzifh vlwdk‹onf pdwfaomuzdpD;ae-uayonf? ae‹ a&mnOfhyg tcsdefwdkif;wGif tdyfraysmfEdkif-uacs? tppt&m&monf olwdk‹twGuf a-umuf&GHŒzG,f&mcsnf;jzpfaeayonf? olwdk‹. udk,fcE<monf vsifjrefpGmtiftm;csd eJ‹oGm;-u.? pdwfzdpD;r+ rsm;vGeftm;-uD;ojzifh rdef;ra,mufsm;wdk‹onf EGrf;e,ftm; aysmhoGm;-ujyD; t&G,faumif;aewkef;yif aoqkH;oGm;-uonf? ar#mfvifhcsuf uif;rJh jcif;a-umifh/ olwdk‹.b0wGif aumif;aomt&mrsm;udk okH;pGJpHpm;I om,maysmf&$if pGm aexdkiftouf&SifEdkifjcif;r&SdonfhtwGuf/ olwdk‹.b0'kuQyifv,fudk arhajymuf Edkif&ef t&ufaopmrl;,pfjcif;jzifh acwWarhaysmufap-uonf? toufaoqkH;jyD;aemuf olwdk‹.b0onf ysufpD;ysufokOf;oGm;vdrfhrnf[k ,kH-unf -uojzifh/ olwdk‹.b0touf&Sifa&;twGuf ZGJebJ-uD;pGmjzifh usm;ukwfusm;cJ wG,f wm-uayonf? olwdk‹touf&Sifa&;twGuf &kef;uef-u&mwGif vlwdkif;udk jydKifbuf tjzpfom jrif-u.? olwdk‹tenf;i,fr#avmuftvdkrusonfh trlt&mudkvnf; a'goacsmif;acsmif;xGuf-u.? qdk&S,fvpfpepf. 0g'a&;&mtajccHa&aomufjrpf jzpfonfh “tjyeftvSefulnDa&;”ESifh “axmufyHha&;”onf 0g'jzef‹r+a-uG;a-umfoHom jzpfonfudk vufawG‹udk,fawG‹cHpm;-uayonf? trSefrSm uGefjrLepfavmurS vl wdkif;onf tjcm;olwdk‹udk oHo,jzifhom-unfhjrif-uaoma-umifh/ rdrdwdk‹udk,fudk t xD;usefb0tjzpfodk‹ydk‹aqmifxm;I -udwfrSdwfcHpm;ae-uayonf? yk*~dKvfwpfOD;csif;onf tv†m[ft&Sifjrwftm; ouf0if,kH-unfjcif;r&Sdaoma-umifh/ rdrdudk,fudk tjcm;rnfolwpfOD;wpfa,mufudkrS t"dy`g,f&SdonfhaESmif-udK;qufpyfr+ ESifh ,kH-unfpdwfcsr+ r&Sday? 'g0if0g'DuGefjrLepf0g'Dwdk‹onf yk*~vduta&;udk azsmuf zsufypf&onf? wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD; &efvdk-uonf? wpfOD;OD;u rnfonfhtcsdefwGifrqdk ol&Sdor#tm;vkH;udk odrf;,loGm;Edkifayonf? uGefjrLepfwdkif;jynfwGif rdrdudk,fom v#if olpdwftcs&qkH;yk*~dKvfjzpfonf? odk‹aomfvnf;/ oludk,fwdkifuvnf; tm;enf; oljzpfa-umif; oluodxm;ojzifh/ ol‹udk,fudkvnf; r,kH-unfEdkifawmhay? olonf ar#mfvifhcsufuif;r+udk tjyif;txefcHpm;ae&ayonf? xdk‹a-umifh/ ol‹b0udkol tpOf ra-ureyfjzpfaeaomfvnf; rnfodk‹rS ajymif;vJEdkifpGrf;r&Sdacs? uGefjrLepfvl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;wGif/ vlwdk‹.pdwfudk ydwfyifxm;jcif;jzifh jynfheufaeojzifh/ ausmif;wGifjzpfap tdrfwGifjzpfap azsmfajzr+Xmersm;wGifjzpfap olwdk‹.b0 ae&m wum t&m&mwdkif;wGif csdKŒ,Gif;csufrsm;&Sdaeayonf? olwdk‹udk oif-um;n$ef-um; xm;onfhtwdkif;omv#if vkyfaqmifEdkif-uayonf? xdk‹a-umifh jy\emtopftqef; wpfckckESifh &ifqdkifaomtcgwGif ajz±Sif;Edkifonfh yifudkOm%ftpGrf;tpr&Sd-uacs? t u,fI ,if;jy\emudk &ifqdkifajz&Sif;yguvnf; jyif;xef-urf;wrf;pGmomv#if wkef‹ jyefwwf-u.? pOf;pm;qifjcifwkHw&m;r&Sdonfh vlwdk‹onf/ pepfwus pDpOfEdkifpGrf;aom pdwf"gwfr&Sd -uojzifh o,HZmwrsm;udk aumif;usdK;oufa&mufwdk;wufatmif tokH;rcswwf-u ay? o,HZmwypPnf;rsm;udk vdkifqifudkudpPrSmuJhodk‹ pdwful;,OfavmuwGif okH;jzKef; ypf-uavonf? uGefjrLepf0g'onf vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;. tajccH,lepfjzpfaom tdrfaxmifpkudk zsufpD;ypf onf? xdrf;jrm;jcif;wGif ‚if;.eufeJaomoabmt"dy`g,frygay? umrqufqH jcif;ESifh om;arG;jcif;jzifh vkyftm;xkwfvkyfr+om jzpfayonf? xdrf;jrm;jcif;onf 102

udk,fusifhw&m;twGuf r[kwfacs? t"du&nf&G,fcsufrSm rsdK;okOf;jcif;rjzpfatmif xdef;xm;jcif;om jzpfayonf? tdrfaxmifpkrsm;onf/ olwdk‹.om;orD;rsm;udk apmifh a&SmufjyKpkysdK;axmifjcif;rvkyf-u&ay? tpdk;&/ wpfenf;tm;jzifh tpdk;&ucef‹tyfxm; olrsm;u wm0ef,l&onf? uav;wpfa,mufudk vlom;tkyf-uD;twGuf OD;a&wdk; vmjcif;omjzpfI/ olyg0ifaeaomvlom;tkyfudk umuG,f&eftwGufom oifwef;ay; -uonf? rdcifu ol.tdrfaxmifpkudk wG,fwmjcif;r&SdbJ rkef;wD;jcif;a-umifh/ ol. cufxefr+udk om;orD;rsm;odk‹wpfqifh v$Jay;vdkuf.? tdrfaxmifpkcspfcifr+uif;rJh onfhb0wGif -uD;jyif;vmaomuav;rsm;onf tqdk;jrifolESifharmufrmolrsm; jzpf vm-uonf? tdrfaxmifpktwGif;&Sdonfh cspfjcif;arwWmESifh av;pm;r+tpm; &efvdkr+ u zkH;v$rf;aeonf? xdkuav;onf rnfol‹udkrS ,kH-unfpdwfcsjcif;r&Sdacs? • xdrf;jrm;r*FvmjyKjcif;t,ltqr&Sdaomvl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;wGif/ razgufjyef opPm&Sdjcif;/ tysKdvlysdKppfjcif;udk wefzdk;xm;jcif; ponfwdk‹r&Sday? ‚if;tpm; umrqufqHrdwf vdkufjcif;pdwf"gwfESifh jynfhwefqmvkyfief;rsm;om ysHŒESH‹vsuf&Sd.? • ykvdyf&JwyfzGJ‹udk vufudkifwkwfvkyfI zdESdyfcsKyfcs,fonfh uGefjrLepfvl‹tzGJ‹ tpnf;wGif/ tv†m[ft±Sifjrwfudk a-umuf&GHŒjcif;todw&m;r&SdEdkifacs? xdk‹a-umifh/ &mZ0wfr+wdk;yGm;vm.? cdk;0Sufvk,ufjcif;onf ae&mwumwGif tv#Hy,frsm;jym; .? puf&kHtvkyf&kH/ v,f,mjcHESifhor0g,rrsm;wGif pkaygif;cdk;0Sufjcif;u tpOftjrJ jzpfonfh obm0tavhtxwpfckomjzpfayonf? • uGefjrLepftawG;tac:u wpfrsdK;wpfzkHtwnfwusqdkxm;aomfvnf;/ uGefjrLepfvl‹ tzGJ‹tpnf;wGif/ vlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;onf tvGefysHŒESH‹ayonf? qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpkwGif &k&Sm;vlrsdK;r[kwfolwdk‹udk/ txl;ojzifhrGwfpvifrfwdk‹udk/ rkef;wD;qef‹usif-u.? 'g0ifoDtdk&Dudk wdk;wdk;wdwfwdwf vufcHxm;aom &k&Sm;vlrsdK;wdk‹onf rGwfpvifrfvl enf;pkrsm;ESifh tjcm;vlenf;pkrsm;udk “jynfhpkHjynfh0pGmajymif;vJr+tqifh ra&mufao; olrsm;”[k,lqI jynfESif'%fay;jcif;jzifh tpkvdkuftjyKHvdkufowfjzwfvdkuf-u.? uGefjrLepf0g'tawG;tac:wGif “vlowfr+”onf tDAdkvl;&Sif;jzpfpOfwGif obm0t avsmuf yg0ifaom “obm0'dkiftmvufwpf”(tEkyËdavmrobm0)tjzpftysuf[k ,lqxm;.? • uGefjrLepf0g'onf/ vlom;rsm;udk ukefxkwfvkyfr+pGrf;aqmifEdkifonfh wd&pm>efwpfrsdK; tjzpfom jrif.? ‚if;tawG;tac:u aus;vufawm&Gmaevlxkudk txl;wvnf rkef;wD;pufqkyf&GH&Smjcif; jzpfap.? rm;ufPu aus;vufawm&Gmom;rsm;onf nHhjzif; aom “tmvl;tdwfrsm;”[k trnfay;xm;onf? txufwGif u|Ekfyfwdk‹awG‹cJh-uonfh twdkif; vDeifESifh pwmvifwdk‹u oef;ESifhcsDaom awmol&Gmom;rsm;udk wrifwum tiwfxm;I owfjzwfcJh-u.? olwdk‹.tjrifwGif awmol&Gmom;rsm;onf qefpyg; ESifh 0g*Grf;xkwfvkyfay;onfh wd&pm>eftkyfom jzpf.? (pkaygif;pepftrnfjzifh) ol wdk‹&Sdor#qefpyg; pm;ukefaomufukefypPnf;tm;vkH;/ ysm;&nfESifhysm;tkHrsm;rusef odrf;,lvdkufjcif;onf usdK;a-umif;qDavsmfI w&m;0ifonf[k jrif-uonf? Ta,bk,sokH;oyfcsufrsm;onf bmomt,l0g'omoemr&Sdaomvl‹tzGJ‹tpnf; rStjzpfrsm;udk csKHikHIt-urf;jzif;az:jyjcif;jzpfygonf? bk&m;oQiftv†m[ft&Sifjrwftm; ,kH-unfr+r&SdonfhEdkifiHrsm;wGif Todk‹aomb0aexdkifr+onf rvGJra&SmifomysHŒESH‹rnfom jzpf.? tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfu 0dnmOfoGif;Izefqif;xm;aomwefbdk;&Sdonfh ouf&Sda0ae

103

'g0if0g'=uGefjrLepf0g'wnfaxmifr+onf &k&Sm;vlrsdK;wdk‹tm; qufvufzdESdyf.

'g

0if0g'=uGefjrLepftpdk;&onf/ vlom;rsm;udk wd&pm>efwpfrsdK;tjzpfowfrSwfaoma-umifh/

jynfoljynfom;rsm;udk av;pm;jcif;r&Sdonfhtjyif ,kH-unfjcif;vnf; r&Sday? xdk‹a-umifh/ xdef;uGyf &eftwGuf/ a-umuf&GHŒxdwfvef‹jcif;/ zdESdyfcsKyfcs,fjcif;/ vkyf-uHowfjzwfonfhtEW&m,fESifht-urf; zufr+rsm;jzifh jcdrf;ajcmufjcif;/ ponfwdk‹udk zefwD;-u.? tpdk;&onf/ vlwdkif;udk trSm;usL;vGef xm;oltjzpfESifh opPmazgufrnfholtjzpf r,kHrouFmaomtjrifjzifhom -unfh.? xdkodk‹aom EdkifiHwGif vlwpfa,mufudk '%fcwf&ef/ &ufpufpGm&dkufESuf&ef odk‹r[kwf owfypf&eftwGuf xdkolu &mZ0wfr+wpfckckudk trSefwu,fusL;vGefae&efyif rvdktyfay/ xdkol‹udk rouFm&kHjzifh vkHavmufayonf? tvGefausmf-um;aom ordkif;yg&*lZaAwef wdk'dka&mhAfu Todk‹aomtawG;tac:udk vufudkifusifhokH;onfh EdkifiHtpdk;&wdk‹u olwdk‹. jynfoludk rnfodk‹jyKusifhonfh t a-umif;udk az:jyxm;ayonf?== &efol[kowfrSwfjcif;onf t-urf;zuf r+twGuf taumif;qkH;ta-umif;jy um uG,fenf;jzpf.? wpfygwDtm%m&Sifp epfEdkifiHawmftpdk;&wdk‹ oufqdk;&Snfaea&;twGuf &efoltjrJ&Sdae&efvdktyfonf? tu,fI r&Sd bJaysmufoGm;ygu/ zefwD;,l-uonf? &efol[k az:xkwfcH&olonf oem;-uifemjcif;uif;rJh pGmESdyfpufjcif;cH&awmhonf?==&efoljzpfjcif;onf azsmufzsufIr&Edkifaom tarGcHtpGef;xif jcif;jzpfonf?==uGefjrLepf0g'onfvnf; xl;rjcm;em; wpfykHpHwnf;yifjzpf.? zdESdyfcsKyfcs,f r+onf vdktyfcsufjzpf.? (odk‹r[kwf ta&;tcif;umvwGifrl okwfoif&Sif;vif;ypf.?) blZGm udkvnf; vlwef;pm;wpfckvkH;udk okwfoif&Sif;vif;-uonf? vlwef;pm;wGif yg0ifjcif;uyif vkHavmufaomta-umif;jycsufjzpfayonf? tjcm;rnfonfhjypfr+udkrS usL;vGef&ef rvdktyf awmhay?1 vDeif. Tpum;rsm;onf uGefjrLepftpdk;&u jynfoltay:xm;aomoabmxm;udk oabmayguf aprnfh ta&;-uD;aompum;rsm; jzpfayonf? trSefrSm/ EdkifiHawmftpdk;&onf vlwef;pm;wpfrsdK;u aemufxyfvlwef;pm;wpfrsdK;udk ESdyfuGyfzd ESdyfonfh ,EW&m;wpfrsdK;omv#if jzpfonf? tm%m&Sifpepfonf tiftm;udkwdkuf&dkuftajccH onfh pnf;pepfjzpfI rnfonfhOya'urS ‚if;tay:uef‹owfr+r&Sday? ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;. awmfvSefa&;tm%m&Sifpepfonf ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;u blZGmwdk‹tay:wGif t-urf;zufjcif;jzifh atmifjrifcJhonfh tkyfcsKyfr+jzpfI qufvufxdrf;odrf;xm;rnfhtkyfcsKyfr+pepf jzpfonfhtjyif 2 rnfonfhOya'urS uef‹owfxm;jcif;r&Sdonfh tkyfcsKyfr+pepfjzpfonf? vDeifajymonfhtwdkif;/ 'g0if0g'D=qdkAD,ufuGefjrLepftpdk;&onf ‚if;.jynfolwdk‹udk ,kH-unfr+ r &Sdonfhtjyif wefbdk;r&Sdonfh wd&pm>efrsm;tjzpf owfrSwfxm;cJh.? xdk‹a-umifh/ oef;aygif;ajrmuf jrm;pGmaom jynfolwdk‹tm; ESdyfpufn‡if;yef;owfjzwfonfhtjyif iwfjywf&if;aoa-u-uatmifvkyf I/ wdkif;jynfudk ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm-umjrifhatmif a-umufrufzG,faom tarSmifwGif;odk‹ ydk‹cJh-uay onf? ,ae‹vuf&Sd&k&Sm;jynfolwdk‹onfvnf; xdka0'emudk rcsdwifuJcHpm;ae-uao;onf? tb,fh a-umifhqdkaomf &k&Sm;tpdk;&tkyfcsKyfa&;,EW&m;&Sd tcsKdŒaomt&m&Sdwdk‹onf uGefjrLepfpdwfaepdwf xm;raysmuf-uao;ojzifh/ vludk wd&pm>eftjzpfaomfvnf;aumif;/ wefbdk;r&SdonfhypPnf;tjzpf aomfvnf;aumif;/ owfrSwfae-uao;aoma-umifh jzpf.?

104

&k&Sm;EdkifiHwGif 2000=ckESpfwGif jzpfysufcJhonfhtjzpftysufwpfcku TtcsufESkifhywfoufaocHcsuf wpfckjzpfI/ qdkAD,ufacwfrS tarGcHcJhaom 'g0if0g'D=uGefjrLepf pdwfaeoabmxm;. arSmifrdkuf aomtydkif;udk az:jyvsuf&Sdayonf? &k&Sm;a&ikwfoabFm a&epfaepOf/ armhpudkrS tcsdef-umjrifhpGm u,fq,fa&;tpDtpOfrvkyfcJh-uay? “trsdK;om;vkHjcHKa&;”ta-umif;jycsufjzifh u,fq,fa&;tul tnD tvsiftjrefay;Edkifonfh taemufEdkifiHrsm;odk‹ 'kuQa&mufjyD; &ufaygif;rsm;pGm-umjyD;rS tod ay;a-unmcJh.? &k&Sm;tpdk;&onf odvsufESifh olwdk‹.oabFmom;rsm;udk aoukefonftxd ypfxm;cJh.?

owif;

Tta-umif;udk wefjyefajymqdkonfh&k&Sm;vl rsdK;rdcifwpfOD;udk vkHjcHKa&;wyfzGJ‹rS pdwfjidrfaq; xdk;ay;vdkufavonf? Ttjzpftysufu &k&Sm; tpdk;&tm%mydkifwdk‹wGif pwmvif0g'oabm xm; pdk;rdk;aea-umif; az:jyvsuf&Sdayonf?

,stjzpf av;pm;jcif;r&Sd-uay? rdrdwdk‹onf toufaoqkH;onfESifh ysufpD;oGm;-urnfh zGH‹jzdK;jyD;aomwd&pm>efrsm;tjzpf ,lqxm;-uojzifh/ vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;onf om,m0ajym jcif;okc/ jidrf;csrf;jcif;okc/ vkHjcHKjcif;okc/ ulnD,dkif;yif;-ujcif;ESifh nD&if;tpfudkarmif &if;ESrpdwf"gwf&Sdjcif; ponfwdk‹udk awG‹-uHKcHpm;&jcif; r&Sdacs? rnfolur# tjcm;rnfol‹ oufomacsmifcsda&;/ usef;rma&; odk‹r[kwf om,m0ajyma&;okctwGuf pOf;pm;ay;jcif; r&Sdacs? xdk‹xufru xdkodk‹aombmomt,l0g'uif;rJhonfhvl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;wGif/ trsm; udk,fpm; ormorwfaqmif&Gufay;rnfholudk &SmawG‹Edkif&ef rjzpfEdkifay? vlwdkif;onf rdrd udk,fusdK;udkom-unfhI rdrdwwfEdkifor# tjrwfxkwf&efom -udK;pm;ayonf? uk&ftmefusrf;awmfjrwfu oGefoifaomudk,fusifhw&m;udk vdkufemusifhokH;onfh vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;wGifrl/ vlwdkif;udk tv†m[ft&Sifjrwf. aus;u|efrsm;tjzpftodtrSwfjyK um tcsif;csif;wefbdk;xm;-uayonf? rdrdvkyfvdkufaomaumif;usdK;twGuf jyefvnf ay;qyfjcif;udk rnfolurSar#mfvifhjcif;rjyK-uay? olwdk‹onf rdrdwdk‹.aumif;r+ukodkvf vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;udk qufvufIomvkyfaqmif-ujyD;/ tv†m[ft&Sifjrwf.oabmwl ESpfoufawmfrljcif;udk &,l&efom -udK;yrf;-uonf? aemifwrvGefb0wGif aumif;rGef aomb0&&Sd&ef ar#mfvifh-uonf? olwdk‹onf/ “trSefpifppf rnfolrqdk tv†m[ft&Sif jrwf. ESpfoufr+udk &,ljcif;iSm/ xdkuJhodk‹(ay;urf;pGef‹-uJr+udk‚if;/ aumif;r+udk‚if;/ vl cyif;wdk‹ pyf-um;0,f/ aphpyfjcif;udk‚if;/) jyKrltHh/ odk‹jzpfv#if r-umrD igt&Sifjrwfonf xdkoltm; -uD;us,fvSpGmaomtusKd;udk csD;jr‡ifhay;oem;awmfrltHh?”[k uk&ftmefusrf; awmfjrwf pl&mtefeDqm 4;114 wGif rdef‹qdkxm;onfudk pdwfcs,kH-unf-uayonf? olwdk‹ onf tjcm;olrsm;xHrS tusdK;tjrwf&,ljcif;twGufar#mfudk;I xdkodk‹aumif;r+jyKjcif;r [kwfbJ/ tv†m[fxHawmfrS &&SdrnfhqkvmbftwGufom jyK-ujcif; jzpfonf? uk&ftmefusrf;awmfjrwf pl&mtvf'[f&f 76;8=10wGif/ pHerlemxm;xdkufonfh pdwfxm;udk,fusifhw&m;&Sdjcif;udk tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfu rdef‹qdkxm;awmfrl.?

105

xdkrSwyg; xdkolwdk‹onf tpm;tpmudk ckHrifpkHruf-uvsufESifhyif xdkt&Sifjrwf tm; cspf-unfjrwfEdk;aoma-umifh olqif;&Jwdk‹tm;vnf;aumif;/ brJhuav;oli,fwdk‹ tm;vnf;aumif;/ okH‹yef;wdk‹tm;vnf;aumif;/ au|;arG;-uukef.? u|Ekfyfwdk‹onf toifwdk‹tm; tv†m[ft&Sifjrwftm; &nfpl;Iomv#ifau|;arG;-u .? u|Efkyfwdk‹onf toifwdk‹xHrS rnfonfhtusdK;aus;Zl;udkr#vnf;aumif;/ rnfonfh aus;Zl;wifjcif;udkvnf;aumif;/ &nfpl;-uonfr[kwfay? {uefrvGJ u|Ekfyfwdk‹tm; zefqif;arG;jrLawmfrlaomt&SifjrwftxHawmfrS -urf; -uKwfcufxefpGmaomae‹udk a-umuf&GHŒpdk;&drf-uukef.? ([kajymjy-uukef.?) pdwftpGJtvrf;onf vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;wpfck.tEkynmESifh odyH`ynmwdk;wufzGH‹jzdK; a&;wGif t"dut[ef‹twm;jzpfayonf? tu,fI EdkifiHwpfEdkifiHonf usOf;ajrmif; aom pOf;pm;qifjcifjcif;enf;vrf;wpfckcktwGif;owfrSwfcsKyfcs,fxm;jcif;cH&ygu/ ‚if; .tEkynmESifhodyH`ynmonf &yfwef‹oGm;vdrfhrnf? tEkynmESifhodyH`ynmwdk;wufzGH‹jzdK; ap&eftwGuf/ vlwdk‹wGif oabmxm;-uD;jcif;ESifh urBmudkus,fus,fjyef‹jyef‹-unfhjrifEdkif jcif; &Sd&rnf? tcsdKŒu/ tEkynmESifhodyH`ynmwGif t[ef‹twm;jzpfaponfh a&S;&dk;qefpdwftpGJ tvrf;onf bmoma&;twGuf tusdK;&Sdonf[k &Sif;jy-uayonf? odk‹aomfvnf;/ uk&f tmefusrf;awmfjrwfu oGefoifay;aomppfrSefonfhbmomt,l0g'onf/ a&S;&dk;(rd&dk; zvm)tpGJtvrf;udk qef‹usifI vGwfvyfqkH;tjrifESifhtawG;tac:udk ay;aqmif.? tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfudka-umuf&GHŒjcif;jzifh tjcm;a-umuf&GHŒpdk;&drfa-umifhusr+rSefor#tm;vkH; rS vGwfajrmufap.? uk&ftmefusrf;awmfjrwfwGif wdkufwGef;Ed+;aqmfxm;csufrsm;udk eufeJpGm awG;awmqifjcifolwdk‹onf/ olwdk‹.Om%ftpGrf;udktokH;jyKum p-um0VmESifh obm0rStawG‹t-uKHrsm;udk awG;qqef;ppfjcif;jzifh/ tEkynm/ odyH`ynmESifhpOf;pm;Om%f wdk‹wGif tjrifhrm;qkH;tqifhtxd zGH‹jzdK;apEdkifayonf? xdk‹xufru/ bmoma&;onf tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfudk 0wfjyKjcif;ESifhywfoufI o abmaygufapjcif;jzifh/ vlwdk‹udk pdwfcsrf;omr+ay;aqmif.? pdwftm;xufoefjcif;ESifh t Ekynmvuf&mrsm;udk az:xkwf&efpdwful;aygufvdkvm;jcif;jzpfay:aponf? xdkrSwpfqifh tawG;tac:rsm;ESifhpdwful;pdwfoef;ay:xGef;vmaponf? xdk‹a-umifh/ tpPvmrfhEdkifiHawmf yxrqkH;&mpkESpfonf/ trSefwu,f-uD;us,faomacwfwpfacwfjzpfcJhayonf? odk‹aomfvnf;/ uGefjrLepf0g'onf/ wif;usyfaomEdkifiHa&;ESifhvlr+a&;pepfudk wnfaqmufI/ vlwdk‹. bk&m;oQif(tv†m[ft&Sifjrwf)wGif ouf0if,kH-unfr+udk zsuf qD;ypfojzifh/ t"dy`g,f&Sd&Sdtouf&Sifonfh om,maysmf&$ifaomolwdk‹.b0udkyg zsufqD; ypfavonf? rm;ufP0g'.zdESdyfuef‹owfcsKyfcs,fjcif;u tEkynm/ odyH`ynmESifh qef; ppfvdkonfhpdwf"gwfpdwful;rsm;udk acsrkef;zsufqD;ypfcJh.? tm&Swdkufta&SŒjzm;wGif uGefjrLepf0g'.vuf&mrsm;udk ydkrdkxif&Sm;onfhykHpHrsm; jzifh u|Efkyfwdk‹udk jyxm;cJh.?

106

107

O

a&mywdkufwGif arG;zGm;cJhaomuGefjrLepf0g'. yxrOD;qkH;aom awmfvSefa&; onf &k&Sm;EdkifiH.ta&SŒpGef;qkH;a'owGifjzpfay:cJhonf? 20=&mpkESpf yxrydkif; wGif ta&SŒbufodk‹qufvufa&GŒvsm;oGm;cJh&m urBmay:wGif vlOD;a&trsm;qkH; jzpfaom w&kwfEdkifiHonfvnf; 1949=ckESpfwGif armfpDwkH;acgif;aqmifonfhajymufusm; wyfvufxJodk‹ usa&mufoGm;cJh.? aemufq,fESpfwdkifatmif armf.wyfrsm;onf w&kwf EdkifiHudk urBmay:wGif 'kwd,t-uD;qkH;uGefjrLepfawmfvSefa&;tjzpfodk‹ajymif;vJypf&ef t pdk;&wyfrsm;udk wEdkifiHvkH;tESH‹tjym;vdkufvHwdkufcdkufavonf? T'kwd,awmfvSefa&; onf/ bdkvf&SDApfawmfvSefa&;ykHpHtwdkif;=&mZ0wfom;rsm;uJhodk‹t&rf;uma&mwdkufcdkuf jcif;/ tpkvdkuftjyKHvkdufowfjzwfjcif;/ ESdyfpufn‡if;yef;jcif;/ iwfjywfapjcif;/ qif;&JrGJ awapjcif;/ oduQmcsjcif; ponfhvkyf&yfrsm;jzifh tpOfa-umuf&GHŒxdwfvef‹ae&I pdwfqif; &Jn‡dK;i,fae&um oD;jcm;bmodbmom&yfwnfae&onfhvl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;udk zefwD;xm; onf? vDeif.aemufydkif; armfonf uGefjrLepfoDtdk&DwGif 'kwd,t-udrftjzpf ta&;-uD; onfh ajymif;vJr+jyKvkyfI rm;ufP0g'udk ta&;-uD;onfhtcsufokH;csufudk jyKjyifcJh.? 1? rm;ufPESifhuGefjrLepfoabmw&m;a&;yg&*lwdk‹u “tvkyform;”ypPnf;rJhvl wef;pm;tawG;tac:udk tifrwefta&;w,l csrSwfcJh-uayonf? odk‹aomfvnf; armfu awmifolv,form;vlwef;pm;onf awmfvSefa&;.ppfrSefonfha&SŒaqmifrsm;jzpfonf[k ,kH-unfojzifh/ “awmifolv,form;qdk&S,fvpfpepf”tawG;tac:udk wifjycJh.? 2? vDeif.tawG;tac:twdkif; uGefjrLepfygwDudk jrdKŒ-uD;rsm;wGiftajccHI awmf vSefa&;udk jyifqifonfhenf;udkrokH;bJ/ “ajymufusm;ppfqifa&;”ESifh aus;&Gmawmif wef;a'orsm;wGif tajccHaomuGefjrLepfygwDudk wnfaxmif.? 3? rm;ufP0g'.tajccHjzpfonfh vDeiftokH;jyKcJhaom EdkifiHwumodk‹a&SŒ±+onfh v+yf&Sm;r+tpm;/ armfu trsdK;om;a&;udkOD;pm;ay;I “trsdK;om;qdk&S,fvpf0g'”tawG;t ac:udk wnfxGifcJhonf? TuJhodk‹aom uGJjym;jcm;em;onfhcsnf;uyfenf;okH;rsdK;.aemufuG,f&Sd ta-umif; &if;rSm oludk,fwdkifa&mufaeonfhtajctaersm;udk armfuawG‹&Sdjcif;yifjzpfayonf? w &kwfEdkifiHwGif/ wEdkifiHvkH;enf;yg; a±S;&dk;rd&dk;zvmqHonfh awmifolv,form;rsm;omjzpf aeaoma-umifh/ armfu “trsdK;om;awmifolv,form;qdk&S,fvpf0g'”udk rwnfaxmif bJ tjcm;a&G;p&mr±Sdjzpfaeonf? armfu rvGJomra&Smifom awmifolv,form;rsm;udk 108

OD;pm;ay;um/ awmifolv,form;rsm;udkpnf;&kH;I “awm&yfajymufusm;ppf”ykHpHudk tokH;cscJhavonf? Ttcsufu armf0g'onf vDeif0g'ESifhjcm;em;a-umif;udk jyqdkonfomru/ t b,hfa-umifh ydkrdkI&dkif;pdkif;&ufpuf-urf;-uKwfI wif;usyfaomtawG;tac:jzpfonf [l aomtcsufudkyg &Sif;jyayonf? armf0g'ay:xGufvmjcif;onf/ eudkuwnf;u oem; -uifemjcif;uif;rJhI aoG;qmaomuGefjrLepf0g'wGif/ ydkrdkIt,loefjcif;/ qifjcifwkH w&m;uif;rJhonfhtrsdK;om;a&;ESifh ,Ofaus;r+udk&efvdkjcif; ponfwdk‹udk xyfrHjznfhpGuf vdkufayonf? armf.uGefjrLepf0g'onf tqdk;&Gm;qkH;pepfjzpfI/ tqdk;wumhtqdk;qkH; [kyif ac:Edkifayonf?

w&kwfuGefjrLepf0g'onf/ pwmvif.axmufyHr+jzifh -uD;xGm;wdk;wufvmcJhI tm%m&vmcJh.? odk‹aomfvnf; w&kwfeD. &ufpuf-urf;-uKwfr+onf pwmvifxufqdk;oGrf;ayonf?

armf.uGefjrLepf0g'onf w&kwfEdkifiHwGifom -oZmanmif;cJhonfr[kwf/ aemif wGif (crmeDvufxuf) uarBm'D,m;/ ajrmufudk;&D;,m;ESifh tvfab;eD,mEdkifiHrsm;odk‹yif ysHŒESH‹cJhavonf? armfpDwkH;tawG;tac:onf pwmvif.axmufyHhulnDr+jzifh tm%m-uD; xGm;cJhI/ pwmvif.acwfwGif qdkAD,uf=w&kwfqufqHa&;onfvnf; tifrweftqif ajycJhayonf? odk‹aomfvnf; 1960=ckESpfwGif TqufqHa&;ysufjym;oGm;um ESpfEdkifiH onf &efoljzpfvmcJh.? w&kwf=qdkAD,uf,SOfjydKifr+onfvnf; urBmhuGefjrLepfavmu udk ESpfydkif;cGJypfavonf? w&kwf.r[mrdwfuGefjrLepfEdkifiHESifh qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpk. r[mrdwfuGefjrLepfEkdifiH[lI ESpfydkif; uGJoGm;onf? armftawG;tac:u w&kwfEdkifiHESifhtwl w&kwfEdkifiHaemufodk‹vdkufaomwdkif;jynf rsm;odk‹ ay;aqmifcJhaomtajctaewdk‹onf/ vDeifESifhpwmvifwdk‹u &k&Sm;EdkifiHodk‹ ,l 109

aqmifcJhoavmuf arSmifrdkufIaoG;acsmif;pD;cJhayonf? odk‹aomfvnf; armfpDwkH;tawG;t ac:u “tqdk;wumhtqdk;qkH;”tpdk;&rsm;udk zefwD;ay;cJhayonf? a&SŒvmrnfhpmrsufESmrsm;wGif/ tm&Swdkufudk v$rf;jcHKcJhaom teDa&mif&dkif;pdkif;&uf pufr+rsm;udk qef;ppf-uygrnf?

w&kwfjynfodk‹ 'g0ifa&mufvmjcif; Darwin's Visit to China

uGefjrLepf0g'onf trSefpifppf Oa&mywdkufom;rsm;.tawG;tac:jzpfonf? O a&mywdkufom;tawG;tac:&Sifwdk‹u pwif wifjyxm;I yxrOD;qkH;Oa&mywdkufom; Edkif iHa&;Ekd;-um;vH+Œaqmfa&;orm;rsm;u vufawG‹usifhokH;cJh-uonf? Oa&mywdkufwGif tjrpf wG,fcJhaom bmomt,l0g'udk&efvdkqef‹usifonfh&kyf0g' jzpfonf? TtawG;tac:u/ tppt&m&mwGif Oa&mywdkufESifh jcm;em;aom/ woD;wjcm;&yfwnfaeonfh w&kwfEdkifiH odk‹ a&mufvmjcif;rSm xl;jcm;vSayonf? odk‹aomfvnf;/ w&kwfEdkifiH. r-umao;rDu ordkif;udk-unfhygu/ ykHpHwpfrsdK;wnf;xGufvmayonf? w&kwfEdkifiHodk‹ uGefjrLepf0g' a&mufvmjcif;onf/ 'g0if0g'u w&kwfEdkifiHwGif bk&m;rJhrdpm>'d@d0g' tjrpfwG,fvm apaoma-umifh jzpfayonf? 18=&mpkESpfukefydkif;rwdkifrD/ w&kwfjynfonf rdrdwdk‹ta-umif;udkompdwf0ifpm;I taemufEdkifiH,Ofaus;r+rS uif;uGmaecJhonf? 19=&mpkESpftwGif; t*FvdyfvlrsdK;ukef onfrsm;a&mufvmcJhjcif;jzifh/ w&kwfEdkifiHudk ajymif;vJr+tajrmuftjrm;jzpfay:ap.? ol wdk‹ESifhtwl Tukefonfwdk‹u w&kwfjynfwGif ,Qifurodbl;r-um;bl;aombdef;[kac: onfhypPnf;wpfrsdK;udk ,laqmifvmcJh-uonf? bdef;pm;okH;jcif;onf w&kwfvl‹tzGJ‹tpnf; wGif ul;pufwwfaoma&m*guyfqdkufouJhodk‹ jyef‹yGm;oGm;cJh&m/ ,if;ta-umif;a-umifh t*Fvdyf=w&kwfppfyGJ ESpf-udrfwdkifwdkif jzpfcJhonf? a[mifaumifESifhtwl tjcm;ta&;-uD; onfh w&kwfjrdKŒ-uD;rsm;vnf; t*Fvdyf.-oZmatmufodk‹ usa&mufoGm;avonf? Todk‹jzifh/ w&kwfjynfodk‹ t*Fvdyfe,fcsJŒpepf0ifa&mufvmcJh&m 'g0ifoDtdk&Du vnf; e,fcsJŒpepfudkodyH`enf;usus axmufcHaomtawG;tac:tjzpf ygvmcJhavonf? 19=&mESpfwGif Oa&mywdkufwGif ysHŒESH‹acwfpm;aeaom&kyf0g'ESifh'g0iftawG;tac:onf w&kwfynm&Sdtodkif;t0dkif;wGif vsifjrefpGmysHŒESH‹oGm;avonf? tDAdkvl;&Sif;pG,fpkHusrf;wGif &pfcsm'frdvfemu atmufygtwdkif; a&;om;xm;ayonf? 19=&mpkESpftwGif;/ taemufEdkifiHom;wdk‹u w&kwfjynfudk jynfyESifhtquftoG,fjywfaeI a&S;a[mif;&dk;&m"avhnGHawmwGif epfaeaom tdyfaysmfaeonfhe*g;-uD;tjzpf owfrSwf-uay onf? w&kwfynm&Sdtodkif;t0dkif;onf 'g0if.tDAdkvl;&Sif;tawG;tac:udk wdk;wufr+ESifh ajymif;vJr+twGuf wGef;tm;jzpfEdkifonf[k pdwftm;xufoefpGm zrf;qkyfvdkuf-uonfudk tenf;i,faomOa&mywdkufom;wdk‹uom owdxm;rdcJh-uayonf? w&kwfpma&;q&m [l&SD (touf&SifaeaomtawG;tac:rsm;/ 1931).tqdkt&/ aomrwf [yfpav. tDAdkvl;&Sif; ESifhvlŒusifh0wfw&m;pmtkyfudk 1898=ckESpfwGif ykHESdyfxkwfa0csdefY/ w&kwfynm&Sifwdk‹u csufcsif;vufcH-obmay;-uavonf? -uG,f0csrf;omolwdk‹u aps;oufomaom w&kwfbm omjyefudk &dkufxkwfjzef‹a0&ef aiGa-u;axmufyHh-uojzifh/ vlxk-um;wGif us,fus,fjyef‹jyef‹ 57 ysHŒESH‹oGm;aponf?

atmfwdkrefacwftqkH;avmufwGif ,ef;wmuf(Young Turks)wdk‹udk taemufEdkifiH &kyf0g'u nd‡KŒ,lzrf;pm;cJhouJhodk‹aom tawG;tac:a&;&mpmayrsm;udk a&;om;onfh &kyf0g'ESifh'g0iftawG;tac:udk vufcHolwdk‹.pmayrsm; w&kwfEdkifiHwGifvnf; ay: aygufvmayonf? aemufqkH;&vm'frSm/ ESpfaygif;axmifcsDI wnfwHhcJhaomw&kwfEdkifiH 110

awmf{u&mZfbk&iftkyfcsKyfa&;pepfonf 1911=ckESpfwGif zsufodrf;cH&I w&kwforw EdkifiHawmftpdk;&udk tpm;xdk;vdkufayonf? xdkorwEdkifiHawmfudk wnfaxmifolwdk‹onf/ taemufEdkifiHudkqef‹usifonfh tajymESifhay:vDpDrsm;udk rnfr#yifajymqdkcsrSwf-uayaomf vnf;/ taemufEdkifiHrsm;.e,fcsJŒpepfudk w&m;0ifaponfh vlrsdK;pGJESifhvlr+a&;'g0if0g' udkomv#if ul;,lusifhokH;-uayonf? orwEdkifiHopf (The New Republic) [laom tar&duefr*~Zif;wpfapmif. t,f'Dwm *sufaumhbf [Dvfbef;u atmufygtwdkif; a&;om;cJhayonf? xdkacwfumvwGif/ taemufEdkifiHwdk‹.tawG;tac:ESifhwDxGifr+rsm;jzifh wefjyeftokH;jyKrnfh t-uHonf txGwftxdyfodk‹a&mufaeatmif acwfpm;cJhavonf? yDuif;jrdKŒ-uD;wGif 1919=ck ESpf arv 4=&ufae‹wGif jzpfay:onfh qENjyyGJwGif/ acwfopfajymif;vJa&;ESifh nDnGwfa&;udk awmif;qdkcJh-uonf? ynmwwftodkif;t0dkif;wGif odyH`ynmESifh 'Drdkua&pDacwfpm;vsuf&Sd .?==(w&kwfordkif;ESifhtawG;tac:rsm;qdkif&m ygarmuQ) wla0rifu “trSefrSm odyH`ynm aomfvnf;aumif;/ 'Drdkua&pDaomfvnf;aumif;/ wpfckrSr[kwfacs? odyH`ynmqefjcif;ESifh omrefvlxk.tusKd;udk &nfar#mfonf[kqdkaom0g'rsm;omv#if aemufuG,fwGif ykef;v#dKae ayonf[k 1996=ckESpf aqmif;&moDxkwfa';'gvyfpfpmapmifwGif az:jyxm;ayonf? ==arv 4=&ufae‹aemufydkif;umvwGif/ t"duusonfhqifjcifwkHw&m;ESifh a*sudkbiftzGJ‹ (jyifopf awmfvSefa&;az:xkwfaomtzGJ‹)uJhodk‹ pkaygif;pepfwdk‹u w&kwfynmwwfavmu. tawG;tac:tajccHydkif;udk jyefvnfjyifqifajymif;vJypfcJh.?” v#KdŒ0Suf*sme,fudk wnf;jzwf ol./ 'g0ifESifhpyifqmwdk‹. pmayrsm;udk wpf0ufwpfjywfav#mhayghxm;aompmayrsm;u/ vsefuDcsKuJhodk‹aom jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;orm;wdk‹tay:wGif -oZmanmif;aecJhayonf? olwdk‹ 58 u jydKifqdkifjcif;ppfonf wdk;wufzGH‹jzdK;a&;. aomhcsufjzpfonf[k ,kH-unf-uavonf?

txufwGif udk;um;cJhonfh vlrsdK;a&;orm;tawG;tac:&Sif pyifqmonf/ 'g0if ESifh wacwfwnf;jzpfI 'g0if.oDtdk&Dudk vlr+a&;odyH`wGif tokH;csoljzpfonf? -urf; wrf;&ufpufr+ESifh rw&m;r+tawG;tac:rsm;tjyif/ Oa&mywdkufom;rsm;utqifhydkjrifh jcif;ESifh EdkifiHtoD;oD;&SdvlrsdK;toD;oD;wdk‹ESifh tqufrjywfyËdyuQjzpfae&ef vdktyf a-umif;/ vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;wGif tm;enf;csdeJ‹olwdk‹ESifh qif;&JEGrf;yg;olwdk‹ yg0ifzGJ‹pnf;ae jcif; r&Sdoifha-umif;udk tqdkjyKwifjyol jzpfonf?

'g0if/ [yfpavESifh a*:vwef wdk‹onf/ w&kwfynm&SiftcsKdŒudk zufqpf0g'ESifhuGefjrLepf0g' odk‹ aoG;aqmifoGwfoGif;cJhol tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'DokH;OD;jzpfonf?

111

'g0ifESifhpyifqmwdk‹ -oZmanmif;aom w&kwfynm&Sifrsm;teuf/ ,ifzl ESifh wif 0ifcsKdifwdk‹ESpfOD;.tawG;tac:onf acwfopfw&kwfEdkifiH.tajccHrlwGif -oZmtrsm;qkH; oufa&mufayonf? tar&duefvlrsdK;ordkif;yg&*l bif*srif±S0gwfZfu/ w&kwfuGefjrLepf 0g'ESifh armf.wufvrf; [laompmtkyfwGif ,ifzlESifh ol.'g0iftawG;tac:udk ay:vGif xif&Sm;pGm az:jyxm;ayonf? ±S0gwfZf.tqdkt&/ ,ifzlonf pyifqmESifhtjcm;t aemufEdkifiHom;wdk‹.a&;om;csufrsm;udk zwf±+jyD; taemufEdkifiHtawG;tac:oDtdk&Drsm; onf vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;udk ajymif;vJay;EdkifI csrf;om-uG,f0jcif;ESifh tm%mtiftm;-uD; xGm;apEdkifaom aq;tn$ef;tjzpfjrifavonf?59 'g0if.oDtdk&Drsm;onf/ trSefw&m; udk az:jyxm;jcif;omr[kwfbJ/ vkyfaqmifcsufenf;vrf;ESifhwefbdk;rsm;twGuf tn$ef; jzpfonf60[k ,kH-unf-ua-umif; xkwfaz:xm;ayonf? wif0ifcsKdif (Ting Wen-chiang)onf vnf; ta&;-uD;onfh w&kwfvlrsdK;tawG;tac: &SifwpfOD;jzpfI uGefjrLepfacgif;aqmifvnf;jzpf .? ol.tjrifrsm;onfvnf; 'g0iftawG;tac: wGif tajccHcJhayonf? “wif”onf w&kwfjynfY 1910=ckESpfrsm;ESifh 1920=ckESpfrsm;wGif jzpfay: onfh “,Ofaus;r+opf”v+yf&Sm;r+. ta&;-uD;qkH; aomudk,fpm;vS,fjzpfonf? Tv+yf&Sm;r+.ta&; -uD;qkH;t*Fg&yfrSm w&kwfvlrsdK;wdk‹. bmomt,l 0g'jzpfonfh uGefzl;&SyftawG;tac:udk qef‹usifI/ &kyf0g'tjrifudk tpm;xdk;&ef enf;vrf;&Smjcif;yif jzpfonf? (,Ofaus;r+opfv+yf&Sm;r+onf armf. uGefjrLepf0g'ESifh ‚if;.&efbuf csefau&Sdwf. zufqpf0g' ESpfrsdK;pvkH;. tajccH&ma&aomuf jrpfjzpfjcif;u &,fp&maumif;aomtcsufwpf csuf jzpfaeayonf)? 'g0if0g' (wpfenf;tm;jzifh 'g0ift awG;tac:)onf w&kwfjynf.uGefjrL epf0g'ESifh zufqpf0g'wdk‹udk arG;pm;cJh .? zufqpfacgif;aqmif csefau&Sdwf udk 'g0iftawG;tac:u -oZmanmif; cJhayonf?

wif0ifcsKdif=odyH`ynmESifhw&kwfEdkifiH. ,Ofaus;r+opf [laompmtkyfwGif/ tar&duefvl

rsdK; csm;avmh zg;wfu ,Ofaus;r+opfv+yf&Sm;r+. t-uD;tuJjzpfol wif0ifcsKdifudk tawmftwef tao;pdwfatmif avhvmqef;ppfxm;ayonf? csm;avmhzgwf.tqdkt&/ 0ifcsdKifonf tDAdkvl;&Sif;tawG;tac:&Sifrsm;jzpf-u onfh 'g0if/ [yfpavESifh pyifqmwdk‹.pmayrsm;udk w&kwfbmomodk‹jyefqdkjcif;omjyKcJh .? xdk‹a-umifh/ zg;wfu wif0ifcsdKifudk “w&kwfjynf. [yfpav”61[kac:xm;onf? ('g0if.t-uD;us,fqkH;axmufcHtm;ay;ol [yfpavudk ol.acwfvlrsm;u ol‹udk “'g 0if.tdrfapmifhacG;”[k ac:-u.?) wif0ifcsdKifonf ZD0aA'ESifh blrdaA'bmomudk paumhwvefjynfe,f/ *vwfp udkwuUodkvfwGif qnf;zl;cJh.? 1911=ckESpfwGif w&kwfjynfodk‹jyefvmcJhI/ topfpuf puf wnfaxmifxm;aomw&kwforwEdkifiHawmfwGif &kyf0g'ESifh 'g0iftawG;tac:udk jzef‹jzL;&ef tifwdkuftm;wdkuf-udK;yef;cJhonf? 'g0if.nD0rf;uGJ z&ef;ppf a*:vfwef. vlrsdK;oef‹pifa&;(,l*sDepf)oDtdk&D62 udkyif jzef‹jzL;.? 112

(vlrsdK;oef‹pifa&;oDtdk&Donf/ vlrsdK;wpfrsdK;twGif; usef;rmoefpGrf;r+r&Sdolrsm;ESifh'kuQdw rsm;udk &Sif;vif;ypfjcif;jzifh/ usef;rmoef;pGrf;aomvlom;rsm;omv#if “rdwfvdkuf”-uum wurmBvkH;wGif usef;rmoefpGrf;onfhvlom;rsm;om wdk;yGm;zGH‹jzdK;vmrnf[k wifjyxm;ay onf? ToDtdk&Dudk emZD*smreDEdkifiHwGif tus,fw0if‹vufawG‹usifhokH;cJh.?) [m;AwfwuUodkvfrS ordkif;ygarmuQjzpfjyD; ,Ofaus;r+opfv+yf&Sm;r+ESifhywfouf I ta&;ygaoma0zefolwpfOD;u/ atmufygtwdkif; qdkxm;onf? ,Ofaus;r+opfv+yf&Sm;r+.a-uG;a-umfoHrsm;onf ,Qifu 'g0ifuaxmufcHcJhaoma-uG;a-umf oHawGcsnf;jzpf.? ,QKvnf; ,Qifutwdkif; xyfrHaxmufcHtm;ay;.? 'g0ifonf ,Ofaus; r+opfv+yf&Sm;r+udk umuG,fapmifha&Smufr+ay;aeonfholawmfpif jzpfoGm;awmhonf?==ol. oDtdk&Du “ypPKy`efu twdwfxufomvGefxl;uJI/ tem*wfonf ypPKy`efxuf omvGef xl;uJonf” [laomtqdk rSefuefa-umif;udk “oufaocH”aeonf[k ,Ofaus;r+opf v+yf&Sm;r+acgif;aqmifwdk‹u rav#mhwrf; tcdkiftrmajymqdkae-uao;onf? T,kH-unfcsuf onf/ pGefcsifydkuk (ypPKy`efudk av;pm;I twdwfudk txufao;&ef) bk&m;rJh0g'.aemuf uG,f&Sd pD&ifcsuftrdef‹ jzpfayonf? uGefjrLepfwdk‹. aemufydkif;pD&ifxkH;rSm a[mifcsifydkuk 63 (ypPKy`efudktr$ef;wifI twdwfudk txifao;yg) jzpf.?

w&kwfjynfwGif 'g0iftawG;tac:jyef‹yGm;oGm;onfESifhtr#/ 20=&mpkESpfOD;ydkif; wGif ,if;tawG;tac:udkaxmufcHtm;ay;onfh Tw&kwftawG;tac:&Sifrsm;u/ yxr tqifhtjzpf zufqpf0g'odk‹,dkifaom w&kwftrsdK;om;ulrifwefygwDudk arG;xkwfvdkuf jyD; aemufwzef w&kwfuGefjrLepf0g'udk arG;xkwfcJhjyefonf? uae'gEdkifiHom;tawG; tac:ynm&Sif rdkufu,f &l;pfu New Scientist (ody`Hynm&Sifopf)pmapmifwGif atmuf ygtwdkif; a&;om;cJhonf? TtawG;tac:rsm;u (w&kwfjynfwGif)csufcsif;tjrpfwG,fcJhavonf? tb,fha-umifhqdk aomf/ w&kwfjynfwGif taemufEdkifiHrsm;wGif&SdouJhodk‹ tDAdkvl;&Sif;tawG;tac:udk qef‹usif rnfhyif&if;tawG;tac:ESifh bmoma&;twm;tqD;r&Sday? trSefrSm 'g0ifudku w&kwfqef onf[kyif qdkEdkifayonf?==awm0ftawG;tac:ESifh uGefzl;&SyfopftawG;tac:wdk‹u vlom; udk 0wˆKypPnf;tjzpf r-umc%ykHEd+if;xm;jcif; &Sdonf? u|Ekfyfwdk‹ wpf-udrfaomtcgu wd& pm>efjzpfcJhbl;onf[laomtawG;tac:onfvnf; -uD;us,fonfhxdwfvef‹zG,f&mta-umif;r [kwfacs?==,ae‹vuf&Sd w&m;0iftawG;tac:onf rm;ufP=vDeif0g'jzpfI/ vlom;onf wd&pm>efwpfrsdK;jzpfonf[laom tawG;tac:wpfrsdK;wnf;om jzpfayonf? odk‹aomfvnf; 'g0iftawG;tac:udk avmuDa&;oD;oef‹&kyf0g'enf;vrf;jzifh &Sif;vif;jcif;(qdkvdk&if;rSm/ us,fjyef‹aom vlr+a&;tawG;tac:)r&Sdygu/ tajccHajronfvnf; armf.awmfvSefa&;rsdK; 64 aphudk usJEdkifjcif;ESifh toD;tyGifhwdk‹udk &dwfodrf;Edkifjcif; &Sdaprnfr[kwfay?

“w&kwfjynfu csm;vfpf'g0ifudk awG‹jyD” "China find Charles Darwin"

20=&mpkESpftwGif;Y/ w&kwfjynftay: 'g0if.tawG;tac:-oZmv$rf;rdk;jcif; onf/ tifrwef-uD;us,ftm;aumif;vSojzifh/ tvGefausmf-um;onfh [m;AwfwuUodkvf ordkif;yg&*l *sdrf;pf&DAfylqDu/ w&kwfjynfESifh csm;vfpf'g0if[laompmtkyfudk Tta-umif; wpfckwnf;ESifhywfoufI oD;jcm;pmtkyfa&;om;cJhayonf? TpmtkyfwGif t*FvefEdkifiH wGifykHESdyfxkwfa0aom 'g0if. rsdK;pkrsm;pwifjzpfay:vmjcif; pmtkyfudk 36=ESpft-um 1895=ckESpfwGif bmomjyefxkwfa0vdkuf&m/ w&kwfynm&Sdwdk‹t-um;wGif tifrwefwdk awmif;onfhtcsdeftwGif; vsifjrefpGmysHŒESH‹oGm;cJhI/ vlr+a&;ESifhEdkifiHa&;t& -uD;us,faom tusdK;qufoufa&mufr+ &SdcJhavonf? ol.pmtkyfpum;csD;wGif/ ylqDu atmufyg twdkif; a&;om;xm;.? 113

“tm;enf;olonf tiftm;-uD;ola&SŒwGif ikH‹&.” = 1895=ckESpfaemufydkif;wGkif vlwdkif;od onfh pyifqm. “t-uHŒcdkifqkH;olu qufI touf&Sif.” [laoma-uG;ausmfoHudk *syef pum;=w&kwfpum;bmomjyefu/ ,l&SifvD,mydkif (omvGefoltEdkif/ nHholt±+H;)[k jyef-u onf?==Tpum;wdk‹u aqmif;yg;aygif;axmifcsDI a&om;apjyD;/ w&kwfpmapmifr*~Zif; owif;pm t,f'Drsm;.pdwful;pdwfoef;rsm;udk ESpftwef-umonftxd pdk;rdk;xm;cJhI/ 65 vkyf&yfaqmif&Gufcsufwdkif;udk Toabmw&m;jzifh okH;oyfjiif;ckHcJh-uonf?

w&kwfjynfESifh csm;vfpf'g0if

[laompmtkyfwGif/ [m;Awf wuUodkvfordkif;yg&*l *sdrf;pf &DAf ylqDu/ 'g0iftawG;tac: onf w&kwfjynfudk t-uD;t us,f-oZmanmif;I uGefjrLepf ESifh zufqpftawG;tac:ESpfrsdK; pvkH;. tajccHrlrsm;udk jyifqif ay;cJh.=[k a&;om;xm;.?

‚if;pmtkyfwGif/ ylqDu20=&mpkESpfyxrydkif;Y w&kwfjynfwGifacwfpm;aeonfh tawG;tac:rsm;udkqef;ppfI armf0g' rnfuJhodk‹tajccHtkwfjrpfcsvmcJhonfudk u|Ekfyfwdk‹ tm; ajymjyxm;ayonf? olqef;ppfonfhyk*~dKvfrsm;teuf xdkacwfYemrnfausmf-um;I 'g0if.tawG;tac:ESifh &kyf0g'tawG;tac:wdk‹. nd‡KŒ"gwfrd+if;rdcJhaompma&;q&m vsef csDacsmifvnf; wpfOD;tygt0ifjzpfonf? ol(vsefcsDacsmif)u pdwful;,OftawG;tjrify"ge0g'ESifh &kyf0g'tawG;tac:rsm;ta-umif; udk 1902=ckESpf atmufwdkbmv 16=&ufxkwfavmufapmapmuwnf;uyif qifrifpkef‹ aygifac: w&kwfbmom*sme,fwpfapmifwGif xkwfaz:a&;om;cJhavjyD? tjcm;ae&mrsm;wGif vnf; az:jycJhbl;ayrnf[k xif&ayonf? tb,fha-umifhqdkaomf xdkpmapmifwGif tao; pdwft"dy`g,frsm;udk &Sif;jyxm;jcif;r&SdbJ &kyf0g'onf ydkrdkaumif;rGefI 'g0ifa-umifh pdwful; ,OftawG;tjrify"ge0g'(idealism)udk ausmfvGefv$rf;rdk;oGm;aejyDjzpfa-umif; az:jyxm;ay onf? “vGefcJhonfh ESpfq,fhav;ESpfrSpI urBm-uD;onf tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Da-umifh u|Ekfyfwdk‹ ar#mfaecJhonfh -uD;us,fcef;em;r+ &&SdaejyD? &kyf0g'ay:xGef; jrifhwufvmonfESifhtr#/ tawG; 66 tjrify"ge0g'onfvnf; acsmifuyfoGm;avjyD?

w&kwfjynfESifh'g0if pmtkyfwGif/ tjiif;yGm;IrqkH;Edkifonfh w&kwfjynf.awmf

vSefa&;jzpfpOfESifh armf0g'udk tm%m&vmatmif rnfr#-uD;us,fatmif -oZmanmif;cJh onfhta-umif; a&;om;xm;ayonf? 'g0ifu w&kwftawG;tac:jyefvnfacwfpm;vmjcif;udk aphaqmfEdk;-uGay;cJh.? txl;ojzifh trsm;u tjrwfwEdk;xm;onfh &dk;&mtawG;tac:tcsKdŒudk wkjydKifjcif;ESifh -oZmwdur&Sdonfh a&S;&dk;xkH;wrf;pOfvmrd&kd;zvm tm;vkH;udk ±+wfcsypfjcif;wGif trsm;qkH;aphaqmfr+ay;cJhonf? ==odk‹aomfvnf; tcsdefumvtm;jzifh wdkawmif;vSayonf? armfpDwkH;tawG;tac: [kac:

114

onfh &dk;&dk;pif;pif;xkH;pHopfudk vdkufem&eftwif;t-uyfcsrSwfjcif;u wdkawmif;onfhumv twGif; jzwfawmufypfavonf? xdk“twif;t-uyf csrSwfjcif;”uvnf;/ 'g0iftawG;tac:wGif trsm;qkH;rSDcdkcJh&ayonf? 'g 0ifu t-urf;zufaomajymif;vJjcif;ESifhawmfvSefa&;udk w&m;0ifapjcif;a-umifhjzpfonf? Tum; w&kwfjynftwGuf 'g0if.ta&;ygqkH;ESifhtav;eufqkH;aomay;aqmifcsufyif jzpf ayonf? rnfodk‹bJjzpfjzpf/ w&kwfjynfonf awmfvSefykefuefr+jzpfay:&ef vdktyfonf[k,kH -unfolwdk‹twGuf/ w&m;0ifonf[kta-umif;jyEdkifonfhoDtdk&Dwpfckckudk t&l;trl;taot vJ vdktyfaeayonf? tb,fha-umifhqdkaomf/ rdk;ustrdef‹r&SdbJ ESpfaygif;okH;axmif-umjrifh onftxd pdk;rdk;cJhaombk&if{u&mZfpepfudk awmfvSefykefuefjcif;onf t-uD;av;qkH;aom i &Jtjypf'%fESpfckteuf wpfckjzpfaeayonf? (tjcm;wpfckrSm om;orD;wdk‹. rdbwdk‹udk udk;uG,fr+ysuf uGufjcif; jzpfonf?) TuJhodk‹aom tiftm;-uD;onfhi&Jjypf'%ftodw&m;udk pdrfac:&ef armfpDwkH;/ 0lcsD[GD/ qGef,ufqifESifh vsefcsDacsmifwdk‹u 'g0iftawG;tac:a-u nmcsufjzifh awmfvSefykefuefjcif;onf w&m;0ifonf[laom,kH-unfcsuf&Sdvm&ef tifwdkuf tm;wdkuf yifyef;-uD;pGm wdkufzsuf-u&jcif; jzpfonf? aemufqkH;wGif armfpDwkH;u rm;ufP0g' =vDeif0g' ESpfrsdK;pvkH;udk apmifzef,lvD “awmfvSefykefuefjcif;onf w&m;0ifonf?” [laom0guswpfckwnf;wGif pkaygif;xm;Edkifonf[k a-unmcJhayonf?==Ttqdkonf/ ykefuefjcif;onf obm0ed,mrjzpfonf[k qdkvdk.? ,if;oifcef;pmudk armfpDwkH;tm; rm;ufP uaomfvnf;aumif;/ qGef,ufqifuaomfvnf;aumif;/ vsefcsDacsmifuaomfvnf;aumif; oifay;jcif;r[kwfay? rSm;onfjzpfap rSefonfjzpfap/ 'g0ifxHrSwdkuf&dkuf &,ljcif;jzpfonf? 'g0if.oDtdk&Du awmfvSefa&;udk w&m;0ifapjyD; aemufwpfqifh vsefcsDacsmif/ [l&SDESifharmf pDwkH;(tjyif tjcm;tajrmuftjrm;)wdk‹. ,Ofaus;r+awmfvSefa&;udkyg xyfrHw&m;0ifapcJh onf? xdk‹tjyif/ qGef,ufqif/ csefudkif&SdwfESifh armfpDwkH;wdk‹. EdkifiHa&;awmfvSefa&;udkvnf; w&m;0ifaponf?== rm;ufP0g'Dwdk‹u/ u|Efkyftxif/ Tqef;ppfcsufudk -udKufESpfouf-urnfr[kwfay? qdk&S,f'g 0if0g'Dwdk‹a-umifh olwdk‹atmifjrifr+&&SdcJh-ujcif;r[kwf[k ajym-uayvdrfhrnf?==uGefjrLepf awmfvSefa&;tqkH;ydkif;wGif ajrydkif&Sifrsm;.zdESdyfr+/ t&if;&Sifwdk‹. acgif;ykHjzwfr+ESifh e,fcsJŒ (tenf;qkH; *syef)wdk‹. usL;ausmfr+wdk‹u rD;arG;ay; vdkufaom“vlxktiftm;”yg0ifcJhonf um; rSef.? odk‹aomfvnf; tjcm;tiftm;pkrsm;uvnf; az:xkwfEdkifayonf? (trsdK;om;0g 'Dwdk‹vnf; az:xkwfEdkifonf?) rm;ufP0g'Dwdk‹u xdkodk‹az:xkwfEdkifonfhrm;ufP0g'Dwdk‹ tqifoifh&SdaecJhjyDjzpfaoma-umifh az: xkwfcJhjcif; jzpfonf? odk‹aomfvnf; xdkrm;ufP0g'Dwdk‹u ynm&Sifrsm;jzpf-u.?==rm;ufP0g' u ynm&Sifrsm;udk rm;ufP0g'Drsm;tjzpf ajymif;vJay;cJh.==xdkynm&Sifwdk‹onf 'g0if0g'Djzpf ae-ujyD;olrsm;om jzpf-uonf? tu,fIom rm;ufP0g'Dynm&Sifwdk‹u “a&SŒa&;udk ajrmfjrifEdkifol”rsm;jzpfI/ vlxkudk Edk;-uGapcJholrsm;jzpfygu/ w&kwfjynf. apmapmydkif; vlr+ a&;(qdk&S,f)'g0if0g'Drsm;jzpfonfh ,ifzl/ vsefcsDacsmif/ qGef,ufqif/ vD&SDpif/ 0lcsD[GD wdk‹ onf rm;ufP0g'Dwdk‹udk Ed+;qGay;cJhonfh xdk“a&SŒa&;udk ajrmfjrifEdkifol”rsm; jzpf-u.?== ar;cGef;wpfck usefaeao;onf? “w&kwfjynfudk rm;ufP0g'ESifh armfpDwkH;tawG;tac:rsm;wGif tH0if*Gifusjzpfatmif 'g0ifu w&kwfjynftwGuf bmvkyfay;oenf;?” Tar;cGef;udk rar; 67 bJ aeIr&ay?

ol.qef;ppfcsufonf 'g0iftawG;tac:u w&kwfuGefjrLepf0g'. tajccHjzpf a-umif;udk &Sif;vif;pGm jyxm;ayonf? w&kwfjynfonf ESpfaygif;axmifESifhcsDI woD;w jcm;tqufjywfaecJhonfh tifyg,m-uD;jzpfonf? q,fESpftwGif; w&kwfeDwdkif;jynft jzpf ajymif;vJoGm;.? Tajymif;vJr+.aemufuG,f&Sd tawG;tac:onf 'g0if0g' ('g0if tawG;tac:)yif jzpfayonf? odk‹aomf/ 'g0iftawG;tac:u armfpDwkH;tawG;tac:twGuf w&kwfjynfudk rnf odk‹ jyifqifay;cJhoenf;? 115

armfpDwkH; uGefjrLepfrnfodk‹jzpfvmcJhoenf;? How Did Mao Become a Communist?

Ttcsdeftxd/ u|Ekfyfwdk‹u w&kwfjynfudk armfpDwkH;tawG;tac:odk‹ajymif;vJay; cJhykHudk qef;ppfcJh-ujyD? odk‹aomfvnf;/ armfudk,fwdkif. udk,fa&;udk,fwmta-umif; udkvnf; qef;ppfoifhygonf? armfpDwkH;onf 1893=ckESpfwGif w&kwfjynfawmifydkif; aus;&GmwpfckY arG;zGm;cJh .? i,fpOfawmifaus;b0uwnf;u olonf yDuif;jrdKŒ-uD;odk‹oGm;a&mufI tajccsae xdkifvdkcJhonf? toufwpfq,fhig;ESpft&G,fwGif jrdKŒawmf-uD;&Sd ,Ofaus;r+opfv+yf&Sm;r+ rSxkwfa0aom vli,fopf pmapmifudk ESpfoufpGmzwfcJhonf? xdkr*~Zif;wGif ,ifzlESifh wif0ifcsdKifponfh'g0if0g'jzef‹csda&;orm;rsm;.aqmif;yg;rsm;jzifh jynfheufvsuf&Sdonf? 1918=ckESpfwGif armfu oltjrJa&mufbl;jrifbl;vdkcJhonfh jrdKŒawmf-uD;odk‹ a&muf cJh.? yDuif;wuUodkvfrSq&mwpfa,mufjzpfaom ,efcsefpDESifh rdwfaqGjzpfoGm;jyD;/ xdkq&mu tvm;tvm±Sdonfhvli,farmfpDwkH;udk wuUodkvfpm-unfhwdkufwGif tvkyf oGif;ay;vdkufonf? armfu tvkyfpwifcsdefwGif pmtkyfuufoavmufrsm;pDpOfjcif;/ pmtkyfzkHokwfjcif;ESifh tcef;oef‹&Sif;a&;vkyfjcif;ponfhtvkyfrsm;udk vkyf&onf? pm-unfh wdkuf n$ef-um;a&;rSL; vD'gapmifESifh xyfrHcifrifvmjyefonf? vD'gapmif. vli,fopf wGif a&;om;aomaqmif;yg;rsm;udk armfuzwfcJhbl;I -udKufESpfoufcJhavonf? vD'g apmifonf uGefjrLepftawG;ac:&Sdoljzpf.? xdk‹a-umifh aemifwGif ,if;wuUodkvfpm-unfh wdkufudk cef;reD[k wGifac:.? w&kwfuGefjrLepf oDtdk&DtawG;tac:&Sifwdk‹u xdkpm-unfh wdkufwGif r-umc%awG‹qkHaqG;aEG;cJh-uonf? Tae&mwGif armfu rm;ufP/ tif*sJvfESifh vDeifwdk‹.trnfudk yxrOD;qkH; -um;cJh&.? odk‹aomfvnf;/ vli,farmfpDwkH;udk uGefjrLepf0g' vufcH,kH-unfatmifvkyfolrSm yDuif;jrdKŒrSr[kwfacs? yDuif;pm-unfhwdkufwGif vtenf;i,fvkyfjyD;aemuf &Sef[dkif;jrdKŒ odk‹oGm;onf? &Sef[dkif;wGif vD'gapmif.rdwfaqG *EW0ifpmayynm&Sif csif'lplESifh odu|rf; jyefonf? csif'lplonf 'g0iftawG;tac:ESifhywfoufI txl;wvnfjyK avhvmol jzpfonf?68 TuGefjrLepfacgif;aqmif. txl;jcm;qkH;t*Fg&yfwpfckrSm 'g0if tawG; tac:wGif tvGefwuf-uGol wpfOD;jzpf.? ol‹udk w&kwfjynf.ta&;-uD;qkH;aom 'g0if tawG;tac:oGwfoGif;ol[k owfrSwfEdkifayonf? armf.ta&;-uD;qkH;q&m[kvnf; qdkEdkifayonf?69 armf [laompmtkyfwGif/ a[mifaumifwuUodkvfrS ordkif;yg&*l uvJ [dkvif;pf 0gofu armftm; csif'lpl. 'g0iftawG;tac:tjrifrsm; t-uD;tus,f-oZmoufa&muf cJhI/ 1970=ckESpfrsm;wGif oli,f&G,fpOfu avhvmcJhaom 'g0ifta-umif;udk jyefvnf owd&vGrf;qGwfwrf;ocJhayonf/70 [ka&;om;xm;.? csif'lplu xdktcsdefrS w&kwfacgif;aqmifjzpfaom qGef,ufqif.-oZmanmif;ae aomarmftm; 'g0iftawG;tac:.odyH`ynmtjrifrsm;udk EdkifiHa&;tqifhtxd oif-um; ay;cJhonf? acwfopfw&kwfjynfESifh udkrifwef(w&kwftrsdK;om;ygwD)udk wnfaxmifol qGef,ufqifonfvnf; 'g0if0g'DwpfOD;jzpfonfrSm pdwf0ifpm;zG,fjzpfayonf? orw EdkifiHopf [laomr*~Zif;wGifygonfh tar&duefvlrsdK;okawoeynm&Sif *sufaumha[vf b&ef. aqmif;yg;wpfyk'fY atmufygtwdkif; a&;om;xm;onf?

116

w&kwfuGefjrLepf0g'jzef‹ydkpwmwpfck -uD;us,faom w&kwfawmfvSefa&;orm; trsdK;om;0g'DqGef,ufqifu armfpDwkH;udk jywf jywfom;om;-oZmanmif;cJh.? taemufEdkifiHtiftm;udk atmifEdkif&eftwGuf/ w&kwfvlrsdK; wdk‹u trsdK;om;0g'udk vufcH,kH-unf&rnf[k qGef,ufqifu tcdkiftrmcH,lxm;I/ 'g0if .tawG;tac: ('g0if0g')udk a[majymcJhayonf? “obm0tiftm;.aqmif&Gufr+onf aES;auG;aomfvnf;/ -uD;us,fonfhvlrsdK;rsm;udk zsufqD;ypfEdkifonf/”[k a[m-um;.? 1920=ckESpfapmapmydkif;wGif/ vli,farmfpDwkH;onf [leefe,fY uGefjrLepfpnf;&kH;a&;vkyfae pOf/ udkrifwef (KMT)Y ygwD. em,ujzpfol qGef,ufqifudk axmufcHcJhonf? qGef,uf qifu ol.trsdK;om;ygwDESifh uGefjrLepfygwDwdk‹t-um; r[mrdwfzGJ‹cJhonf? 1926=ckESpf 71 wGif armfpDwkH;udk (KMT) 0g'jzef‹a&;r+;tjzpf acwWcef‹cJhao;onf?

'g0ifESifhrm;ufPwdk‹.tawG;tac:rsm;jzifh OD;aESmufaq;vdkufjyDjzpfaom armfonf/ 1920=ckESpfrSpI wuf-uGjyif;jyaomuGefjrLepfwpfOD; jzpfoGm;avonf? olawG;ac:ouJh odk‹pdwfnDoabmwlonfh &Jabmfwpfq,fhwpfa,mufESifhtwl/ 1921=ckESpfwGif &Sef[dkif; jrdKŒY uGefjrLepfygwDudk zGJ‹pnf;wnfaxmifcJhavonf? aemufydkif;wGif tzGJ‹tpnf;tif tm;trsdK;rsdK;ESifh r[mrdwfzGJ‹jcif;/ &kef;&if;qefcwfyGJrsm;zefwD;jcif;/ ajymufusm;ppfqif a&;wdkufcdkufjcif;ESifh 0g'jzef‹jcif;rsm; vkyfaqmifavonf? armfpDwkH;.acgif;aqmifr+ atmufwGif uGefjrLepfygwDonf trsdK;om;ygwDESifh yl;wGJaqmif&Gufr+rsm;vkyfaqmifcJh aomfvnf;/ 1920=ckESpf'kwd,ESpf0ufrSpwifI wpfbufESifhwpfbuf jyif;xefonfh&ef bufrsm; jzpfvmcJhavonf? armfpDwkH;u ol.wyfom;rsm;udk w&kwfjynfawmifydkif;rS usefpDjynfe,fodk‹ a&$Œajymif;vdkufjyD;/ A[dktm%mydkifrsm;.jyify “vGwfajrmufaom e,fajr”udk wnfaxmifavonf? ESpfbuf-um;wdkufcdkufr+rsm;onf ESpfaygif;twef-umcJhavonf? 'kwd,urBmppf aemufydkif;wGif uGefjrLepfwdk‹. “vGwfajrmufaome,fajr”onfvnf; w&kwfjynfudk ywfvnf0dkif;xm;onftxd -uD;xGm;us,fjyef‹vmavonf? 1949=ckESpfwGif armfESifh ol .uGefjrLepfwyfwdk‹onf yDuif;jrdKŒ-uD;odk‹ 0ifa&mufodrf;ydkufjyD;/ “w&kwfjynfol‹orw 117

'g0if.tawG;tac:rsm;udk zwf±+jyD;aemuf armfonf jyif;xefwuf-uGaom uGefjrLepf jzpfoGm;.? olu 'g0if.tawG;tac:udk qGef,ufqifxHrS tarGcHcJhonf?

EdkifiH”tjzpf a-unmcJhavonf? Todk‹jzifh/ urBm-uD;u 1917=ckESpf bdkv&SDApfawmf vSefa&;.aemufydkif;/ 'kwd,uGefjrLepfawmfvSefa&;udk rsufjrifoufaocH-uavjyD? T 'kwd,awmfvSefa&;onfvnf; yxrawmfvSefa&;enf;wl aoG;acsmif;pD;cJhayonf?

118

a&SŒodk‹r[majcvSrf;ESifh r[miwfrGwfjcif;jy\em The "Great Leap Forward" and the Great Famine

1949=ckESpfrwdkifrD/ armfpDwkH;onf aus;&Gma'oESifhawmifwef;a'orsm;wGift ajcpdkufpnf;&kH;I jrdKŒ-uD;rsm;udktkyfcsKyfaeaom A[dktpdk;&udk tcsdefumv-umjrifhaom ajymufusm;ppfjzifh wdkufcdkufcJhonf? xdkodk‹jyKEdkif&eftwGuf aus;&Gma'ovlxktm; vGwf vyfr+ESifh vkyfudkifpm;aomufrnfh ajr,mrsm;udk a0iSay;rnf[k uwday;I oifhjrwf atmif aygif;oif;qufqHcJh.? uGefjrLepftpdk;& tm%m&vmaomtcg/ olwdk‹wawG tifrwef-uD;yGm;csrf;om-uG,f0-uI aysmf&$ifaomb0udk &&Sd-urnf[kvnf; uwday; .? awmifolv,form;rsm;onfvnf; ol‹udk,kH-unf-uI olESifhol.ajymufusm;wyf udk axmufcHaxmufyHhcJh-uonf? odk‹aomfvnf;/ armftm%m&vmonfhtcg/ tppt&m&majymif;vJoGm;awmhonf? awmfvSefa&;jyD;qkH;jyD;yxrESpfrsm;wGif olu w&kwfjynfwpfckvkH;udk odrf;ydkufvdkI ae &ma'owdkif;wGif uGefjrLepftkyfcsKyfa&;tm%mudk csxm;vdkonf? wpfcsdefwnf;wGif/ vl aygif; axmifaygif;rsm;pGmudk “vlwef;pm;&efol”[kowfrSwfjyD; vlxka&SŒwGif -udK;pif wif owfjzwfavonf? 1950=ckESpftv,fydkif;avmufwGif armfpDwkH;u pwmvif. pk aygif;pepfrsdK;uJhodk‹aompepfudk ykHpHcsI 1958=ckESpfwGif vufawG‹taumiftxnfaz: avonf? ‚if;pepfudk “a&SŒodk‹r[majcvSrf;”[kac:I/ ,if;pDrHudef;atmifjrifcsufrSm w&kwfvlxkudk ESdyfpufjcif;ESifh -uD;us,fonfh iwfrGwfjcif;ab;udk ay;tyfjcif;om jzpfcJh avonf? xdkr[majcvSrf;-uD;udk w&kwfjynf. pdkufysdK;a&;ESifh pufr+vufr+ukefxkwfvkyf a&;udk ESpfqwdk;aprnf [laoma-uG;ausmfcsufjzifh pwifcJhonf? tvkyfcsdefrsm;udk wdk;cJh onf? pufypPnf;rsm;onfvnf; r&yfrem; vnf&.? xdkodk‹r&yfrem; vnfywf&aom pufrsm;onf tcsdeftenf;i,ftwGif; ysufoGm;avonf? pdkufysdK;a&;ydkif;wGifvnf; u|rf;usifr+r&Sdonfh pDrHudef;qGJjcif;wdk‹a-umifh -uD;us,f onfhysufpD;jcif;rsm;ESifh -uHK&jyefonf? “yk*~vduydkifqdkifr+udk zsufodrf;jcif;jzifh xkwfukef wdk;yGm;apvdrfhrnf” [laomtawG;tac:a-umifh/ awmifolv,form;rsm;tm;vkH;udk ol wdk‹ydkifqdkifxm;aom v,fajrrsm;udk twif;t-uyf or0g,rbkHpepfodk‹ ay;tyfaponf? pwmvif. &k&Sm;EdkifiHwGif v,fajrrsm;udk odrf;,ljcif;pepfu w&kwfEdkifiHwGif xyfrH ay:aygufawmhonf? t&ifuxufydkonfhtcsufwpfcsufrSm armfpDwkH;u tcsdKŒa'owGif awmifolv,form;wdk‹ pkaygif;pepfudk vdkvdkvm;vm;vufcHjcif;r&SdonfhtwGuf wdk;I '%fcwfjcif; jzpfonf? olwdk‹'%fcwfcH&ykHrSm iwfrGwfItoufaooGm;apjcif;jzpfonf? tcsdeftenf;i,ftwGif;/ r[majcvSrf;-uD;u -uD;us,fonfhiwfrGwfjcif;jy\ emtjzpf jyef‹oGm;avawmhonf? pwmvifu ,lu&def;e,fwGif iwfrGwfjcif;jy\em zefwD;cJhovdk TiwfrGwfjcif;jy\emonfvnf; vlvkyfaomiwfrGwfjcif;ab;qdk; jzpf ayonf? uGefjrLepf0g'.pmtkyfrJwGif r[majcvSrf;ESifhywfoufI atmufygtwdkif; a&;om;xm;ayonf? iwfrGwfjcif;ab;qdk;onf tpuwnf;u EdkifiHa&;toGifaqmifjcif;rSm armf0g'tpGef;a&muf acgif;aqmifwdk‹tkyfcsKyfaome,fajrwGif aoa-uE+ef;ydkrdkjrifhrm;jcif;udk -unfhjcif;jzifh ay: vGifayonf? xdke,frsm;onf qefpyg;wifydk‹a&mif;csonfhe,fajrrsm;jzpf-uonf?==a[eef e,fwGif armfpDwkH;udk,fwdkifua&m ygwDpnf;&kH;v+HŒaqmfa&;orm;rsm;uyg tcuftcJtm; vkH;onf awmifolv,form;rsm;u qefpyg;rsm;udk odk0Sufxm;-uaoma-umifh ay:aygufcJh onf[k ,kH-unf-uavonf? (vlOD;a& 10=oef;&Sd)pif,efc&dkifwGif wwdkif;jynfvkH;wGif

119

bkHpepfOD;qkH;wnfaqmufaomc&dkif jzpfonf? Tc&dkifrStwGif;a&;rSL;.tqdkt& “jy\em u qefpyg;rvkHavmuf &Sm;yg;Ifr[kwfyg? qefpyg;vkHvkHavmufavmuf&Sdygonf? odk‹aomf vnf;/ vlOD;a& 90=&mcdkifE+ef;wdk‹onf tawG;tac:ydkif; tcuftcJ&Sdae-uonf?”[kqdk.?

w&kwfeD0g'jzef‹ydkpwmwpfck?=uGefjrLepftawG;tac:udk rm;ufPESifhtif*sJvfwdk‹upwifcJhI/ vDeifESifhpwmvifwdk‹uqufcHusifhokH;cJhonf? aemufqkH;wGif armfuv$J,lvdkufonf? rm;ufP ESifhtif*Jsvfwdk‹u vDeif/ pwmvifESifharmfwdk‹tm; ay;tyfvdkufonfht&monf uGefjrLepf0g'. “owfjzwfr+aoG;tdkif-uD;”om jzpf.? vDeifESifhpwmvifESpfOD;aygif;I vlaygif;oef;aygif; 50 udk owfjzwfcJhI/ armfpDwkH;u oef;aygif; 60udk owfjzwfcJhonf? 1959=ckESpf aqmif;OD;ydkif;&moDwGif vlwef;pm;wdkufyGJudk acwWarhxm;vdkuf-ujyD; awmifol v,form;rsm;udk ppftiftm;tokH;jyKI *syefusL;ausmfa&;udk wdkufcdkufonfh ajymufusm; wdkufcdkufenf;jzifh wdkufcdkufcJh-uonf? awmifolv,form; tenf;qkH;wpfaomif;ausmf zrf; csKyfjcif; cHcJh-u&onf? ‚if;wdk‹teuf tajrmuftjrm;onf tusOf;axmiftwGif; iwfjywfI aoqkH;cJh-uonf? usefaeao;aomyk*~vduydkif tdk;cGufyef;uefrsm;tm;vkH;udk zsufqD;ypf&ef trdef‹usvmonf? bkHpepfrS tpm;tpmwpfppDcdk;0SufcJhonfhtpmrsm;udk tdrfrSmcsufjyKwfpm; aomufEdkifjcif;r&Sdatmif umuG,fjcif;jzpfonf? aqmif;wGif;a&mufvmaomfvnf; rD;ar$; jcif;rjyK&efyif wm;jrpfxm;onf? axmifaygif;rsm;pGmaomtusOf;orm;rsm;udk -udKwifpDrHr+ &Sd&Sd ESdyfpuf-uonf? uav;oli,frsm;udk owfI tdk;-uD;wGifxnfhjyKwfjyD; ajr-oZmtjzpf tokH;jyK-uonf? wpfcsdefwnf;wGif wpfEdkifiHvkH;wGif/ “a[eefe,frS vkyf&yfrsm;udk vdkufem usifhokH;”-u&ef/ 0g'jzef‹v+H‹aqmf-uonf? [ef[GDe,fwGif/ &Sdor#vl 99=&mcdkifE+ef;aoa-u ukefv#ifyif tvHeDudk w0ifh0ifhwvGifhvGifh xlxm;OD;rnf[k w&m;0iftwdtvif; a-unm xm;ayonf? au'gwdk‹onfvnf; &or#vlwdk‹udk t&Sifvwfvwfjr‡KyfESHjcif;/ eD&Jaeatmif rD; 72 zkwfxm;aomoHacsmif;rsm;jzifh ESdyfpufjcif;rsm; jyK-u.?

wdkif;jynf.pdkufysdK;a&;pepfudk zsufqD;vdkufonfh armf. “a&SŒodk‹r[majcvSrf;”pDrHudef;onf todw&m;uif;rJh rdkufrJ&ufpufaom pDrHudef;jzpf.? vlaygif;oef;aygif; 30 iwfjywfI aoa-uukef.? w&kwfjynfawmifydkif;eH eufowif;pOf. yDuif;jAL&dkt-uD;tuJjzpfol *sufpyg bufumu iwfjywfaeaomwap>rsm;=armf.vsdKŒ0Suft iwfjy\empmtkyfwGif xdkiwfrGwfjcif;ab;qdk;. tao; pdwfta-umif;&yfrsm;udk az:jyxm;.?

120

armfu “awmifolv,form;qdk&S,fvpf0g'”[laoma-uG;a-umfoHjzifh pwifcJh onf? tm%mr&rDtcsdefwkH;u w&kwfawmifolv,form;rsm;udk v,f,majr/ tpm;t pmESifh umuG,fr+ay;rnf[k uwday;cJhonf? odk‹aomfvnf; oltm%m&vmaomtcg xdk awmifolv,form;rsm;udk TacwfopfurBmhordkif;wGif wpfcgrSr-uKHbl;aom 'kuQqif; &Jjcif;ESifh ESdyfpufjcif;rsm;udkom ay;aqmifavonf? Tpnf;&kH;v+HŒaqmfr+onf awmifolv,form;rsm;tm; ppfa-unmwdkufcdkufozG,fjzpfay onf?==tcsKdŒaus;&Gmrsm;wGif vlOD;a& 50µausmf iwfjywfaoa-uukef.? tcsKdŒaus;&Gm rsm;wGifrl rdrdwkd‹.&mxl;udk tvGJokH;pm;vkyfol au'gwdk‹om touf&Sifusef&pfcJhonf? a[ eefe,fwGif vlom;pm;onfhtjzpfyif a&mufcJh.? (tr+aygif; 63=ck w&m;0ifrSwfwrf;wif xm;EdkifcJh.?) uav;oli,frsm;udk tcsKdŒae&mrsm;wGif bkHpepfaumfrDwDqkH;jzwfcsuft& 73 csufjyKwfpm;-uonf? wpfEdkifiHvkH;twdkif;twmESifh aopm&if;rSm r,kH-unfEdkifavmufatmif jrifhrm;ayonf? wpfEdkifiHvkH;wGif 1957=ckESpfY 11 &mcdkifE+ef;rS 1959=ckESpfESifh 1961=ckESpfrsm;wGif 15 &mcdkifE+ef;txd wufoGm;I/ 1960=ckESpfwGifrl tjrifhqkH;tjzpf 20=&mcdkifE+ef; iwfrGwfI ao a-u-uavonf? 1957=ckESpfwGif cav;arG;E+ef; 33=&mcdkifE+ef;&SdcJh&m/ 1961=ckESpfwGif 18=&mcdkifE+ef;txd usqif;oGm;cJhonf? cav;arG;zGm;E+ef;avsmhenf;oGm;onfhOD;a&cef‹rSef;ajc 33=oef;udk rxnfhwGufbJ/ iwfrGwfjcif;ESifhqufpyfIaoqkH;oGm;aomOD;a&rSm 1959=ckESpf wGif oef;aygi;f 20 ESifh 1961=ckESpfwGif 43=oef;ausmf&SdcJhonf?==Tpm&if;t& w&kwf EdkifiHordkif;wGifyifru/ urBmhordkif;rSmvnf; iwfrGwfacgif;yg;jcif;uyfab;a-umifh aoqkH; 74 onfhOD;a&trsm;qkH; tqdk;qkH;jzpfonf? r[majcvSrf;ESpfrsm;wGif/ armf.&dkif;pdkif;&ufpufr+ udk qef‹usifoltajrmuf tjrm;tm; ao'%fay; cJh-u.? towfcH&ol t rsm;tm;jzifh OD;acgif;aemuf aphwGif aoewfjzifhypfowf cHcJh-u&onf?

r[majcvSrf;umvtwGif;/ tm%mydkifrsm;u zrf;qD;&ef vdkufaeojzifh tef[GD e,frSaus;&Gmwpf&Gmae ol.rdom;pkxH xGufajy;ykef;atmif;onfh wpfq,fh&SpfESpft&G,f &Sd wyfeDwyfom;wpfOD;u/ armf.&ufpuf-urf;-uKwfykHudk atmufygtwdkif; az:jycJh.? u|efawmfwdk‹ &Gmtem;rSjzwfav#mufoGm;cJh-uygw,f? ajrjzifhvkyfxm;aom tdrf0if;x&H-um; awGrSm pdrf;vef;aeonfhjrufrsm;jcKHrsm;jzifh jynfheufaeonfrSm tem;rS v,fuGif;jyifESifh uGm jcm;r+udk ydkrdkxifay:apayw,f? TjrifuGif;rsm;u usD;ESifhzkwfzkwfjzpfaeaom &Gm.&+cif; udk wpfrsdK;wpfzkH wdk;ay;vsuf&Sdw,f? jcKHykwf-um;uae-unfhvdkufI jrif&onfhjrifuGif;wpf ckuvnf; u|efawmf-um;bl;wJhtjzpftysufudk rsuf0g;xifxif awG‹vdkuf&jcif; jzpfygw,f? xrif;0dkif;[kac:&rnfh xrif;rygbJ rdrdwdk‹. &ifaoG;om;i,frsm;udk tjcm;tdrfaxmifpk. &ifaoG;rsm;ESifh vJvS,fI udkufpm;0g;pm;aeonfh ±+cif;jzpfygw,f? xdktdrfaxmifpkwdk‹. rsufESmwGif tjcm;tdrfaxmifpk.uav;udk 0g;pm;ae&if; pdwfrcsrf;omonfh rsufESmxm; rsm;onfvnf; txif;om;ay:vGifaeygw,f? teD;tem;jrufcif;wGif vdyfysmuav;awGudk

121

uGefjrLepfygwD&Jabmfwpfa,muf r[majcvSrf;pDrHudef;ESpfrsm;twGif; 0g'jzef‹w&m;a[maeykH?

vdkufvHzrf;ae-uwJh uav;oli,fwdk‹onfvnf;/ olwdk‹.rdbrsm;u owfpm;vdkufjyD; aemuf jyefvnf0ifpm;aewJh uav;rsm;[kyif xif&ygawmhw,f? u|efawmf uav;ol i,frsm;twGuf tifrwef0rf;enf;ylaqG;rdygw,f? odk‹aomfvnf; olwdk‹.rdbrsm;twGuf 0rf;enf;jcif;ESifh rwlyg? tjcm;olwdk‹. rsuf&nfaygufaygufusaeonfh-um;u tJ'Dvl om;rsm;udk rsdKcsEdkifatmif olwdk‹udk bmawGursm; vkyfvdkufygoenf;? xdktom;rsm;udk ol wdk‹b0rSm jrD;prf;-unfh&vdrfhrnf[k b,faomtcgrS pOf;pm;rd-urnfr[kwfyg? tdyfruf qdk;xJrSmyif rufbl;-urnfr[kwfyg? wpfcsdefwnf;rSm tJ'Dvl[m rnfr#,kwfrmonfh vl owform;jzpfonfudk u|efawmfcsufcsif;oabmaygufvdkufygw,f? “olESifhwlonfh vlom; wpfOD;wpfa,mufudkrS ESpfaygif; &mpkaygif;rsm;pGmtwGif; awG‹cJh-urnfr[kwfyg? w&kwf jynfuvnf; ESpfaygif;axmifaygif;rsm;pGmtwGif; rawG‹cJhbl;-uyg?” ol[m armfpDwkH;ygbJ? armfpDwkH;ESifhol.opPmawmfcHwdk‹u/ olwdk‹.w&m;rJhonfhEdkifiHa&;pepfudktokH;jyKjyD;/ rdbrsm; udk olwdk‹.qmavmufrGwfodyfr+udk ESpfodrfhap&ef olwdk‹.&ifaoG;om;rsm;udktjcm;olwdk‹. om;orD;tom;awGESifhvJvS,fEdkifavmufatmif &l;oGyfoGm;apw,f? armfpDwkH;[m 'Drdkua& pDpepfudk owfjzwfvdkufwJh ol.&mZ0wfjypfr+udk aq;a-umypf&eftwGuf/ a&SŒodk‹r[m ajcvSrf;pDrHudef;udk csrSwfvdkufjyD;/ axmifaygif;ajrmufjrm;pGmaomawmifolv,form;rsm; udk olwdk‹.i,fpOfawmifaus;rS twlwuG-uD;jyif;vmcJh-uwJh oli,fcsif;a&mif;&if;wdk‹udk aygufwl;aygufjym;rsm;jzifh &dkufowftrJzsufpm;okH;ypfEdkifavmufatmif iwfrGwfqmavmif &l;oGyfoGm;aponf? olwdk‹wawG[m vlowform;tppfr[kwf-uyg? vlowform;tppfrSm 75 armfpDwkH;ESifh ol.taygif;ygwkd‹om jzpf-uygw,f?

122

armf.iwfrGwfjcif;ab;wGif “tDAdkvl;&Sif;odyH`ynm”. -oZmoufa&mufr+ The Influence of "Evolutionist Science” in Mao's famine

1958 rS 1961=ckESpftxd/ armf. r[majcvSef;ay:vDpDa-umifh/ urBmhordkif;. t-uD;us,fqkH;ESifh vl‹toufaygif;trsm;qkH;aoa-uysufpD;onfh iwfrGwfacgif;yg;r+ ab;'kuQjzpfay:cJhayonf? cef‹rSefajctm;jzifh vloef;aygif; 40=cef‹ aoa-uukef.? (T ta&twGufrSm xdktcsdefuwdkif;jynftajrmuftjrm;. wpfwdkif;jynfvkH;&SdvlOD;a&xuf rsm;jym;ayonf?) Tab;'kuQjzpfay:onfh ta-umif;&if;u bmawGjzpfoenf;? txufu qdkcJh onfhtwdkif;/ armf.wyfeDwdk‹u awmifolv,form;rsm;udk pkaygif;a&;pDrHudef;wGif t wif;t"rR0ifapjyD; tdrfaxmifpkaygif; 100 rS 300 txdyg0ifonfh bkHpepfudk wnf axmifojzifh oD;ESHxGufE+ef;t-uD;tus,fusqif;oGm;aoma-umifh jzpfonf? tcsdKŒa'o rsm;Y armf0g'Dwdk‹u awmifolv,form;rsm;udk wrifwumtiwfxm;I '%fcwf-u onf? Tab;'kuQuyfqdkufjcif;wGif aemufxyfta&;-uD;onfhtcsufwpfcsufrSm/ armf u w&kwfpdkufysdK;a&;twGuf 1930=ckrS 1940=ckESpftxd &k&Sm;EdkifiHwGiftokH;cscJhaom “vdkifqifudkykHpH”udk -udK;pm;ul;csjcif;jzpfonf? awmifolv,form;rsm;tay: Tprf; oyfcsufrsm;udk twif;vdkufemaqmif&GufapcJh&m/ -uD;rm;onfh oD;ESHxGufE+ef; usqif; qkH;±+H;jcif; jzpfcJhavonf? x&dkzif 'ifeDqdkApf vdkifqifudk ta-umif;udk u|Efkyfwdk‹txufwGif qef;ppfcJh-u avjyD? pwmvifacwfrS todw&m;uif;rJhonfh “ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;odyH`ynm”a-umifh qdkAD,ufZD0aA'qdkif&mudpPt00udk tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'wGifpdwfjyif;jyt,loefonfh vdkif qifudktm; tyfESHxm;cJhonf? vdkifqifudku rsdK;ADZodyH`bmom&yfudk y,fcsI/ 'g0if oDtdk&Dudk a&SŒwef;rS&yfwnfaxmufcHI “avhusifh,ljcif;jzifh &&Sdvmaomt&nftcsif;udk ADZtjzpftarGqufcHjcif;”wGif ,kH-unfol vmruf.oDtdk&Dudk usifhokH;cJhonf? vdkifqif udk. pdwful;,Ofudk qdkAD,ufpdkufysdK;a&;avmuY tokH;cscJhonfhtajzrSm -uD;rm; aomysufpD;jcif;om jzpf.? odk‹aomfvnf;/ armfu pwmvifacwfrS TysufpD;qkH;±+H;r+ESifhywfoufI ravhvm cJhacs? olESifhol‹udkaxmufcHolwdk‹onf/ i,fpOfuwnf;u 'g0ifoDtdk&Dudk wpfoa0rwdrf; ,kH-unfvdkufem&ef oif,lusufrSwfcJh-u&ojzifh/ “ypPnf;rJhodyH`ynm”udk qufvufI ,kH-uae-uqJjzpfonf? xdk‹a-umifh/ rSefuefonfhodyH`ynmudk tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&D.tqdk ESifh udkufnDatmif vdk&mqGJItokH;cs-u.? r[majcvSrf;pDrHudef;wGif vdkifqifudkykHpHudk twk,lI w&kwfawmifolv,form;rsm;udk “tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'ESifhudkufnDonfhodyH`ynm” rl0g'twdkif; vdkufemusifhokH;&ef twif;cdkif;apcJh-u.?

w&kwfjynfawmifydkif;eHeufcif;owif;pOf (South China Morning Post). yD uif;jAL&dkt-uD;tuJjzpfol *sufpyg bufumu iwfrGwfaeaomwap>rsm;=armf.vsdKŒ 0SufiwfrGwfjcif;ab;pmtkyfwGif vdkifqifudk.pdkufysdK;a&;enf;rsm;udk a&SŒodk‹r[majcvSrf;

pDrHudef;wGif tokH;csykHta-umif; tao;pdwf a&;om;xm;onf? TvkyfaqmifcsufwGif wpfae&mpDY jzpfay:onfh ab;'kuQrsm;udk cGJjcm;Ijyxm;.? pdwfpdwfpdkufysKd;enf;? vdkifqifudku rsdK;aphrsm;onf ‚if;wdk‹aygufa&mufonfhae&ma' oudkvdkufI ajymif;vJEdkifonf[k ,lqojzifh/ rsKd;aphrsm;udk pdwfpdwfusJpdkufjcif;jzifh ‚if; 123

r[majcvSrf;0g'jzef‹ydkpwmwpfck wGif/ OuUX-uD;armfudk atmifjrif aompdkufcif;wpfckY pdkufysdK;a&; wGif xl;c|efol yg&rD&Siftjzpf o&kyfaqmifxm;.? odk‹aomfvnf; armfu vdkifqifudk.enf;rsm;udk tokH;csjcif;a-umifh pdkufysKd;a&;qdkif &m ab;'kuQ-uD;udkom &±SdcJh.?

wdk‹t-um;wGif “qdk&S,fvpfnDnGwfa&;”ay:aygufvmvdrfhrnf[k a-unm.? armfu T pdwful;,Ofudk vufawG‹usifhokH;avonf? ‚if;rwdkifrD ,Qifu w&kwfjynfawmifydkif;wGif ajrwpf{uv#if (pyg;)rsdK;aph 1˜5oef; -uJcJh-uonf? 1958=ckESpfwGif ajrwpf{uv#if 6=oef;rS 7=oef;txd-uJcdkif;onf? 1959=ckESpfwGif pyg;rsdK;aphta&twGuf 12=oef;rS aemufxyf 15=oef;txd-uJcdkif;onf? aemufqkH;awmh pyg;rsdK;aphtajrmuftjrm; tv [\jzpfukefI pyg;xGufE+ef;vnf; rwefwq avsmhenf;oGm;avonf? eufeufxGefjcif;? vdkifqifudk. vufaxmufwpfOD;jzpfol awAifwD armfvaq;Afu ajrudk eufeufxGef,ufwl;qGjcif;jzifh tjrpfrsm;ydkrdkaumif;rGefpGm wG,fEdkifvdrfhrnf[kqdk onf? w&kwfuGefjrLepfwdk‹u Tenf;udk vufawG‹tokH;cs-uonf? r[majcvSrf;pDrH udef;ESpfrsm;twGif;/ awmifolv,form;rsm;tm; olwdk‹.v,f,mrsm;udk 3=4aytxd eufatmif aygufcdkif;xGef,ufcdkif;onf? xdk‹a-umifh oef;aygif;rsm;pGmaomawmifolv,f orm;wdk‹u v,f,majrudkxGef,uf&mY vESifhcsDI tcsdefukef-u&onf? oD;ESHxGufvnf; rwefwqusqif;oGm;ojzifh iwfrGwfacgif;yg;jcif;ab; uyfqdkufavawmhonf? pmuav;zrf;jcif;? armfpDwkH;u pdkufysdK;a&;oD;ESHrsm;udk zsufqD;onfhwd&pm>efrsdK;pkHudk zrf;qD;okwfoifonfhvkyfief;udk pwifaqmif&Gufavonf? ‚if;wd&pm>efrsm;teuf pyg; cif;wGif tkyfvdkufpm;aomufavh&Sdaom pmuav;rsm;udk zrf;qD;okwfoifjcif;vkyfief; onf t"duvkyfief;jzpfonf? pmuav;rsm;udk txl;jyKI avhvmwDxGifxm;aom enf;ynmudktokH;jyKI wEdkifiHvkH;wGif pmuav;rsm;udkvdkufvHzrf;qD;owfjzwfcJhonf? xdk‹a-umifh xdkpmuav;rsm;zrf;,lpm;aomufavh&Sdaomydk;aumifrsm;u xdef;rEdkifodrf;r& wdk;yGm;vmcJhojzifh pmuav;rsm;v,f,moD;ESHudk zsufqD;onfxuf tqrwef ysufpD;cJh avonf? ajr-oZmrokH;aom pdkufysdK;a&;? vdkifqifudk.t-uHjyKaxmufcHcsufudk vdkufemI/ w &kwfuGefjrLepfwdk‹u/ "gwfufajr-oZmtokH;jyKjcif;udk &yfwef‹vdkufonf? (rsKd;aphrsm;onf 124

ajr-oZmuif;rJhaomtcg/ "gwfajr-oZmxnfhay;jcif;r&Sdaomfvnf; eudkoD;ESHxGufE+ef; twdkif;&Sd&ef ywf0ef;usiftajctaeopfESifh vdkufzufoifhavsmfatmif ‚if;twGif;Y ‘tvdkvdkjyKjyifajymif;vJr+(tDAdkvl;&Sif;)’ jzpfay:vmvdrfhrnf[k ,lq-uonf?) Tprf; oyfcsufonfvnf; pdkufysdK;a&;oD;ESHxGufqdkif&m -uD;us,faomaemufxyfqkH;±+H;r+wpfck jzpf.? vdkifqifudk. tDAdkvl;&Sif;pdwful;,OfpdkufysdK;enf;udk tokH;csojzifh ordkif;wGif t -uD;us,fqkH;aom iwfrGwfacgif;yg;jcif; uyfqdkufcJhayonf? oef;aygif;rsm;pGmaom vl‹ toufaoa-uqkH;±+H;cJhaomfvnf;/ xdkab;'kuQESifhywfoufI rnfolurS a0zef0ef‹ol r&Sd cJhacs? umuG,fa&;0ef-uD; AdkvfcsKyfydkif a'[GDwpfOD;omv#if xdkiwfrGwfjcif;ab;'kuQESifh ywfoufI armfpDwkH;xHodk‹ pmwpfapmif a&;cJhbl;onf? aemifwGif ol‹udk “vufsm0g'D”t jzpfpGyfpGJjyD; azsmufzsufypfvdkufavonf? xdkiwfrGwfacgif;yg;jcif;umvtwGif;/ tpdk;& Xmeqdkif&mw&m;0iftpD&ifcHpmrsm;wGif/ pdkufysKd;a&;oD;ESHxGufE+ef; tifrwefaumif;rGef onf[k vdrfvnfxm;-uonf? urBmudkt,kHoGif;&eftwGuf w&kwfjynfu qefpyg;t ajrmuftjrm; wifydk‹a&mif;cscJh.? wpfcsdefwnf;wGif wdkif;jynf.tcsKdŒa'orsm;wGif iwf rGwfI aoa-uukef-upOf/ aemiftcsdefxyfrHwifydk‹a&mif;cs&eftwGuf qefpyg;ESifh *sKHrsm; udk *dka'gifrsm;wGif avSmifxm;-uonf?76 aemifwGif/ ‚if;pdkufysKd;a&;ay:vDpDudk uGefjrLepfuarBm'D,m;EdkifiHESifh ajrmufudk;&D ,m;EdkifiHrsm;wGifvnf; qufvuftokH;cscJh-uonf? tajzum;/ oD;ESHxGufE+ef;t-uD;t us,fusqif;jcif;/ iwfrGwfacgif;yg;jcif;ESifh tpkvdkuftjyKHvdkuf aoa-uysufpD;ukefjcif; om jzpfayonf? rodbJ odk‹r[kwftodOm%fr&Sd-ubJ/ uGefjrLepfwdk‹u vdkifqifudkESifh pwmvif. “pdkufysdK;a&;wGif -uD;us,fonfhajcvSrf;”ay:vDpDudk rsufpdrSdwfI vdkufem usifhokH;jcif;onf &kyf0g'tawG;tac:wGiftajccHaom tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Du awmif;qdk aeaoma-umifh jzpfayonf?

armf. 'g0iftawG;tac:t& &ufpufr+rsm; Mao's Dawinist Tyranny

armfpDwkH;u w&kwfEdkifiHodk‹ ,laqmifvmcJhaom 'kuQqif;&Jjcif;aygif;pkHwdk‹onf tDAdkvl&Sif;oDtdk&DESifh trsm;qkH;qufpyfvsuf&Sd.? u|Ekfyfwdk‹awG‹cJhjyD;onfhtwdkif;/ vdkif qifudk. “tDAdkvl;&Sif;odyH`ynm”erlemudk tokH;csojzifh 1958=61 ckESpfrsm;twGif; -uD; us,fonfh iwfrGwfjcif;ab;ESifh -uKHawG‹cJh-u&onf? wpfcsdefwnf;wGif w&kwfjynfudk armfpDwkH;ESifh uGefjrLepftpdk;&. tkyfcsKyfr+onf r,kH-unfEdkifavmufatmif &ufpuf-urf; -uKwfI oem;usifemjcif;w&m; uif;rJh.? vlawGudk tiwfxm;I vlom;pm;onfh zkwf o&Jrsm;jzpfoGm;atmif twif;t"rRwrifwumvkyfvdkufEdkifonfh a-umufrufzG,faom ay:vDpD.aemufuG,fwGif rnfuJhodk‹,kwfrmaom tawG;tac: &Sdaeygoenf;? uGefjrLepfwdk‹. vl‹obm0udk-unfhonfhtjrifwpfckvkH;ESifh qufpyfaeonfrSm ,kH rSm;oHo,jzpfp&mta-umif;r&Sday? ,Qifu/ vlom;rsm;udk wd&pm>eftjzpfowfrSwfonfh tawG;tac:onf qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpkrS &ufpuf-urf;-uKwfr+. tajccHjzpfcJhovdk/ w &kwfEdkifiHwGifvnf; tvm;wljzpfa-umif; u|Efkyfwdk‹odcJh-uayjyD? 'g0iftawG;tac:t& armfuvnf;/ ol‹udkqef‹usifolwdkudk “wd&pm>ef”tjzpf jrif.? xdk‹a-umifh/ armf.aemuf vdkufwdk‹onf wd&pm>eftkyfpktjzpfowfrSwfaom vlwdk‹. rcsdwifuJemusnf;r+rsm;t wGuf pdwfxdcdkufjcif; r&Sd-uacs? odk‹wdk‹twGuf obm0w&m;. jzpf&dk;jzpfpOfwpfcktjzpf owfrSwf-uayonf? armfpDwkH;. r[majcvSrf;pDrHudef;a-umifh oD;ESHxGufE+ef;rnfr#us 125

qif;oGm;cJha-umif; az:xkwfjyD;aemuf/ uGefjrLepfpepf.pmtkyfrJ u TudpPESifhywfouf aomtjrifudk atmufygtwdkif;a&;om;xm;ayonf? armfpDwkH;onf/ ol.ywfvnfwGifzGJ‹pnf;xm;aomyk*~dKvfrsm;ESifhuGmjcm;vsuf w&kwfvlrsdK; acgif;aqmifrsm;.&dk;&m"avhykHzrf;xm;aomfvnf;/ Tae&mwGif ol‹taeESifh av;vHxkHxdkif; Ia&S;qefonf[kxifaom awmifolv,form;rsm;twGuf pOf;pm;ay;jcif;r&Sda-umif;jyae 77 ayonf?

*sdrf;pfylpDu armfpDwkH;. 'g0iftawG;tac:udk/ “armfpDwkH;.tawG;tac:onf a&SŒaemufrnDrnGwfvSnfhxm;I uGJvGJcsuftajrmuftjrm;udk a&maESmxm;onfh -oZm tiftm;ESifhjynfhpkHaom 'g0iftawG;tac:jzpfonf?”78[k qdkxm;onf? tjcm;wpfae&m wGifvnf; atmufygtwdkif; a&;om;xm;onf? armfpDwkH;onf/ a'goxGufaeonfhtcsdefwGif(1964=ckESpftxd) “raumif;qdk;0g;awGtm;vkH; udk tjyKwf&Sif;ypfrnf”[k -udrfqdk-udrf;0g;avh&Sdonf? xkH;pHtwdkif;ykH-uD;csJŒIwpfydkif;/ vlr+ a&;'g0iftawG;tac:“avmu”t&wpfydkif;/ ol.&efolrsm;udk vlr[kwfatmif orkwfavh &Sd.? olonf/ tjcm;rif;rJh0g'Dtrsm;tm;jzifhuJhodk‹ wefjyefazgufjyefa&;orm;rsm;udk tDAdk vl;&Sif;aemufa-umif;jyefolrsm;jzpfI okwfoif&Sif;vif;ypf&rnf[k jrifonf? jynfol‹&efol 79 wdk‹onf vlom;r[kwfojzifh olwdk‹udk vlom;tjzpfqufqH&efrxdkufwef[k jrif.?

vlom;rsm;udk wd&pm>eftjzpfjrifolonf/ ‚if;wdk‹udk prf;oyfr+rsm;vkyf&ef pdwfxifh jcif;/ pdwfpaemifhpeif;jzpfjcif; r&Sdacs? r[majcvSrf;acwfwGif/ iwfrGwfaeolwdk‹udk -uif emw&m;uif;rJhpGm t[m&opfprf;oyfr+rsm; vkyf-uonf? iwfrGwfjcif;ab;ukefqkH;jyD; wpfESpft-um 1960=ckESpfwGif/==touf&Sifusefaeao;olwdk‹ u jrif;acs;rsm;wGif tpmrausbJusefaeao;onfhpyg;aph*sKhaphrsm;udk vdkufvH&SmazG-uI/ EGm;acs; u|Jacs;ykHtwGif;&Sd ydk;aumifrsm;udkvnf; pm;okH;&efvdkufvH&SmazG-uonftxd tajc taeqdk;&Gm;cJh.? pcef;&Sdvlrsm;udk prf;oyfcHyl;aumifrsm;tjzpf tokH;jyK-uonf? pcef;wpfck wGif nufaeatmif-udwfxm;aompuULrsm;udk tpmacsjcif;ESifhywfoufIavhvm&ef aygif rkef‹ESifha&mI au|;-uonf? tjcm;wpfae&mwGifrl &$HŒnGHawmrS ar#mhESifhavS;rsm;yg0ifonfh a&udk xrif;&nfESifha&mI wdkufau|;-uonf? yxrpcef;rSvlrsm;aoukef-ujyD;/ 'kwd,pcef; 80 rS vlwdk‹uvnf; 0rf;av#mum tm;aysmhI aemufqkH;aoa-uukef-u.?

“r[majcvSrf;”onf/ trSefpifppftm;jzifh obm0.a&G;cs,fr+ESifhywfoufaom prf;oyfcsufwpfrsdK;jzpfonf? armfpDwkH;u tiftm;csdeJ‹olrsm;udk azsmufzsufypf&efESifh uGefjrLepf0g'udk qef‹usifolwdk‹udk okwfoif&Sif;vif;ypf&ef w&kwfvlrsdK;rsm;udk tcufcJ qkH;aomtajctae zefwD;ay;jcif; jzpfonf? wpfbufwGif/ awmifolv,form;rsm;tm; olESifhuGefjrLepfygwDudkom rSDcdktm;udk;ae-u&atmif iwfrGwfapjcif;jzifh OD;aESmufaq; jcif; jzpfonf? Tvkyfaqmifcsuf.tajccHrSm 'g0iftawG;tac:('g0if0g') jzpfonf? wpfcsdefwnf;wGif r[majcvSrf;pDrHudef;pwifcsdefwGif/ “ynma&;qdkif&majcvSrf;”pDrH udef;udkvnf; pwifaz:xkwfavonf? 'dkiftmvufwpf(tEkyËdavmr)&kyf0g'ESifh 'g0if tawG;tac:wdk‹onf Tynma&;pDrHudef;.t"dutydkif;wGif yg0ifcJh.? “w&kwf qdk &S,fvpf0g'. rl0g'tajccHtkwfjrpfonf/ 'g0ifESifhol.tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Djzpfonf?81 [laom T(r[majcvSrf;)umvtwGif; armfpDwkH;ay;cJhaomrdef‹cGef;rsm;u ol.&ufpuf -urf;-uKwfr+ rl0g'udk az:jyxm;ayonf? r[majcvSrf;-uD;.aemufydkif; 1962=ckESpf ZEM0g&Dv 30&ufae‹wGif ay;onfhrdef‹ cGef;Y w&kwfuGefjrLepfygwDESifh'g0if wlnDr+&Sda-umif;udk ygwD0ifrsm;tm; &Sif;jycJhay onf? 126

ordkif;rSm obm0odyH`ynm&Sifrsm;jzpfwJh aumfyg;eduyfpf/ *gvDvDtdkESifh 'g0ifwdk‹udk t csdefumv tvGef-umanmif;onfwdkifatmif trsm;pku todtrSwfrjyKcJh-ubJ/ olwdk‹udk rSm;,Gif;w,fvdk‹bJ ,lqcJh-uw,f? olwdk‹acwfrSm olwdk‹[m vlenf;pkawGjzpfcJh-uw,f? usKyfwdk‹&JhygwDudk 1921=ckESpfrSm vlOD;a&aygif;'gZiftenf;i,feJ‹ pwifzGJ‹pnf;cJh-uw,f? odk‹ aomfvnf;/ 'Dvlenf;pkuav;u trSefw&m;udk udk,fpm;jyKcJh-ujyD;/ w&kwfEdkifiH&Jh uH-urRm 82 udkvnf; udk,fpm;jyK-uw,f?

armfu ol‹ygwD.vkyfaqmif-udK;yrf;csufrsm;udk 'g0if.wDxGif-uHqcsufESifh Ed+if; ,SOfI/ 'g0iftm; av;pm;jcif;ESifh csD;-uL;a-umif; xkwfaz:ajymqdkayonf? 'g0if. oDtdk&Drsm;udk tpwGif tenf;i,faomvlwdk‹om vufcHcJh-uovdk/ yxrydkif;wGif uGefjrL epfygwD.tawG;tac:udk vltenf;i,favmufom vufcHcJh-uonf[k qdkonf? xdkuJh odk‹vufrcH-ujcif;u xkdolwdk‹. rSefuefaomtawG;tac:rsm;udk xdcdkufjcif; r&SdcJhacs? odk‹aomfvnf;/ 'g0if.tawG;tac:rsm;onf pdwful;,OfoufoufomjzpfcJho vdk/ armfpDwkH;.tawG;tac:onfvnf; pdwful;,Ofjcif;omjzpfayonf? r[majcvSrf;umvtwGif; vlOD;a&aygif; oef;aygif; 30 rS 45 txd iwfrGwf jcif;ab;a-umifh aoa-uysufpD;ukef-uonf? pDrHudef;udk rvdkufemqef‹usifol awmif olv,form;tajrmuftjrm;wdk‹onfvnf; ESdyfpufjcif;a-umifh toufaoqkH;cJh-uonf? uGefjrLepf0g'udk rvdkvm;onfht&dyfta,miftenf;i,fr#avmufjyolwdk‹udk “vlwef; pm;&efolrsm;”[kpGyfpGJI zrf;qD;csKyfaESmifESdyfpuf-uonf? w&kwftusOf;om;rsm;udk wd&pm>efuJhodk‹xm;I aemufqkH;wGif owfjzwfvdkuf-uonf? TtusOf;axmifrsm;wGif/ w&kwfuGefjrLepf0g'. &dkif;pdkif;&ufpufr+udk txl; ojzifh xif&Sm;aponf?

armf. tusOf;axmifrsm; Mao's Prisons

armf.w&kwfEdkifiHonf a-umufrufzG,faomvl‹tzGJ‹tpnf; vkH;vkH;vsm;vsm;jzpf cJh.? vlaygif;oef;aygif;rsm;pGmwdk‹udk &mZ0wfr+ESifhywfoufaom cdkifvkHonfhoufaot axmuftxm;r&Sdaomfvnf;/ uGefjrLepfudkqef‹usifolrsm;tjzpf zrf;qD;csKyfaESmifcJh-u onf? ‚if;aemuf jrdKŒ-uD;rsm;&Sd trsm;jrifuGif; uGif;jyifus,f-uD;rsm;wGif -uD;us,fonfh tcef;tem;jzifh uGyfrsuf-uonf? cef‹rSef;acstm;jzifh vlOD;a& 6 oef;rS 10oef;txd/ armf. n$ef-um;csuft& rw&m;owfjzwfcJhonf? vlaygif; oef;20=cef‹onf “wefjyef awmfvSefa&;orm;”[kpGyfpGJcH&jyD; EdkifiHawmf.&efoltjzpf olwdk‹.oufwef;trsm;qkH; tydkif;udk tusOf;axmifY aecJh-u&.? odk‹aomfvnf;/ TtusOf;axmifrsm;wGif ae& jcif;onf toufaoqkH;oGm;onfxuf qdk;onf[k uGefjrLepf0g'.pmtkyfrJ uqdkxm; onf? (tusOf;axmif;wdkif;wGif)pwk&ef;rDwm 100 &SdonfhtusOf;cef;aygif; 300 txd&SdI/ &Sef [dkif;A[dktusOf;axmifwGif 18000 txd&Sdonf? iwfrGwfjcif;/ tvGeftu|Htvkyfvkyf&jcif;/ vlrqefonfhpnf;urf;rsm;ESifh udk,fcEWmudk (Oyrm/ tusOf;om;rsm;udk/ txl;ojzifhwef;pD vrf;av#mufaepOf olwdk‹.OD;acgif;rsm;idkufpdkufrae&atmif &dkifz,faoewf'ifjzifh &dkuf jcif;)pojzifh r&yfrem;ESdyfpuf-uonf? avmif*dkifwGif 1949=rS 1978=txd y#rf;r#aoqkH; E+ef;onf ESpfpOf 5=&mcdkifE+ef;xufrenf; wdk;.? *GrfpDe,fwGif ajcmufvtwGif; 50=&mcdkif E+ef; aoqkH;onf? &SefpDe,frS owWKwGif;wpfwGif;wGif wpf&ufv#if vlaygif; 300 ausmf aoqkH;.? wpfrsdK;ESifhwpfrsdK;uGJjym;I ,kwfrmqkH;aomESdyfpufenf;rsm;onf ae&mwum wdkif;wGif usifhokH;-uonf? Oyrm vufaumuf0wfwGif odk‹r[kwf vufrwGifwkwfaESmifI wGJavmif;qGJxm;jcif; ponfwdk‹ jyK-uonf? w&kwfbkef;-uD;wpfyg;uvnf; tcsdefem&Daygif;

127

120 r&yfrem; ppfaq;ar;jref;ojzifh ppfaq;aepOftoufxGufoGm;.? Tvkyfief;udk t&dkif;pdkif;qkH; t-urf;wrf;qkH;vlrsm;udk olwdk‹vkyfor# tjypfr,lwef;tyfESHxm;-uonf? tusOf;pcef;wpfck. pcef;rSL;onf trsdK;orD;tusOf;om;rsm;udk rk'def;usifhonfhtjyif wpfESpfv#if vlaygif; 1320 owfypfonf[l.? (vufeufudkifppfom;tajrmuftjrm;yg0if aom)tusOf;om;rsm;udk OD;csKd;Edkifjcif;r&Sdao;aomtcsdefjzpfonfhtavsmuf/ axmifwGif;ykef uefx-uGjcif; r-umc%jzpfavh&Sd.? xdkumvrsm;wGif tusOf;om;rsm;udk t&rf;uma&m tpkvdkuftjyKHvdkuf owfjzwfcJh-uonf? ,efcsefa&eHwGif;Y tvkyf-urf;tusOf;om; 20000 teuf axmifaygif;rsm;pGmudk owfvdkuf-uonf? 1949=ckESpfwGif awmwGif;tusOf;pcef; wpfckrS tusOf;om; 5000 teuf 1000 onf axmifazgufxGufajy;-u&m/ zrf;rdoltm;vkH; 83 udk t&Sifvwfvwf ajrjr‡Kyfvdkuf-u.?

,Qifu &Sef[dkif;tusOf;axmifwGif axmifuscJhbl;aom EsefcsKdifu w&kwftusOf; axmifrsm;rS udk,fvufxda&muft-urf;zufr+rsm;ukd Todk‹xkwfaz:ajymjy.? txl;pDrHxm;aom vufxdwfudk tusOf;om;.vufaumuf0wfwGif wif;-uyfpGmcwfjcif; onf armfpDwkH;.w&kwftusOf;axmifpepfwGif tokH;jyKonfhor&dk;us vkyfenf;vkyf[efwpf ck jzpfonf? wcgw&H ajcusif;0wfwGif oHcsdef;-uKd;rsm;udk xyfI cwfay;onf? tjcm;tcsdef rsm;wGif/ tusOf;om;udk vufxdwfajcxdwfcwfjyD; jywif;aygufwGif csnfaESmifxm;-u onf? tusOf;om;rSm xrif;pm;&ef/ a&aomuf&efESifh tdrfomodk‹ tayghtav;oGm;&efvnf; rv+yf&Sm;Edkifacs? t"durSm vlwpfa,mufudk pdwf"gwfusqif;I OD;usdK;oGm;atmif vkyfjcif; jzpfonf?==jynfol‹tpdk;&u ESdyfpufjcif;rsKd;pkHudk w&m;0if y,fzsufwm;jrpfvdkufjyD;jzpfo jzifh/ tm%mydkifrsm;u xdkvkyf&yfrsm;udk “'%fcwfjcif;” odk‹r[kwf “,kH-unfvufcHap 84 atmif zsm;a,mif;jcif;”[k ac:onf?

T&dkif;pdkif;-urf;-uKwfr+onf/ tpdk;&udk qef‹usifolrsm;tm; a-umufpdwfoGif;ay; &efjzpfI/ tqkH;wGif vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;wpfckvkH;wGif tpdk;&tm; a-umuf&GHŒaeonfhpdwf quf vufoGyfoGif;jcif;jzpfonf? aemufxyfyef;wdkifwpfckrSm/ ajcmufvSef‹jcif;ESifh ESdyfpufjcif; jzifh vlwdk‹.*k%foduQmudk csKd;ESdrfypfjyD;/ “wd&pm>efuJhodk‹”pdwfxm;edrfhusoGm;&ef jzpf onf? Tenf;rsm;jzifh/ armfpDwkH;u w&kwfEdkifiHwpfckvkH;&Sd jynfoltm;vkH;wdk‹udk/ olu xdef;uGyfEdkifonfh wd&pm>eftkyftjzpf ajymif;vJvdkjcif;jzpfayonf? armfpDwkH;.wpfygwDtm%m&Sifpepfudk jyefvnftoufoGif;ay;onfh ta&;-uD; onfhtvSnfhtajymif;rSm w&kwfjynf. “,Ofaus;r+awmfvSefa&;”jzpf.?

,Ofaus;r+awmfvSefa&;=w&kwfjynf.rdkufrJaombkHpepf The Cultural Revolution: China's Communal Folly

r[majcvSrf;pDrHudef;-uD;.ysufpD;jcif;ab;'kuQaemufydkif;wGif/ armfpDwkH;u ol onf “ae‹pOfEdkifiHa&;udpP. txufwGif&Sdonf”[k a-unm.? olonf EdkifiHawmftpdk; &. vkyfief;aqmifwmrsm;rS &yfem;I “ydkrdk-uD;us,fta&;-uD;onfhudpPrsm;”twGuf tm &kHpdkuf&ef qkH;jzwfvdkufavonf? armf.wdwfqdwfr+u 1966=ckESpfwGif qkH;cef;wdkif awmhonf? w&kwfawmfvSefa&;onf “-uD;us,fonfhyJhudkif”jzpfol armfudk,fwdkifu jynfolwdk‹.pdwfwGif;Y vkHavmufjynfhpkHatmif oGyfoGif;ay;Edkifjcif;r&Sdao;ojzifh/ atmif jrifr+yef;wdkifodk‹ ra&mufao;[k a-unmavonf? EdkifiHawmftpdk;&.tjrifhqkH;tqifh wGif wm0efxrf;aqmifaeoltcsdKŒwdk‹yif uGefjrLepf0g'udk oabmrayguf-u ao;[k qdk .? xdk‹a-umifh/ ,if;tajctaeudkjyKjyif&ef ,Ofaus;r+awmfvSefa&; vdktyfonf[k a-u nmavonf? ,Ofaus;r+awmfvSefa&;. wkefv+yfajcmufjcm;zG,frsm;u w&kwfEdkifiHwpfckvkH;ESifh w&kwfvl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;udk zsufqD;vdkuf&efom jzpfcJhavonf? armf.t-uHay;csufu 128

ynmrJhonfhatmufydkif;tqifh uGefjrLepfygwD0ifvli,frsm;udk tvGeftrif; -oZmouf a&mufI oabmawG‹apcJhonf? xdkolwdk‹onf wyfeD(Red Guard)&Jabmfrsm; jzpfvm-uI wEdkifiHvkH; ae&mwumwGif pwifzsufqD;-uavonf? “ta&SŒonf eD&J.”[laom ppf csDoDcsif;udk qdkI/ vrf;rvrf;i,fwdkif;wGif csDwuf-uum/ olwdk‹. usL;ausmfapmfum;r+ p&dkufudk jyo-uavonf? uGefjrLepfqef‹usifa&;orm;[k xifolwdkif;udk zrf;qD;-u onf? axmifaomif;rsm;pGmaom &mxl;&mcH-uD;jrifhonfh jAL&dku&uft&m&Sdrsm;/ wuU odkvfygarmuQrsm;/ odyH`ynm&Sifrsm;ESifh ynm&Sifrsm;udk zrf;qD;csKyfaESmifI/ jyif;xef&uf puf-urf;-uKwfpGmESdyfpuft&SufcGJjyD;aemuf owfjzwfypf-uonf? armf.t&if;ESD;qkH;oli,fcsif;jzpfonfhtjyif/ w&kwfjynfol‹orwEdkifiH. orw a[mif; vsLa&SmcsDudkyif armf.trdef‹jzifh zrf;qD;I/ vltrsm;a&SŒwGif &dkufESufESdyfpufjyD; tusOf;axmifwGif aq;ukojcif;r&SdbJ csKyfaESmifxm;-uonf? aemufqkH;wGif tem'%f &m'%fcsufrsm;udk rcHEdkifbJ 'kuQqif;&Jjcif;-uD;pGmjzifh aoqkH;oGm;avonf? wdefa&Smif ydefonfvnf; armf.ta[mif;qkH;&JabmfwpfOD;jzpfI/ armfpDwkH;.aemufwGif w&kwfEdkifiH udk tkyfcsKyfrnfholwpfOD; jzpfonf? ol.om; ylazgifonf/ yDuif;wuUodkvfrS Om%f xufjrufqkH; &lyaA'ausmif;om;wpfOD;jzpfonf? ol‹udkvnf; wyfeD&Jabmfwdk‹u ppfaq; ar;jref;-uonf? xdkodk‹ppfaq;pOftwGif; "rRwmESifhqef‹usifonfhumrqufqHjcif;udk vnf; cHcJh&onf? aemufqkH;wGif owdvpfarhajrmoGm;onftxd &dkufESufjyD;aemuft cef;jywif;aygufrS ypfcscH&ojzifh ausm&dk;usdK;oGm;um wpfoufvkH;em;yif;I wGef;vSnf; ay:wGifom qufvuftouf&SifcJh&avonf?85

,Ofaus;r+awmfvSefa&;onf/ uGefjrLepf0g' udkqef‹usifonfhtawG;tac:wdkif; vlwdkif; udk azsmufzsufypf&ef xdef;rEdkifodrf;r& aoG;&l;aoG;wef; a-umufrufzG,faumif; atmif pDrHa&;qGJxm;aom pDrHudef;jzpfonf? vufsmbuf&Sd 0g'jzef‹ydkpwmonf TaoG; acsmif;pD;jcif;udk cif;usif;jyvsuf&Sd.? uGef jrLepfqef‹usifa&;orm;rsm;udk uGefjrLepf wyfeDwdk‹. vufoD;jzifh acsrkef;ypfykH jzpf.?

rsufjrifoufaowpfOD;u wuUodkvfygarmuQwpfOD;tm; ,Ofaus;r+awmfvSefa&; twGif; ESdyfpufcJhykHudk atmufygtwdkif; xkwfaz:ajymjy.?

129

130

131

usaemftwGif;bufudk ajy;0ifoGm;w,f? twGif;bufcyfvSrf;vSrf;u av;xyfwdkuf pmoif cef;a&SŒ tm;upm;uGif;rSm wef;pDxm;wJhq&m/ q&mrawGudk usaemfoGm;awG‹ygw,f? tm; vkH; 40=50 a,mufavmuf&Sdr,f? “teufa&mif*dk%f;”jzpfoGm;atmif/ olwdk‹tm;vkH;&Jh OD;acgif;eJ‹ rsufESmawGrSm rSifeufawG avmif;ay;xm;-uw,f? olwdk‹&Jhvnfyif;awGrSmawmh/ “wefjyefynm&Sif tm%mydkif/ ponfjzifh”/ “vlwef;pm;&efol/ ponfjzifh”/ “t&if;&Sif;vrf;

132

ay:av#mufol/ ponfjzifh”/ owif;pmawGxJrSm awG‹or#pmwrf;awGudk qGJay;xm;-uw,f? q&m/ q&mrawGudk ao'%fusvdk‹ owf&ufapmifhae-uwJh&mZ0wfaumifawGykHpH pmwrf; wpfckpDrSm teDa&mif-uufajccwf a&;xm;w,f? olwdk‹tm;vkH;udk Om%fxdkif;wJhausmif;om; awGudk aqmif;ay;wJh uawmhykHOD;xkyfc|efawGaqmif;ay;xm;w,f? OD;xkyfawGrSmvnf; t vm;wlpmwrf;awG a&;xm;w,f? npfywfaewJhwHjrufpnf;/ bdeyfeJ‹oifykef;zsufawGudk ausmrSmydk;cdkif;xm;w,f? ausmufcJawGudk a&ykH;rSmxnfhjyD; vnfyif;rSmqGJay;xm;w,f? ausmif;tkyfq&m-uD;udk usaemfawG‹vdkufw,f? ausmufcJu av;vGef;vdk‹ vnfyif;u0dkif,m -uKd;u vnf*kwftom;xJv#0ifaewmeJ‹ emvGef;vdk‹',drf;',dkif av#mufaewmudk awG‹&yg w,f? olwdk‹tm;vkH; bdeyfrpD;-u&bl;? armif;ysufwdk‹ 'eftdk;pkwfwdk‹udkwD;jyD; “usKyf[m t eufa&mif*dk%f;jzpfw,f/ pojzifh”atmfae-u&w,f? aemufqkH; olwdk‹tm;vkH; 'l;axmufcs jyD;/ tar$;wdkif±d+Œ/ jyD;awmh armfpDwkH;udk “tjypfv$wfay;zdk‹”awmif;cH-u&w,f? usaemfvJ jrifuGif;a-umifh tHhtm;oifhoGm;jyD; rsufESmjzLzwfjzLa,mfjzpfoGm;w,fvdk‹ xif&yg w,f? wcsKdŒrdef;uav;awGu rl;arhowdvpfrwwf jzpfoGm;-uw,f? tJ'Daemufawmh/ 0dkif;&dkufwmwdk‹ trsKd;rsKd;ESdyfpuf-uawmhw,f? t&ifu 'DvdkjrifuGif; b,f awmhrS rjrifbl;cJhbl;? ydk;r$m;rsm;eJ‹nOfhtcsdefpGef‹onfhtnpfta-u;rsm;udk pm;cdkif;jcif;/ v#yf ppfjzifh wdk‹jcif;/ rSefuGJykvif;uGJrsm;tay: 'l;axmufcdkif;jcif;/ vufarmif;ESifhajcaxmufudk 86 csnfI av,mOfysHuJhodk‹wGJavmif;csnfxm;jcif;/ pwJhESdyfpufenf;awGygygw,f?

,Ofaus;r+awmfvSefa&;rSm/ ,Qif vDeifESifhpwmvifwdk‹aqmif&GufcJhbl;onfh “vl om;udk wd&pm>eftjzpfajymif;jcif;”=wpfenf;tm;jzifh wd&pm>efpdwf"gwfoGif;jcif;udkvnf; taumiftxnfaz:cJh.? “jynfolwdk‹. wd&pm>efrsm;”[k orkwfcH&aom twdkuftcH qef‹usifolwdk‹udk trsm;vlxka&SŒwGif wd&pm>efuJhodk‹ o&kyfaqmifcdkif;-uonf? zrf;qD;xm;aomtcsKdŒygarmuQwdk‹udk aemufjyef-uKd;wkwfjyD;/ jrufcif;ay: 'l;axmufxdkif cdkif;I wd&pm>efrsm;uJhodk‹ jrufudkol wdk‹.oGm;jzifh ukef;udkufjzwfjcif; qGJ E+wfjcif; vkyfcdkif;-uonf? 1967=ck ESpf -o*kwfvwGif/ yDuif;owif; XmerS/ armfvrf;pOfudk qef‹usifol wdk‹onf “vrf;ray:wGif ajy;v$m; aeaom -uGufrsm;jzpfojzifh tm;vkH; udk owfypf&rnf[k a-unmvdkuf .?87 ,Ofaus;r+awmfvSefa&;onf/ w&kwfeDEdkifiHwGif EdkifiHa&;t&owfjzwfr+onf ae‹pOf vlxktkyfvdkuf yg0ifonfh ordkif;wGif tjzpftysuf jzpf.? tajrmuftjrm;onf “armf. rjzpfbl;rjrifpbl;aom rdkufrJr+ jzpf vrf;pOf”udk rvdkufemaomypfr+[k ta-umif;jyjyD; onf? wyfeDwdk‹onf/ vlaygif;axmif vrf;rrsm;tay:wGifyif owfjzwf-uonf? aomif;rsm;pGmudk qkawmif;jcif;/ bk &m;0wfjyKjcif;a-umifh/ aw;*DwoDcsif;em;axmifjcif;a-umifh/ tdrfwGifarG;xm;aomwd& pm>efudk au|;arG;aoma-umifh/ owfjzwf-uonf? vlawGudk olwdk‹awG;rdor#aom &uf pufenf;awGudk tokH;jyKatmif tdyfarG‹csvdkufouJhodk‹ jzpfonf? vlrsm;udk rw&m;owf jzwfaeonfudk twdkif;om;-unfhjrifae&if; atmf[pf-obmay;-uonf? uGefjrLepf0g' .pmtkyfrJwGif atmufygtwdkif; az:jyxm;ayonf?

133

aemufxyf tjypfrJhw&kwfvlrsdK; wpfOD;udk owfjzwfae-upOf?

“wefjyefawmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;”udk vlxka&SŒwGif ckH&kH;wifppfaq;rnfhae&modk‹ vlawGtm; vkH;udk qifhac:pk&kH;xm;onf? xdkodk‹aomtusOf;orm;wdk‹onfvnf; tpOfojzifh ao'%f ay;jcif;udkom cH-u&.? xdkvlowfyGJwGif vlwdkif;yg0ifqifEGJ-uonf? w&m;cHudk owfI t ydkif;ydkif; jzwf&efwm0ef,lxm;aom wyfeD&Jabmfwdk‹udk “owfvdkuf/ owfvdkuf”[k 0dkif;atmf -obmay;-uonf? wcgw&H xdkvlom;tydkif;tprsm;udk csufjyKwfI pm;okH;-uonf? odk‹r [kwf xdkvlowfyGJudk vma&muf-unfhae-u&aom aoolw&m;cH.tdrfoltdrfom;rsm;udk t wif; au|;arG;-uonf? y&d\wftm;vkH;udk pm;aomufyGJodk‹zdwfac:I/ ,Qifuajrydkif&SifjzpfcJh aom aool.toJESvkH;rsm;udk rD;uifI a0r#pm;okH;-uonf? tcef;em;rSL;uvnf; vwf vwfqwfqwfowfxm;onfh OD;acgif;rsm;udk wHusifv#dKI pDwef;xm;onfhtem;wGif rdef‹ cGef;ajym.? TuJhodk‹aom uvJhpm;acsonfhvlom;pm;jcif;onf/ ta&SŒtm&Se,fajrrsm;wGif a&S;ya0oeDumvrsm;Y pJGrufpGmusifhokH;cJh-uonfhtavhtusifhwpfckjzpfjyD;/ &kwfw&ufus a&mufvmaomuyfqdk;-uD;yrm jyefvnfay:aygufvmavh&Sd.? yGefyGwftpdk;&acwfwGifvnf; 88 omrmefvkyf&dk;vkyfpOfwpfcktjzpf usifhokH;cJh-uonf?

wyfeD&Jabmfwdk‹twGuf pmtkyfeDuav;onf armf.pum;rsm;yg&Sdaom wpfck wnf;aom vrf;n$efjzpfonf? vlwdkif;u Tpmtkyfudk tvGwfusufrSwfxm;onf? t vGwfr&olwdk‹udk “vlwef;pm;&efol”[k ±+wfcsI wcgw&H0dkif;&dkufjyD; xdkae&mwGifcsuf csif; ao'%fay;vdkuf-uonf? w&m;0ifor&dk;ustvkyftudkifudkyif “uGefjrLepfqef‹ usifa&;”[k pGyfpGJI '%fcwf-uonf? rdrdwdk‹udk,fudk tvGef‹tvGefta&;ygolrsm;tjzpf,lq-uonfh wyfeD&Jabmfwdk‹onf/ “awmf vSefa&;pGrf;tifjzKef;wD;r+”udk wm;jrpfjcif;onf/ aumif;rGefaomt-uHOm%fjzpfonf[k ,lq ojzifh/ a-umif/ iSufESifhyef;rsm;udk wm;jrpfvdkuf-uonf?==&Sef[dkif;uJhodk‹aomjrdKŒ-uD;rsm; wGif/ tkyfpkvdkufav#mufoGm;-ujyD;/ qHyif&SnfolESifh aumf&nfjzifhqHyifjyKjyifxm;olwdk‹udk zrf;qD;I uwkH;&dyfvdkuf-uonf? -uyfvGef;onfhabmif;bDrsm;udk qkwfjzJvdkuf-uonf? a'gufjrifhbdeyfa'gufudk jzwfvdkuf-uonf? xdyfc|efbdeyfxdyfrsm;udk "g;ESifhcGJzGifhvdkuf-u onf? qdkifemrnfrsm;udk csufcsif;ajymif;cdkif;-uonf? vrf;jzwfav#mufoGm;olwdk‹udk olwdk‹ oabmusonfh(pmtkyfeDrS) armf.pum;rsm;udk &Gwfqdkcdkif;-uonf? vltrsm;u tdrfjyif 89 xGuf&efyif r0ef‹r&J-uawmhacs?

134

,Ofaus;r+awmfvSefa&;onf/ &l;oGyfr+tqifh jrifhrm;vGef;tm;-uD;av&m aemuf qkH;wGif wdkif;jynfudk jyefvnfwnfaxmif&ef ppfwyfrS0ifpGufxdef;odrf;&onfh tajct aea&mufoGm;cJhonf? 1970=ckESpfrsm;wav#mufvkH;wGif w&kwfjynfonf ,Ofaus;r+ awmfvSefa&;. '%f&m'%fcsufrsm;udk ukpm;jyKjyifaecJh&ayonf? armfonfvnf;/ 1976=ckESpfwGif toufaoqkH;I todw&m;Om%fynmuif;rJhonfhtawG;tac:. ESdyfpufjcif;ESifh owfjzwfjcif;a-umifhtoufaoqkH;ukef-ujyDjzpfaomvlaygif; oef;aygif; 60=wdk‹qDodk‹ yl;aygif;oGm;avawmhonf?

odrf;ydkufxm;aomwdkif;jynfrsm;wGif w&kwfjynf.&ufpufr+ China's Savagery in Occupied Countries

armfpDwkH;tawG;tac:ab;qdk;-uD;onf w&kwfjynfolwdk‹uom cH&onfr[kwf? w&kwfjynfuodrf;ydkufxm;aom wdkif;jynfrsm;ESifhvlxkwdk‹onfvnf;/ uGefjrLepfwdk‹. &ufpuf-urf;-uKwfr+udk cHpm;-u&onf? ‚if;wdk‹teuf w&kwfjynftaemufbuf&Sd tGD*k&f udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;e,f/ wpfenf;tm;jzifh ta&S‹wmupPwefwGif aexdkif-uaom tGD*k&f wl&uDvlrsdK;rsm; jzpfonf? Twl&uDvlrsdK;wdk‹onf/ rGwfpvifrfvlenf;pkjzpf-uaom a-umifh/ 1949=ckESpfwGif armfpDwkH;tm%m&onfhtcsdefrSpI yDuif;tkyfcsKyfa&;tm%mydkif wdk‹u pepfwusvlrsdK;jzKwfpDrHudef;twGuf ypfrSwftjzpf a&G;cs,fcJh-uonf? tGD*k&fvlrsdK;wdk‹udk olwdk‹.omoemhwm0efrsm; xrf;aqmifcGifhray;cJh-uacs? pm oifausmif;rsm;ESifh qGvmwf0wfjyK&mae&mrsm;udk ydwfypf-uonf? ae&ma'otajrmuf tjrm;wGif/ bmoma&;acgif;aqmifrsm;udk zrf;qD;owfjzwf-uonf? umuG,fr+tpDtpOf vkH;0r&SdbJ tGD*k&fudk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;e,fwGif w&kwftpdk;&u EsL;uvD,m;prf;oyfcsuf 46=-udrfvkyfcJhonf? xdka-umifh tGD*k&fvlrsdK;wdk‹wGif uifqma&m*g jzpfyGm;E+ef; rwefwq wdk;yGm;vsuf&Sd.? uav;tajrmuftjrm;onfvnf; t*FgrpkHrvif rpGrf;roefarG;zGm; jcif;/ taoarG;zGm;jcif; jzpfay:.? 135

tDG*k&fwl&uDvlrsdK; rGwfpvifwdk‹udkowfjzwf&eftwGuf/ w&kwfwdk‹u enf;rsdK;pkH tokH;jyK-uonf? 1949 rS 1952=ckESpftwGif;/ tGD*k&fvlrsdK;OD;a& 2,800,000 aoqkH; cJhonf? ‚if;rSaemufxyf 1957=ckESpftxdtwGif; 3,509,000/ 1958 rS 1960=ckESpf twGif; tGD*k&f 13,300,000 a,mufudk owfjzwfcJhonf? ta&SŒwmupPwefwGif/ wpftdrf axmifv#if uav;wpfa,mufxufydkI rarG;&[k wm;jrpfxm;.? TOya't& uav; wpfa,muf arG;jyD;oltrsdK;orD;rnfolrqdk. udk,f0efudk zsufcsvdkuf&onf? TtpDtpOfrsm;udk armfpDwkH;.vufxufwGifpwifcJhI/ ,ckwdkif qufvuf aqmif&GufaeqJjzpfonf? twif;tusyfajymif;a&$Œapjcif;/ tdrfaxmifom;arG;pDrHudef;ESifh owfjzwfjcif; ponfwdk‹a-umifh tGD*k&fwdk‹onf olwdk‹.e,fajra'owGif vlenf;pk jzpf oGm;-uonf? 1949=ckESpfrS pwifvmonfh vlrsdK;0g;rsKdonfhay:vDpDa-umifh/ tGD*k&fudk,f ydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;e,frS vlOD;a& 75µ&Sdonfh rGwfpvifrftGD*k&fwdk‹onf 35µom usefcJh onf? ,ae‹tcsdefwGif/ ta&SŒwmupPwefY vlOD;a& 25=oef;aom rGwfpvifrftGD*k&f vlrsdK;wdk‹onf/ w&kwfuGefjrLepftpdk;&. zdESdyfcsKyfcs,fr+atmufwGif aexdkifvsuf&Sd-u onf? xdke,ftwGif; a'owpfckrS axmifaygif;rsm;pGmaom rGwfpvifrfEdkifiHa&;tusOf; om;rsm;. owif;tpteyif r-um;rod&awmhay?

tjynfjynfqdkif&mtzGJ‹rsm;u ta&SŒwmupPwefwGif oufa&mufonfh&ufpufr+ta-umif;udk t ao;pdwftpD&ifcHxm;onf? tGD*k&frGwfpvifrfrsm;udk w&kwftpdk;&u ESdyfpufjcif;ESifh owfjzwf jcif;jzifh rsdK;jzKwfypf&ef jzpfonf[k tjynfjynfqdkif&mvGwfjidrf;csrf;omcGifhaumfrD&Sifu tpD&if cH.? wrifwuma&;qGJaomtpDtpOfjzifh tGD*k&fwdk‹.ae&ma'orsm;Y EsL;uvD,m;vufeuf prf;oyfaoma-umifh/ uav;oli,ftajrmuftjrm;onf udk,fcEWmrpGrf;roef 'kuQdwtjzpf arG; zGm;vm-uonf?

uGefjrLepftpdk;&. &ufpuf-urf;-uKwfr+atmufodk‹ usa&mufoGm;onfhaemuf xyfwdkif;jynfwpfjynfrSm/ w&kwfjynfwGif uGefjrLepftpdk;&wnfaxmifjyD;aemuf wpfESpf t-umrSm 0ifa&mufodrf;ydkufvdkufonfh wdAufEdkifiHjzpfonf? t&m&mudk vdkufavsmwwf onfh wdAufvlrsdK;wdk‹.p&kduft& wdAufvlxk.oabmwlvufcHr+jzifh w&kwfjynf. vufatmuf&Sd udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;e,fjzpfoGm;cJhonf? odk‹aomfvnf; wdAufvlrsdK;rsm;t ay: zdESdyfcsKyfcs,fr+rSm wpfae‹wpfjcm; wdk;vsufom &Sdavonf? w&kwftpdk;&u wdAuf vlrsdK;wdk‹. xkwfukefudk tvGefedrfhaomaps;E+ef;jzifh twif;tusyf0,f,lonf? jynfe,f &Sdta&;-uD;aomXmet-uD;tuJ&mxl;rsm;wGif a&$Œajymif;vmaom w&kwfvlrsdK;rsm;udkom 136

'g0iftawG;tac:udkcH,lonfh uGefjrLepftpdk;&onf/ rdrd.jynfolrsm;ESifh aoG;om;wdk‹ udkzdESdyfcsKyfcs,f.? olwdk‹udk tiwfxm;I qif;&JEGrf;yg;aomb0odk‹ ac:aqmifoGm;um owfjzwf ypf.? vkyf&yftm;vkH;onf olwdk‹.tusdK;twGufom jzpfonf? acwfopfwGif TtawG;tac: jzifh tkyfcsKyfonfherlemwdkif;jynfjzpf-uaom &k&Sm;ESifhw&kwfjynfwdk‹onf/ jynfolwdk‹. pm;0wfae a&;oufomacsmifcsdr+ESifh -uD;yGm;wdk;wufr+udk *&krpdkufbJ/ olwdk‹. tm%mwnfjrJa&;ESifhtm%m -uD;xGm;a&;udkom *&kpdkuf.? 2000=ckESpfukefydkif;avmufwGif/ arG;cgpuav;udk ol.rdcifxHrSvk,ljyD;/ tdrfaxmifpk om;rsm;.a±SŒwGif vnfyif;n‡pfowfvdkuf-uonf? w&kwfodrf;ydkufxm;aom ta&SŒwmupPwef e,fajrwGif/ rGwfpvifrfwdk‹tay:Y xdkodk‹aomvlrqefonfhusL;ausmf &ufpufr+rsm; jyKusifhvsuf &Sd.? Tvkyf&yf.yif&if;onf/ vlom;rsm;udk av;pm;ae&efrvdktyfaom wd&pm>efrsm;om jzpfonf/ b0oufwef;onf &kef;uefjyKdifqdkifjcif;omjzpfonf [laom'g0if.oDtdk&Du oif-um; ay;xm;jcif; jzpfonf? Ta-umufrufzG,f&mrsm;udk z,f&Sm;azsmufzsufypfI/ vlom;avmu-uD; wpfckvkH; jidrf;csrf;om,m pGm aexdkif&Sifoef-u&eftwGuf/ 'g0iftawG;tac:udk zsufqD;ypf& rnf?

cef‹xm;onf? tifrwefaysmhajymif;onfh qef‹usifr+rsm;udk aoG;xGufoH,dkjzpfonfh &uf puf-urf;-uKwfr+rsm;jzifhom wkef‹jyefonf? wdAufvlrsdK;rsm;udk awmfvSefa&;qifE$J&ef pdwf"gwfoGif;ay;aeonfh'vdkifvmrmu ol.wdAufvlrsdK;rsm;tay: w&kwfuGefjrLepf tpdk;&u rnfodk‹&ufpuf-urf;-uKwfpGm ESdyfuGyfaeykHudk az:xkwfajymjy.? wdAufvlrsdK;wdk‹udk aoewfjzifh ypfowf&kHomruay? olwdk‹udk &dkufowfonf? um;pifwifI owfonf? t&SifvwfvwfrD;±+dŒowfonf? vnfyif;n‡pfowfonf? -uKd;qGJIowfonf? t

137

&Sifvwfvwfajrjr‡Kwfowfonf? a&G;xkwfI oD;jcm;avSmifxm;jyD; aemufqkH; acgif;jzwf 90 owfvdkuf-uonf?

uarBm'D,m;=crmeDuGefjrLepfwdk‹&l;oGyfjcif;. txGwftxdyf Cambodia-the Pinnacle of Red Insanity

uGefjrLepf0g'onf/ eudkuwnf;u oem;-uifemr+uif;rJhjcif;/ &efvdkjcif;/ &uf puf-urf;-uKwfjcif;/ aoG;qmjcif;ponfwdk‹jzifhjynfhaom tawG;tac:jzpfae&mu tqdk; qkH; tpGef;a&mufonfh &ufpufr+rsm;udk armfpDwkH;tawG;tac:u az:xkwfvdkufayonf? armfpDwkH;tawG;tac:.urBmhta&SŒzsm;EdkifiHrsm;rS“&dk;&m"avh”t&jzpfaom&ufpuf-urf; -uKwfr+u uGefjrLepf0g'ESifh tb,fha-umifhyl;aygif;oGm;cJh&onfudk ydkrdk&Sif;vif;pGm o abmayguf&eftwGuf/ aemufxyfurBmhta&SŒzsm;EdkifiHwpfEdkifiHjzpfaom crmeD. uarBm 'D,m;tpdk;&udk Oyrmtjzpf-unfh&ygrnf? crmeDonf w&kwftaxmuftulESifh armfpDwkH; tawG;tac:.enf;rsm;udk vdkufemusifhokH;&if; tm%m&vmcJhjcif;jzpfonf? uarBm'D,m;EdkifiHonf tdEdN,ESifhw&kwfjynf-um;&Sd tif'dkcsdKif;em;a'orS qif;&J EGrf;yg;aomEdkifiHi,fwpfEdkifiHjzpfonf? &mpkESpfaygif;rsm;pGm jynfoltrsm;pkwdk‹onf pdkuf ysKd;a&;vkyfief;jzifh ac|ac|wmwmaexdkifaygufzGm;vmcJh-uonf? wEdkifiHvkH;pyg;udk t"dupdkufysdK;a&;xkwfukeftjzpf pdkufysKd;-uonf? 1975=ckESpfrS 1979=ckESpftwGif;/ T v,fuGif;jyifwdk‹onf/ “owfjzwfa&;uGif;jyifrsm;” jzpfcJhonf? vlOD;a& 9=oef;&Sdaom jynfolwdk‹teuf 3oef;owfjzwfcHcJh-u&onf? tcsKd‹rSm OD;acgif;wGifaoewfjzifh ypfowf cH&I/ tcsKdŒrSm OD;acgif;cGHudk ykqdefjzifh &dkufcGJI owfcH-u&jyD;/ tcsdKŒrSm aoonftxd tiwfxm;cH-u&onf? tcsdKŒrSmvnf; yvyfpwpftdwfjzifh OD;acgif;udkpGyfay;xm;ojzifh toufr±SLEdkifbJ aoqkH;oGm;-uonf? tjcm;Ed+if;,SOf&rnfh&ufpuf-urf;-uKwfjcif; r&Sdawmhonfh Tjypfr+rsm;udk usL;vGefolwdk‹onf crmeDac: armfpDwkH;tawG;tac:0g'DuarBm'D,m; uGefjrLepfygwD0ifrsm; jzpf-uonf? crmeDuGefjrLepf ygwDudk yGefyGwftrnf&Sd armftawG;tac:orm;wpf OD;u wnfaxmifcJh.? crmeDwdk‹onf ESpfaygif;rsm; pGm awmwGif;wGifykef;atmif;I wpf&uf&ufwGif tm %m&vm&ef ar#mfvifhcsufjzifh pnf;&kH;a&;qif;I aecJh -uonf? aemufqkH; 1975=ckESpfwGif/ olwdk‹.tdyfruf onfvnf; taumiftxnfay:vmcJhawmhonf? tm %m&Sif pwmvif.qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpkESifh/ armf. crmeDacgif;aqmif yGefyGwfonf w&kwfjynfxufydkrdkqdk;oGrf;aom=uGefjrLepf&l;oGrf;r+ uarBm'D,m;jynfol 3oef;udk owf . txGwftxdyfjzpfonfhtpdk;&udk wnfaxmif-u.? jzwfcJh.? wdkif;jynf.tusdK;twGuf/ uGefjrLepfwdk‹. t"duwm0efrSm pyg;v,fawmv,f jyifwGif twwfEdkifqkH;trsm;qkH; tvkyfvkyf-u&rnf[k ygwDrS qkH;jzwfcsufcsvdkufonf? uarBm'D,m;EdkifiHwpfcGifvkH;rS jynfolwdk‹udk xdkv,fuGif;wGif twif;tusyf tvkyfvkyf cdkif;onf? jrdKŒwGif;aevl axmifaygif;aomif;aygif;rsm;pGm=EdkifiHhacgif;aqmifrsm;/ jAL&dku &uf &kH;xdkift&m&Sd-uD;rsm;/ q&m§q&mrrsm;/ ynm&Sifrsm;udk bkHv,fajrpdkufysdK;a&;pcef; wGif tvGefw&m-urf;wrf;cufcJaomaexdkifr+tajctaejzifh tvkyfvkyf-u&ef armif;ydk‹ vdkuf-uonf? tvkyfa&Smifjcif;/ qkawmif;jcif;/ cGifhjyKcsufr&bJ tenf;i,faomtpm 138

yifjzpfap pm;aomufjcif; ponfwdk‹udk “EdkifiHawmftpdk;&udk ykefuefjcif;”jypfr+usL;vGef onf[k pGyfpGJ-uonf? Tjypfr+rsm;a-umifh rdepfwdkif;wGif vlawGtowfcH-u&onf? crmeDwdk‹u olwdk‹.ygwDudk tefum[k trnfwyfI oef;aygif;ajrmufjrm;pGm aom armyef;-uD;pGmtvkyfvkyfae-uonfhvlxkudk tefumu “olwdk‹udk tpOfwpdkuf rjywfrpJapmifh-unfhaeonf”[k xifjrifcHpm;aeatmif vkyfxm;onf? crmeDwdk‹. &uf puf-urf;-uKwfjcif;rS xGufajy;vGwfajrmufcJholwpfOD;u “'Drdkua&wpf” uarBm'D,m; [korkwf-uonfh uarBm'D,m;wdkif;jynfwGif aexdkifcJh-uolrsm;ta-umif;udk atmuf ygtwdkif; az:jyayonf? 'Drdku&ufwpfurfylcsmEdkifiHrSm tusOf;axmifr&Sd/ w&m;&kH;r&Sd/ wuUodkvfr&Sd/ ausmif;r&Sd/ aiGr&Sd/ vkyftm;c&onfhtvkyftudkifr&Sd/ pmtkyfr&Sd/ tm;upm;r&Sd/ em;aecsdefr&Sd/==ESpfq,fh av;em&DtwGif; udk,fydkiftm;vyfcsdef[lI r&Sday? ae‹pOfb0udk atmufygtwdkif; cGJwef;cs xm;w,f?=tvkyf-urf;twGuf wpfq,fhESpfem&D/ pm;aomuf&eftwGuf ESpfem&D/ em;aejcif; ESifhynmay;twGuf okH;em&D/ tdyfcsdeftwGuf ckepfem&D [lI cGJjcrf;xm;w,f? u|Ekfyfwdk‹ tm;vkH; tifrwef-uD;rm;us,f0ef;wJhpcef;rSm ae&w,f? w&m;r#wr+qdkwm r&Sdbl;? tefum u u|Ekfyfwdk‹&Jhb0 tcsdefor,wdkif;udk xdef;csKyfaew,f?==crmeDwdk‹u olwdk‹&Jh a&SŒaemuf r nDnGwfr+rsm;udk Ed+if;,Ofcsufrsm;ay;avh&Sdw,f? vlawGudk u|JEGm;rsm;eJ‹Ed+if;,SOfavh&Sdw,f? “'DEGm;odk;-uD; x,fudkqGJaewmudk -unfhyg? ol‹udk pm;cdkif;wJhtcgrSm pm;w,f? v,fuGif; jyifrSm v$wfvdkuf&if awG‹wmtm;vkH;udk pm;w,f? ol‹udkjrufpdrf;r&SdwJhwjcm;uGif;rSm v$wf xm;&ifvJ rausreyfeJ‹nnf;nLwmrsKd;r&SdbJ qufjyD;&Smpm;w,f? ol[m vGwfvyfr+r&Sdbl;? ol‹udk tjrJapmifh-unfhaeol &Sdw,f? ol‹udk x,fqGJcdkif;&if qGJw,f? ol‹r,m;eJ‹om;orD;awG 91 ta-umif; b,fawmhrS rpOf;pm;bl;?===”

crmeDwdk‹u/ uGefjrLepf0g'.tajccHrljzpfonfh “vlom;rsm;udk wd&pm>eftjzpfo abmxm;jcif;”udk vufawG‹tokH;csaea-umif; xif&Sm;ayonf? txufudk;um;csuf t&/ vlawGudk v,fuGif;jyifwGifx,fqGJaeonfhEGm;odk;rsm;tjzpfodk‹ twif;wGef;ydk‹cJh-u .? wpfcsdefwnf;wGif/ bmoma&;ESifh udk,fusifhw&m;cH,lcsufrsm;udk azsmufzsufypf&m wGif txl;tav;xm;-uayonf? uGefjrLepf0g'.pmtkyfrJwGif/ crmeDwdk‹u tdrfaxmif twGif;&Sdonfh cspfjcif;arwWmudk zsufqD;ypf&ef tpDtpOfcsI aqmif&Guf-ua-umif; az:jy xm;ayonf? crmeDtpdk;&onf yk*~dKvfwpfOD;csif; tefumudkom rDScdktm;udk;ae&atmif/ wpfygwDtm%m &Sifpepfudk tEW&m,fay;Edkifonf[k xif&aom tdrfaxmifpk=rdom;pktcsif;csif;qufEG,fr+udk jzwfawmufzsufqD;ypf&ef &or#enf;rsKd;pkHudk tokH;jyK-uonf? tvkyform;tkyfpkwdk‹onf olwdk‹ pkaygif;aexdkifaomtdrfrsm;&Sd-uonf? trsm;tm;jzifh &GmteD;&Sd wef;vsm;rsm; odk‹r [kwf wef;pDtdyfpufonfh jzmodk‹r[kwf-uKd;ykcufrsm; jzpfonf? Tpcef;pnf;&dk;tjyifodk‹ xGufcGifh&&ef tifrwefcufcJ.? vifr,m;rsm;onf we*FaEGtygwfaygif;rsm;pGm cGJcGmIae -u&onf? uav;rsm;udk rdbESifh aqGrsKd;rsm;xHrS cGJ,loGm;onf? q,fausmfouf rD;aumif aygufrsm;onf ajcmufvausmf olwdk‹.rdbrsm;ESifhrawG‹&-uay? rdcifrsm;udk olwdk‹. u av;rsm;ESifh tcsdefenf;Edkifor#enf;enf; aexdkif&ef wdkufwGef;-uonf? pmwdkufpepfonf vnf; vkH;0&yfwef‹oGm;ojzifh/ wcgw&H rdrdwdk‹. aqGrsKd;wpfOD;OD;aoqkH;a-umif;owif;udk vaygif;rsm;pGmvGefjyD;rS od&-uonf? txufrSaeI pHerlemjyonfhtaejzifh acgif;aqmif 92 rsm;onfvnf; olwdk‹. ZeD;odk‹r[kwfcifyGef;onfwdk‹ESifh vaygif;rsm;pGm cGJcGmae-uonf?

139

crmeDonf aoG;acsmif;pD;aom jynfwGif;ppf.aemufydkif;wGif tm%m&vmcJhonf? TykHonf zEkrfyifjrKdŒawmf-uD;udk crmeDwdk‹0ifpD;I aoG;acsmif;pD;csdefwGif &dkufxm;aomykH jzpfonf? Tum; a-umufrufzG,faom &ufpuf-urf;-uKwfr+. a&SŒajy;erdwfyif jzpf.?

TtpDtpOfrsm;onf um;vfrm;ufPESifh z&uf'&pftif*sJvfwdk‹. tdrfaxmifpk. rlvblwta-umif;&Sif;jycsufudk vufawG‹taumiftxnfaz:jcif;om jzpfayonf? rm;uPfESifhtif*sJvfwdk‹u ('g0if.tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Dtwdkif;) vlom;rsm;onf arsmufwd& pm>efrSwpfqifhpDajymif;vJwdk;wufqif;oufvmojzifh/ bmomt,l0g',kH-unfcsuf/ udk,fusifhw&m;ESifh tdrfaxmifpk rvdktyf[k ,kH-unf-uonf? xdk‹a-umifh vlom;rsm;udk wd&pm>efrsm;tjzpf jrif-uonf? ‚if;wdk‹onf pD;yGm;a&;qufqHr+rS ay:aygufvmaom “t xufv$mrSjy@mef;csuf”rsm;jzpfonf[k qdkonf? uGefjrLepfvl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;u TcH,lcsuf rsm;udkzsufqD;ypf&ef *wdu0wfcH,l-uonf? xdk‹a-umifh crmeDwdk‹.pDrHudef;onf rm;ufP ESifhtif*sJvfwdk‹wifjyonfh t"dy`g,fuif;rJhonfh tqdkomv#ifjzpfayonf? crmeDwdk‹u bmoma&;ESifhtdrfaxmifpkudk zsufqD;I/ vlrsm;udk wd&pm>efuJhodk‹usifh -uH-uatmifvkyfjyD; “v,fxGefonfh EGm;odk;rsm;”uJhodk‹jzpf-u&ef vkyf-uonf? wcsdefu vDeif/ pwmvifESifharmfwdk‹ vkyfcJhonfhenf;twdkif;/ vlawGudk wrifwum iwfrGwfatmif vkyfjyD; olwdk‹. rmefrme*k%foduQmESifh pdwf"gwfwdk‹udk csKd;ESdrf-ujyefonf? aemifwGif iwfrGwfaeaomvlxkudk tefumu au|;arG;aomtcg vlawGu crmeDudkomv#if bk&m; tjzpf udk;uG,f-urnfjzpfonf?

140

141

crmeDwdk‹ tm%m&jyD;onfESifh wjyKdifwnf;/ zEkrfyifjrKdŒawmf -uD;rS vltm;vkH;udk jrKdŒwGif;rS xGufcGmoGm;&ef twif;tusyf armif;xkwf.?

v,fuGif;jyifwGif tvkyfvkyf &ef vlawGudk armif;xkwfvdkuf -u.?

&uftenf;i,ftwGif; jrKdŒawmf -uD;onf wap>ajcmufonfh jrKdŒ jzpfoGm;awmhonf?

uarBm'D,m;jynfoltajrmuftjrm;udk aowGif;odk‹ydk‹cJhonfhiwfrGwfjcif;ab;qdk;-uD;udk crmeD tpdk;&u olwdk‹tusKd;twGuf wrifwumzefwD;jcif;jzpfonf? tpmiwfaeolwdk‹onf/ olwdk‹ udk,fcE<mtwGif;Y tpmodkavSmifr+enf;avav xGufajy;EdkifrnfhtcGifhtvrf;enf;av jzpf rnf? tu,fI vlawGu tpm;tpmwGif oJoJrJrJpGJvrf;-uygu/ udk,fydkiftawG;tac:/ t jiif;yGm;Edkifrnfhtiftm;/ umr,m*pdwf ponfwdk‹ aysmufuG,foGm;rnf jzpfonf? tpm;t pmudk tokH;jyKonfhtpDtpOfwGif vlawGudk a&$Œajymif;cdkif;&mY vG,ful.? bkHpepfpm; aomufcef;tpDtpOfudk vufcH-urnf? rdbESifhom;oDR;rsm;tygt0if wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD;-um; qufqHwG,fwmr+vnf; tm;enf;oGm;vdrfhrnf? vltm;vkH;onf olwdk‹udktpm;tpmau|;arG; 93 aomvufudk rnfr#yif&ufpuf-urf;-uKwfaomvufyifjzpfap erf;±+wf-urnfom jzpf.?

rsufjrifoufao uarBm'D,m;vlrsKd;wpfOD;u atmufygtwdkif; zGifhajym.? TiwfrGwfacgif;yg;r+udk wrifwumvkyfwmjzpfw,f? vltajrmuftjrm; iwfjywfvdk‹ ao 94 ae-uvsufeJ‹ pdkufysKd;EdkifwJhv,fajr ig;ykHwpfykHudkom pdkufysKd;cdkif;w,f?

crmeD(crm&l*sf)acgif;aqmifwdk‹u/ “usKyfwdk‹EdkifiHrSm aumif;rGefwJh awmfvSefa&; orm; vlwpfoef;om vdktyfw,f? tJ'gxufydkbdk‹rvdkbl;? rdwfaqG q,fa,mufudk owfypfwmxuf &efolwpfa,mufudk touf&Sifxm;wmu ydkaumif;w,f?”95 [k ajymavh&Sd-uonf? “cspfjcif;arwWmESifh tEkokckr'\eac:jyifvsmwifharmtvS&ooabmaqmif aom ,Ofaus;r+”wdk‹udk &efrljcif;ESifhywfoufI armf.,Ofaus;r+awmfvSefa&;wGif 142

az:xkwfcJhI/ crmeDwdk‹.&l;oGyfr+wGif txGwftxdyfa&mufoGm;onf? rnfolrqdk/ qHyif zD;ol/ tvStenf;i,fjyifol/ rsufrSefwyfolwdk‹udk “jynfol‹&efol”[k owfrSwf.? crmeDtusOf;pcef;rSL;wpfOD;.rdef‹cGef;rS aumufE+wfcsufudk az:jyygonf? -uD;jrifhjrwfwJh tefum&JhtkyfcsKyfr+atmufrSm&SdwJh 'Drdkua&pDurfylcsmEdkifiHrSm/ usKyfwdk‹[m a&SŒ tem*wftwGufom awG;&r,f? twdwfudk pOf;pm;bdk‹ rvdkbl;? vlopfjzpfwJhtoifwdk‹[m awmfvSefa&;rwdkifrDtcsdefuta-umif;udk arhypf&r,f? udknuf(t&uf)udk arhypf&r,f? vSywJhzuf&Sifqefqeft0wfeJ‹qHyifykHpHawGudk arhypf&r,f?=== t&if;&Sifwdk‹&Jh wufEdkvdk*sDenf;ynmawGudk usKyfwdkŒrvdktyfbl;? tJ'gawGwpfckrSrvdkbl;? pepfopfatmufrSm usKyfwdk‹&Jhuav;awGudk ausmif;ydk‹bdk‹rvdkbl;? usKyfwdk‹&Jhausmif;[m v,f awmv,fjyifjzpfw,f? atmifvufrSwfawGay;bdk‹ pmar;yGJawG ppfaebdk‹rvdkbl;? v,fxGef v,fpdkuf ajrmif;wl;wwf&if tJ'g[m atmifvufrSwfjzpfw,f? usKyfwdk‹rSm q&m0efvJrvdkawmhbl;? olwdk‹udk tokH;csrJhae&mr&Sdawmhbl;? wpfa,muf a,mufu tlawGudk cGJpdyfbdk‹vdk&if usKyfudk,fwdkif cGJxkwfay;r,f? vG,fygw,f? ausmif; wufjyD; oifaep&mrvdkbl;? t&if;&Sifwdk‹&Jh toufarG;0rf;ausmif;ynm usKyfwdk‹rvdkbl;? q&m0efwdk‹ tif*sifeD,mwdk‹udk rvdkbl;? usKyfwdk‹udk [kd[mvkyfyg 'D[mvkyfygvdk‹vufnd‡K;xdk;rJh ygarmuQawGudkvJ rvdkbl;? olwdk‹wawGtm;vkH;[m azgufjyefwJhvlawGbJjzpfw,f? usKyfwdk‹u v,fawmrS tvkyf-uKd; pm;vkyfwJhvlawGudkbJ vdkcsifw,f? 'gayrJh/ &Jabmfwdk‹=jiif;qefvdkwJhvlawGeJ‹ taESmuft&Sufay;csifwJhvlawG &Sdaew,f? tvkyf udk vdkvdkvm;vm; rvkyfcsif-uwJhtjyif/ udk,fusKd;pGef‹vdkwJhpdwfr&Sdwmudk az:jyae-uw,f? tJ'DvlawG[m awmfvSefa&;pdwf"gwf tjynfht0r&Sd-ubl;? tJ'DvlawG[m &efolawGjzpf w,f? jyD;awmh &Jhabmfwdk‹=tJ'DvlrsdK;wpfcsKdŒ 'Dpcef; usKyfwdk‹-um;rSm&Sdaew,f? 'DvlawG[m/ t&if;&SifawG;ac:enf;udk pGJvrf;ae-uao;w,f? t&if;&Sif;zuf&SifawGudk pGJ vrf;ae-uw,f? usKyfwdk‹-um;rSm rsufrSefwyfwJhvlawGvJ &Sdaeao;w,f? olwdk‹bmha-umifh rsufrSefwyf-uovJ? usKyfudk rjrifbl;vm;´ usKyfu rif;udkyg;&dkufzdk‹v+yfvdkufwmeJ‹ a&Smif zdk‹vkyfw,f? tJ'gqdk&if rif;uaumif;aumif;jrif&wmbJaygh? wu,fawmh vlawGu rsuf rSefwyfwm[m t&if;&Sifpepf zuf&Sifqefcsif-uvdk‹bJjzpfw,f? olwdk‹u bmrStokH;ruswJh twGufrsufrSefwyf-uwmjzpfw,f? usKyfwdk‹u tJ'DvdkvlrsKd;udk rvdkawmhbl;? olwdk‹udk,fol wdk‹ acsmw,f vSw,fvdk‹xifwJhvlawG[m iysif;awGjzpfw,f? olwdk‹olrsm;&JhaoG;pkwfaewJh ar#mhawG uyfyg;aumifawG jzpf-uw,f?96

armf0g'Dpdwfa0'em&Sifwdk‹u w&kwfeD.axmufyHhr+jzifh uarBm'D,m;EdkifiHudk odrf; ydkufvdkuf-ujyD;aemuf/ tjypfrJhvlaygif; okH;oef;udk owfjzwfypf-uonf? yxrwGif xdk ao'%fay;cH&olwdk‹udk aoewfjzifh ypfowf-uonf? odk‹aomfvnf;/ aemufydkif;wGif “usnfqHukefonf/ usnfqHjzKef;jcif;jzpfonf/”[k qkH;jzwfI/ ydkrdkI &ufpufaomenf; rsm;udk tokH;jyK-uonf? “usnfqHac|wmjcif;”tjyif/ crmeDwdk‹u olwdk‹.&ufpuf-urf; -uKwfaoG;qmonfh tmomudk ajyapaoma-umifh Tenf;udk ydkI ESpfouf-uavonf? towfcH&olrsm;. 53µudk oH'kwf/ ykqdef&dk;ESifh aygufwl;aygufjym;&dk;rsm;jzifh OD;acgif; udk &dkufcGJowfcJh-uonf? 6µrSm -uKd;qGJcsI owfjcif; odk‹r[kwf yvyfpwpftdwf OD;acgif;udkpGyfI owfjcif;/ 5µrSm vnfyif;udk 'g;ESifhvSD;Iowfjcif;/ ponfwdk‹vkyf-u onf?97 1979=ckESpfwGif AD,uferfwyfu uarBm'D,m;EdkifiHudk 0ifa&mufodrf;ydkufvdkuf ojzifh crmeD(crm&l*sf)tpdk;& qkH;cef;wdkifoGm;avonf? ,Qiftpdk;&.&ufpuf-urf;-uKwf r+rsm;udk jyo&eftwGuf AD,uferfwdk‹u “vlowfuGif;jyifrsm;”[kac:onfh pyg;v,f uGif;rsm;udkwl;I tavmif;rsm;udk az:,lum zEkrfyifjrKdŒawmf-uD;&Sd jywdkufwpfckwGif jyoxm;onf? 143

csm;vfpf'g0if.pmtkyfwGif “odyH`enf;us”tajccHudk awG‹&Sdonfh uGefjrLepf0g' onf/ rm;ufPESifhtif*sJvfwdk‹.t"dy`g,fr&Sdaom pmwrf;rsm;wGif ykHpHoGif;um/ vDeifESifh pwmvifwdk‹. &ufpuf-urf;-uKwfr+rsm;jzifh urBmhtiftm;-uD;EdkifiHwpfEdkifiH jzpfvmcJh onf? xdk‹aemuf/ armf.&l;oGyfr+atmufwGif txGwftxdyfodk‹ a&muf&SdcJhjyD;/ uarBm'D ,m;EdkifiHY vufawG‹usifhokH;onfh &dkif;pdkif;r+wdk‹jzifh ol.rsufESmtppftrSefudk zGifhjyvdkuf avonf?

ajrmufudk;&D,m;ESifh AD,uferf North Korea and Vietnam

tm&SwdkufwGif/ uGefjrLepf&ufpufr+onf w&kwfEdkifiHESifh uarBm'D,m;EdkifiH ESpfEdkif iHtxdom uef‹owfcJhonfr[kwf? ajrmufudk;&D,m;tpdk;&onfvnf; ‚if;.jynfolrsm; tay:wGif -uifemw&m;uif;rJhpGm 'kuQay;.? uifrftifqGef. tm%m&Sifpepfvuf xufwGif toufaygif; 1 oef; 5odef; owfjzwfcHcJh&.? odef;aygif;rsm;pGmaom jynfol wdk‹onfvnf; ajrmufudk;&D,m;. -urf;wrf;a-umufrufzG,faom tusOf;axmifrsm; wGif n‡if;yef;ESdyfpufcH&-uonf? uGefjrLepf0g'.pmtkyfrJu tusOf;om;rsm;tm; wd& pm>efrsm;udkuJhodk‹ jyKrl-ua-umif; az:jyxm;.? tusOf;axmifwGif trsdK;orD;tusOf;ol 2000 tygt0if tusOf;om; 6000 wdk‹onf/ n‡yfzdeyfrsm;/ ypPwdkESifhajcmufvkH;jyL;tdwf rsm;/ vufqGJtdwfrsm;/ cg;ywfrsm;/ peufwHrsm;ESifh yef;twkrsm;udk xkwfvkyf&mY/ eHeuf 5;30em&DrS nOfhoef;aumiftxd tvkyfvkyf-u&onf? udk,f0efaqmifaom tusOf;oludk twif; uav;zsufcscdkif;onf? tusOf;axmifwGif arG;vmaomuav;udk toufr±SLEdkif atmif ESmacgif;yg;pyfydwfIvnf;aumif;/ vnfvSD;Ivnf;aumif; owfypf-uonf?98 qdk;vfjrKdŒodk‹xGufajy;vmcJhaom pcef;apmifhwpfOD;u/ ajrmufudk;&D,m;EdkifiH t usOf;pcef;rsm;wGif jzpfysufvsuf&Sdaom ESdyfpufjcif;ESifh owfjzwfr+rsm;udk atmufygt wdkif; az:xkwfcJhayonf? rnfolu tm%mom; wm0ef,l&oenf;? pcef;&Sd vkHjcKHa&;t&m&Sdwdk‹. a&G;cs,fydkifcGifhrSm rl wnfygonf? olwdk‹.vufudk ayusHjcif;r&Sdapvdkygu/ aoewfjzifh ypfowf-uygonf? odk‹ r[kwf/ emusifr+udk -um-umcHpm;apvdkv#ifvnf;/ ajz;ajz;csif; owf-uygonf? vlawGudk &dkufowfjcif;/ ausmufcJjzifh aygufowfjcif;/ odk‹r[kwf aygufwl;aygufjym;rsm;jzifh &dkuf owfjcif; ponfwdk‹ vkyf-uygonf? wcgw&Hvnf; owfjzwfr+u upm;p&mwpfrsdK;tjzpf ajymif;vJoGm;ygonf? uGif;jyifrSm tusOf;orm;udk aoewfvufwnfhprf;-uygonf? wcg w&H tusOf;orm;rsm;udk aoonftxd wdkufcdkufcdkif;-ujyD; olwdk‹. vufjzifh ±+H;oludk qGJ qkwfcdkif;-uonf?==usaemhrsufpdjzifhjrifcJhygonf? rdef;rrsm;u at;at;csrf;csrf;ESifhao& jcif; tvGefenf;yg;ygonf? EdkŒtkHrsm;udk 'g;jzifhvSD;jzwfjcif;/ vdift*Fgudk aygufwl;&dk;jzifh xdk;xnfhjcif;/ vnf*kwfudk wljzifh&dkufcsKd;jcif;==pojzifh vkyf-uonfudk awG‹cJhygonf? tusOf;pcef;wGif aojcif;onf &dk;aejyDjzpfaom ae‹pOftjzpftysuf jzpfygonf? EdkifiHa&;t usOf;om;rsm;onf/ olwdk‹toufqufvuf&SifcGifh&a&;twGuf/ ajymif;aphtenf;i,f odk‹r [kwf 0ufqDtenf;i,f&&ef bmrqdkvkyf&ygonf? odk‹aomfvnf;/ Tpcef;wGif ae‹wdkif;vdk vdk iwfrGwfIjzpfap/ rawmfwqjzpfap/ owfjzwfjcif;a-umifhjzpfap vl 4=5 a,muf tjrJ 99 ao&ygonf?

ajrmufudk;&D,m;tpdk;&. aemufxyft*Fg&yfwpfckrSm/ vlrsKd;oef‹pifa&;oDtdk&D udk usifhokH;jcif;jzpfonf? ‚if;oDtdk&Donfvnf; 'g0if0g'rS udkif;xGufvmaom oDtdk&Dwpf ckjzpfonf? txufwGif u|Ekfyfwdk‹ avhvmcJh-ujyD;jzpfonfhtwdkif;/ vlrsdK;oef‹pifa&;oDtdk &Dudk 'g0if. 0rf;uGJnD z&ef;ppf a*:vfwefu wifjyjyD; 20=&mpkESpftpOD;ydkif;wGif odyH` 144

enf;usaom tqdktjzpf vufcHusifhokH;cJh-uonf? vlrsdK;oef‹pifa&;. &nf&G,fcsufrSm/ usef;rma&;csKdŒwJhol/ 'kuQdw/ odk‹r[kwf vlrsdK;wpfrsdK;wdk‹udk om;a-umjzwfjcif;jzifh usef; rmoefpGrf;olwdk‹udkom qufvufom;arG;apjcif; jzpfonf? aemufqkH;wGif Todk‹vkyf aqmifjcif;onf/ ydkrdkusef;rmoefpGrf;aom vlrsdK;ay:xGef;vm&ef pdwful;aygufjcif; jzpf onf? urBmay:wGif/ TtpDtpOfudk tpdk;&.w&m;0ifay:vDpDtjzpf yxrOD;qkH;usifhokH; aomEdkifiHrSm emZDygwDtkyfcsKyfaom *smreDEdkifiHjzpfonf? yxrydkif;wGif/ [pfwvmu 0rf;wGif;yga&m*g&Sdolrsm;ESifh 'kuQdwrsm;udk pkpnf;I “om;a-umjzwfXme”odk‹ydk‹cJhI aemufydkif;wGif olwdk‹tm;vkH;udk owfvdkufavonf? ajrmufudk;&D,m;tpdk;&u/ “tDAdkvl;&Sif;udk t&Sdef&apjcif;” [laomta-umif;jy csufjzifh T&ufpuf-urf;-uKwfr+udk usifhokH;ayonf? “uGefjrLepf0g'.pmtkyfrJ”wGif ‚if;vlrsdK;oef‹pifa&; udk;&D;,m;pwdkif pDrHudef;ykHpHESifhywfoufI atmufygtwdkif; a&; om;xm;ayonf? udk;&D,m;EdkifiHwGif/ rpGrf;roefol 'kuQdwwdk‹onf vlr+a&;t& ypfy,fjcif;udk t-uD;tus,f cH-u&onf? rpGrf;roefol 'kuQdwrsm;udk ajymif,efjrdKŒwGif aexdkif&efcGifhrjyKacs? r-umao; rDtcsdeftxd/ aqGrsKd;om;csif;rsm; oGm;a&mufvnfywfawG‹qkHEdkif&eftvdk‹iSg/ jrdKŒjyifreD;ra0; Y oD;jcm;uef‹owfxm;aomae&mwGif xm;xm;onf? ,ae‹tcsdefwGif olwdk‹udk tvGefa0; uGmaom w&kwfjynfe,fjcm;teD; awmawmifa'o odk‹r[kwf yifv,f0gtwGif;&Sd u|ef;rsm; odk‹ ydk‹vdkuf-u.? xdka'orsm;teuf ESpfae&mudk twdtusod&Sd&ayonf? udk;&D,m;EdkifiH. ajrmufbuf w&kwfjynfe,fjcm;teD;&Sd bdk*|eft&yfESifh tGD*sKdt&yfwdk‹ jzpfonf? Tay:vDpD onf ajymif,efjrKdŒrS erfydk/ auaqmifESifh acsmif*sifjrKdŒrsm;odk‹ r-umao;rDupI ul;pufoGm; avjyD?

uGefjrLepftpdk;&tkyfcsKyfa&;vufatmuf&Sd ajrmufAD,uferfEdkifiH = 1968? TuJhodk‹jyKrljcif;onf/ omrefvlrsm;ESifh rwloltm;vkH;ESifhvnf; oufqdkifayonf? Oyrm/ vlykrsm;udk ,QKtcsdefwGif zrf;qD;jyD; pcef;rsm;odk‹ydk‹vdkufonfhtjyif/ olwdk‹udk uav;arG;jcif; wm;jrpfxm;ayonf? uifrftDqGefu “vlyktrsdK;awG aysmufuG,foGm;&r,f”[k trdef‹cscJhay 100 onf?

145

ajrmufAD,uferftm%m&Sif [dkcsDrif;

AD,uferfEdkifiHonfvnf; tm&SwdkufrS aoG;xGuf oH,dkrsm;aom uGefjrLepftm%m&SifpepfEdkifiHwpfEdkifiH jzpf .? ajrmufAD,uferfonf tcsdefumvtvGef-um&Snf aomppfudk yxrydkif;wGif jyifopfESifhwdkufcJh&jyD; aemuf ydkif;wGif tar&duefwdk‹ESifh wdkufcJh&onf? 1975=ckESpfwGif awmifAD,uferfudk odrf;ydkufjyD; uGefjrLepfjynfaxmifpk AD,uferfEdkifiHudk wnfaxmifcJhayonf? [dkcsDrif;onf AD ,uferfEdkifiHudk wnfaxmifoljzpfI/ ol.aemufvdkuf om;wdk‹onf/ olwdk‹.jynfolwdk‹udk jyif;jyif;xefxef ESdyf pufn‡if;yef;&ef vufraES;-uacs? 1975 ESifh 1977=ckESpf t-um;wGif/ AD,uferftpdk;&udk qef‹usifaom AD,uferf pma&;q&mwpfOD;u wdkif;jynf.tajctaeESifhywfouf I az:jyxm;aompmwpfapmif a&;cJh.?

tusOf;axmifwGif;tajctaersm;onf/ rpOf;pm;bl;onfhtajctaewGif &Sdygonf? tpdk;&. w&m;0iftusOf;axmifjzpfonfh csD[GgtusOf;axmifwGif tusOf;om; 8000 udkcsKyfaESmif xm;&m/ ‚if;.tajctaerSm qdk;&Gm;vGef; ojzifh wurBmvkH;u ±+wfcsxm;ayonf? ,ae‹ tcsdefwGif ‚if;tusOf;axmifwGif tusOf;om;aygif; 40000 udk csKyfaESmifxm;vsuf&Sdonf? tusOf;om;rsm;rSm tpmiwfrGwfIvnf;aumif;/ rdrdwdk‹.vufjzifhaomfvnf;aumif; ao a-uukefae-uonf?=== AD,uferfwGif tusOf;axmifESpfrsdK;ESpfpm; &Sdonf? w&m;0ifaxmifrsm;ESifh tusOf;pcef; rsm;jzpfonf? 'kwd,trsdK;tpm;rsm;rSm tvGefa0;uGmaom awmeufxJwGif&Sd-uI tusOf; om;rsm;onf &moufyef tvkyf-urf;ESifhaxmif'%fusolrsm;jzpfonf? &kH;wifppfaq;jcif; 101 r&Sd/ xdk‹a-umifh rdrdudk,fudk w&m;0ifumuG,fxkacsEdkifcGifh r&Sdacs?

1975=ckESpfwGif AD,uferfu avmEdkifiHudk 0ifa&mufusL;ausmfodrf;ydkufjyD; uGef jrLepftpdk;& wnfaxmifvdkufjcif;a-umifh/ tvm;wl &ufpuf-urf;-uKwfr+rsm;udk usL; vGef-uayonf? youfavmuGefjrLepfwdk‹u/ tif'dkcsKdif;em;EdkifiHrsm;tv,fwGif&Sdonfh qif;&JEGrf;yg;aomEdkifiHwGif tm%m-uD;xGm;vmonfESifhtr#/ olwdk‹udk qef‹usifolrsm; tm; ESdyfuGyfojzifh/ aomif;ESifhcsDaom'kuQonfwdk‹onf wdkif;jynfrS xGufajy;-u&onf?

armf0g'tEW&m,f qufvuf&Sdaeonf The Maoist Danger Continues

ordkif;wav#mufvkH;wGif tm&Sta±SŒzsm;wdkif;jynfrsm;onf/ jyif;xefaom vuf eufudkif wdkufyGJtpOfqifEGJjcif;/ aoG;a-uG;acs-ujcif;ESifh &dkif;pdkif;&ufpufonfh uvJh pm;acsjcif; ponfwdk‹ESifh jynfheufvsuf&SdcJh-uonf? t-urf;zufjcif;onf w&m;0ifonfh jyif vdktyfcsufyifjzpfonf[l oif-um;ay;aom uGefjrLepf0g'a&mufvmonfESifhwjydKif wnf;/ vdkufvmonfh &vm'frSm -uD;us,fonfh ysufpD;qkH;±+H;jcif;om jzpfawmhonf? uGef jrLepf0g'u pyg;pdkufonfhv,fuGif;jyifrsm;udk vlowfuGif;jyifrsm;tjzpf ajymif;vJypf .? uGefjrLepf0g'onf qifjcifwkHw&m;uif;rJhum todOm%fuif;I rdkufrJjcif;ESifh &kyfqkd;jcif;udk tav;ay;&eftwGuf ,Ofaus;r+udkypfy,fvdkufaom tawG;tac:jzpfay onf? tzGJ‹tpnf;tajrmuftjrm;ESifh tawG;tac:tajrmuftjrm;wdk‹u xdkr#&ufpuf -urf;-uKwf&dkif;pdkif;onfhtawG;tac:udk vufcHusifhokH;I wurBmvkH;odk‹ jzef‹jzL;cJh-u 146

onfrSm pdwf0ifpm;zG,fjzpfaeayonf? ,ae‹tcsdefwGif/ armfvrf;pOft-urf;zuftzGJ‹ tpnf;rsm;ESifh tawG;tac:tkyfpkwdk‹u EdkifiHtawmfrsm;rsm;awGrSm v+yf&Sm;ae-uonf? armftawG;tac:orm;wdk‹u qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpk uGJoGm;jcif;onf/ “uGefjrLepf0g'udk t"dy`g,faz:&mY rSm;,Gif;jcif;”udk az:jyjcif;jzpfI/ armf0g'=armftawG;tac:u rSefuef a-umif; oufaoxljcif;jzpfonf[k a-uG;a-umfae-uonf? armf.&ufpuf-urf;-uKwfr+/ rw&m;owfjzwfr+usL;vGefjcif;/ iwfrGwfacgif;yg;jcif;udk zefwD;jcif;ESifh &dkif;pdkif;,kwf ywfaom usifh-uHvkyfaqmifr+tm;vkH;udk arhxm;vdkufjyD;/ Ttodw&m;uif;rJhaom t awG;tac:udk urBmha&SŒa&;. wpfckwnf;aoma&G;p&mjzpfonf[k qdkae-uonf? armf0g 'Dwdk‹u TacwfrrDawmhaom oDtdk&Dudk “wwd,urBm0g'”[kac:I rzGH‹jzdK;ao;aom EdkifiHrsm;udk arSmifrdkufaomuGefjrLepf0g'odk‹ vdrfvnfvSnfhzsm;ac:aqmifoGm;&ef -udK;yrf; ae-uonf? Tarmf0g'Dwdk‹onf/ oef;aygif;ajrmufjrm;pGmaomvlwdk‹udk olwdk‹.trnfudkom ta-umif;jyKI ESdyfpufowfjzwfcJhonfudk rwif;wdrf-uao;a-umif; xif&Sm;ayonf? olwdk‹u aemufxyfaoG;xGufoH,kdr+udk vdkvm;ae-uonf? aoG;qmjcif;tmomrajy-u ao;ay? Tpmtkyf. aemufqkH;tcef;ydkif;wGif/ ae&mwum armf0g'. yg;eyfnifhoufpGm pdrfh0ifjyef‹yGm;aejcif;udk ydkrdkus,fus,fjyef‹jyef‹ tao;pdwfavhvm-uygrnf?

147

148

bmoma&;udk uGefjrLepf0g'. &efvdkr+ Communism's Hostility to Religion

&ftmefusrf;awmfjrwfwGif/ ordkif;wav#mufvkH;wGif/ tv†m[ft&SifjrwfESifh bm omw&m;udk jiif;y,fI &ufpuf-urf;-uKwfaom acgif;aqmifrsm; ay:aygufcJh onf[k az:jyxm;ayonf? uk&ftmefusrf;awmfjrwf pl&m 28 tm,ofawmf 41 wGif/ tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfu ‚if;wdk‹udk “i&Jodk‹ zdwfac:-uukefaom a&SŒaqmifa&SŒ&yf rsm;”[k rSnfhac:xm;ayonf? eADwrefawmfrlpm(tvdkifa[hqvmrf)ESifhywfoufI uk&f tmefusrf;awmfjrwf tm,ofawmf tawmfrsm;rsm;wGif az:jy&if;/ zg&dk;bk&ifta-umif; udkvnf; az:jyxm;awmfrl.? eADwrefawmftDA&m[ifrf(tvdkifa[hqvmrf)udk qef‹usif aomzg&dk;bk&ifuJhodk‹ vlawG.,kH-unfcsufwpfckwnf;a-umifh owfjzwfcJhonfh &ufpuf -urf;-uKwfaomtkyfcsKyfrif;vkyfolwdk‹.ta-umif;az:jy&mwGif Orifvdk%facgif;odk‹oGm; a&mufcdkatmif;-u&onfhvkvifwdk‹.ta-umif;udkvnf; az:jyxm;onf? TuJhodk‹aom ,kwf&if;-urf;wrf;onfhZmwfaumifrsm;udk vl‹ordkif;.acwfwdkif;wGif awG‹&Sd&.? ‚if; bmomrJhacgif;aqmifwdk‹onf/ vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;rsm;tay:Y &ufpuf-urf;-uKwf-uum/ owdrrlrdolwdk‹tm; TurBmwGifa&m aemifwrvGefb0wGifyg ysufpD;jcif;odk‹ ac:aqmif oGm;-uayonf? vGefcJhonfh&mpkESpftwGif;rS tpGef;a&muftcuftcJ/ qif;&J'kuQaygif;pkH/ &ufpuf -urf;-uKwfjcif;rsm;udk ay;aqmifonfhtawG;tac:rsm;udk wpfausmhjyefIvSnfh-unfhyg u/ oem;-uifemjcif;uif;rJhaom bmomrJhacgif;aqmifrsm;udk a&SŒwef;Y awG‹&ayonf? uk&ftmefusrf;awmfjrwfwGif az:jyxm;onfh zg&dk;bk&ifESifh tvm;wlaom bk&m;w&m;rJh aoG;qmonfh 20=&mpkESpfrSacgif;aqmifwdk‹onf/ Avm'DrD&f vDeif/ *sKd;Zuf pwmvif/ armfpDwkH;wdk‹ESifhtwl/ olwdk‹. tawG;tac:zcifrsm;jzpf-uaom um;vfrm;uPfESifh z&uf '&pf tif*sJvfwdk‹ jzpf-uonf? csm;vfpf 'g0if onfvnf; bmomt,l0g' uif;rJhjcif;Y ol.tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Djzifh wpfenf;wpfzkH acgif;aqmifr+ ay;cJhavonf? uGefjrLepf0g'. bmoma&;qef‹usifjcif;udk jiif;ckHaep&mrvdktyfawmhyg? uGef jrLepf0g'udk tm;ay;axmufcHolwdk‹. pmayrsm;udk-unhfv#if ajAmifyifyGifhyGifhvif;vif; az:jy xm;onfudk awG‹&ygvdrfhrnf? rm;ufPudk,fwdkifu/ bmomt,l0g'udk “vlawG. bdef;” jzpfonf[k ac:xm;jyD;/ tkyfcsKyfolvlwef;pm;wdk‹u qif;&Jom;vlxkudk rl;,pfxkH

uk

149

xdkif;apatmif wDxGifxm;jcif;jzpfonf/ xdk‹a-umifh uGefjrLepf0g' wdk;wuf-uD;xGm;Edkif&ef tvdk‹iSm bmoma&;udk zsufqD;ypf&rnf[k twdtvif; a-unmcJhayonf? tif*sJvfu vlom;onf arsmufwd&pm>efrS qif;oufvmojzifh/ bmoma&;onf vljzpfvmonfh wpfqifhpDtvdkvdkajymif;vJwdk;wufvmonfhjzpfpOf=tDAdkvl;&Sif;jzpfpOf. tqifhwpfqifhom jzpfonf[k qdkonf? bmoma&;udk zsufqD;&eftwGuf rnfonfhay:vDpDrsdK;udk tokH;cs-uoenf;? vDeifu yxrOD;qkH; jynfhpkHaomtajzudk ay;cJh.?==1900=ckESpfwGif/ &k&Sm;EdkifiH qdk&S,f 'Drdku&ufwpftvkyform;ygwD (aemifwGifuGefjrLepfygwDjzpfvmonf). acgif;aqmif tjzpf/ “tvkyform;ygwD. bmoma&;tay:oabmxm;”[laomaqmifyg;wpfyk'fudk y&dkav wm&D r*~Zif;wGif a&;om;cJh.? xdkaqmif;yg;wGif/ qdk&S,f'Drdkua&pDonf/ ‚if;.urBmhtjriftm;vkH;udk odyH`enf;usqdk&S,fvpf0g' =wpfenf; tm;jzifh rm;ufP0g'wGif tajccHonf? rm;uPf0g'. tawG;tac:tajccHonf/ rm;ufPESifh tif*sJvfwdk‹u xyfcgwvJvJ a-unmcJhonfhtwdkif;/ tEkyËdavmr&kyf0g'jzpfI/ jyifopfrS wpfq,fh&Spf&mpkESpf&kyf0g'ESifh *smreDEdkifiHom; jzL;bufxHrS (wpfq,fhudk;&mpkESpfOD;ydkif;) &kyf0g'wdk‹.ordkif;0ifxkH;"avhrsm;udk v$Jajymif;,lcJhjcif;jzpfonf? ‚if;onf vkH;0O\kHbk&m; rJh0g'jzpfI bmomt,l0g'tm;vkH;udk qef‹usifonf? rm;ufPu rl-urf;udkzwfay;cJhaom tif*sJvf.tifwD'l&if;udk jyefvnfowd&zdk‹ vdkygonf? 'l&if;onf/ &kyf0g'ESifhudkufnDr+r&Sd onfhjyif/ bmoma&;twGuf [muGufrsm;ay;xm;aoma-umifh/ ‚if;tif*sJvf.pmwrf;onf &kyf0g'DESifh bk&m;rJh'l&if; wdk‹twGuf tajccHrl vrf;n$eftjzpf ay;xm;jcif;jzpfonf? vl'f0duf jzLbufESifhywfoufonfh tif*sJvf.aqmif;yg;udk jyefvnfowd&oifhygonf? vl'f0duf jzLbufonf/ bmoma&;udk wdkufcdkuf&mwGif ‚if;udkzsufqD;ypf&eftwGufr[kwfbJ/ jyifqif rGef;rH&efomjzpfcJhjyD;/ “ydkrdkjrifhjrwfaom”bmomt,l0g'topf wDxGifjcif;om jzpfcJhojzifh/ ol‹tm; tif*sJvfu xdkaqmif;yg;wGif jypfwifa0zefcJhjcif; jzpfonf? “bmoma&;onf bdef;jzpfonf”= rm;ufP. Ttqdkonf/ bmoma&;tay: rm;ufP0g'.tjrifwpfckvkH;. 102 tkwfjrpfjzpfonf?

1905=ckESpfwGif/ EdkZfAm,mZif r*~Zif;wGif “qdk&S,fvpf0g'ESifhbmoma&;” [krnfaom aqmif;yg;wpfyk'f a&;om;cJh.? xdkaqmif;yg;wGif/ bmoma&;onf vGifhpifazsmufzsufypf&rnfh jrLcdk; jzpfonf[k a&;xm;onf? uGefjrLepfwdk‹onf bmoma&;udk qef‹usifonfh 0g'jzef‹jcif;rsm;udk vkyfaqmif&rnf[kvnf; a&;xm;.? u|Ekfyfwdk‹.tpDtpOfonf/ odyH`enf;usaom &kyf 0g'urBmhtjrifwGif vkH;0O\kHtajccHxm;onf?==u|Efkyf wdk‹. 0g'jzef‹vkyfief;wdk‹wGif bk&m;rJh0g'qdkif&m 0g'jzef‹ jcif; yg0if&efvdktyfonf? aumif;rGefoifhavsmfonfh odyH` pmapmifrsm;udk/ ykHESdyfxkwfa0jzef‹jzL;&rnf? ,ae‹tcsdef txd tm%m&Sifya'o&mZftpdk;&u ‚if;vkyfief;udk wm; vDeif.tqdkt&/ uGefjrLepfwdk‹ jrpfxm;onf? Tvkyfief;onf/ u|Ekfyfwdk‹.ygwDvkyfief; onf/ bmoma&;udk jyif;jyif;xef &yfrsm;wGif vkyfief;&yfwpfcktjzpf yg0ifae&rnf? ,QKt xef qef‹usifcJhaom jzLbuf.pm csdefwGif u|Ekfyfwdk‹onf/ tif*sJvfu wpfcgwkH;u *sefref rsm;udk bmomjyefI xkwfa0-u&ef qdk&S,fvpf0g'DawGudkay;cJhonfht-uHOm%ftwdkif; aqmif vdktyf.? &Guf&efyif vdktyfayvdrfhrnf? xdkt-uHOm%frSm wpfq,fh &Spf &mpkESpfrsm;u bk&m;rJh0g'D jyifopfOm%ftvif;yGifh jcif; toif;. pmayrsm;udk bmomjyefjyD; tus,fw0ifhjzef‹jzL;&efjzpfonf?103

150

rm;ufP0g'Dwdk‹taejzifh/ bmoma&;udk wdkufzsuf&mwGif “odyH`pmayrsm;”udk ykHESdyf xkwfa0I/ 18=&mpkESpfu Om%ftvif;yGifhjcif;toif;. pmayrsm;udk jzef‹jzL;&rnf [l aomvDeif.pum;udk rSwfom;oifhayonf? “odyH`pmayrsm;”qdkonfrSm/ odyH`t&nfjcKH xm;I &kyf0g'udk twif;oGyfoGif;aomoDtdk&Drsm;(Oyrm 'g0if0g')udk qdkvdkayonf? “jyifopf Om%ftvif;yGifholrsm;”qdkonfrSm/ rm;ufP.tvsif t-um-uD;apmI bmom a&;udk qef‹usifonfh &kyf0g'=0g'jzef‹pmayrsm;udk a&;om;cJh-uonfh 'pf'g&GwfESifh 'D[dk; vfbufwdk‹ yg0if.? uGefjrLepfwdk‹onf/ vDeifoifay;cJhaom Tenf;rsm;udk ,ae‹xdtokH;jyKae-u ao;onf? tu,fI/ u|Ekfyfwdk‹ wurBmvkH;&Sd pmayykHESdyfxkwfa0onfh vkyfief;rsm;/ odyH`pmapmifrsm;ESifh owif;avmutcsKd‹wdk‹udk qef;ppf-unfhygu/ rm;ufP0g'Dwdk‹u 'g0if tawG;tac:ESifh Om%ftvif;yGifholrsm;tawG;tac:udk axmufcHtm;ay;onfhpmayxkwf a0r+. aemufuG,fwGif &Sdae-uonfudk &Sif;vif;pGm awG‹jrifEdkifayonf?

uGefjrLepf0g'. odk0Sufxm;aom bmoma&;qef‹usif&efvdkr+ Communism's Hidden Hostility to Religion

rm;ufP0g'Dwdk‹onf/ tm%mr&&SdrDtcsdefwGif/ olwdk‹.awG;ac:,lqcsufrsm;u bm oma&;udk yGifhyGifhvif;vif;usL;ausmfapmfum;onfh qef‹usifa&;twdtus r&Sd-uacs? t csdKŒuGefjrLepfwdk‹u bmoma&;udk av;pm;ykHESifh bmoma&;udk udkif;±d+if;oa,mif jyKrljyo -u.? tb,fha-umifh TuJhodk‹aom av#mhayghr+rsm;udk usifhokH;-uoenf;? Tar;cGef;.tajzudk vDeif.pmayrsm;wGif awG‹&SdEdkifayonf? “tvkyform;yg wD. bmoma&;tay:oabmxm;” [laompmtkyfwGif/ rm;ufPESifhtif*sJvfuJhodk‹ u|rf; usifr+wdk‹. vufawG‹usifhokH;r+rsm;udk t"dy`g,faz:jcif;jzifh pwifrnfqdkygu/ bmoma&; udk b,faomtcgrS yGifhyGifhvif;vif; ppfa-unmjcif;rjyK&ay/ [ka&;om;xm;.? ,if; onf/ rvdktyfaom “EdkifiHa&;ppf avmif;upm;jcif;”jzpfonf?104 tjcm;&kyf0g'Dwdk‹ (Oyrm wpfygwDtm%m&Sifrsm;/ odk‹r[kwf “bk&m;rJh0g'DblZGmrsm;”)u bmoma&;udk rvdkvm;a-umif;ESifh bmoma&;qef‹usifonfhv+H‹aqmfa&;tpDtpOfrsm; vkyf-uonf? vDeifu olwdk‹.vkyf&yfrsm;onf/ &dk;vGef; EkHxdkif;vGef;onf[k jrifonf? rm;ufP0g'Dwdk‹udk “av#mhaygh jcif;jzpfonf”[k pGyfpGJjcif;ESifh “a&S‹aemufrnDnGwf”[laom pGyfpGJcsufrsm;udk jiif;y,f vdkufonf? “rm;ufP0g'Dwdk‹. bmoma&;tay:usifh-uHr+wdk‹onf/ vkH;0a&SŒ aemufnDnGwfI rm;ufPESifh tif*sJvfwdk‹u aphaphpyfpyfawG;awmqifjcifxm;aom vkyf enf;vkyf[ef jzpfonf”[k vDeifuxyfrHajymqdk.?105 vDeifu 1917=ckESpf uGefjrLepfwdk‹tm%m&vmonftxd Todk‹aomav#mhayghr+ udk usifhokH;cJhayonf? tm%m&jyD;aemufydkif;wGif/ ‚if;av#mhayghr+rsm;onfvnf; aysmuf uG,foGm;ukefjyD; bmoma&;ESifh bmoma&;yk*~dKvfrsm;udk qdkAD,ufe,fajrwpf0Srf;vkH; wGif ESdyfuGyfzdESdyfavawmhonf? onfhtv#ifwGif/ vDeifu uGefjrLepfwdk‹onf olwdk‹udk,f udk bk&m;w&m;rJholrsm;tjzpf 0efcHjcif;rjyK&bJ bmomw&m;udk ,kH-unfolwdk‹udkyif atmufajcppfonfrsm;tqifhwGif vufcHxm;cGifh ay;cJhayonf? odk‹aomfvnf;/ oltm %m&onfESifhwjydKifwnf;/ tvGefuGmjcm;aomvrf;udk vdkufavonf? 0rf;enf;a-uuGJ r+&dwfodrf;jcif;pmtkyfwGif ordkif;yg&*l a&mbwf uGefuGufu/ bdkvf&SDApfwdk‹. t"duus aombmoma&;ay:vDpDtcsKdŒudk az:jyxm;.?

151

1918=ckESpf zGJ‹pnf;ykHtajccHOya' yk'fr (65)t&/ c&pf,mefbkef;awmf-uD;rsm;ESifh w&m;a[m q&mrsm;udk/ “blZGmwdk‹.aus;u|efrsm;”tjzpfowfrSwfI/ rJay;ydkifcGifhESifh cHpm;cGifhtm;vkH; &kwfodrf;vdkufavonf? xdk‹a-umifh/ &m&SifulyGefr&&SdbJ tedrfhqkH;vlwef;pm;tjzpfowfrSwf jcif;cH&onf? olwdk‹.om;orD;rsm;udk rlvwef;rSvGefI qufvufynmoif,lcGifh ray;awmh acs? 1918=ckESpf ZEM0g&Dv 28=&ufae‹xkwfjyefonfh trdef‹t&/ ‘oD;jcm;bmoma&;oif wef;rsm;udk ausmif;jyifYoif-um;cGifh’ ay;xm;aomfvnf;/ ausmif;wGif bmoma&;oifcef; pmoif-um;cGifh ydwfyifvdkufonf? 1921=ckESpf ZGefv 13=&ufae‹xkwfjyefonfh aemufxyf

152

trdef‹t&/ 18=ESpfatmuf vli,ftm;vkH;udk tpkt&kH;vdkuf rnfonfhae&mYrqdk bmoma&; oif-um;cGifh ydwfyifvdkufjyefonf?== ==1929=ckESpf {jyDv 8=&ufae‹wGif xkwfjyefonfh Oya'wGif bmoma&;toif;tzGJ‹rsm; t csif;csif;axmufyHhonfh &HykHaiGtzGJ‹rsm;udk ydwfyifvdkufonf? oD;jcm;qkawmif;0wfjyKjcif;/ odk‹ r[kwf uav;i,frsm;/ vli,frsm;ESifhrdef;rrsm;udk bmoma&;pk&kH;oif-um;jcif;/ bmoma&; pnf;a0;jcif; odk‹r[kwf c&D;xGufjcif;twGuf tkyfpkzGJ‹jcif;/ toif;tzGJ‹odk‹r[kwftzGJ‹cGJrsm; wnfaxmifjcif;/ pmzwfcef;pm-unfhwdkufzGifhjcif;/ emwm&SnfevHxaq;ukcef;ESifhaq;ay; Xmersm;wnfaxmifzGifhvSpfjcif;/ ponfwdk‹udk ydwfyifvdkufonf? tpdk;&t&m&Sdrsm;.tqdk t&/ c&pf,meftoif;awmfwpfckvkH;.v+yf&Sm;r+vkyfief;&yfrsm;udk bmoma&;tusKd;aqmif jcif;tjzpf av#mhcsowfrSwfvdkufjcif;jzpfonf? 1929=ckESpf arv 22=&ufae‹wGif zGJ‹pnf;ykHtajccHOya'udk jyifqifonf? ‘bmoma&;vGwf vyfr+ESifh bmoma&;qef‹usifonfh0g'jzef‹r+’[laompmydk'fudk ‘vGwfvyfaombmoma&;0wf jyKr+ESifh bmoma&;qef‹usifonfh0g'jzef‹r+’[k zwf&rnf? wpfcsdefwnf;wGif ynma&;rif;-uD; &kH;rS ausmif;rsm;wGifoif-um;ay;aom bmoma&;r[kwfaomoifcef;pmrsm;tpm; bmom a&;qef‹usifr+oifcef;pmrsm;udk tpm;xdk;&ef trdef‹xkwfjyefvdkuf.?== ==pkaygif;bkHpepfonf/ ‘a'ocHc&pf,mefbk&m;&Sdcdk;ausmif;rsm;udk ydwfvdkufjcif;vnf; yg0if .?’ bmoma&;&kyfykH/ &kyfxkESifhoauFwrsm;udk odrf;,ljyD; tjcm;0wfjyKjcif;ESifhoufqdkifaom ypPnf;rsm;ESifhtwl rD;±d+Œypf-uonf? taemufwdkif;aumfrDwDrS ay;ydk‹vmaom 1930=ckESpf azaz:0g&Dv 20&ufae‹pGJygpmwGif/ t&ufrl;onfhppfom;rsm;ESifh udkrdkqdkvf(uGefjrLepfvli,f tzGJ‹0if)wdk‹u/ rnfonfhvlxkjyifqifa&;rsdK;r#yifrvkyfbJ/ &Gmc&pf,mefbk&m;&Sdcdk;ausmif;udk ydwfvdkufjyD;/ bmoma&;qdkif&m&kyfykH &kyfxkESifh oauFwrsm;udk &dkufcsKd;jcif;/ awmifolv,f orm;rsm;udk jcdrf;ajcmufjcif;rsm; jyK-ua-umif; az:jyxm;.? ydwfvdkufjcif;wGif/ bmomt,l0g'tm;vkH;yg0if.?== ==bk&m;&Sdcdk;ausmif;rsm;udk ydwfvdkufonf[kqdk&mY/ bmoma&;vkyfief;rsm;udk jyifywGif aqmif&Guf 0wfjyKcGifhay;jcif;r[kwfay? cg&facghzfwGif t"dubk&m;&Sdcdk;ausmif; udk;ausmif; udk ydwfvdkufjyD;aemuf ‘tdrfrsm;wGif bk&m;&Sdcdk;pnf;a0;rsm;/ qkawmif;pnf;a0;rsm; jyKvkyf jcif;udk wm;jrpfI/ wduspGm vdkufvHppfaq;ta&;,l-uonf?’ vDeif*&m'frS umZefbk&m;&Sdcdk;ausmif;-uD;udk bmoma&;qef‹usifr+a&;jywdkuftjzpf ajymif; vJvdkuf.?==uDAfjrdKŒrS pdef‹qdkzD,mbk&m;&Sdcdk;ausmif;-uD;ESifh tjcm;qkawmif;bk&m;&Sdcdk; ausmif;rsm;udk jywdkufrsm; odk‹r[kwf bmoma&;qef‹usifa&;Xmersm;tjzpf ajymif;vJvdkuf-u onf? pdef‹tef'&Dudkrl &kyf&Sif&kHtjzpf ajymif;vdkuf.? aemufxyfbk&m;&Sdcdk;ausmif; wpf ausmif;udk a&'D,dktoHv$ifhXmetjzpfodk‹vnf;aumif;/ tjcm;wpfckudk pufypPnf;odkavSmif cef;tjzpfvnf;aumif; ajymif;vJvdkuf-uonf? ydkvfwmAmwGif bk&m;&Sdcdk;ausmif;ESpfausmif; udk pyg;usDtjzpfodk‹vnf;aumif;/ tjcm;wpfckudk pufypPnf;jyifqifonfh a0gha&Smhtjzpf vnf;aumif;/ ajymif;vJvdkuf-uonf?== ==Taqmif&Gufcsufrsm;onf bmomt,l0g'tm;vkH;ESifhvnf; oufqdkifayonf? qdkAD ,ufjynfaxmifpk. Oa&mywdkuftydkif;rsm;wGif/ c&pf,mefbk&m;&Sdcdk;ausmif;ESifh *sL;bmom bk&m;&Sdcdk;ausmif; qDema*gh[laompum;vkH;rsm;udk tpdk;&tkyfcsKyfa&;ydkif;wGif tokH;jyKaom pum;vkH;rsm;jzpfI/ tjcm;a'orsm;wGif tpPvmrfomoemudkvnf; xdkenf;wl wdkufcdkuf zsufqD;-uonf?== ==pkaygif;bkHpepfwGif c&pf,mefbmoma&;w&m;a[mq&mrsm;udk &Gmpm;aomufa&;bkHpepf rS xkwfy,fxm;jyD; ulvyfpfrsm;[k pGyfpGJ&+wfcs-uonf? trsm;pkudk jynfESif'%f ay;vdkuf-u 106 onf?

bdkvf&SDApfawmfvSefa&;jyD;qkH;onfhaemufydkif;wGif/ vDeif. “bmoma&;ESifhywf oufaom av#mhayghpGmajymqdkudkifwG,fjcif;rsm;”onf tpGef;a&muft,loefonfh -urf; -uKwfr+tjzpfodk‹ ajymif;vJoGm;avonf? txufwGif u|Ekfyfwdk‹odcJhawG‹cJhjyD;onfhtwdkif;/ 153

1920=21ckESpftwGif; jzpfyGm;cJhaom iwfrGwfacgif;yg;jcif;ab;a-umifh vl‹toufaygif; oef;aygif;rsm;pGm aoqkH;ukefjcif;udk/ vDeifu vlawG.bk&m;ocifwGif,kH-unfjcif; aysmhusoGm;aponf[k ,kH-unf.? bk&m;ociftv†m[ft&SifjrwfESifh bmomw&m;udk qef‹usifykefuefvdkonfh pdwf "gwf&Sdaom vDeifonf/ OD;aESmufysufoGm;jyD; t-uD;tus,femusifjcif;'kuQudk cHpm; cJh&avonf? tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfonf vDeiftm; vlxktay:&ufpuf-urf;-uKwfcJhjcif;t wGuf uk&ftmefusrf;awmfjrwf (58;5=6)wGif rdef‹qdkxm;onfhtwdkif;/ TurBmay:wGif a-umufrufzG,faomjypf'%fcwfjcif;ay;qyfcJhovdk/ aemifwrvGefb0 aemufqkH;ae‹ wGifvnf;/ ol&ufpufcJhonfhjypfr+rsm;twGuf -uD;av;onfhjypf'%fudk xyfrHcH&OD;rnf? {uefpifppf tv†m[ft&Sifjrwftm;vnf;aumif;/ xdkt&Sifjrwf.&plvfwref awmfjrwftm;vnf;aumif;/ u¾u(qef‹usifjcif;) jyKvkyf-uaomolwdk‹um; rdrdwdk‹t vsif &SdcJh-uaoma&S;ola[mif;wdk‹ *k%f&nfao;odrfapjcif; cHcJh-u&onfhenf;wl *k%f&nf ao;odrfapjcif;udk cH-u&ayrnf? trSefpifppfaomfum; igt&Sifjrwfonf xif&Sm;vSpGm aom oufaovuQ%mawmfrsm;udk csay;awmfrlcJhjyD;jzpf.? ‚if;jyif “umzd&f”aoGznf jiif;y,faomolwdk‹Y *k%f&nfysufjym;apaom jypf'%fonf &Sdayrnf? t-uifae‹wGif tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfonf ‚if;wdk‹tm;vkH;udk &SifjyefxapawmfrljyD; aemuf ‚if;wdk‹usifhrlcJhor#wdk‹udk ‚if;wdk‹tm; odapawmfrlayrnf? tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfonf xdktusifhtrludk a&wGufrSwfom;I xm;&Sdawmfrl.? odk‹&mwGif ‚if;wdk‹rSmrlum; ,if;t usifhtrludk arhaysmuf-uukef.? trSefaomfum; tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfonf t&mcyfodrf; wdk‹tay:0,f rsufjrifoufaojzpfawmfrl.? pwmviftm%m&vmonfhtcg/ ol‹tvsifvlavmuf bmoma&;udk qef‹usifjyef onf? ouf0if,kH-unfol oef;aygif;rsm;pGmudk owfjzwfjcif;/ vltrsm;0wfjyKonfhae&m Xmersm;ESifh bmoma&;taqmufttkHrsm;udk zsufqD;jcif;ESifh rqkH;Edkifaombk&m;rJh0g'jzef‹ jcif; ponfjzifh ol.&ufpuf-urf;-uKwfr+udk az:jycJhonf? pwmvif. bmoma&;udk wdkufcdkufonfh ta&;-uD;qkH;vufeufrSm 'g0if.tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&D jzpfonf? u|Ekfyfwdk‹rSm&Sdonfh c&pf,mefusrf;pmoifausmif;om;rsm;.bk&m;oQifu urBmajr-uD;udk ajcmuf&uftwGif;zefqif;xm;cJhonf [laomtpGJudkc|wfypfzdk‹ u|Ekfyfwdk‹u olwdk‹ESifhtajct wifjiif;ckH&mrSm oufaoom"ursm;jzifh&Sif;jyEdkif&ef/ urBmajr-uD; pwifjzpf ay:vmjcif;qdkif &m blrdaA'udk od&Sdxm;zdk‹vdktyfonf? 'g0if.oGefoifcsufrsm;udkvnf; aemausae&ef vdk 107 tyfonf? [k pwmvifu a&;om;cJh.?

zefqif;jcif;udk,kH-unfonfhodyH`ynm&SifwpfOD;jzpfI ausmufjzpf&kyf-uGif;ynm&yf udk wDaxmifcJhol ulAD,mtm;/ wpfygwDpepf odk‹r[kwf qdk&S,fvpfpepf´ [laompmtkyf wGif pwmvifu 'g0ifudkudk;um;I/ jiif;y,ftHwkcJhonf? “rm;ufP0g'onf 'g0ifwGif tajccHxm;I a0zefokH;oyfjcif;rjyKawmhbJ vufcHxm;onf? qdkvdk&if;rSm/ rm;ufP0g'Dwdk‹ onf ulAD,m. &kwfw&ufjzpfay:jcif;tqdkudk jiif;y,f-uonf?108[k a&;om;xm; onf?

armf0g'. bmoma&;udk&efvdkr+ Maoism's Hostility to Religion

vDeifESifhpwmvifwdk‹. w&kwfEdkifiHtwGufudk,fpm;vS,farmfpDwkH;onf/ bmom a&;qef‹usifonfhay:vDpDudk ysKd;axmifI vufawG‹usifhokH;cJh.? ol.oabmw&m;udk xkwfaz:ajymqdk&mY/ bmoma&;udk tjyif;txefrvdkvm;a-umif; xif&Sm;ayonf? 154

wu,fwef;awmh/ bmoma&;[m tqdyfjzpfw,f? ol‹rSm csKdŒ,Gif;csufESpfck&Sdw,f? vlrsdK;udk txifao;w,f?==(jyD;awmh)wdkif;jynf&Jhwdk;wufzGH‹jzdK;a&;udk aemufqkwfapw,f? wdAufeJ‹ 109 rGef*dkvD,m;ESpfckpvkH;u tJ'Dtqdyfrdae-uw,f?

armftm%m&onfhtcsdefwGif/ bmoma&;ESifh bmoma&;udk vdkufemusifhokH;olwdk‹ udk ppfcif;onfhtpDtpOfcsavonf? odk‹aomfvnf; vDeifuJhodk‹ “v#dKŒ0Suf”tpDtpOfjzpf onf? uGefjrLepfygwDu “udk,fwdkifv+yf&Sm;r+okH;rsdK;”[kac:onfhay:vDpDudk pwifav onf? ‚if;ay:vDpDrSm/ “udk,fydkifaxmufyHhr+/ udk,fydkifpDrHr+/ ESifh udk,fydkifpnf;&kH;r+” [lI jzpfonf? Tay:vDpDudk tay:&Ha-um-unfhv#if/ bmoma&;vGwfvyfr+ay;jcif;wGif tajccHoa,mif&Sd.? odk‹aomfvnf; trSefwu,fvufawG‹rSm/ bmoma&;udk tjyD;tydkif zsufqD;ypf&ef pDrHudef;qGJjcif;jzpfonf? uGefzl&SyfESifh Ak'
ta&SŒwmupPwefrS tGD*k&frGwfpvifrfwdk‹ESifh wdAufAk'Nbmom0ifwdk‹onf&ufpuf pGmtrsm;qkH;owfjzwfcH&-u.? w&kwfuGefjrLepfwdk‹onf/ tDG*k&frGwfpvifrfESifhwdAufAk'N bmom0ifwdk‹tm; olwdk‹. vlOD;a&udk av#mhcsI bmomt,l0g'udkygzsufqD;ypfjcif;jzifh olwdk‹udk ESdyfuGyfxdef;csKyf&ef -udK;pm;-uonf? tm&Swdkuf&Sd tjcm;uGefjrLepftpdk;&wdk‹ onfvnf;/ armf. bmoma&;ty: &efrl-urf;wrf;r+twdkif; vdkufemusifhokH;-uonf? uarBm'D,m;EdkifiHwGif crmeDwdk‹u olwdk‹.jynfolrsm;udk vlrsdK;jzKwfowfjzwf&mwGif csmrfvlrsdK;rGwfpvifrfwdk‹udk txl;ypfrSwfxm;I &ufpuf-urf;-uKwf-uonf? uGefjrLepf 0g'.pmtkyfrJwGif csmrfvlrsdK;wdk‹tay: jyKusifhaom&ufpufr+rsm;udk az:jyxm;ayonf? 1973=ckESpfwGif/ vGwfajrmufaoma'orsm;Y AvDrsm;udk zsufqD;ypfI 0wfjyKjcif;udk wm; jrpf-uonf? 1975=ckESpfaemufydkif;wGif xdkjyKrlr+rsm;u ydkrdkI us,fjyef‹vmcJhonf? uk&ftmef usrf;awmfjrwfrsm;udk pkaqmif;I rD;±d+Œypf-uonf? AvDrsm;udk tjcm;taqmufttkHtjzpf ajymif;vJjcif; odk‹r[kwfrD;±d+Œypfjcif; jyK-uonf? ZGefvwGif rGwfpvifrfvl-uD;vlaumif; ynm&Sif wpfq,fhokH;OD;wdk‹udk owfjzwfvdkuf-uonf? tcsKdŒrSm EdkifiHa&;oifwef;wufrnfh tpm; AvDodk‹oGm;I0wfjyKaoma-umifh owfcHcJh&onf? usefvlwdk‹rSm vufxyfr*Fvmtcef; tem;udk bmoma&;t& usif;ycGifh awmif;qdkjcif;a-umifh owfvdkuf-uonf?==ydkrdk jyif;xefonfhtcsufrSm/ ruUmjrdKŒawmfodk‹ [*sfjyKcJhol [m*sD 1000ausmfudk owfjzwfvdkuf-u &m/ ,QKtcsdefwGif 30a,mufom usef&Sdjcif;jzpfonf? tjcm;uarBm'D,m;vlrsdK;rsm;ESifhrwlbJ csmrfvlrsdK;wdk‹u r-umc%jyefvSefawmfvSef-uonf? trsm;pkrSm xdkx-uGr+aemufydkif; jyefvnfvufwkH‹jyef&mY tpkvdkufowfjzwfcH&jcif;jzpfonf? 1978=ck ESpfv,fydkif;rSpI crmeDwdk‹u csmrfvlrsKd;rsm;udk ydkrdkpepfwus rdef;rrsm;ESifh uav;oli,frsm;udkyg owfjzwf azsmufzsuf-uonf?==tm;vkH;jcHKI (wGufcsuf-unfh&mwGif) towfcHcJh&onfh csmrfvlrsm; 111 onf 50&mcdkifE+ef; &SdcJh.?

155

tvfab;eD,m;wGif/ aemufxyfuGefjrLepftpdk;&wpfckjzpfaom tifAm [kwfpf[m . tm%m&Sifpepfonfvnf;/ armfpDwkH;tawG;tac:.bmoma&;udkqef‹usif&efrljcif; udk az:jy.? tvfab;eD,m;onf 'kwd,urBmppf.aemufydkif;wGif qdkAD,ufjynfaxmif pk. t&HEdkifiHwpfEdkifiHtjzpf ay:xGufvmcJh.? 1960=ckESpf qdkAD,ufESifh w&kwfEdkifiHyËd yuQwGif tvfab;eD,m;u w&kwfEdkifiHbufygcJh&mrStpjyKI/ Oa&mywdkufwGif w&kwf jynfrS armf0g'.udk,fpm;vS,f jzpfvmcJhonf? tifAm[kwfpf[mu bmoma&;0wfjyK&m ae&mXmetm;vkH;(AvDrsm;ESifh ajrmufydkif;&Sd umaomvdwfbk&m;&Sdcdk;ausmif;rsm;)udk ydwf ypfI vlrsm;tm; rdrdwdk‹.tdrfrSmyif 0wfjyKcGifhray;cJhay? rnfonfhbmomt,l0g'udkr

w&kwf0g'jzef‹ydkpwmwpfckwGif/ tvfab;eD,m;tm%m&Sif tifAm [kwfpf[mudk armfESifhtwlawG‹&ykH?

qdk ,kH-unfjcif;onf &mZ0wfr+usL;vGefjcif;jzpfonf[k a-unmxm;ojzifh/ xdkwm;jrpf csufudk rvdkufemolwdk‹tm; enf;rsdK;pkHjzifhESdyfpuf-uavonf? tifAm[kwfpf[monf/ T enf;jzifh &Sd&Sdor#aombmomt,l0g'wdk‹udk azsmufzsufypfEdkifrnf[k,kH-unfojzifh/ urBmay:wGif bk&m;rJh0g'EdkifiHppfppf wnfaxmifEdkifjyD[k a-unm.?

uk&ftmefusrf;awmfjrwfwGif az:jyxm;aom uGefjrLepfpepfESifh bmomw&m;uif;rJhaompepfrsm; Communism and the Irreligious Systems Revealed in The Qur'an

uGefjrLepfpepf. t*Fg&yft&if;tjrpfonf ‚if;.bmoma&;qef‹usifjcif; t awG;tac:jzpfonf? ‚if;.&ufpuf-urf;-uKwfr+ESifh&dkif;pdkif;xkHr+dif;jcif;onfvnf; bm oma&;udk t&l;trl;&efvdkjcif;a-umifhyifjzpf.? bmoma&;onf/ vl‹b0&Sifoefa&;. tydkif;wpfydkif;jzpfI/ tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfu vlom;rsm;udk zefqif;xm;ojzifh vlom;udk -unfh&+arG;jrLaeonf[k pOf;pm;qifjcifjcif; jzpfonf? bmoma&;wGiftajccHI wnfaxmifxm;aompepfomv#if jidrf;csrf;om,m jcif;udk ay;aqmifEdkifI/ bmoma&;udk jiif;y,fonfhpepfrsm;onf rvGJraoG emusifr+/ xdwfvef‹ajcmufjcm;r+ESifh rvkHjcKHr+udkom ay;aqmifayonf? tm;vkH;xuf/ Tpepfrsm; onf bmomw&m;.oif-um;csufjzpfaomw&m;vrf;rSefudk qef‹usifawmfvSef-uojzifh/ vlxkudk ‚if;w&m;vrf;rSefESifhqef‹usifpGm aexdkif&Sifoef-u&ef twif;t"rRcdkif;ap-u aoma-umifh ydkIyiftEW&m,f-uD;rm;ayonf? vl‹ordkif;wGif uGefjrLepf0g'onf xdkodk‹ aompepftwGuf txif&Sm;qkH;aom OyrmykHpHwpfckjzpfayonf? pdwf0ifpm;zG,fta-umif;wpfckrSm/ uGefjrLepf0g'onf tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfu uk&f tmefusrf;awmfjrwfwGif az:jyxm;aombk&m;w&m;rJhpepfrsm;ESifh ta&;-uD;onfhtcsuf rsm;Y wlnDaejcif;yif jzpf.? uk&ftmefusrf;awmfjrwfwGif az:jyxm;aom zg&dk;bk&if. 156

pepfESifh u|Ekfyfwdk‹.acwfrS tjcm;pepfrsm;onf tifrwefqifwlaea-umif;udk awG‹&Sd&ay onf?

-uD;rm;aomtaqmufttkHudk rufarmjcif; The Passion for Big Buildings

bmomw&m;uif;rJhaom tkyfcsKyfa&;rsm;. wlnD-uaomt*Fg&yfwpfckrSm/ -unfh jrifolwdk‹ &ifoyf±+armatmif -uD;us,fcef;em;jcif;udk &Sm-uHjcif;jzpf.? olwdk‹.armuf rmjcif;ESifholwpfyg;udk t&SufcGJapmfum;vdkjcif;udk enf;trsdK;rsdK;jzifh az:jy-uayonf? Oyrmwpfcktaejzifh/ tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfu uk&ftmefusrf;awmfjrwfwGif/ eADw refawmfrlpm(tvdkifa[hqvmrf).vufxuf tD*spfjynfudktkyfcsKyfaom zg&dk;bk&ift a-umif; rdef‹qdkaz:jyxm;ayonf? zg&dk;bk&ifonf ol.armufrmr+a-umifh tv†m[ft&Sif jrwfESifh eADwrefawmfrlpm(tvdkif==)udk r,kHr-unfjiif;y,fI ol.jynfolwdk‹udk zdESdyf csKyfcs,fn‡if;yef;.? zg&dk;bk&if. armufrmr+udk Oyrmwpfcktjzpfjzifh “tvGefjrifhrm; aomar#mfpif”wnfaqmuf&ef trdef‹ay;a-umif; az:jyxm;awmfrl.? uk&ftmefusrf; awmfjrwf (28;38) wGif zg&dk;bk&ifu ol.t&if;ESD;qkH;yk*~dKvf tyg;awmfjrJ[mrefudkay; onfh trdef‹ta-umif; az:jyxm;ayonf? xdk‹jyif zpf&fatmifefu ajymqdkav.? tdk=rSL;rwfwdk‹/ u|Ekfyfonf rdrdtjyif toifwdk‹Y tjcm;udk;uG,f&m&Sdonf[lIroday? odk‹jzpfay&m tdk=‘[mref’/ toifonf u|Ekfyf.tzdk‹ ±$HŒajrudk rD;jzifhzkwfjyD;v#if u|Ekfyftzdk‹ jrifhrm;aomtaqmufttkHwpfckudk jyKvkyfavmh? odk‹rSomv#if u|Ekfyfonf rlpm.udk;uG,f&mt&Siftm; -unfh±+Edkifayrnf? odk‹&mwGif{uefrvGJ u|Ekfyfonf xdkrlpmtm; rkom0g'Djzpfonf[lI xifrSwfayonf? “jrifhrm;aomar#mfpif”udk rufarmvdkvm;jcif;onf zg&dk;(zpf&fatmifef)bk&if.rmefrme udk az:jyjcif;jzpfI/ uGefjrLepftm%m&Sifpepf. “-uD;rm;aomtaqmufttkH”udk ruf armjcif;Y wpfausmhxyfrHxif[yfaeayonf? qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpkrSpwifI/ uGefjrLepf EdkifiHtm;vkH;wdk‹wGif tpdk;&.tiftm;ESifh awmifhwif;r+udk jyoonfh oauFwwpfcktae jzifh vdktyfonfxuf tajrmuftjrm;ydkrdk-uD;rm;aomtaqmufttkHwdk‹udk aqmufvkyf-u ayonf? &dkareD;,mtm%m&Sif edudkav &SLqufpful. blcsm&ufjrdKŒawmfwGif aqmuf vkyfxm;aomeef;awmfonf urBmay:wGif t-uD;qkH;taqmufttkHtjzpf ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm ausmf-um;cJhonf? xdkeef;awmf-uD;rSm at;wdat;pufEdkifvSaom taqmufttkH-uD;om jzpf.? odk‹aomfvnf; uGefjrLepftawG;tac:. “b0ifjrifhjcif;tpGJ”udk az:jyjcif;tjzpf -uD;rm;jcif;udkom t"duxm;jcif;jzpfayonf?

157

uGefjrLepf0g'. -uD;rm;aomtaqmufttkHrsm;udk rufarmonfhOyrmwpfckjzpfonf? armfpudkjrKdΠawmf-uD;&Sd 0ef-uD;rsm;aumifpD&kH;taqmufttkHjzpfonf?

twif;tusyf ajymif;a&$Œapjcif; Forced Migration

uk&ftmefusrf;awmfjrwfwGif/ tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfu/ vlwdk‹tm; olwdk‹.arG;&yf ajrrSarmif;xkwfjcif;tygt0if/ olwdk‹.tdrf,mrsm;udkzsufqD;jcif; tjypfusL;vGefolwdk‹ . ta-umif;udkvnf; az:jyxm;ayonf? Oyrm/ tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfudk jiif;y,folwdk‹u olwdk‹xHodk‹ ydk‹aqmifay;aomeADwrefawmfrsm;tm;/ “u|Ekfyfwdk‹. jrdKŒ&Gm e,fajrtwGif;rS rkcsESifxkwf-uayrnf? odk‹wnf;r[kwf toifwdk‹onf u|Ekfyfwdk‹.omoemxJodk‹ rkcs jyef0if-u&vdrfhrnff?==” (uk&ftmef 14;13)[kjcdrf;ajcmuf-u.? uk&ftmefusrf;awmf jrwf tm,ofawmf 22;40 wGif “t-uifolonf u|Ekfyftm; zefqif;arG;jrLawmfrlaom t&Sifum; tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfyif jzpfawmfrlonf[k ajymqdk-ujcif;rSwpfyg; (rnfonfht a-umif;r#r&SdbJ) rw&m;ojzifh rdrdwdk‹aetdrfrsm;rS ESifxkwfjcif;udk cHcJh-u&&Smav onf?”[k az:jyxm;onfhtwdkif;/ uGefjrLepfwdk‹onf txl;ojzifh rGwfpvifrfwdk‹udk a&G; cs,fI armif;xkwf-uonf? uGefjrLepftpdk;&wdk‹onf urBmay:wGif rdrdwdk‹.jynfolrsm;udk twif;tusyf armif;xkwfajymif;a&$Œcdkif;&mY trsm;qkH;jyKusifholrsm;jzpf-uonf? ‚if;jynfolrsm;wGif rGwfpvifrfwdk‹udk tjcm;olrsm;xufydkI OD;wnf-uayonf? pwmvif.acwfwGif/ yxr c&DrD,efwl&uDvlrsdK;rsm;udk olwdk‹.e,fajrrS twif;armif;xkwfI/ aemufydkif;wGif tjcm;rGwfpvifrfwdk‹udkvnf; ae‹csif;ncsif; armif;xkwfonf? trsm;tm;jzifhudk tpma& 158

pmr&Sd/ 'kuQrsdK;pkHjynfheufaeonfh Avmusif;usif;jzpfonfh a0;vHaom&k&Sm;e,fjcm;a'o odk‹ ydk‹vdkuf-uonf? tjypfr&SdaomrGwfpvifrfuav;vl-uD; rdef;rrusef odef;aygif;rsm; pGmwdk‹onf c&D;vrf;wGif aoa-u-uukef.? touf&Sifusefolwdk‹onfvnf; aemufqkH; a&mufonfhe,fajrwGif/ iwfrGwfjcif;/ a&m*grsdK;pkHcHpm;&jcif;ESifh tvGeftrif;{jraom &moDOwk'%fa-umifh toufqkH;±+H;ukef-uavonf?

,kH-unfr+qdkif&mvGwfvyfr+udk zsufqD;jcif; The Destruction of Freedom of Belief

uk&ftmefusrf;awmfjrwfwGif az:jyxm;onfhtwdkif;/ zg&dk;bk&if.tkyfcsKyfa&;. t*Fg&yfwpfckrSm ,kH-unfr+qdkif&mvGwfvyfr+udk w&m;r0if[k owfrSwfjcif;jzpfonf? xdkpepfonf vlwdk‹u rnfodk‹aom,kH-unfr+udk vufcHusifhokH;&rnf[k owfrSwfjcif; jzpf onf? zg&dk;u eADwrefawmfrlpmudk ,kH-unf-uonfh ol.yOPvufarSmfq&mrsm;udk ar; aomar;cGef;rsm;u Ttcsufudk xif&Sm;apayonf? uk&ftmefusrf;awmfjrwf 7;123wGif “==igonf toifwdk‹tm;cGifhrjyKrDyif toifwdk‹onf xdk(rlpm)tm; ouf0if,kH-unfcJh-u acsjyDavm?==”[k az:jyxm;.? zg&dk;bk&ifu ol.jynfolrsm;udk olwdk‹vdktyfonfh ,kH -unfr+w&m;udk oifay;xm;jyD;jzpfojzifh/ oloifay;onfht&mrsm;uvGJI tjcm;bmudkr# xyfrH&SmazGpl;prf;ae&efrvdka-umif;udk trdef‹ay;cJh.? ‚if;ESifhywfoufIvnf; uk&ftmef usrf;awmfjrwf tm,wfawmf 40;29 wGif/ “zpf&fatmifefu/ igonf rdrdxifjrif,lq csufudkom toifwdk‹tm; t-uHay;jcif;jzpfonf? xdkrSwpfyg; igonf toifwdk‹tm; oifh avsmfrSefuefaom enf;vrf;rSwpfyg; wjcm;rnfonfudkrS n$efjyonfr[kwf [kajymqdkcJhayonf”[k az:jyxm;ayonf? zg&dk;bk&if. acwfopfudk,fpm;vS,frsm;onf/ qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpkESifh 20=&m pkESpftwGif; wpfygwDpepfudk wnfaxmif&ef-udK;yrf;cJh-uaom uGefjrLepftpdk;&tm;vkH; wdk‹jzpf-uayonf? wpfygwDpepftpdk;&vufatmuf&Sd EdkifiHwdkif;wGif vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;wpfck vkH;udk EdkifiHawmftpdk;&u ykHpHcsay;onf? jynfolvlxkudk um,uHtm;jzifh tpdk;&u zd ESdyfcsKyfcs,fI/ raemuH(pdwf"gwf)tm;jzifh 0g'jzef‹r+rsm;u v$rf;rdk;csKyfcs,fxm;.? uk&f tmefusrf;awmfjrwfwGif az:jyxm;aom zg&dk;bk&if. tm%m&Sifpepfudk 20=&mpkESpfrsm; wGif vDeif/ pwmvifESifh armfpDwkH;tp&Sdonfh tm%m&Sifwdk‹u tarGqufcH-uonf? tvfab;eD,m;EdkifiH tm%m&Sif tifAm[kwfpf[mu ol.jynfolrsm;udk bmomt,l0g' ,kH-unfusifhokH;r+/ 0wfjyKr+ rjyK&ef wm;jrpfxm;onf? bmoma&;t&0wfjyK&mXmetm; vkH;udk ydwfvdkufjyD;/ “urBmay:wGif yxrOD;qkH;aombk&m;rJhEdkifiHawmf”udk wnfaxmif vdkufjyDjzpfa-umif; a-unm.?

acgif;aqmifrsm;udk udk;uG,fjcif; The Idolization of Leaders

uk&ftmefusrf;awmfjrwf (28;38)wGif/ tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfu u|Ekfyfwdk‹tm; zg&dk; bk&ifonf rdrdudk,fudk trsm;jynfolwdk‹ bk&m;tjzpfudk;uG,f-uatmif/ bk&m;[kxifjrif atmif ajymqdkcJha-umif; az:jyxm;awmfrl.? zg&dk;ajymaompum;rsm;wGif xif&Sm;vsuf &Sdonf? “xdk‹jyif zpf&fatmifefu ajymqdkav.? tdk=rSL;rwfwdk‹/ u|Ekfyfonf rdrdtjyif toifwdk‹Y tjcm;udk;uG,f&m&Sdonf[lIroday?” tD*spfordkif;wGifvnf; zg&dk;bk&ifrsm; u rdrdudk,fudk “TurBmrS bk&m;rsm;”jzpfonf[k ajymqdkcJh-ua-umif; awG‹&Sd&ayonf? uGefjrLepftpdk;&wdk‹onfvnf; xdkodk‹aom pdwf"gwf&Sd-uayonf? vDeif/ pwm vif/ armfESifh ajrmufudk;&D,m;rS uifrftifqGefwdk‹onfvnf; olwdk‹.jynfolrsm;u olwdk‹ 159

udk bk&m;tjzpfjrifap&ef OD;aESmufaq;-uonf? T“yk*~dKvfpGJ udk;uG,fqnf;uyfr+”onf “acgif;aqmifrsm;udk udk;uG,fjcif;”ay:vDpDudk az:jyjcif;wpfrsdK; jzpfayonf? &kyfqif;wkudk;uG,fjcif;odk‹,drf;,dkifjcif;udk &k&Sm;EdkifiH uGefjrLepfawmfvSefa&; acgif;aqmif vDeif.acwfwGif pwifcJhonf? vDeifcsefxm;cJhaom pmayrsm;wGif “bm omt,l0g'a&mif0gvuQ%m”rsm; yg&Sdaeonfudk owdxm;Edkifayonf? odk‹aomfvnf; xdkbmomt,l0g'rSm &kyfqif;xkudk;uG,faom t,l0g'rsdK;jzpfonf? vDeifu uGefjrLepf ygwDudk bmomt,l0g'r[kwfaom *dk%f;tjzpfpnf;&kH;cJh.? olaoqkH;csdefwGif/ ygwD0if wdk‹u tifrwef-uD;us,fonfh tcef;tem;usif;yjyD; c&pf,mefbk&m;0wfjyK&mY &Gwfzwf onfhpmom;rsdK;avoHrsdK;jzifh vDeif.tavmif;wGif “&JabmfvDeif/ toif.trdef‹rsm;udk u|Ekfyfwdk‹aqmif&Gufygrnf?”112[k 0dkif;qdk-uonf? vDeif.tavmif;udk a&S;tD*spfjynf zg±dk;bk&ifrsm;.tavmif;rsm;udkuJhodk‹ &kyfvkH;oGif;I tifrwef-uD;us,faom taqmuf ttkHocsõKif;*lwGif odrf;qnf;xm;-uonf? pwmvifESifharmfwdk‹u vDeif.ykHpHtwdkif;vdkufvkyf-uonf? olwdk‹.wdkif;jynf&Sd jynfolvlxk. “acgif;aqmif-uD;=bk&m;”tjzpf o&kyfay:vGifatmif jrdKŒ-uD;wdkif;vdkvdk rSm -uD;rm;onfh olwdk‹.ausmuf&kyfudk aqmufvkyfjyoxm;-uonf? armfu pmtkyf eDuav; wpftkyfa&;jyD;/ w&kwfjynfolwdkif;u T“usrf;jrwf”udkzwf&efwm0ef&SdI/ ‚if; wGifygaom ynwfcsufrsm;udk ol.ae‹pOfb0wGif vdkufemusifhokH;&.? w&kwfvlrsdK; tajrmuftjrm;wdk‹onf ,ae‹txd wdkif;jynf. ae&mwumwdkif;wGif aqmufvkyfxm; aom “-uD;us,faomb0yJhudkif-uD;” odk‹r[kwf “-uD;us,faom acgif;aqmif-uD;”. ausmuf&kyfodk‹ armf.arG;ae‹wdkif;wGif oGm;a&mufqkawmif;*g&0jyK-u.? tajrmuft jrm;aomolwdk‹vnf; tpkvdkuf rdrdudk,fudk owfao-u.? ajrmufudk;&D,m;wGif/ uifrftifqGefudkvnf; tm%m&vmcsdefrSpI ol‹tm;yk*~dKvf pGJudk;uG,fr+ jyK-uonf? jynfolwdk‹udk trSm;r&SdbJ rSefuefonfhvrf;pOftwdkif; a&SŒ aqmifoGm;Edkifonfh “jynfolwdk‹. aerif;-uD;”[k ac:-u.? ajrmufAD,uferfuGefjrLepf tm%m&Sif [dkcsDrif;onfvnf; xdkenf;twdkif;yif jzpfayonf?

uGefjrLepf0g'jzef‹ydkpwmrsm;onf/ armfudk w&kwfjynfolrsm;tay: xGef;vif;ay;aeonfh aerif;-uD; yrm/ vlwdkif;udk om,maysmf&$ifonfhb0odk‹ vrf;jyac:aqmifoGm;Edkifonfh “jrifhjrwfaomyk*~dKvf” tjzpf o&kyfaqmifxm;I yk*~dKvfpGJudk;uG,fr+ jyK-u.?

160

ajrmufudk;&D,m;tm%m&Sif uifrftifqGef. ausmuf&kyfa&SŒwGif trsm;vlxku OD;cs&Sdcdk;-ujcif;onf/ uGefjrLepf0g'onf vuf&Sdacwfopf&kyfxkudk;uG,fjcif;jzpfa-umif;udk az:jyvsuf &Sd.?

161

uGefjrLepf0g' = rsufarSmufacwfrS yk*~dKvfpGJudk;uG,fjcif;t,l0g'jzpf.? vlwdk‹u vDeifESifharmfwdk‹. tavmif;&kyfuvyfudk wef;pD-unfh±+-ujcif;onf/ uGefjrLepf0g'u acgif;aqmifrsm;udk uk&ftmefusrf;awmfjrwfwGif az:jyxm;aom a&S;tD*spfjynf zg&dk;bk&ifwdk‹ udkuJhodk‹ yk*~dKvfpGJ&kyfxkudk;uG,fr+jzpfatmif vkyfaqmifaea-umif; az:jyvsuf&Sd.? zg&dk;bk&ifuJhodk‹ &dkif;pdkif;&ufpufr+udk ESpfoufpGmjyKusifhcJh-uonfh vDeifESifhpwmvifwdk‹udk zg&dk;bk&ifrsm;udkuJhodk‹ rrfrD&kyfvkH;oGif;xm;-uonf? vDeif.OD;aESmufudk “rnfr#-uD;us,fjrifhjrwfaomOm%ftpGrf;”&Sd onfudk prf;oyfppfaq;&eftwGuf txl;umuG,fjyKpkodrf;qnf;xm;-u.?

uGefjrLepf0g'onf/ uk&ftmefusrf;awmfjrwfwGif az:jyxm;aom zg&dk;bk&iftkyfcsKyfa&;uJhodk‹ vlenf;pkutm%mcsKyfudkifxm;aompepf jzpfonf? uGefjrLepfygwDacgif;aqmifwdk‹onfvlxktm; tay:pD;rS -unfhI/ olwdk‹vdkcsifovdk OD;aqmif-uonf?

162

vlenf;pktodkif;t0dkif;tm%mwnfaqmufykH Oligarchic Structure

vlenf;pktodkif;t0dkif;tm%m&Sifwnfaqmufr+onf “vlenf;pktkyfcsKyfa&;” jzpfI/ EdkifiHa&;tm%monf tuef‹towf&Sdonfhtenf;i,faomvlwpfpk.vufxJ wGifom &Sdayonf? uk&ftmefusrf;awmfjrwft& -unfhygu bk&m;w&m;rJhpepfwdk‹onf tajccHtm;jzifh vlenf;pktodkif;t0dkif;tm%m&Sifpepfjzpfonf? “wdkif;jynfacgif;aqmif rsm;”odk‹r[kwf “a&SŒaqmifa&SŒ&yfrsm;”onf tkyfcsKyfa&;tm%mudk olwdk‹.vufxJwGif qkyfudkifxm;I/ olwdk‹.tawG;tac:twdkif; tkyfcsKyf-uayonf? uk&ftmefusrf;awmf jrwf tm,wfawmfrsm;udk -unfhjcif;jzifh/ zg&dk;bk&if.tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJ‹wGif t-uHay;t&m &Sdrsm;/ yOPvufarSmfq&mrsm;ESifh ppfom;rsm;omyg0ifaom vlenf;pktodkif;t0dkif;tm%m &Sifpepfjzpfonfudk awG‹&onf? jynfolwdk‹udk zg&dk;.tkyfcsKyfa&;,EW&m;wGifom avSmif xm;Edkif&ef yOPvufarSmfq&mwdk‹u jynfolwdk‹. awG;ac:r+rsm;udk xdrf;ausmif;xm;onf? ppfom;rsm;u twif;t"rR&ufpuf-urf;-uKwfpGm-uD;-uyfxdef;csKyfxm;-uonf? uGefjrLepftpdk;&wdk‹onf/ uk&ftmefusrf;awmfjrwfwGif az:jyxm;aom bk&m;rJhvl en;fpktm%m&Sifpepf. acwfopftqifhwlt&nftaoG;wltkyfcsKyfr+ jzpf-uonf? uGef jrLepfwdk‹u “jynfol‹tm%m”udk ay;tyfrnf[k tpjyK-uaomfvnf;/ olwdk‹tm%m&vm aomwdkif;jynfwdkif;wGif/ tenf;i,faomvlenf;pktodkif;t0dkif;u csKyfudkifpdk;rdk; aom tm%mudkom wnfaqmuf-uayonf? wdkif;jynf. EdkifiHa&;tm%mtm;vkH;udk “ypPnf; rJhvlwef;pm;ygwD” odk‹r[kwf “tvkyform;ygwD”ponfhtrnfrsm;udkaqmifaomygwD odk‹ ay;tyfvdkuf-uaomfvnf;/ xdkygwDrsm;onf tvkyform;rsm;ESifhaomfvnf;aumif;/ ypPnf;rJhqif;&Jom;rsm;ESifhaomfvnf;aumif;/ rnfokd‹r#ywfoufjcif;r&Sdacs? uGefjrLepf ygwDA[dkaumfrDwDESifh ay:vpfjAL&dkac:qkH;jzwfcsufcsonfh,EW&m;onf/ ‚if;.taxGaxG twGif;a&;rSL;u xdyfqkH;wGifaeI tm%mudkqkyfudkifxm;um/ tm%mudk -uifemw&m; uif;rJhpGm tokH;jyKayonf? uGefjrLepftpdk;&rsm;wGif/ “'Drdkua&pD”qdkonfrSm/ a&G; aumufyGJESifh ygwDuGef*&uftp&Sdonfh jy&kyfomv#if jzpfayonf?

pdkufysKd;oD;ESHrsm;ESifh arG;jrLa&;udk zsufqD;jcif;? The "Destruction of Crops and Breeding Stock"

uk&ftmefusrf;awmfjrwfwGif bk&m;w&m;rJhonfhtkyfcsKyfa&;ESifhywfoufI az:jy &mY/ u|Efkyfwdk‹tm; tvGefta&;-uD;onfh tcsufwpfcsufudk owdxm;tm&kHpdkuf-u&ef tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfu jyqdkxm;awmfrl.? uk&ftmefusrf;awmfjrwf (2;205=206)wGif/ xdkolonf jyefoGm;aomtcg ajrjyif0,f ysufpD;a-umif;rsm;udk jyKrl&efvnf; aumif;/ v,f,mudkif;u|ef;rsm;ESifh (u|JEGm;)wd&pm>efrsm;udk zsufqD;&efvnf;aumif;/ -udK;yrf;tm;xkwfavonf? trSefpifppf tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfonf (,if;uJhodk‹)zsufqD; jcif;udk pdk;pOf;r# ESpfoufawmfrrlay? xdkrSwyg;wkH rnfonfhtcgrqdk xdkoludk toifonf tv†m[ft&Sifjrwftm; a-umuf&GH‹ygav[k ajymqdkonf&Sdaomf xdkol‹tm; ol.*k%frmeonf raumif;r+'kp&dkuf bufodk‹ qGJaqmifoGm;avonf? odk‹jzpf&m xdkoltbdk‹ “*s[EMrf”i&Jonf vkHavmuf.? trSefaomfum; (*s[EMrfi&Jonf) tvGefqdk;&Gm;vSaomae&mXme jzpfayonf? 163

“ajrjyif0,f ysufpD;&mysufpD;a-umif;rsm;udk jyKrl&efvnf;aumif;/ v,f,mudkif; u|ef;rsm;ESifh (u|JEGm;)wd&pm>efrsm;udk zsufqD;&efvnf;aumif;/ -udK;yrf;tm;xkwfav onf?” [laomtydk'fudk owdrl&efvdktyf.? Ttm,ofawmfonf/ qdkAD,ufjynf axmifpk/ w&kwfeDESifh uarBm'D,m;EdkifiHrsm;wGif usifhokH;onfh pkaygif;(bkHpepf)udk twd tus az:jyxm;jcif;jzpfayonf? vDeif/ pwmvif/ armfESifh yGefyGwfwdk‹u olwdk‹.EdkifiH wGif ±+yfaxG;jcif;ESifh a-umuf&GHŒxdwfvef‹jcif;udk zefwD;cJh-uayonf? tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'D vdkifqifudk. t"dy`g,fr&SdaompdkufysdK;arG;jrLa&;udk usifhokH;apjcif;jzifh/ pdkufysdK;a&;oD;ESH tm;vkH;udk zsufqD;ypf-uI rsdK;qufwpfacwfvkH;udkyif jyKef;ukefvkenf;txd touf aygif;ajrmufjrm;pGmudk owfjzwfcJh-uonf? Ttm,ofawmfwGifyif xdkodk‹jypfr+usL;vGef -uolwdk‹onf/ armufrmaom bmomw&m;uif;rJholwdk‹jzpf-ua-umif;udk qufvufaz: jyxm;ayonf? Taz:jycsufrsm;onf rdrdudk,fudk bk&m;ozG,f xifrSwf,lq-uaom uGefjrLepftm%m &Sifrsm;ESifh tHudkufjzpfaeayonf? urBm-uD;onf rjywfrpJwdk;wufzGH‹jzdK;vsuf&Sdonf/ vGefcJhonfha&S;a[mif;vl‹tzGJ‹ tpnf;wdk‹onf u|Ekfyfwdk‹. acwfopfxufwdk;wufzGH‹jzdK;r+avsmhenf;onf[k uGefjrLepf wdk‹u ,kH-unf-uonf? xdk‹a-umifh/ vGefcJhonfh ESpfaygif;axmifcsDcJhaomtwdwfumv wGif yGifhcJhonfheADwrefawmfwdk‹ ,laqmifvmcJhaom usrf;*efrsm;udk txiftjrifao;-u onf? odk‹aomfvnf;/ vGefcJhonfh ESpfaygif; wpfaxmifhav;&mausmfu usa&mufcJhonfh uk&ftmefusrf;awmfjrwfwGifrlum;/ olwdk‹.tawG;tac:ESifh yifudkpdwfaepdwfxm;wdk‹ onf/ pOf;pm;qifjcifOm%fuif;rJhjcif;/ vdrfvnfvSnfhjzm;jcif;ESifh pm&dwWysufjym;,kwfrm jcif;jzpfonf[k az:jyxm;ayonf? uGefjrLepfacgif;aqmifwdk‹u olwdk‹udk,fudkolwdk‹ rnf r#yifwdk;wufzGH‹jzKd;onfhordkif;tqifhodk‹ a&mufae-uonf[k ajym-uayaomfvnf;/ eAD wrefawmfrlpm.acwfrS zg&dk;bk&ifESifh t&m&mwGif wlnDae-uayonf? trSefrSm ordkif;u vlom;wdk‹. Om%fxufjrufjcif;wdk;wufzGH‹jzKd;r+ odk‹r[kwf pdwf"gwfjyKjyifajymif;vJjcif;ponfwdk‹udk jyqdkjcif; r&Sdacs? vGefcJhonfh ESpfaygif;axmif aygif;rsm;pGmu vlawGvnf; ,ae‹rsufarSmufacwfrSvlrsm;. t*Fg&yfrsm;twdkif;om &Sd cJh-uonf? ,Ofaus;r+ESifh enf;ynmydkif;wGif/ wdk;wufr+&SdcJhovdk aemufqkwfjcif;vnf; &Sdayonf? Oyrm/ eADwrefawmplvdkifrmef(aqmvrGef).acwfrS enf;ynmrsm;ESifh tD *spfvlrsdK;wdk‹ yD&rpfaqmufvkyfcJhonfhenf;ynmrsm;udk ,ae‹acwfwGif rod&SdEdkifao;acs? ,ae‹usef&Sdaeao;aom tEkynmtydkif;tprsm;u tcsKd‹,Ofaus;r+acwfrsm;onf tifr wefwdk;wufaom ,Ofaus;r+ESifhenf;ynmrsm;udk pkaqmif;tokH;jyKcJh-ua-umif; od&Sd& aomfvnf;/ xdkwdk;wufr+rsm;onf tpOftjrJ wpforwfwnf; r&SdcJhacs? u|Ekfyfwdk‹txufu qdkcJhonfhtwdkif;/ tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfonf vlom;wdk‹udk ykHyef; o¾mef&kyftrsdK;rsKd;tjyif/ pdwfaepdwfxm;pOf;pm;qifjcifjcif;trsdK;rsdK;ESifhtwl zefqif; xm;awmfrl.? ‚if;wdk‹wGif ordkif;onf tv†m[ft&Sifjrwf owfrSwfxm;awmfrlonfh pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;twdkif; zGH‹jzdK;vmcJhayonf? uk&ftmefusrf;awmfjrwf (33;62)wGif tv†m[ft&SifjrwfcsrSwfxm;awmfrlaom obm0ESifhvlr+a&;pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm;onf ajymif;vJjcif;r&Sda-umif; rdef‹awmfrlxm;.? “Tonf a&S;txufausmfumvY vGefav cJhaomolwdk‹ESifhywfoufI tv†m[ft&Sifjrwf. Oya'pnf;urf;yif? pifppf toifonf tv†m[ft&Sifjrwf. Oya'pnf;urf;Y rnfonfhajymif;vJr+udkr#yif tv#if;awG‹&Sdvdrfh rnfr[kwfaywum;?”[k az:jyxm;.? uGefjrLepf0g'uJhodk‹aom &ufpuf-urf;-uKwf&dkif;pdkif;onfh tawG;tac:udk vufcH &ef uwdu0wfjyKjcif;onf/ rawG;Edkif rawG;bl;aom 'kuQyifv,fjyifodk‹ a&mufap.? 164

'g0if. ravsmfuefaomtawG;tac:udkvufcH,kH-unfI bk&m;rJh0g'udka&G;,lolwdk‹ onf/ olwdk‹.qkH;cef;wdkifjcif;udk jyifqifjcif;om jzpfayonf? TtcsufESifhywfoufI uk&ftmefusrf;awmfjrwf (30;41)wGif atmufygt"dy`g,ftwdkif; az:jyxm;ayonf? vlwdk‹.vufrsm;u qnf;yl;cJh-uaom(raumif;r+'kp&dkufwdk‹)a-umifh ukef;ajrY vnf;aumif;/ ork'N&myifv,fYvnf;aumif;/ ysufpD;r+(ab;Oyg'frsm;)onf jzpfay:I aeacsjyD? aemufqkH;wGif xdkt&Sifjrwfonf ‚if;wdk‹usifhrlcJh-uaom jypfr+tcsKdŒ.t&om udk ‚if;wdk‹tm; jrnf;prf;apawmfrlrnf jzpfayonf? odk‹rSomv#if ‚if;wdk‹onf (rdrdwdk‹. jypfr+rsm;rS) jyefvSnfh-uayrnf? 1970=ckESpfpmayynm±SifEkdbJvfqk&ol/ uGefjrLepf0g'udk Ed+ufEd+ufc|wfc|wf tm; remwef;a0zefol tvufZENm tdkif qdkvfZifepfqifu Trdk;usOya'pnf;urf;. vlr+ a&;qdkif&m obm0ESifhywfoufI ol.pmayrsm;wGif xnfhoGif;a&;om;xm;ayonf? 1983=ckESpf vef'efjrdKŒYay;aom rdef‹cGef;wGif/ ol.trsdK;om;rsm;tay: tb,fha-umifh xdkr#&ufpuf-urf;-uKwfr+rsm; usa&mufcJhonfhta-umif;udk &Sif;jycJhavonf? vGefcJhwJhESpfig;q,favmufwkH;u/ usaemfi,fao;wJhtcsdefrSm/ &k&Sm;EdkifiHrSm -uD;us,fwJh ysufpD;,dk,Gif;jcif;jzpfwmeJ‹ywfoufjyD; vl-uD;ol-uD;awGu “vlawG[m bk&m;ocifudk arhvdkuf-uw,f/ 'gha-umifh 'DvdkjzpfvmwmbJ?”vdk‹ nD;nL-uwmudk owd&rdygw,f? tJ'DtcsdefupjyD;/ ESpfaygif; 50=eD;yg;avmuf usaemfwdk‹&Jh awmfvSefa&;ordkif;udk avhvmcJhyg w,f? tJ'DudpPeJ‹ywfoufjyD; pmtkyfaygif;&mcsDjyD;zwfcJhygw,f? wpfOD;csif;&JhxGufqdk0efcH csufaygif;awGudkvJ &mcsDjyD;pkaqmif;xm;cJhygw,f? tJ'D uaomif;ueif;ajAmif;qefr+awGudk &Sif;xm;&mrSm pmtkyfaygif; &SpfwGJtxdjyKpkcJhygjyD? vl‹toufaygif; oef;aygif; 60=avmuf udk0g;jrdKcJhwJh tzsufawmfvSefa&;-uD;&Jhta-umif;&if;udk 'Duae‹twdkcsKH;EdkifqkH; twdusqkH; ajymr,fqdk&if “vlawG[m bk&m;ocifudk arhvdkuf-uw,f/ 'gha-umifh 'Dvdkjzpfvmwm 113 bJ?”vdk‹ usaemfxyfajym&rSmygbJcifAsm?

uGefjrLepf0g'jzpfay:vmjcif;onf vlwdk‹u tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfudk arhavsmhxm; aoma-umifh jzpf.? bk&m;rJhvl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;onf rnfr#txd oem;-uifemjcif;w&m;uif; rJhI rnfr#txd&ufpuf-urf;-uKwf &dkif;pdkif;,kwfrmEdkifa-umif;/ 'g0if0g'uJhodk‹aom &kyf 0g'tawG;tac:rsm;u rnfodk‹aomvl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;udk arG;xkwfay;rnf ponfwdk‹udk rsuf 0g;xifxif jyoaomoufaocHO'g[&k%fyif jzpfayonf? uGefjrLepf0g'u ay;aqmifcJh aom'kuQqif;&Jjcif;wdk‹udk -unfhjcif;jzifh/ bmomt,l0g'udk,fusifhw&m;&Sdaom vl‹tzGJ‹ tpnf;ESifh r&Sdaomvl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;wdk‹ t-uD;tus,fjcm;em;a-umif;udk awG‹jrif&ayonf? TtcsufrSwpfqifh bmomt,l0g'udk,fusifhw&m;ay:wGiftajccHaomb0omv#if vlom;udk u,fwifEdkifa-umif; u|Ekfyfwdk‹oabmaygufEdkifayonf? vlwdk‹u tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfudkjiif;y,fxm;jyD;/ bmomt,l0g'uoif-um;ydk‹cs ay;aom udk,fusifhw&m;rsm;rSa0;uGmonfhtawG;tac:rsm;wGif w0Jvnfvnf&Sdaeao; ygu/ uGefjrLepf0g'ESifhtwl tjcm;azgufjyefaomtawG;tac:rsm;u ae&m,lEdkifayvdrfh rnf? txufyguk&ftmeftm,ofawmfwGif jyoxm;aom “vlwdk‹.vufrsm;u qnf;yl; cJh-uaom(raumif;r+'kp&dkufwdk‹)a-umifh ukef;ajrESifhork'N&myifv,fjyifY ysufpD;r+ab;O yg'frsm;”rjzpfapvdkygu/ vlwdk‹onf ‚if;azgufjyefaomtawG;tac:rsm;udk a0;a0;a&Smif I tjcm;olrsm;udkvnf; a&SmifuGif;atmif qGJaqmifac:xkwf&ef vdktyfayonf? Tt csufwGif atmifjrifEdkif&eftwGuf/ vlwdk‹onf 'g0if.tawG;tac:u odyH`ynmwGift ajccHonf[k rSm;,Gif;pGmvufcHcJh-uaoma-umifh vlom;avmuudk 'kuQaygif;rsdK;pkHouf a&mufapcJhjcif;udk od&SdjyD;/ 'g0if.oDtdk&Donf w&m;r0ifrSm;,Gif;a-umif; odyH`ynmu oufaoxlxm;onfhtcsufrsm;udk od&Sdoabmayguf&ef vkdtyfygonf? 165

T21&mpkESpftwGif;/ Om%fynmxufjrufI todw&m;&Sdol xdk;xGif;Om%ft ajrmftjrif&Sdolwdk‹. ta&;-uD;aomwm0efrSm/ “&kyf0g'ESifh obm0tajcjyK0g'”udk qef‹ usifonfh ynmOm%f&nftpGrf;wdkufyGJ qifEGJ&ef vdktyfayonf?

166

167

t

ar&duefEdkifiHrS 'g0if.oDtdk&DESifhywfoufIajymv#if uG,fvGefol pwD zifa*sa*gvf.trnfudk csufcsif;owdpjrJjzpf.? olonf [m;Awf wuUodkvf ZD0aA'ESifh ausmufjzpf&kyf-uGif;ynm (edcgwuaA')ygarmuQ tjzpf ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm tr+xrf;aqmifcJh&m/ tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&DudkaxmufcHaom pmtkyf tajrmuftjrm;a&;om;cJhI/ Tacgif;pOfESifhywfoufI owif;avmuom;trsm;ESifh vnf; tcgtacgufaygif;rsm;pGm ajymqdkajz-um;cJhbl;avonf? tDAdkvl;&Sif;ESifhywfouf I tajctwifajymqdkwdkif; odk‹r[kwftjiif;yGm;wdkif; urBmausmf wdkif;rfr*~Zif;ESifh e,l;pf 0dufr*~Zif;wdk‹u a*gvfudk tpOftjrJudk;um;avh&Sd-u.? ol.pmtkyfrsm;onfvnf; pmtkyfqdkifrsm;rS pmtkyfpifrsm;ESifh obm0ordkif;jywdkufrsm;wGif tpOftjrJxifxif&Sm; &Sm; &Sdwwfayonf? a*gvfu 'g0if.csKdŒ,Gif;csufrsm;udk tjrJ-udK;pm;IvdkufvHzkH;zdjyD; ausmufjzpf&kyf -uGif;rSwfwrf;rsm;rS jiif;y,fonfhtcsuftvufrsm;udk jyifqifavh&Sd.? trSefrSm/ xdkodk‹ vdkufvkyf&mY ratmifjrifcJh&Smay? xdk‹a-umifh tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Dudk tpOftjrJa0zefavh&Sd onfh bmuavrS ygarmuQ zD;vpf*|efqefu ol‹udk “'g0iftawG;tac:. *dkbmacsŒAf” [k ac:avh&Sdonf? a*gvfuvnf; ol.-udK;yrf;csufrsm; ratmifjrifa-umif;udk tcg aygif;rsm;pGm 0efcHcJhayonf?114 (tao;pdwfudk Darwinism Refuted:How the Theory of Evolution Breaks Down in the Light of Modern Science, by Harun Yahya, Goodword Books, 2002)wGif bwf±+Edkifygonf?

pwDzif a*s a*gvfonf rm;uPf0g'ESifh 'g0iftawG;tac:udk tifrwefwG,fwmcJh &m/ vla&SŒola&SŒyGifhyGifhvif;vif;yif 0efcHxm;ayonf? ol‹twGuf rm;ufP0g'ESifh 'g0if 0g'wdk‹onf '*Fg;wpfjym;. acgif;yef;ESpfrsufESmESifhwlonf[k qdkonf? 'g0ifu “tEk yËdavmrobm0”udk &Sif;jyI/ rm;ufPonf “tEkyËdavmrordkif;”udk &Sif;jyonf[k qdk.? a*gvf. rm;ufP0g'wGif Tr#wG,fwmaejcif;onf/ ol. tEkyËdavmr&kyf 0g' wGif ouf0if,kH-unfr+a-umifh jzpfonf? olonf 'g0ifudk tjyif;txefumuG,fajymqdk cJhayonf? tb,hfa-umifhqdkaomf 'g0ifonf obm0udk &Sif;jy&mY ol.&kyf0g't awG;tac:udk rSefuefpGm tokH;csjcif;a-umifh jzpfonf[k qdk.?115 1992=ckESpfwGif rm;ufP0g'D='g0if0g'Dtjzpf ausmf-um;aomTyk*~dKvfonf &k&Sm; EdkifiHodk‹ oGm;a&mufcJh.? olc&D;rxGufrDwpfESpftvsifwGif ta±SŒOa&myEdkifiHwdk‹ uGJjyJukef -ujyD; qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpkonfvnf; ysufoGm;I uGefjrLepfygwDvnf; r&Sdawmhay? 168

wurBmvkH;u uGefjrLepf0g'usqkH;oGm;jyD[k vufcH,kH-unf-uaomfvnf; a*gvfu wpfrsdK;t"dy`g,faz:cJhonf? owif;axmufrsm;tm;/ “[kwfw,f/ &yf&Sef(&k&Sm;vlrsdK;)wdk‹

pwDzif a*s a*gvfonf tvGefjyif;jyaom rm;ufP0g'DjzpfI 'g0if0g'udk ,kH-unfvuf cHonfh tar&duefEdkifiHrS ausmf-um;xif&Sm; aom odyH`ynm&SifwpfOD;jzpf.? qdkAD,uf qdk&S,fvpfjynfaxmifpk ysufpD;uGJjyJoGm; onfhtcg/ rm;ufP0g'onf ydkIom tiftm; -uD;xGm;vmonf[k a-unm.?

u rm;ufQ0g' pD;yGm;a&;pepfudk emrnfysufatmifvkyfvdkufwmawmhtrSefbJ/ 'gayrJh aemufxyfydkrdk-uD;us,fwJh jywfawmif;jywfawmif;-um;jzwfajymif;vJr+twGuf w&m;0if wkH;ygbJ”116[k rm;uPfrSefuefa-umif;udk oufaoxlvdkufjcif;jzpfa-umif; &Sif;jycJhav onf? a*gvf.tqdkt& rm;ufP0g'onf touf&Sifaeygao;onf?

uGefjrLepfpepfvnf; &Sifaeao;onf Communism is Alive as Well

pwDzif a*s a*gvf. 'g0if0g'wGif opPmcH ESpfjr‡Kyfxm;or#onf xl;jcm;vSaom udpPr[kwfay? 20=&mpkESpfrS tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Dudk vufcHcJh-uaom ausmf-um;xif&Sm; onfhodyH`yynm&Sifrsm;teuf/ tajrmuftjrm;wdk‹onf rm;uPf0g'Drsm; jzpf-uonf? vGefcJh onfh&mpkESpfxuf0ufavmufwkH;u/ tvufZENm; tdkyg&ifESifh a*sbDtufpf a[mfvf 'def; uJhodk‹aom tausmfa';,yk*~dKvfwdk‹onfvnf; opPm&Sdrm;ufP0g'Drsm;jzpf-uI tDAdkvl;&Sif; oDtdk&DESifhywfoufonfh prf;oyfcsuftajrmuftjrm; jyKcJholrsm; jzpf-uayonf? t aemufEdkifiHom; tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'Drsm;jzpf-uonfh *|ef arem'f prpfESifh &pfcsm'f vD0ef wefwdk‹onfvnf;/ rm;ufP0g'udk tjyif;txefaxmufcHumuG,fae-uqJaom ynm&Sif rsm;jzpf-uayonf? Tyk*~dKvfawGt&/ 'g0if0g'ESifh rm;ufP0g'wdk‹onf t"dy`g,fwpfrsdK;wnf; jzpf.? oDtdk&D(0g')wpfckcsif;onf/ wpfckwnf;aomtawG;tac:=tEkyËdavmr&kyf0g'wGif t ajccH-uayonf? rm;ufPu ordkif;wGif tokH;csI/ 'g0ifu obm0jzpfpOfwGif tokH;cscJh onf? Tyk*~dKvfwdk‹.tqdkt&/ wurBmvkH;trsm;,lqae-uonfh=uGefjrLepf0g'ESifh Oa&myta±SŒtkyfpkonf usqkH;oGm;jyD[laom,kH-unfcsufonf/ rSm;.? “rm;ufP0g'udk rSm;,Gif;pGm t"dy`g,faz:xkwfjcif;”om usqkH;jcif;jzpfonf? tEkyËdavmr&kyf0g' &Sdae or#umvywfvkH; rm;ufP0g'Dwdk‹. EdkifiHa&;em;vnfoabmaygufr+onfvnf; quf vuf wnfwHhaeOD;rnfjzpfonf [kqdk-uonf? 169

TtawG;tac:udk rm;ufP0g'wGif ,kH-unfae-uao;onfh vlyk*~dKvftrsm;ESifh tzGJ‹tpnf;tajrmuftjrm;wdk‹onfvnf; vufcH-uonf? qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpkESifh t a&SŒOa&mytkyfpkwdk‹ &Sdaeao;onfhtcsdefwGif/ ‚if;wdk‹ESifhwpfacwfwnf;rS TuGefjrLepf wdk‹u uGefjrLepftpdk;&rsm;ESifh rm;ufPtawG;tac:t-um;wGif cGJjcm;xm;cJh-uayonf? xdkacwfwGif&SdaeonfhuGefjrLepftpdk;&wdk‹onf “ppfrSefaom”odk‹r[kwf“&Sifoefvsuf&Sd aom” qdk&S,fvpf[k rSnfhac:cJh-uonf? odk‹aomfvnf; qdk&S,fvpftawG;tac:onf ,if;tpdk;&wdk‹wGif jyD;jynfhpkHjcif; r&Sdao;ojzifh/ xdkuGefjrLepftpdk;&awG jydKysufoGm;v#if vnf; rm;ufPtawG;tac:qdk&S,fvpf0g'onf qufvufI wnf&SdaeOD;rnfjzpfonf[k tcdkiftrm ajymqdkcJh-uayonf? rm;ufP.tqdkt&/ vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;onf/ oD;oef‹tDAdkvl;&Sif; (wpfpwpfp tvdkvdk wdk;wufajymif;vJjcif;)&Sd&rnf? yxr t&if;&Sif0g'rS qdk&S,fvpf0g'odk‹ajymif;vJoGm;jyD; aemufqkH; uGefjrLepf0g'odk‹ ajymif;vJoGm;&rnfjzpfonf? Ttqdkonf ,ae‹txdvnf; rSefuefaeao;onf[k tcdkiftrm ajymae-uonf? &k&Sm;EdkifiHESifhtwl tjcm; 20=&mpkESpf rS uGefjrLepftpdk;&wdk‹onf/ awmifolv,form;pdkufysKd;a&;vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;rS jAKef;'dkif;qdk ovdk qdk&S,fvpf0g'odk‹ ajymif;vJcJh-uonf? -um;wGif t&if;&Sifpepftqifh vGwfaecJh onf? xdk‹a-umifh/ rm;ufP0g't&/ Ttpdk;&awG ratmifjrifjcif; jzpf.? ,ae‹tcsdef wGif TEdkifiHrsm;onf/ rm;ufPuajymcJhaom“t&if;&Sifpepftqifh”udk vufcHusifhokH;ae-ujyD? qdk&S,fvpfpepfwpfausmhjyefa&mufvmonfhtcsdefwGif/ ydkrdktiftm;awmifhwif;jyD; ydkrdkI -uef‹-uef‹cHEdkifvdrfhrnf [kzGifhqdk-uonf? rm;ufP0g'udk ,kH-unfae-uao;onfhvltajrmuftjrm;wdk‹onf/ Tt"dy`g,fzGifh qdkcsufudk vufcHae-uonf? xdkodk‹vufcH,kH-unfae-uolrsm;xJwGif/ pwDzif a*s a*gvfuJhodk‹aom a±SŒwef;odyH`ynm&Sifrsm;/ Oa&myuGefjrLepfygwD0ifrsm;/ rm;ufP0g'Dynm &Sifrsm;/ owif;pmq&mrsm;ESifh uGefjrLepft-urf;zuftzGJ‹tpnf;rsm; yg0if-uayonf? xdk‹a-umifh/ qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpkESifh ta&SŒOa&my

'g0if0g'('g0iftawG;tac:)touf&Sifaeor#/ tEkyËd avmr&kyf0g'ESifh uGefjrLepf0g'onfvnf; touf&Sifae OD;rnf? tar&duefEdkifiHrS rm;ufP0g'D='g0if0g'DodyH`ynm &Sifwdk‹onf Ttcsufudk oufaoxlaeayonf? vuf0J bufykHonf yDwmqif;*g;. 'g0iftawG;tac:wpfck usefaeao;onf [laompmtkyfjzpfonf?

tkyfpk jydKysufoGm;ojzifh uGefjrLepf0g'onf ordkif;wGif ausmfvGefjr‡KyfESHcJhjyD;jyD/ urBmajr ay:wGif tEW&m,fray;EdkifawmhjyD[k xifrSwfjcif;onf rSm;.? uGefjrLepf0g'onf tEk yËdavmr&kyf0g'. EdkifiHa&;ykHpHaz:xkwfjcif;jzpfI/ ,if;oDtdk&D usefaeor#umv ywfvkH; uGefjrLepf0g'onfvnf; usefaeOD;rnfjzpfonf? tawG;tac:wpfckonf vl‹ tzGJ‹tpnf;wpfckwGif tm;aumif;ygu oifhawmfaomywf0ef;usiftajctae&SdonfESifh wjydKifwnf;/ xdktawG;tac:onf EdkifiHa&;-oZmtjzpf v$rf;rdk;oGm;vdrfhrnf? tEkyËd 170

avmr&kyf0g' tm;aumif;vmjyD; us,fjyef‹oGm;onfESifhwjydKifwnf; ‚if;.EdkifiHa&;t oGifjzpfaom uGefjrLepf0g'onfvnf; -oZmv$rf;rdk;Edkifaom tiftm;jzpfoGm;Edkifayonf? ,ae‹urBmajray:wGif 'Drdkua&pDESifh vGwfvyfaompD;yGm;a&;pepfwdk‹udk a,bk,s tm;jzifh tvGefw&m,kH-unfpdwfcs-uayonf? odk‹aomfvnf;/ tjynfjynfqdkif&mvGwf vyfaompD;yGm;a&;pepfwGif jy\emjzpfay:vmygu vlwdk‹.pdwf"gwfajymif;vJoGm;Edkif onfh tvm;tvm&Sdayonf? ,Qifuvnf; Todk‹jzpfcJhbl;avjyD? 1929=ckESpf wurBm vkH; pD;yGm;a&;uyfqdkufcJh&m/ Oa&mywdkufwcGif uGefjrLepf0g'ESifhzufqpf0g'wdk‹ vsifjref pGm ay:jyLvmjzpf trsm;-udKufa&yef;pm;vmcJhonf? uGefjrLepfwdk‹u xdkpD;yGm;a&;uyf qdkufjcif;udk t&if;&Sifpepf “jydKysufjcif;”[k t"dy`g,faz:cJh-ujyD;/ ‚if;tcsufjzifh vlt rsm;udk ydkrdkvG,fulpGm -oZmv$rf;rdk;pnf;&kH;EdkifcJh-uonf? ,QKtcsdefwGif/ uGefjrLepfwdk‹ tiftm;tawmftwef aumif;ae-uonf? txl;o jzifh Oa&mywdkufwGifjzpfonf? jyifopfEdkifiHESifh tDwvDEdkifiHwdk‹wGif a&G;aumufyGJrsm;Y tiftm;aumif;ae-uonf? olwdk‹ tcsKd;tpm;tawmftwefjrifhrm;aoma&G;aumufyGJrJudk &&Sd-uonf? ta&S‹Oa&mytkyfpkEdkifiHrsm;wGifvnf; uGefjrLepfa[mif;wdk‹OD;aqmifaom uGefjrLepfygwDrsm;u vkHavmufaoma&G;aumufyGJrJudk &&Sdae-uonf? tjynfjynfqdkif &mjy\em-uD;-uD;=txl;ojzifhpD;yGm;a&;uyf=wpfckcku Tqdk&S,fvpfygwDwdk‹udk tif tm;awmifhwif;vmapEdkifjyD;/ aemufwpfqifhwufI uGefjrLepftpdk;&wnfaxmifEdkif-u vdrfhrnf?

&k&Sm;EdkifiH=wpfvSrf;wuf/ ESpfvSrf;qkwf Russia: One Forward, Two Back

uGefjrLepf0g'ESifh zufqpf0g'wdk‹t-um;wGif tifrwefyg;v$maomrsOf;a-umif; omv#if uef‹xm;ydkif;jcm;xm;.? T0g'ESpfrsdK;pvkH;onf EdkifiHa&;,yfawmifwpfck. rsufESmESpfzufjzpfonf? tawG;tac:wpfrsdK;pD. vlr+a&;ESifhudk,fusifhw&m;wnf aqmufr+ESifh acgif;aqmifr+ykHpHwdk‹onf qifwl-uonf? vlr+a&;odyH`bmom&yfwGif ESpfrsKd; pvkH;udk “wpfygwDtm%m&SifpepftawG;tac:rsm;”tqifhwGif xnfhxm;onf? wpfyg wDtm%m&SifpepfykHpHwGif tpdk;&u vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;udk 0g'jzef‹jcif;/ ajcmufvSef‹jcif;ESifh zdESdyfcsKyfcs,fjcif; ponfwdk‹jzifh xdef;ausmif;xm;I/ qef‹usifbufom;rsm;udk -uifemw &m;uif;rJhqkH;enf;rsm;jzifh okwfoif&Sif;vif;ypfonf? 1991=ckESpfaemufydkif;wGif/ &k&Sm;EdkifiHtpdk;&ESifh EdkifiHa&;ykHpHwdk‹onf rsm;pGmajymif; vJoGm;jcif; r&Sdacs? uGefjrLepf0g'rS rmzD,m*dk%f;wdk‹pdk;rdk;xm;jcif;udktajccHaom zuf qpf0g'wpfrsdK;odk‹ vufv$Jay;vdkufjcif;om jzpfonf? tajccHajymif;vJr+rSm pD;yGm;a&;ESifh vlr+a&;wnfaqmufr+wGif &Sdonf? vltawmfrsm;rsm; tcsdeftenf;i,ftwGif; tvGef trif;-uG,f0csrf;om-uI/ trsm;tm;jzifh. vlaer+tqifhusqif;oGm;onf? -uG,f0csrf; omolwdk‹ESifh qif;&Jom;wdk‹t-um;wGif -uD;us,faomuGm[r+ jzpfay:vmojzifh 19=&m pkESpfrsm;wGif t*FvefEdkifiH-uKHawG‹cJhaom “&ufpufonfht&if;&Sif”wnfaqmufr+ESifh -uHK awG‹ae&onf? aysmhnHhaomEdkifiHawmftpdk;&tm%mESifhtwl vlqdk;*kd%f;rsm; ay:aygufvm I/ “ya'o&mZf”pepfykHpHrsdK;wnfaqmufr+ jzpfay:vmayonf? Tjzpfay:vmaomwnfaqmufr+ESpfrsKd;pvkH;=“&ufpufaomt&if;&Sifpepf”ESifh “ya'o&mZfpepf”=wdk‹onf/ rm;ufP0g't& awmfvSefa&;twGuf vdktyfaomtajctae rsm;jzpfaejcif;uvnf; pdwf0ifpm;zG,fjzpfayonf? rm;ufP0g'tjrifjzifh-unhfygu/ &k&Sm; EdkifiH. vuf&Sdwnfaqmufr+onf “uGefjrLepft-udK”wnfaqmufr+jzpfaeonf? rJqEN 171

trsm;qkH;&I/ tpdk;&tkyfcsKyfa&;wGif -oZmoufa&mufaeaomuGefjrLepfwdk‹u EdkifiHw um(pD;yGm;a&;)uyfqdkufjcif;u 'Drdkua&pDESifh vGwfvyfaompD;yGm;a&;pepfudk udkifv+yf cgcsvdkufonfhtajctaeudk uGefjrLepfwdk‹uvufawG‹tokH;csEdkifvdrfhrnf[k wGufxm;-u .? &k&Sm;EdkifiHonf uGefjrLepftpdk;&vufxJodk‹ wzef tvG,fwulv$Jajymif;oGm;Edkifay onf? TwGif uGefjrLepf0g'. wdwfwcdk;vSnfhjzm;wwfonfh t-uHudk owdxm;Edkifay onf? ordkif;umvtwGif; olwdk‹vkyfcJhor#a-umifhjzpfay:vmcJhaom[muGuf (t&if;&Sif pepfrS uGefjrLepfpepfodk‹ul;ajymif;jcif;)udk jyefvnfzefwD;ae-uonf? xdk‹a-umifh olwdk‹ . jynfolwdk‹udk rmzD,m*dk%f;rsm;. vufxJodk‹tyfvdkufjyD;/ vmrnfhvlwef;pm;t&if; &Sifpepftajctaeudk jyifqifae-uonf? jynfolwdk‹udk olwdk‹wnfaqmufzefwD;cJhaomp epfjzifh xdk;ESufeif;ajcvdkufjyD;aemuf/ uGefjrLepfpepfomv#if a&G;p&majz&Sif;enf; jzpfonf[k ,kH-unf-uatmif -udK;pm;vkyfaqmifae-uayonf? aemufwpfcsufrSm/ uGefjrLepf0g'onf v#dKŒ0SufpGm &Sdaeao;onf? &k&Sm;tpdk;& tm%mydkifrsm;tm;vkH;wdk‹onf ,QifuGefjrLepfrsm;jzpf-uI/ rm;ufP. tEkyËdavmr&kyf0g' oifwef;rsm;jzifh ynmqnf;yl;-uD;jyif;vmcJh-uolrsm;jzpf-uonfhtjyif/ uGefjrLepfEdkifiH awmfwnfaqmufEdkifrnfhpdwful;,Oftdrfrufudk vufrvGwf-uao;ay? uGefjrLepf0g' onf/ t&if;&SifpepfacwfrSwpfqifhwufI zGH‹jzdK;vmjcif; jzpf&rnf[k ,kH-unf-uonf? t&if;&Sifpepf jzpfay:aepOfwGif apmifh-unfhaejcif;onfvnf; “uGefjrLepf”jzpfjcif;. wm0efwpf&yfjzpfonf? Ttcsdefor,wGif/ olwdk‹u ppfrSefaomuGefjrLepfrsm;jzpf-u aoma-umifh t&if;&Sif0g'udk axmufcHtokH;cs-ujcif;jzpfonf[k ,kH-unf-uayonf?

&k&Sm;EdkifiH. t&if;&SifpepfykHpHopfudkqef‹usifonfh &k&Sm;jynfolqENjyolwdk‹u uGefjrLepfpepfodk‹ jyefvSnfh&efa-uG;a-umfoHrsm;jzifh atmf[pfawmif;qdkae-uykH?

172

tEkyËdavmr&kyf0g'udk vufcH,kH-unfxm;aomolwdk‹onf/ aemufqkH;wGif olwdk‹.yef;wdkifodk‹a&muf&ef/ uGefjrLepftjzpf udk,fa,mifajzmufjcif;ESifh aemufwpfcg zufqpf0g'Dtjzpfajymif;vJxifjyjcif;onf vG,fulvSayonf? tb,fha-umifhqdkaomf/ zufqpf0g'ESifh uGefjrLepf0g'wdk‹. yef;wdkifonf=jynfolwdk‹udkzdESdyfcsKyfcs,f&ef=wpfck wnf;aom yef;wdkifjzpfaoma-umifhwnf;? TtawG;tac:ESpfrsdK;.-um;wGif ydkif;jcm; xm;aomrsOf;a-umif;onf tvGefw&mrxifr&Sm; arS;rSdefvSayonf? wpfckwnf;aom jcm;em;csufrSm/ uGefjrLepf0g'onf/ rdrdwdk‹.zdESdyfcsKyfcs,fjcif;ESifh &ufpuf-urf;-uKwf jcif;rsm;udk zkH;zd&ef “vlom;qefjcif;”a-uG;a-umfoHrsm;jzifh wdk;wdk;wdwfwdwf v#dKŒ0SufpGm zdESdyfcsKyfcs,fjcif; jzpfonf? Tv#dKŒ0Sufr+uef‹vef‹um.aemufuG,fwGif/ &k&Sm;EdkifiHY &dk;&muGefjrLepfwnf aqmufr+tjzpf uGefjrLepf0g'tm%mwnfjrJvsuf&Sdaeao;onf? qdkAD,ufqdk&S,fvpf jynfaxmifpkorwEdkifiHawmftpdk;&. ppfwyfrsm;onfvnf; wl&uDvlrsdK;wdk‹.jynfe,f rsm;udk xdef;csKyfxm;jrJjzpfonf? olwdk‹.t&if;&SifpepfatmufwGifyif/ opPm&SduGefjrL epf0g'Dwdk‹u jynfolvlxkudk qufvufIzdESdyfcsKyfcs,fae-uao;onf? olwdk‹. bmom a&;qef‹usifr+ESifh udk,fusifhw&m;uif;rJhapaomtqdkjyKwdkufwGef;csufrsm;jzifh vl‹tzGJ‹t pnf;udk ukd,fusifhw&m;wefzdk;ESifh tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfudkypfy,fjiif;y,f&efvnf;-udK;yrf; ae-uao;onf? 'DhaemufrSmawmh/ olwdk‹twGuf uGefjrLepf0g'udk jyefvnfvufrcHEdkif p&mta-umif; r&Sdawmhay? pwmvifESifhvDeifwdk‹.ykHygaom ydkpwmrsm;udkudkifaqmifI csDwufqENjy-u onfh&k&Sm;jynfoluGefjrLepfwdk‹. tiftm;udk txifao;jcif; av#mhwGufjcif; jyKIr&ay? vDeif. wpfvSrf;wuf ESpfvSrf;qkwf [laompmtkyfwGif/ aemufqkH;yef;wdkifa&muf&eft wGuf/ c%wjzKwfaemufqkwfjcif;&Sd&rnf[k vDeifu a&;om;xm;ayonf? Tonfu yif 1991=ckESpfwGif qdkAD,ufqdk&S,fvpfjynfaxmifpkorwEdkifiHawmf jydKysufoGm;jcif;t ay: uGefjrLepfwdk‹. oabmxm;jzpfonf? wpfvSrf;wuf/ ESpfvSrf;qkwf===vlyk*~dKvfwdkif;.b0wGif Todk‹jzpfavh&Sd.? EdkifiHrsm;.o rdkif;ESifh ygwD.zGH‹jzdK;wdk;wufr+wGifvnf; xdkenf;twdkif;jzpf.? ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;tzGJ‹ESifh ygwD pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;. awmfvSefaom'Drdkua&pDatmifyGJcH&rnfhtcsufudk tenf;i,fv#yfwpfjyufr# 117 oHo, &Sdjcif;onf/ t-uD;us,fqkH;aom owWdenf;ol&Jabma-umifjcif;&mZ0wfjypfr+ jzpfonf?

[k vDeifu a&;om;xm;.?

armf &Sdaeao;onf Mao Lives!

Oa&myta±SŒydkif;ESifh &k&Sm;EdkifiHY/ 1990=ckESpfrsm;wGif jydKysufoGm;aom uGefjrLepf pepf jyefvnftouf&Sifvmp&m ta-umif;&Sd.? odk‹aomfvnf; aemufxyfuGefjrLepf0g' wpfrsdK; rjydKysufcJhyJ/ t&if;&SifpepfykHpHzrf;I ae‹pOftiftm;-uD;xGm;vmaeayonf? T uGefjrLepf0g'trsdK;tpm;onf tqdk;qkH;ESifht-urf;wrf;qkH;jzpfonf? ‚if;rSm armf0g' jzpf.? 1991=ckESpfwGif/ qdkAD,uf&k&Sm;EdkifiHjydKysufoGm;pOfu vDeifESifh pwmvifwdk‹. ausmuf&kyfrsm;udk csdK;vdkufz,fvdkuf-uonf? &k&Sm;EdkifiHu uGefjrLepf0g'udk ypfy,fvdkuf onf[k xif&onf? odk‹aomfvnf; w&kwfjynfwGif xdkodk‹rjzpfcJhay? 1976=ckESpf armf aoqkH;jyD;aemuf ,QKxduGefjrLepfygwD tkyfpdk;vsuf&Sdonf? w&kwfEdkifiHonf t&if;&Sif pepfpD;yGm;a&;pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;udk vufcHusifhokH;aomfvnf;/ EdkifiHa&;pepfrSm ,ae‹xd uGefjrLepf0g'udk qufvufxdef;odrf;xm;ayonf? w&kwfjynfolwdk‹.toufaygif; 173

oef;aygif;rsm;pGmudk owfjzwfcJhonfh armfpDwkH;onf/ w&kwfjynftwGuf jrifhjrwfaom yk*~dKvftjzpf udk;uG,fae-uao;onfrSm tHh-ozG,f jzpfaeayonf?

vGefcJhonfhESpftenf;i,favmufu uGefjrLepf0g' jydKysufoGm;jyD[kxifjyD; ,ae‹tEW&m,fr&Sd awmh[k xif-uolwdk‹onf rSm;.? tEkyËdavmr&kyf0g't& uGefjrLepfonf enf;y&d,m,ft& aemuf qkwfjcif;om jzpfonf? vDeif. wpfvSrf;wuf=ESpfvSrf;qkwf trnf&Sdpmtkyft&/ uGefjrLepfwdk‹onf/ olwdk‹. yef;wdkifodk‹a&muf&ef wpfcgwpf&H aemufqkwfoGm;ouJhodk‹ aemufodk‹ajcvSrf;tenf;i,f qkwf&rnf[k a&;om;xm;.? w&kwfuav;oli,frsm;udk “tEkyËdavmrvrf;av#mufenf;”=aemuf odk‹ajcESpfvSrf;qkwf/ a&SŒodk‹okH;vSrf;wuf=vrf;av#mufenf;udk avhusifhoif-um;ay;-uonf? TtcsufESifhywfoufI cdkifrmaomOyrmwpfckrSm/ uGefjrLepfwdk‹. tdrfaxmifpkqdkif&m t awG;tac: jzpf.? tEkyËdavmr&kyf0g'udkwDaxmifcJhol um;vfrm;uPfu/ uGefjrLepfavmuodk‹a&muf &ef/ tdrfaxmifrdom;pkpepfudk zsufodrf;ypf&rnf? uGefjrLepfa-unmpmwrf;wGif/ rm;ufPESifh tif*sJvf wdk‹u/ “uGefjrLepfwdk‹. TatmufajcrSpI a'golykefxp&mwifjycsufyifjzpfaomfvnf;/ tdrfaxmifpk 1 udk zsufodrf;ypf&rnf?” [k a&;om;xm;-u.? olwdk‹u tb,fha-umifh tdrfaxmifrdom;pkudk zsuf odrf;ypf&rnfhta-umif; Todk‹qufvufI &Sif;jy-uonf? “blZGmtdrfaxmifpk”onf t&if;tESD;ESifh yk*~vdutusdK;tjrwfwGif rSDcdkaeonf? ‚if;(tusdK;tjrwf)wdk‹udk(uGefjrLepfawmfvSefa&;aemufydkif; wGif) zsufodrf;ypfjyD;aemufwGif/ tdrfaxmifpkonfvnf; tvdkvdkaysmufuG,foGm;rnfjzpfonf? tdrf axmifpkonf ol.jznfhwif;bufaysmufuG,fv#if tvdkvdkaysmufoGm;rnf jzpfonf[kqdk.? tdrfaxmifpk.tp/ yk*~vduydkifypPnf;ESifhEdkifiHawmftpdk;& [laompmtkyfwGif z&uf'&pftif *sJvfu vl‹ordkif;yxrydkif;wGif tdrfaxmifpkr&Sdaomfvnf; acgif;ykHjzwf&eftwGuf vlvkyfwDxGifr+ a-umifh aemifrSjzpfay:vmcJhonf[k a&;om;xm;onf? tif*sJvf. TtawG;tac:t&/ uGefjrLepf awmfvSefa&;jyD;qkH;csdefwGif/ tdrfaxmifpkESifhtwl yk*~vduydkifypPnf;ESifh EdkifiHawmftpdk;&yg aysmufoGm; vdrfhrnf? Tyef;wdkifa&muf&eftwGuf uGefjrLepfwdk‹u tEkyËdavmr&kyf0g'. oif-um;csufrsm;udk vdkufem-uayonf? tdrfaxmifpkpepfudk zsufodrf;ypf&ef/ tiftm;aumif;onfh tpdk;&vdktyf.? odk‹ aomfvnf; EdkifiHawmftpdk;& tiftm;awmifhwif;&eftwGuf/ tdrfaxmifpku tvsifyxrtiftm; awmifhwif;&rnf? TwGif uGefjrLepfEdkifiHawmfonf tiftm;awmifhwif;vmvdrfhrnf? xdk‹aemuf 2 wpfqifhrSm tdrfaxmifpkudk zsufodrf;ypfayvdrfhrnf? &k&Sm;EdkifiHwGif uGefjrLepfwdk‹u jynfolwdk‹udk uGefjrLepfpepfysufokOf;oGm;[efjyvdkufonfhaemuf/ tdrfaxmifpktwGif;qufEG,fr+ tiftm;awmifh wif;vmavonf? Tenf;y&d,m,fudk vDeifu wpfvSrf;wuf ESpfvSrf;qkwf [laom ol.pmtkyf wGif az:jyxm;jyD;jzpfonf? uGefjrLepf0g'onf ykwfoifndKvdk ta&miftqif;ajymif;oGm;jyD; oifh awmfonfhtajccHtwGuf jyifqif&if; apmifhqdkif;aeonf? xdk‹a-umifh/ uGefjrLepf0g'. tajccHtawG;tac:jzpfaom tEkyËdavmr&kyf0g'ESifhtwl/ ‚if; . “odyH`enf;usonf”[laom 'g0if0g'tawG;tac:udk tawG;tac:ydkif;qdkif&mjyif;xefonfhwdkufyGJ qifEGJ&ef vdktyfaeonf? odk‹r[kwfygu/ jcHKcdkwdkufcdkuf&ef apmifhqdkif;aeaomuGefjrLepf0g'onf/ &uf puf-urf;-uKwfonfh aoG;acsmif;pD;aoma&SŒodk‹ajcvSrf;rsm; vSrf;vmvdrfhOD;rnf?

174

1994=ckESpf ZEM0g&Dv 10&ufae‹xkwf wdkif;rf r*~Zif;wGif/ armfpDwkH;udk axmufcH aom “armf=&l;&l;”v+yf&Sm;r+qENjyyGJta-umif;udk “armf=&Sifaeao;onf”[laomaqmif; yg;wpfyk'fjzifh wifjycJh.? omrefw&kwfvlrsdK;rsm;twGuf armfonf rEk\D[ausmuf&kyfuJhodk‹jzpfaeao;onf? rsufESm wpf&mavmuf&Sdonfh ewf&kyfuJhodk‹ ol.pum;vkH;rsm;onf rdk;ususrf;*efjzpfjyD; udpPwdkif;t wGuf udk;um;okH;pGJ-uayonf?==wwdkif;jynfvkH;wGif armf.-o0g'oGif;xm;aomwdyfacG rsm;/ &ifxdk;wHqdyfrsm;/ pmtkyfrsm;/ armf.ykHygaom pD;u&ufrD;jcpfrsm;/ ,dk,dkupm;p&mrsm; utp awG‹onfhae&mwdkif;wGif 0,f,lpkaqmif;-uonf? trSwfw&ypPnf;tm;vkH;u tayg pm;awGr[kwfay? 'DZifbmv 26=&ufae‹ armf.arG;ae‹trSwfw&xkwfaom vufywfem&D tvkH;aygif; 5000 onf a&$ESifhpdefuGyfxm;cs,fxm;I aps;uvnf; rsufckH;yifhavmufatmif r*Fvm&Sdonfh &Spf*%ef;tjzpf ,Gef;aiG 8888 wyfxm;onf? xdkaps;rSm tar&duefa':vm 1530 avmuf&Sdojzifh w&kwftvkyform;wpfa,muf.vpmjzifhwGufygu tqaygif; 30 &Sd.?==-uD;jrifhjrwfaom OuUX-uD;armf.arG;Zmwdjzpfaom w&kwfjynfawmifydkif; [leefjynf e,f a&Smif[efjrdKŒwGif/ wpfae‹wpfjcm;wdk;yGm;vsuf&Sdaom bk&m;zl;rsm;jzifh jynfheufae.? 1992=ckESpfwpfESpfwnf;wGif bk&m;zl;olaygif; wpfoef;oGm;a&mufcJh-uonf? xdkjrdKŒuvnf; r-umao;rDu 10=rDwmjrifhaom ol.cspfvSpGmaom om;awmfarmif.a-u;&kyfudk aqmuf 118 vkyfxm;-u.?

1997=ckESpfxkwf e,l;&Dywfyvd*f [laom tar&duefr*~Zif;wpfapmifwGif “armfonf tvsifuxuf”[laomaqmif;yg;wpfyk'fygcJh&m xdkaqmif;yg;wGif w&kwf jynfY armfudk “udk;uG,f”ae-uykHudk az:jyxm;ayonf? armfpDwkH;onf w&kwfEdkifiHa&;avmuwpfckvkH;udk A[dkjyKpdk;rdk;vsuf&Sdaomyk*~dKvfjzpfaeao; onf? ol.-oZmt&Sdeft0gpdk;rdk;r+&Sdaeao;onf? ol‹udk vlwdkif;vdkvdk -unfndKae-uao; onf? cef‹nm;wnfjidrfvsuf&Sd.? w&kwfEdkifiH ae&mwumwGif xifxif&Sm;&Sm;awG‹ae& onf? 1994=ckESpfwGif 40&mcdkifE+ef;aom w&kwfvlrsdK;wdk‹onf/ armfudk tESpfoufqkH;acgif; aqmiftjzpf rJay;-uonf? wdefa&Smifydefudk 10&mcdkifE+ef;cef‹om ay;-uonf? “,ae‹tcsdef wGif/ w&kwfvli,fwdk‹u armf.trSm;rsm;udk abG,ljcif; r&SdvSay?”[k ,Qifu w&kwfvlr+ a&;odyH`tu,f'rDtzGJ‹0ifwpfOD;jzpfol ,ef*smuDu at&Sm0duf tygwfpOfr*~Zif;udk ajymjy .? “olwdk‹u ol‹udk -uD;us,faomacgif;aqmif-uD;[k ,lq-uonf? olwdk‹u wdefa&Smifydef .trSm;rsm;udkom od-uonf? zlusifESifh uGrfwkHjynfe,frsm;wGif jrdKŒjyifaus;&Gmtem;w av#muf armftwGuf -uD;rm;aombk&m;ausmif;rsm;udk aqmufvkyfxm;-uonf? *l&$DuGef jynfe,frS &SefZD.ajrmufbufwGif aemufxyfbk&m;ausmif;wpfck aqmufae-uonf? xdkbk &m;ausmif;rsm;odk‹ uGefjrLepfygwDt&m&Sdrsm; r-umc%oGm;a&mufbk&m;zl;-uonf? armfu emzsm;rusef;jzpfjcif;udk aysmufuif;atmifvkyfEdkif&kHru/ oD;ESHxGufaumif;atmifvnf; vkyf ay;Edkifonf[k ,kH-unfonfh awmifolv,form;rsm;uvnf; tkyfvdkufcsDI armfbk&m; ausmif;odk‹ oGm;a&muf *g&0jyKqkawmif;-u.? 1993=ckESpf armfpDwkH;. ESpfwpf&mjynfharG; ae‹wGif/ pDc|efe,f&Sd puf&kHwpfckrS tvkyform;tajrmuftjrm;wdk‹ rdrdudk,fudk owfao-u onf? wrvGefb0wGif armfESifhoGm;a&mufaexdkifEdkifvdrfhrnf[k ,kH-unf-u.? yDuif;jrdKŒESifh &Sef[dkif;jrdKŒwdk‹rS wufpDtiSg;um;armif;olwdk‹u aemuf-unfhrSefjzifh armf.rsufESmudk tjrJ jrifae&atmif armf.ykHudk csdwfqGJxm;-uonf? yef;csDq&mtEkynmonfwdk‹uvnf; armf. &kyfykHum;csyf-uD;rsm;udk a&;qGJ&mY vufpGrf;jy-uonf? wseftefrifuGif;jyifudkvnf; tvGef -uD;rm;onfh armf.&kyfykHum;csyf-uD;u rdk;vsuf&Sdaeonf? ta&;-uD;qkH;rSm ygwDwGifjzpfap/ wuUodkvfrsm;wGifjzpfap/ acwftpm;qkH;tawG;tac:rSm 'Drdkua&pDr[kwfbJ armftawG;t ac:opf jzpf.? armfu wpfacgufjyefvSnfhvmjcif;r[kwf? olb,fawmhrS w&kwfjynfuae aysmufuG,froGm;cJhacs? *smreDESifh &k&Sm;EdkifiHrsm;uJhodk‹/ w&kwfjynfu olwdk‹.twdwfudk t wdkuftcHvkyf&ef r-udKpm;-uay? armfudk±+wfcsazsmufzsufypf&ef rnfonfhtcgrS rvkyfcJh-u acs? 1950=ckESpfrsm;rS a&SŒodk‹r[majcvSrf;pDrHudef;wGif w&kwfjynfolaygif; oef;aygif; 30=45 txd toufaoa-uqkH;±+H;cJhonftxd armfuzefwD;cJhaom iwfrGwfjcif;ab;ESifhywf oufIvnf;aumif;/ armf.,Ofaus;r+awmfvSefa&;a-umifhaemufxyfoef;aygif;ajrmufrsm;

175

pGm owfjzwfcH&onfhta-umif;udkvnf;aumif;/ ausmif;olausmif;om;uav;oli,frsm;udk vlom;pm;onfhb0a&mufatmif EdkifiHawmftpdk;&rS todtrSwfjyK cGifhjyKcJhonfh vkyfaqmif csufrsm;udkvnf;aumif;/ az:xkwfqef‹usif&ef -udK;-um;-udK;yrf;r+rsm;udk uGefjrLepfygwDu xdxda&mufa&muf ydwfyifESdyfuGyfvdkufonf? TudpPrsm;ESifhywfoufI trSefw&m;udk az:

xkwf&ef-udK;yrf;csufrsm;udk eif;acsvdkuf-uonf? Oyrm/ &Sef[dkif;wuUodkvf*sme,ftoif;u 1993=ckESpfwGif armfzefwD;cJhaomiwfrGwfjcif;ab;wGif vlaygif;oef; 40 aoa-uqkH;±+H;cJh onf[k tenf;i,faz:jyvdkufonfudkyif/ xdktygwfxkwfr*~Zif;udk csufcsif; tm;vkH;jyef vnf &kwfodrf;vdkufapcJhonf? w&kwfjynf.EdkifiHa&;qdkif&mowif;tcsuftvufrsm;onf/ vGefcJhonfh ESpfig;q,ftvsif u EdkifiHa&; jzpfonf? trsdK;om;a&;ESifh uGefjrLepf0g'udk a&mjyGef;xm;onfhtawG;tac:jzpf I/ armfu wnfaxmifonfhzcif-uD;tjzpf wifjyxm;aomykHjyifwGif tajccHwnfaqmufxm; 119 onfh tawG;tac: jzpf.?

Todk‹qdkv#if/ armf.aemufydkif;rS t&if;&Sif0g'udk rnfodk‹ac:rnfenf;? w&kwf jynfwGif armf0g'rS cGJcGgaejcif;jzpfoavm? odk‹r[kwf armf0g'. pD;yGm;a&;tydkif;udk tif tm;jznfhaejcif; jzpfygovm;? ‚if;aqmif;yg;uyif qufvufa&;om;xm;.? ,Ofaus;r+awmfvSefa&;udk&+wfcsI/ armf.ZeD;ESifh tjcm;av;OD;*dk%f;0ifwdk‹udk oduQmcscJhaomf vnf;/ armfudk,kH-unfudk;uG,fr+onf qufvufIusef&Sdae.? ,QKtcsdefwGif/ armfudk trGef tjrwfxm; -unfndKudkif;±+dif;r+onf tcdkuftwef‹tm;jzifh av#mhenf;oGm;aomfvnf;/ uGefjrL epfygwD. tawG;tac:ydkif;wGif armftawG;tac:u v$rf;rdk;xm;qJ jzpfonf? armf0g'wGif wif;usyfaomtajccHoabmw&m;0g'D(zef&SDydkif)ESifh 1950=ckESpfydkif;rS tcsdefumvaumif;udk vGrf;qGwfonfh twdwfudkjyefvnf owd&a&;0g'D([GrfnGrfydkif)[lI tkyfpkESpfpk uGJvmonf? armf0g'DygwDu ,kH-unfr+udk toufquf xm;Edkifaomfvnf;/ ,Ofaus;r+awmfvSefa&;. &ufpuf&dkif;pdkif;r+u tdrfaxmifpkrsm;twGif;&Sd cHpm;csufrsm;u vwfqwfvGef;aeao;ojzifh/ twdtvif;yGifhyGifhvif;vif; ajr‡mufyifhjcif;rjyK&J-uao;ay? armf.trsdK;om;uGefjrLepf tawG;tac: wpf-udrfxyfrHyGifhvef;vm&eftwGuf/ w&kwfEdkifiH.-uD;us,fr+udk vufv$wf vdkuf&avmufatmif tEW&m,fay;Edkifonf[k ,lqEdkifrnfh jyifyjcdrf;ajcmufr+tEW&m,f wpfckck vdktyfayonf? taemufEdkifiHwdk‹. ysufpD;qkH;&+H;r+twGufzgax;&efw&kwfEdkifiHudk

176

om;aumiftjzpftokH;jyK jcdrf;ajcmufrnfhtEW&m,frsdK;jzpfonf? 1989=ckESpf ZGefv 4&uf ae‹ wGif qENjyonfhausmif;om;xkudk w&kwfppfwyfu owfjzwf&Sif;vif;ypfpOfu Todk‹aom tjzpftysufwpf-udrfjzpfcJhbl;.? wseftefrifta&;tcif;.aemufydkif;wGif/ w&kwfjynf. tawG;tac:ydkif;onf &+wfaxG;r+ESifh jyKdysufvkqJtajctaea&mufoGm;cJh&m/ ygwDu vlwef; pm;v+yf&Sm;r+udk jyefvnftoufoGif;&avonf?==*sef(aZrif)u/ w&kwfEdkifiHonf pD;yGm; a&;jyKjyifajymif;vJr+udk qufvufvkyfaqmifrnf? odk‹aomfvnf; 'Drdkua&pD0g' jzpfay:vm vdrfhrnf[k rnfolur# ,kH-unfjcif; xifa,mifxifrSm;jzpfjcif; rjyKoifha-umif; ajymqdk.? usefaZrif.xdef;uGyfr+atmufwGif/ ygwDu aus;&Gma'orsm;wGif “tawG;tac: jyefvnf jyKjyifa&;”vkyfief;udkjr‡ifhwifI/ armf. ynma&;enf;vrf;rsm;twdkif; oif-um;enf;rsm; vkyfaqmifcJhonf? armftawG;tac:(armf0g')udk jyefvnftoufoGif;&ef-udK;yrf;&mY ygwDrS 0g&ifhyk*~dKvf 'dkifvDuGeftem;wGif0dkif;ae-uaomvli,fynm&Sifwdk‹.tiftm;rsm;a-umifh jzpf ajrmufEdkifcJh.? Twif;usyfaomtajccHrm;ufP0g'Dwdk‹u 0ef-uD;Xme. jynfol‹ae‹pOfESifh trSefw&m;&Smjcif; tp&Sdonfh 0g'jzef‹*sme,ftrsm;tjym;udk csKyfudkifxm;-uonf?==1995 =ckESpfESifh 1996=ckESpfrsm;wGif/ vlwef;pm;wdkufyGJESifh armf0g'odk‹ jyefvSnfhvm-u&ef aqmf-o 120 awmif;qdkaom “pum;vkH;wpfaomif;pmwrf;”udk xkwfjyefcJh-uonf?

w&kwfEdkifiHudk armf0g'pdk;rdk;aeqJjzpfa-umif;rSm xif&Sm;vSayonf? armf.acwfrS tdkrif;ae-ujyDjzpfaom uGefjrLepfygwDtkyfcsKyfa&;t&m&Sdrsm;rS vufv$JtarGcHvdkufjcif; om r[kwfay? rm;ufP0g'wGif rsufpdrSdwf wG,fuyfae-uonfh i,f&G,faomacwfopf rsdK;qufu tarGqufcHjcif; jzpfonf? awmifolv,form;rsm;ESifh ynmrJhaomtrsm; jynfolwdk‹u armfudk jrifhjrwfaom ewfa'0gtjzpf jrif-uonf? ynm&Siftrsm;pkuvnf; rm;ufP0g'=vDeif0g'=armf0g'tawG;tac:udk owd&Sd&Sd axmufcHtm;ay;jzef‹jzL;-uonf? w&kwft&if;&Sifpepfonf armf0g'.ykef;v#dK;uG,fv#dK;jzifh tiftm;jznfhwif;aejcif;jzpf .? w&kwfEdkifiHonf urBmay:wGif vlOD;a&trsm;qkH;aomEdkifiHjzpfI/ ‚if;.pD;yGm; a&;onfvnf; wdk;yGm;vsuf&Sdonf? ‚if;.vufeufxkwfvkyfa&;onf/ 21=&mpkESpfwGif tar&duefEdkifiHESifhjydKifqdkifEdkifonfh tiftm;-uD;EdkifiH(plygyg0g)jzpfvmvdrfhrnf[k trsm; u ,lqae-uonf? wpfae‹wpfjcm;tiftm;-uD;xGm;aeaom w&kwfEdkifiHonfvnf;/ armf0g'EdkifiHjzpfonfhtjyif/ vlOD;a&oef;aygif; 1200 t-um;wGif “armfpDwkH;&l;&l;”aeol wdk‹jzifh jynfheufaeaomEdkifiHvnf;jzpf.? uGefjrLepf0g'onf aoaysmufoGm;jcif;r[kwf/ ykef;atmif;aejcif;omjzpfonfudk jyaeygonf? tqdk;qkH;rSm/ TuGefjrLepf0g'onf armf pDwkH;tawG;tac:uGefjrLepf0g'jzpf.? urBmay:wGif &ufpufqkH;/ &dkif;pdkif;qkH;/ t-urf; wrf;qkH;uGefjrLepfrl0g'jzpf.?

wurBmvkH;&Sd armf0g'v+yf&Sm;r+ Universal Moist Movement

armfpDwkH;onf w&kwfEdkifiHwGifom &Sifoefaeao;onfr[kwf/ EdkifiHwumwGif vnf; &Sifoefaeao;onf? qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpkjydKuGJoGm;jyD;aemuf/ EdkifiHwum uGefjrLepf0g'. qGJtm;A[dkonfvnf; armf0g'odk‹ ajymif;oGm;awmhonf? ajrmufAD,uf erfESifh ajrmufudk;&D,m;EdkifiHwdk‹wGif armftawG;tac:uGefjrLepf0g'twdkif; tm%mwnf jrJaeao;onf? wurBmvkH; ae&mwum&Sd t-urf;zuftzGJ‹tpnf;wdk‹onfvnf;/ armf0g' udkvufcHvdkuf-ujyD; armfykHpHajymufusm;ppfqifa&;jzifh aoG;xGufoH,dkr+rsm;udk usL;vGef ae-uonfudkvnf; awG‹jrifae&ayonf? wurBmvkH;&Sd EdkifiHwumarmf0g'tzGJ‹wdk‹ onfvnf; pkpnf;-ujyD;/ “EdkifiHwumarmf0g'v+yf&Sm;r+”tzGJ‹udk zGJ‹pnf;vdkuf-uonf? O a&myuGefjrLepftpnf;t&kH;wdk‹onfvnf; axmufcHtm;ay;r+ t-uD;tus,f wdk;yGm;vsuf &Sdayonf? 177

ajrmufqdkufy&yfpfwl&uDorwEdkifiH. tpdk;&tifwmeufpmrsufESmwGif/ EdkifiHw umarmf0g'v+yf&Sm;r+ESifhywfoufI atmufygpDppfcsuf ay:vmonf? EdkifiHwumt-urf;zufjcif;okawoeA[dkXmerS pm&if;tif;t&/ rsm;r-umrDESpfrsm;twGif; rm;ufP0g'=vDeif0g'=armf0g' t-urf;zuftzGJ‹tpnf;rsm; xifxif&Sm;&Sm;rsm;jym;vmonf udk awG‹&.? EdkifiHwumt-urf;zufjcif;axmufvSrf;a&;rS tpD&ifcHcsufwGif/ armf0g'onf tajymESifhtvkyfygwGJzufonfh v+yf&Sm;r+rsm;udk jyif;jyif;xefxefvkyfae-ua-umif; a&;om; xm;.? a&SŒwef;rSyg0ifaom jyif;xefonfhtaemufEdkifiHqef‹usifa&;ESifh 'Drdkua&pDqef‹ usifa&;awG;ac:r+&Sdaom armf0g'Dwdk‹rSm/ oD&dvuFmEdkifiHrS “wrDvfwdkif;*g;”tzGJ‹/ yD&l;EdkifiHrS “&+dif;eif;ywf”tzGJ‹ESifh uarBm'D;,m;EdkifiHrS crmeD(crm&l*sf)tzGJ‹wdk‹jzpfI/ tjcm;emrnfrsm;udk vnf; pwif-um;ae&ayjyD? &nfrSef;csufrSm/ armfpDwkH;.oGefoifcsufrsm;udk aoG;acsmif;pD; jcif;enf;jzifh 'Drdkua&pD0g'pGJudkifaomtpdk;&rsm;ae&mwGif/ rm;ufP0g'D=vDeif0g'D=armf0g'D t pdk;&udk vufeufudkifwdkufcdkufjcif;jzifh tpm;xdk;&efjzpfonf? olwdk‹.tjcm;t"du&nf&G,f csufwpfckrSm armf0g'udk wurBmvkH;odk‹ jzef‹jzL;&ef jzpfayonf? ta&SŒESifhtaemufrS armf0g'Dt-urf;zuftzGJ‹tpnf;wdk‹onf 1996=ckESpfwGif tar&duefEdkifiH ESifh tdEdN,EdkifiHwdk‹wGif ESpf-udrfwdkifwdkif awG‹qkHaqG;aEG;cJh-ujyD; vkyfief;rsm;udk yl;aygif; aqmif&Guf-urnfh ay:vDpDudk oabmwlqkH;jzwfcJh-uonf? tar&duefEdkifiHwGif awG‹qkHonfh tpnf;ta0;rS atmufygqkH;jzwfrsm;udk csrSwfcJh-uonf?== ygvDref'Drdkua&pDpepftokH;jyKaeaomwdkif;jynfrsm;wGif tpdk;&wdk‹udk jzKwfcsypf&ef? &nfrSef;csufatmifjrif&eftwGuf/ ppfom;rsm;/ ykvdyf&Jt&m&Sdrsm;ESifh tpdk;&tm%mydkifrsm;udk om owfjzwfjcif;r[kwfbJ/ tzGJ‹om;r[kwfonfh uav;vl-uD;Z&mtdkrsm;ESifhrdef;rrsm;udkyg ra&G;bJ owfjzwfypf&ef? A[dkjyK&mXmeESifh wpfygwDtkyfcsKyfa&;pepfudk wnfaxmif&ef? vl‹tcGifhta&;rsm;udk *&kpdkuf &efrvdk? rm;ufP=vDeif=armf tawG;tac:udk tajccHaom awmfvSefa&; wnfaxmif&ef? Ttpnf;ta0;rsm;wGif csrSwfcJhaom aemufxyfta&;-uD;onfh qkH;jzwfcsufrSm/ “urBmh awmfvSefa&;”twGuf tajccHtkwfjrpfrsm;csay;rnfh “armftawG;tac:0g'jzef‹A[dkXme” wpfckzGifh&efjzpfonf? T Maoist International Movement (MIM) onf uae'gEdkifiHwGif &kH;pdkufI v+yf&Sm;&efjzpfonf? “EdkifiHwum armf0g'D”wdk‹ a&;qGJaom abmiftwGif;Y/ ypfrSwf EdkifiHrsm;wGif vlxktm; v+HŒaqmfqGay;rnfh 0g'jzef‹pmaypmapmifrsm;udk &dkufESdyfI jzef‹jzL;Edkif 121 &ef xdkEdkifiHrsm;odk‹ ydk‹ay;&ef?=

Ttcsufrsm;udk/ oufaoom"ursm;ESifhtwl/ awG‹&Sdxm;ojzifh armf0g'onf EdkifiHwumtqifhodk‹ wufvSrf;v+yf&Sm;aea-umif; xif&Sm;aeayonf? EdkifiHwumuGefjrL epftkyfpkonf/ w&kwfeD. aoG;acsmif;pD;onfh tm%m&Sifpepfodk‹ wpfausmhjyefvSnfh&ef urBmudk t-uD;tus,f jcdrf;ajcmufaeayonf? bmoma&;onf/ uGefjrLepf0g'twGuf -uD;rm;onfhtaESmuft&Sufjzpfaeonf? bmoma&;udkif;&+dif;onfhvl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;uomv#if/ uGefjrLepf0g'. &ef&Smjcif;ESifh vSnfh jzm;jcif;wdk‹rS rdrdudk,fudk umuG,fEdkifrnf jzpf.? -oZmwdur-uD;rm;I -uef‹cdkifaom t *Fg&yfESifhjynfhpkHonfh acgif;aqmifwdk‹u 21=&mpkESpfwGif &kyf0g'udkwefjyefwdkufcdkufEdkifay vdrfhrnf?

178

ed*kH;csKyf Conclusion

uGefjrLepf0g'onf/ u|Ekfyfwdk‹t-um;wGif touf&Sifaeygao;onf? uGefjrLepf odk‹r[kwf qdk&S,fvpfygwDwdk‹onf/ Oa&myta&SŒydkif;EdkifiHrsm;wGif/ odk‹r[kwf taemufO a&my EdkifiHrsm;wGif tm%m&&Sdvm&ef rcufcJvSay? (1933=ckESpfwGif emZDygwDu a&G; aumufyGJwGif tjywftowftEdkif&&SdI tm%m&cJhovdk) oifhawmfaomvlr+a&;qdkif&m tajctaeay;onfESifhwjyKdifwnf;/ cdkifjrJonfhuGefjrLepftpdk;&wnfaqmuf-uayvdrfh rnf? &k&Sm;EdkifiHonf uGefjrLepf0g'rS zufqpf0g'odk‹zGH‹jzdK;vmcJhjyD; ,QKaemufqkH;wGif &ufpufonfh t&if;&Sifpepfodk‹xyfrHajymif;vJwdk;wufvmonfhtawG‹t-uHK&SdavjyD? odk‹ aomfvnf;/ xdktawG;tac:wdk‹udk ydkif;jcm;xm;aome,fy,fonf xifxif&Sm;&Sm;jywf om;r+r&Sdojzifh/ &k&Sm;EdkifiHonf vlr+a&;qdkif&m v+yf&Sm;ajymif;vJr+a-umifh/ uGefjrLepf0g' odk‹jyefvnf ajymif;vJoGm;Edkifayonf? w&kwfEkdifiHwGif armf0g'u wpfckwnf;aomrSef uefr+[k cH,lae-uI/ -uL;bm;EdkifiH/ ajrmufudk;&D,m;EdkifiHESifh AD,uferfEdkifiHwdk‹wGif uGefjrLepf-oZmtiftm;oefaeao;onf? ,ae‹vuf&SduGefjrLepf0g'rSm/ vDeif.n$ef-um;csuftwdkif;/ wpfvSrf;wufESpf vSrf;qkwfenf;y&d,m,fudk tokH;csaeonf? EdkifiHwumwGif trnftrsdK;rsdK;wyfI urBm udktEW&m,fray;awmhonfhykHjzifh v+yf&Sm;ae-uonf? odk‹aomfvnf;/ tEkyËdavmr &kyf 0g'.“yËdyuQ”jy\emudkjiif;ckHjcif; aqG;aEG;jcif;jzifh/ uGefjrLepf0g'onf aoG;acsmif; pD;jcif;twGuf r&yfrem;pD;ae yef;xGufaeaom a&jyGefa&yef;ESifh wlayonf? rnfonfht rnfjzifh udk,fa,mifjyaomfvnf;/ tEkyËdavmryËdyuQudk ordkif;.vGJa&SmifIr&aom Oya'owpfckjzpfonf[k cH,l-uayonf? trSefrSm xdkyËdyuQonf vl‹avmutwGuf rnfonfhaumif;usdK;r# ay;aqmifjcif;rjyKonfhtjyif/ &ufpuf-urf;-uKwfr+ESifh 'kuQqif; &Jjcif;udkom ay;aqmifayonf? ‚if;.tEW&m,frS umuG,fEdkifa&;twGuf taumif;qkH;enf;rSm/ xkdtEW&m,fudk jzpfay:xkwfvkyfay;onfh uGefjrLepfnGHawm-uD;udk cef;ajcmufoGm;atmif aqmif&Gufjcif; jzpf.? jcifaumif(uGefjrLepfwdk‹udkaxmufcHtm;ay;ol)rsm;tm; wpfaumifcsif; vdkufvH &Sif;vif;aejcif;jzifh tusdK;r&Sday? xdknGHawmudk cef;atmifrvkyfEdkifrcsif;/ jcifaumifrsm; onf wpfae‹wpfjcm; vsifjrefaomE+ef;jzifh ydkrdkrsm;jym;wdk;yGm;vsufom &Sdaernf jzpf.? Tae&mwGifOyrmaqmifxm;onfh “nGHawm-uD;”udk cef;ajcmufoGm;atmif rnf odk‹vkyfrnfenf;? rm;ufP0g'/ rm;ufP=vDeif0g'/ armf0g'ESifh tjcm;rnfonfhuGefjrLepf0g' yifjzpfap/ tqkH;wGif zufqpf0g'tygt0if tm;vkH;udk'dkifcHI axmufcHtm;ay;onfh oD tdk&DtawG;tac:rSm 'g0if. tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Djzpfonf? txufwGif u|Ekfyfwdk‹awG‹cJh onfhtwdkif;/ rm;ufPu ToDtdk&Dudk “ordkif;rSvlwef;pm;&kef;uefr+. obm0odyH` ynmtajccH”[k ac:xm;onf? tif*Jsvfu 'g0ifudk tEkyËdavmr&kyf0g'tjrift& rm;ufPESifh wef;wltqifhwGif &Sdonf[k qdk.? vDeifESifhxa&mhpfuDtay:wGif 'g0ifu-o Zmv$rf;rdk;cJhjyD;/ c&pf,mefbkef;-uD;jzpfzdk‹-uKd;pm;aeonfh vli,fpwmvifonf/ 'g0if. tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&DudkbwfrdjyD;aemuf bk&m;rJh0g'D jzpfoGm;cJhonf? armf0g'. ynm&nf ydkif;qdkif&mtajccHrsm;onf 'g0if.oDtdk&DwGif tjrpfwG,fvsuf&Sdonf? 1968=ckESpfwGif urBmudkudkifv+yfvdkufonfh rm;ufP0g'Dausmif;om;rsm;onf/ 'g0if.“touf&Sifa&;twGuf &kef;uefjcif;”122wGif ckdifjrJpGmcH,l,kH-unfxm;I 'g0if 0g'udk pdwfvdkufrmefyga[m-um;jzef‹jzL;aeol [m;bwfrm;-uL;pf. v+HŒaqmfr+a-umifh jzpf onf?122 'g0ifudk vrf;n$efvrf;jytjzpfvufcHxm;onfh qdk&S,fvpf0g'Dwdk‹. trnf 179

pm&if;rSm tvGef&Snfvsm;vSayonf? ‚if;pm&if;wGif jyefvnfokH;oyfa&;rm;ufP0g'D um;vfaumhpuDESifh t*Fvdyfvuf0Jorm;rsm;.t&if;tjrpfjzpfonfh azbD,Htoif;udk wnfaxmifol tuf'Gg'f bmef;wdkif;wdk‹vnf; yg0ifayonf?123 'g0if0g'r&Sdv#if/ uGefjrLepf0g'vnf; r&SdEdkifacs? xdk‹a-umifh/ 20=&mpkESpfrsm;t wGif;/ vl‹toufaygif; oef;aygif; 100 ausmfudk owfjzwfqkH;&+H;apcJhI/ ,QKtcsdefwGif v#dKŒ0SufpGmjyefvnfpnf;&kH;aeonfh uGefjrLepf0g'a&m*gudk ukpm;&ef wpfckwnf;aom enf;vrf;rSm/ 'g0if. odyH`enf;usonf[laom oDtdk&DESifhtawG;tac:udk wdkufzsufjiif; y,fypfjcif; jzpfonf? 'g0if.oDtdk&Donf odyH`ynmt& vkH;0jydKysufoGm;avjyD? ouf&Sd ypPnf;rsm;onf tDAdkvl;&Sif;enf;(wpfpwpfptvdkvdkajymif;vJvmjcif;)r[kwfrlyJ/ bk&m; ocif(tv†m[ft&Sifjrwf)u jyD;jynfhpkHatmif zefqif;xm;onfhtcsufudk trsm;jyefvnf vufcHvm-uatmif jzef‹jzL;&ayrnf? xdktcg/ rm;ufP/ vDeif odk‹r[kwf armf/ odk‹r[kwf olwdk‹.&kyfykHrsm;udk acgif;&if;eH&Hrsm;wGif uyfxm;ol aoG;xGufoH,dkr+udkom vdkvm;-u olwdk‹ usef&SdaeEdkifawmhrnfr[kwfay? vdrfvnfvSnfhjzm;onfh'g0if0g'udk zsufodrf;jcif;jzifh/ aoG;tdkif&Sif uGefjrLepf0g' udk zsufqD;ypfvdrfhrnf? vlwdk‹onfvnf;/ u|Ekfyfwdk‹.zefqif;&Sif tv†m[ft&SifjrwfxH awmfodk‹ jyefvSnfhvm-uvdrfhrnf? xdkt&Sifjrwfu oGefoifydk‹csxm;aom udk,fusifhw &m;twdkif; aexdkif-uvdrfhrnf? xdk‹aemuf/ ukeftmefusrf;awmfjrwf tm,ofawmf 2;208 wGif jyqdkxm;ouJhodk‹/ vlwdk‹onf vkHjcKHjcif;ESifh jidrf;csrf;om,mjcif;jzifh jynfhpkHaeay awmhrnf? tdk=,kH-unfjcif;o'Ngw&m;&Sd-uukefaomrktfrifeftaygif;wdk‹/ toifwdk‹onf tpP vmrfomoemtwGif;odk‹ vkH;vkH;vsm;vsm;0if-uukefavmh? ‚if;jyif ±+difwGmef.aemufodk‹ z0g;ajcxyfrvdkuf-uukefvifh/ xdk±+difwGmefonf rkcsoifwdk‹tbdk‹ xif&Sm;aom&efolyif jzpfayonf?

180

toifa&SŒwGif qufIzwf±+rnfhtcef;wGif/ b0.ta&;-uD;onfhv#dKŒ0Sufcsufudk az:xkwfxm;.? ‚if;udk aojcmpGmtm&kHpdkufI zwf±+ygav? tb,fha-umifhqdkaomf/ az: jyxm;aomta-umif;&yfrsm;onf/ pmzwfol. jyifyurBmudk -unfhjrifjcif;Y ajymif;vJr+ &SdEdkifjcif;a-umifhjzpfygonf? Ttcef;wGif az: jyxm;aomta-umif;t&mrsm;onf/ ±+axmifhtjrifwpfrsdK;/ csOf;uyfenf;wpfenf;/ odk‹r[kwf tawG;tac:wpfckom r[kwfyg? tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfudk ouf0if,kH-unfolESifh r,kH-unfolwdk‹tm;vkH;/ vufcH-u&rnfhtcsufrsm;jzpfI/ odyH`ynmu oufaojyxm;jyD;aomtcsufrsm; jzpfayonf?

181

&kyf0g'udk y,fzsufvdkufonfh ta&;-uD;aom trSefw&m; The Important Reality that Invalidates Materialism 20=&mpkESpfwav#mufvkH;wGif jzpfay:cHpm;cJh-u&onfh uGefjrLepftdyfrufqdk;-uD; rS jyif;jyaoma0'em.t&if;tjrpfonf 'g0iftawG;tac:. &kyf0g'wGif,kH-unfjcif; jzpfonf? uGefjrLepfwdk‹onf/ &kyf0g'udk rsufpdrSdwfvufcH,kH-unf-uojzifh/ tppt&m&m onf j'yf0wˆKypPnf;rsm;om pkaygif;yg0ifaejcif;jzpfonf[k ,kH-unf-ujyD;/ vlom;wdk‹ onf 0dnmOf&Sdonf[laomt,ltqudk jiif;y,fvdkuf-uonf? xdkenf;wl/ olwdk‹u 'g0if. oDtdk&Dudk vufcH,kH-unfonfESifhtr#/ vlom;wdk‹onf “zGH‹jzdK;jyD;aom wd&pm>ef rsm;” xufrydkawmhay? Ttcef;ESifhtwl a&SŒvmrnfhtcef;rsm;wGif tb,fha-umifh TtawG;tac:onf rSm;,Gif;a-umif;udk &Sif;jyoGm;ygrnf? yxrOD;qkH;/ tppt&m&monf j'yf0wˆKypPnf;om pkaygif;yg0ifaeonf[laom &kyf0g'. wpf&m;aovufcHxm;aom,kH-unfcsufonf w &m;r0ifrrSefuefa-umif;jyqdky,fzufvdkufjcif;ESifhywfoufI OD;pGmaqG;aEG;-uygrnf? 'kwd,tcef;wGif 'g0if.oDtdk&Dw&m;r0ifrrSefuefa-umif; odyH`±+a'gifhjzifh -unfh-uI/ vlom;rsm;onf urBmajr-uD;ay:wGif wd&pm>efESifhwpfjcm;pD vlom;rsm;tjzpfom touf &Sif-ua-umif;/ bk&m;oQiftv†m[ft&Sifjrwfu ay;oem;awmfrlaom todw&m;ESifh 0dnmOf&Sda-umif; jyqdkcsufrsm;udk aqG;aEG;az:jyygrnf? j'yf0wˆKudk y&rwftjzpfvufcH,kH-unfI/ useft&mrsm;tm;vkH;udk jiif;y,fxm; onfh tawG;tac:pepfudk yxrOD;pGm tusOf;tm;jzifh avhvm-unfh-uygpdk‹? bk&m;ocif tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfudkjiif;y,fonfh &kyf0g'wdk‹. TcsdKŒ,Gif;csuf&SdaeaomusdK;a-umif; qifjcifjcif;a-umifh/ t&mcyfodrf;wdk‹onf tv†m[ft&Sifjrwf.tvdkawmfa-umifhomv#if wnf&Sdaejcif;udk cH,lEdkifpGrf;r&Sd-uay? TcsdKŒ,Gif;csufrS &kyf0g'Dwdk‹.tawG;tac: pwifcJhayonf? uk&ftmefusrf;awmfjrwf(23;37)wGif &kyf0g'Dwdk‹ rdrdwdk‹ta-umif; az: xkwfjcif;ESifhywfoufI Todk‹rdef‹qdkxm;awmfrl.? “touf&Sifjcif;[lonf u|Ekfyf wdk‹.avmuDb0Y touf&Sifjcif;rSwyg; tjcm;r&SdjyD? u|Efkyfwdk‹(teuftcsdKŒ)onf aoqkH;-uavonf? xdkenf;wlpGm u|Ekfyfwdk‹(teuftcsdKŒ)onf touf&Sifvsuf&Sdae-u ayonf? odk‹&mwGif u|Ekfyfwdk‹onf &Sifjyefx-urnfholrsm; tv#if;r[kwfjyD?” aemufxyf a&SŒqufI uk&ftmefusrf;awmfjrwftydk'f (30;37)wGif/ tv†m[ft&SifjrwfESifh wrvGef b0udk jiif;y,folwdk‹twGuf ydkrdk-uD;us,faomtrSm;udk usL;vGef-ua-umif; Todk‹rdef‹ awmfrl.? “‚if;wdk‹onf avmuDb0. tay:,HykHyef;udkom od&Sd-uukef.? odk‹&mwGif aemifwrvGefb0udkrlum; ‚if;wdk‹onf (vkH;0)rod-uolrsm;omv#if jzpf-uukefo wnf;?” 182

tb,fha-umifh &kyf0g'u TrSm;,Gif;csufodk‹ usa&mufoGm;I csKdŒ,Gif;onfhcH,l csuf xGufay:vmygoenf;? ta-umif;wpfcku olwdk‹. b0wpfckvkH;wGif tvGefta&; -uD;onfh rSefuefcsufwpfckudk owdr&-ujcif;jzpfonf? xdk‹tjyif ‚if;rSefuefcsufudk rod -uonfhtjyif/ b0wpfckvkH;onf &kyfavmuwGifom uef‹oef‹xm;onf[k ,kH-unf-u onf? xdk‹a-umifh/ olwdk‹.b0ESifh urBmavmut-um;&Sd qufpyfr+onf jyif;jyaom&nf rSef;csufESifh vdktifqENrsm;om pdk;rdk;vsuf&Sdaeayonf? a&SŒwGifvmrnfh pmrsufESmrsm; wGif bk&m;rJh0g'Dwdk‹ rod-uonfh Tta&;-uD;onfhrSefuefcsufudk az:xkwf-uygrnf?

j'yf0wˆK. Zmwdtppf The Real Face of Matter

&kyf0g'tawG;tac:. t&if;tjrpfudk y,fzsufvdkufonfh trSefw&m;rsm;udk az: jyygrnf? Todk‹az:jy&mwGif/ tawG;tac:tm;jzifhr[kwfbJ vufawG‹usonfh enf;ynm t&/ vlwdkif;vufrcHIr&onfhtrSefw&m;az:xkwfjcif;jzpfonfhjyif/ odyH`ynmbmom&yf tajrmuftjrm;u oufaojyaxmufcHjyD;vnf; jzpfygonf? bufvdkufjcif;r&SdbJ/ &dk; om;rSefuefpGm owd&Sd&SdcsOf;uyfavhvmygu vG,fulpGm oabmaygufEdkifygonf? T rSefuefjcif;udk twdkcsKH;I/ “u|Ekfyfwdk‹.ywf0ef;usifwGif &Sd&Sdor#aom&kyf0wˆKypPnf;tm; vkH;wdk‹onf pdwful;jzifhcH,lxm;jcif;omv#if jzpfayonf? j'yf[laomcH,lcsufrSm tdyf rufESifhwl.? u|Ekfyfwdk‹.pdwfxJY ykH&dyftjzpfom cH,lcHpm;&jcif;jzpfI/ u|Efkyfwdk‹u ‚if; udk wdkuf&dkufqufqHEdkifjcif;r&Sdacs?”[k ajym&ygrnf? “j'yfypPnf;.aemufuG,f&SdtrSefw&m;”udk ,Qifu rodcJh-uay? r-umao;rDurS od&Sdvm-u&ayonf? vl‹ordkif;wav#mufvkH;wGif/ tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfapv$wfcJhaom eADwrefawmfrsm;ESifh pdwful;tajrmftjrif&SdI trSefw&m;udkodjrifolyk*~Kdvfwdk‹u T trSefw&m;udk az:xkwfcJh-ubl;ayonf? uk&ftmefusrf;awmfjrwftm,ofawmftrsm; tjym;wGifvnf; t&dyftjrGufr#az:jyxm;I/ tcsdKŒaomtjcm;tm,ofawmfrsm;. t"d y`g,frsm;udk zGifhqdkonfhaomhcsufrsm;yif jzpfayonf? Tta-umif;ESifhywfoufI xdkyk *~dKvfwdk‹. az:xkwfcsuftydkif;tptcsdKŒrSmvnf; ,ae‹xd u|Ekfyfwdk‹.vufodk‹a&muf vmusef&Sdaeao;onf? tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfu ydk‹csay;cJhaom rSefuefonfhw&m;a'oem awmfrsm;rS Asm'dwfawmfrsm;udk trsdK;rsdK;jyifqifajymif;vJcJh-uaomfvnf;/ TtcsufESifh ywfoufIrl/ qef;us,fv#dKŒ0SufonfhudpPtjzpf qufvufxdrf;odrf;xm;cJh-uonf? TtrSefw&m;ESifhywfoufI Zdk&dktufpx&D,efbmom/ Ak'
&kyf0g'Dwdk‹onf/ (txl;ojzifh Ttodkif;t0dkif;.ajyma&;qdkcGifh&Sdol bmx&ef&yf pvfonf) bmumavudk tawG;tac:ydkif;t& jiif;y,fEdkifjcif;r&Sdojzifh ol‹udk twif; ajymjcif; apmfum;armfum;ajymjcif; jyKvkyf-uonf? bmx&ef&yfpvfonf &kyf0g'todkif; t0dkif;udk trsm;qkH;udk,fpm;jyKEdkifjyD; &kyf0g'tjrifESifhywfoufI tjyif;xefqkH;umuG,f ajymqdkoljzpfaomfvnf;/ TtrSefw&m;udkrl ypfy,fxm;Ir&EdkifcJhacs? tawG;tac:qdkif &mjy\em [laomol.pmtkyfwGif “bmumavu &kyf0wˆKypPnf;(j'yf)&Sdjcif;udkjiif;qdk vdkufEdkifonfhtcsuftvufrsm;ESifhtwl/ tu,fI u|Ekfyfwdk‹.jyifyY vGwfvyfpGmwnf &Sdaeonfht&mrsm;&Sdaeygu/ u|Efkyfwdk‹wGif&Sdaeaom tm&kHjzifh cHpm;vufcHEdkifjcif;r&Sdonfh t&mom jzpfrnf[k ajymifavSmifIr&Edkifatmif cdkifcdkifrmrmaz:jyEdkifjcif;udkawmh *k%f jyK&ayrnf?”124[k a&;om;0efcHxm;ayonf? &yfpvfu TudpPESifhywfoufI trsm;qkH; qef‹usifIta&;qdkavh&Sdaomfvnf;/ tajccHtm;jzifh ,if;tcsuf.trSefw&m;udkrl jiif;y,fEdkifjcif;r&SdbJ vufcH&ykHudk yGihf yGifhvif;vif;yif a&;om;az:jyxm;ayonf? trSefpifppf/ &yfpvf.±+axmifhtjrifomr[kwfbJ/ &kyf0g'tawG;tac:wpfckvkH; jydKysufoGm;jcif;yif jzpfayonf? u|Ekfyfwdk‹ 21=&mpkESpfodk‹ ajcvSrf;0ifa&mufvmonfESifh tr#/ &lyaA'/ uGrfwrf&lyaA'/ euQwWaA'/ pdwfynm/ cE<maA'ESifh tjcm;odyH`bmom&yf tajrmuftjrm;wdk‹ tbufbufrSzGH‹jzdK;wdk;wufvmay&m/ urBmudk a&S;a[mif;&kyf0g't jrifjzifh-unfjhcif;udk tm;ay;axmufcHae-uolwdk‹tm; tifrwefuoduatmufjzpfapay onf? ausmufjzpf&kyf-uGif;rsm;udk rsdK;ADZynmt& avhvmI &&Sdvmonfhtcsuftvuf wdk‹u tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Dudk ysufokOf;jydKysufoGm;aponf? tvif;ynmESifhpdwfynmbm om&yfrsm;u u|Ekfyfwdk‹. tHhzG,faumif;onfhodjrifjcif;pepfta-umif;udk ulnDajz&Sif; ay;.? wdk;wufonfheuQwWaA'a-umifh=p-um0VmESifh j'yf0wˆKypPnf;wdk‹ pwifjzpfay: jcif;&Sda-umif;wifjyonfh=bpfbdkif;oDtdk&Dudk trsm;uvufcHcJh-uonf? t%kjrLESifh t %kjrLatmufao;i,faomj'yf(y&rm%kjrL)ta-umif;okawoejyKcsufrsm;u a&S;a[mif; &lyaA'udk ajymif;jyefvSefypfjyD;/ tcsdef[lonf Ed+if;,SOfcsuft&omjzpfa-umif;wifjy onfh=&DavwDADwDoDtdk&Dudk oufaoxlaxmufcHvdkuf.? ra&rwGufEdkifatmif rsm;jym;aomodyH`ynmawG‹&Sdcsufrsm;u xm0&bk&m;ocif tv†m[ft&Sifjrwf&Sda-umif;ESifh xdkt&Sifjrwf.wefcdk;tm%kabmfu p-um0Vmwpf0Srf; vkH;udk v$rf;rdk;vGrf;jcKHxm;jcif;udk twnfjyKxm;jyD;jzpfojzifh olwdk‹.qENudkom buf vdkufI wpf,loefawG;ac:-uonfh&kyf0g'Dwdk‹ tm;udk;tm;xm;jyKEdkifrnfhtcsuf wpfcsuf avmufudkyif csefrxm;-uawmhay? olwdk‹. tm;ukeftifcrf; vufyef;usjcif;onf , ae‹txdqufvuf&Sdaeygonf? &kyfjrifoH-um;tpDtpOfrsm;/ ausmif;rsm;ESifh a[majymyGJ rsm;wGif/ u|Ekfyfwdk‹onf jyifyavmuESifh wdkuf&dkufawG‹qkHEdkifpGrf;r&SdI u|Efkyfwdk‹. OD;aESmufrSwpfqifh od&Sd&aomcHpm;csufomjzpfjcif;trSefw&m;udk rodcsif[efaqmifae jyD; vltrsm;udk xdktrSefw&m;raz:jybJ xdktrSefw&m;rsdK;vkH;0r&Sdovdkxdrfcsefxm;vsuf &Sdae-uaomtawG;tac:&Sifrsm;udk awG‹&Sd-uayonf? odk‹aomfvnf;/ trSefw&m;udk rod usKd;u|efjyKxm;jcif;jzifh tajz&rnfr[kwfay? TtrSefw&m;udk 'DhxufydkrdkeufeJpGm avh vm-unhf-uygpdk‹?

184

u|Efkyfwdk‹.jyifywGif&Sdonf[k cHpm;&aomt&monf trSefpifppfu|Ekfyfwdk‹.twGif;Y&Sd. What We Perceive As Outside Is Actually Inside Ourselves

jyifyurBmavmuwGif&Sdonf[k xif&aomt&m0wˆKwpfckrSvmonfh tvif; a&mif/ toH/ teH‹t&omESifhxdawG‹cHpm;&aom taetxm;wdk‹.Ed+;qGr+rsm;udk tm&kHa-um rSwpfqifh OD;aESmuf&Sdoufqdkif&mtm&kHvufcHrnfhtcef;odk‹ o,f,loGm;.? xdkEd+;qGr+rsm; tm;vkH;wGif v#yfppftcsufjyv+dif;(electric signals)rsm; yg0ifonf? jrifjcif;jzpfay:csdef wGif jyifyurBmrSvmaomtvif;wef;(zdkwGef)onf rsufvkH;taemufzuf&Sd &ufwDem um;csyfay:odk‹usa&mufI v#yfppftcsufjyvd+if;rsm;tjzpfodk‹ ajymif;vJoGm;.? Tv#yf ppftcsufjyv+dif;rsm;onf tm&kHa-umrsm;rSwpfqifh OD;aESmuf.aemufydkif;wGif&Sd puQK tm&kHtcef;odk‹a&mufoGm;onf? ukApifwDrDwmtenf;i,fom&SdaomTtcef;Y vif; xif;I okH;zufwefa&mifpkHurBmavmuwpfckvkH;udk awG‹jrifapayonf? tvm;wljzpfpOftwdkif; tjcm;tm&kHcHpm;r+rsm; jzpfay:ayonf? t&omudk v#m .rsufESmjyif&Sd qJvfrsm;Y v#yfppftcsufjyv+dif;tjzpf ajymif;vJvdkufonf? t&m0wˆKrS vmaomteH‹onfvnf; ESmacgif;wGif;&Sdtar#;yg;Y t&nfaysmfoGm;aomteH‹armfvD-uL rsm;udk v#yfppftcsufjyvd+if;tjzpfajymif;vJjyD; OD;aESmuf&SdteH‹qdkif&mtcef;odk‹ ydk‹vdkuf .? ta&jym;atmufwGif&Sdaomtxl;pDrHxm;onfh xdawG‹r+tm&kHzrf;qJvfrsm;u xdawG‹r+ (Oyrm/ rmausmjcif;odk‹r[kwf El;nHhr+rsm;)udk v#yfppftcsufjyv+dif;rsm;tjzpfajymif;vJjyD; OD;aESmuf&Sd xdawG‹r+qdkif&mtcef;odk‹ o,fydk‹vdkuf.? xdktcsufjyv+dif;rsm;udk OD;aESmuf&Sd oufqdkif&mtcef;wGif vufcH cHpm;&ayonf? Ttcsufudk xyfrH&Sif;jyygrnf? oifonf aumfzDcGufwpfcGufudk udkifxm;onf qdkygpdk‹? oif.vufrS vufz0g;om;a&atmufwGif cGuf.rmausmr+ESifhtyl&Sdefonf v#yfppftcsufjyv+dif;tjzpfajymif;vJoGm;um tm&kHa-umrSwpfqifh OD;aESmufodk‹ydk‹vdkuf onf? wpfcsdefwnf;wGif/ aumfzD.ar$;aom&eH‹ESifh&ot&omtjyif tndKa&miftqif; p onfwdk‹udk v#yfppftcsufjyv+dif;rsm;tjzpfajymif;vJjyD; OD;aESmufodk‹ ydk‹vdkufonf? aumfzD cGuf pm;yGJwGifxdaomtoHudkvnf; em;rSwpfqifh v#yfppftcsufjyv+dif;rsm; OD;aESmufodk‹ a&mufoGm;rnf? xdkv#yfppftcsufjyvd+if;rsm;udk vufcHonfh oufqdkif&mtm&kHcef;rsm;u cHpm;r+rsm;udk t"dy`g,faz:vdkuf.? xdkodk‹t"dy`g,faz:&mYvnf; wpfrsdK;ESifhwpfrsdK; o[ Zmwoifhoifh ajyajyjypfjypft"dy`g,faz:-uonf? xdkcHpm;csuftm;vkH;pkaygif;I toifh tm&kHY ar$;-udKifylaEG;aomaumfzDwpfcGufudk t&om&Sd&Sdaomufcsvdkufonf[k od&Sd&.? tcef;wGif;Y xdkifaeI ol.rdom;pkESifhtwl &kyfjrifoH-um;tpDtpOfudk -unfhae ol rnfolrqdk/ oludk,fwdkifrodaomfvnf;/ tifrweftHhzG,faumif;aom tjzpfwGif &Sdae ayonf? tcef;.ywfvnf eH&Honf trSefpifppf xdkol.OD;aESmufwGif;Y &Sdae.? xdkodk‹jzpfojzifh/ toifonf tcef;wGif;Y &Sdaeoavm? odk‹r[kwftcef;onf oif.twGif;Y &Sdaeoavm? vltrsm;tm;jzifh TtrSefw&m;udk rod-u owdrxm;-uacs? rdrdwdk‹onf tcef; wGif;Yrdom;pkESifhtwlxdkifaeI &kyfjrifoH-um;udk-unfhum pum;pjrDajymaeonf[kom xif-u.? TtjzpfrSefudk odjrifolonfvnf;/ TtHhzG,ftjzpfudk rodem;rvnfovdk [efaqmif-u.? TtrSefw&m;udk a-umuf&GHŒae-uaoma-umifhjzpfonf? odk‹aomfvnf;/ olwdk‹rod[efaqmifaeonfh Ttjzpfonf jiif;qefIr&aomtjzpf jzpfaeayonf? odyH` ynmuvnf; twnfjyKxm;aomtcsufjzpfonf? tcef;eH&Hav;bufESifh ‚if;wGifcsdwf 185

ol.tdrfaxmifrdom;pkESifhxdkifaeI &kyfjrifoH-um;-unfhaeolonf/ trSefpifppf tHhzG,ftjzpft ysufwGif&Sdae.? olawG‹jrifae&aomykH&dyftm;vkH;onf ol.OD;aESmufwGif;Yom&Sdaejcif;jzpfonf? xdkolonf tcef;wGif;Y&Sdaeoavm/ odk‹r[kwf tcef;wpfckvkH;onf ol.OD;aESmufwGif;Y &Sdae oavm?

qJGxm;aomyef;csDum;rsm;/ aumfaZmESifhy&dabm*rsm;/ rsufESm-uufay:&Sd rD;vkH;rsm; tp &Sdojzifhwdk‹rS rsufpdodk‹a&mufvmaomEd+;qGr+wdk‹onf &ufwDemum;csyf&SdqJvfrsm;u v#yf ppftcsufjyvd+if;rsm;tjzpfajymif;vJay;jyD; v#yfppfpD;a-umif;tjzpfjzifh OD;aESmuf&Sd puQK tm&kHtcef;odk‹a&mufoGm;.? xdkolonf ol.OD;aESmuftaemufydkif;&Sd puQKtm&kHcef;wGif tvGefao;i,fonfhae&mtpufuav;wGif t"dy`g,faz:ay;aomykH&dyfjzifh ol.tdrfwGif; Y xdkifaeonf[k cHpm;&avonf? ol.b0wpfckvkH;wGif Tae&mtpufuav;rSxGufoGm;Edkifjcif;r&Sdacs? ol.OD; acgif;wGif;Yjzpfay:aomykH&dyfESifh ol.OD;aESmufwGif;Y t"dy`g,faz:ay;aomykH&dyfuvGJI tjcm;ykHwpfckwpfavudkr# awG‹jrifEdkifcGifh r&Sdacs? ol.OD;aESmufwGif; aomwm&kHtcef;odk‹ ydk‹vdkufonfh v#yfppftcsufjyv+dif;rsm;uvGJI tjcm;toHudk r-um;&acs? vlwpfa,muf onf ol.b0wpfckvkH;wGif t&dk;cGH0ef;&Humxm;aom ao;i,fonfhtcef;uav;wGif om aeae&ayonf?

rsufpdrygbJ jrifEdkif-unfhEdkifolonf rnfoljzpfoenf;? Who Needs No Eyes To See?

u|Ekfyfwdk‹.ywf0ef;usif&Sdt&mtm;vkH;udk jrifEdkifjcif;onf v#yfppftcsufjyv+dif; rsm;udk OD;aESmufwGif ykH&dyftjzpf t"dy`g,faz:xm;jcif;jzpfonf? ydkrdkI &Sif;vif;pGmoabm ayguf&eftwGuf/ naepmpm;yGJwGif wnfcif;xm;aom opfoD;rsm;jzifh jynfhaeonfh yef; uefudk -unfhaeonf[k pOf;pm;yg? xdkyef;uefrStvif;wef;rsm; oif.rsufpdodk‹ a&muf vmaomtcg/ vkyfief;aqmifwmaqmif&Gufr+tajrmuftjrm;ay:aygufvmayonf? v#yf ppftcsufjyv+dif;rsm;tjzpfajymif;vJjyD;aom tvif;wef;rsm;udk tm&kHa-umrsm;rSwpfqifh 186

vlwpfa,mufonf/ ol.wpfoufwmvkH;wGif Tae&muav;rS xGufcGmoGm;I r&Edkifay? ol.OD;aESmufxJY cHpm;&onfh xdkv#yfppftcsufjyv+dif;rsm;uvGJI rnfonfhykH&dyfudkr# rawG‹ jrif&acs? vlwpfa,muf. b0wpfckvkH;onf Ttcef;i,fuav;wGifom jzpfay:aeay onf?

pm;yGJrS u|REfkyfwdk‹.rsufpdxJodk‹a&mufvmaomtvif;wef;rsm;udk v#yfppftcsufjyv+dif;tjzpf ajymif;vJoGm;jyD; puQKtm&kHcef;odk‹ ydk‹vdkuf.? trSefrSm OD;aESmufwGif;Y ykH&dyfay:&efum;csyf r&Sd acs? pm;yGJrSv#yfppftcsufjyv+dif; a&mufvmcsdefwGif puQKtm&kHcef;wGif ykH&dyfray:ay? pm;yGJay: wGif&Sdaom opfoD;0vHrsm;udk u|Ekfyfwdk‹awG‹jrif&onfhtcsdefor,wGif trSefpifppftm;jzifh OD; aESmufwGif;Y ydef;ydwfatmif arSmifrdkufaeaomae&mwGif v#yfppftcsufv+dif;rsm;udk t"dy`g,faz: ,ljyD; awG‹jrif-ujcif; jzpf.?

187

OD;aESmuf&SdpuQKtm&kHtcef;odk‹ a&mufoGm;avonf? xdktcg u|Efkyfwdk‹u “a&mifpkHopfoD; 0vH”rsm;udk awG‹jrifonf[k od&.? Tta-umif;t&mtao;pdwfudk ZD0aA'ESifh ZD0 urRaA'(physiology) pmtkyfwdkif;wGif zwf±+Edkifygonf? odk‹aomfvnf; tHh-ozG,ft aumif;qkH;tcsufwpfcsufrSm/ xdkpuQKtm&kHtcef;onf ydef;ydwfatmif arSmifrdkufaejcif; yif jzpf.? trSefrSm OD;aESmufwGif;Y ykH&dyfay:&efum;csyfvnf;r&Sdacs? pm;yGJrSv#yfppf tcsufjyv+dif; a&mufvmcsdefwGif puQKtm&kHcef;wGif ykH&dyfray:ay? pm;yGJay:wGif&Sdaom opfoD;0vHrsm;udk u|Ekfyfwdk‹awG‹jrif&onfhtcsdefor,wGif trSefpifppftm;jzifh arSmif rdkufaeaomae&mwGif v#yfppftcsufv+dif;rsm;udk t"dy`g,faz:,ljyD; jrif-ujcif;jzpfay onf? Tae&mwGif tcsufwpfcsufESifh yufyif;qkH&ygonf? u|Ekfyfwdk‹u puQKtm&kHcef;[kac:onfhae&monf/ tqD/ y&dkwif;ESifh tm&kHa-um rsm; pkaygif;xm;aomt&momv#if jzpfayonf? a&muf&Sdvmaom v#yfppftcsufjyv+dif; rsm;udk vufcHt"dy`g,faz:Edkifonfh yifudktpGrf;owWdr&Sday? odk‹jzpfygu/ arSmifrdkufae onfh OD;aESmufwGif rsufpdrvdktyfbJ v#yfppftcsufjyv+dif;rsm;udk -unfholonf rnfol jzpfygoenf;? Ttcsufyifv#if/ udpPt00t&mcyfodrf;udk tajccHj'yf0wˆKypPnf;jzifh &Sif;jy&ef -udK;pm;onfh &kyf0g'u b,faomtcgrS oabmraygufEdkifonfht&m jzpfayonf? &kyf0g'Dwdk‹tm; tarSmifwGif;odk‹ ac:aqmifoGm;onfhtcsufonfvnf;/ vltrsm;tm;jzifh oabmraygufEdkifonfhtcsuf jzpfaeayonf? arSmifrdkufaeaom u|Ekfyfwdk‹.OD;aESmufxJ wGif/ rsufpdrvdktyfbJ taumif;qkH;&kyfjrifoH-um;rSefum;csyfay:wGif jyxm;onfh ykHxuf ydkrdkjywfom;-unfvifI rlvypPnf;ESifhcGJjcm;Ir&Edkifavmufatmifwlonfh okH;bufwef pm;yGJykHudk awG‹jrifEdkifonfh a0ae,swpfrsdK; &Sdaeygonf? xdka0ae,sonf puQKtm&kHjzifh -unfvifjywfom;aomykH&dyfudk awG‹jrifEdkifay onf? ,if;t&nftcsif;onf tv†m[ft&Sifjrwf. “r+wfoGif;xm;aom0dnmOf”.t usdK;&vm'frsm;twGif;rS wpfckjzpfacsonf? xdk‹twl ,if;t&nftcsif;onf vlom;ESifh wd&pm>eftygt0if tjcm;aomouf&SdoufrJhrsm;.uGJjym;jcm;em;apaomta-umif;t&m rsm;pGmtwGif;rS ta-umif;wpfckvnf;jzpfonf? uk&ftmefusrf;awmfjrwf pl&mtvf[*s&f(15;28=30)wGif/ vlom;udk zefqif;csdef Y “0dnmOf”udk xnfhoGif;ay;vdkufa-umif; atmufygt"dy`g,ftwdkif; rdef‹qdkxm;awmf rl.? ‚if;jyif tcgwpfyg;Y toifhtm;zefqif;arG;jrLawmfrlaomt&Sifjrwfonf “r vmatum”aumif;uifwrefwdk‹tm; (Todk‹)rdef‹jum;awmfrlcJhavonf? {ueftrSef ig t&Sifjrwfonf vlom;udk ykHoGif;jyD;jzpfaom toHjrnfaom&GHŒykyfajcmufjzifh zefqif;awmf rlrnf jzpfayonf? wpfzef igt&Sifjrwfonf (vlom;.) xdkajr&kyfudk pepfwusjyD;pD;atmifjyKvkyf (zefqif;)awmfrlI ,if;(ajr&kyfwGif;)Y rdrdtxHawmfrS toufZD0defudk r+wfoGif; awmfrlvdkufaomtcg toifwdk‹onf xdkvlom;.a&SŒarSmufwGif ysyf0yfOD;cs-u avukef? odk‹jzpfay&m “rvmtdu[f”aumif;uifwreftaygif;wdk‹onf tm;vkH;yif toD; oD; p*sf'[fysyf0yf OD;cscJh-uavonf? 188

rlvykHpHESifh uGJjym;r+r&Sdjcif; xdk0dnmOfu vufcH&&Sdaom tcsuftvufwdk‹onf eudkrlvESifhuGJjym;jcm;em;r+r&Sd jcif;yifjzpfayonf? rlvj'yf0wˆKypPnf;ESifh wdkuf&dkufywfoufjcif;r&SdbJ OD;aESmufodk‹ a&mufvmaom v#yfppftcsufjyvd+if;rsm;rS a&mifpkHykHpHtrsdK;rsdK;ESifh aysmhaysmif;jcif; rm ausmjcif; ponfwdkudk eudkrlvtwdkif; awG‹jrifod&Sdjcif;yif tvGefxl;qef;tHh-ozG,f aumif;onfhtcsufjzpfonf? Oyrm/ {jr-unfvifaomyifv,fjyifwGif a&ul;aeolonf trSeftm;jzifh tHzG,f rcef;tjzpfwGif a&muf&Sdaeayonf? xdkolonf a&xJwGif ul;cwfaeonf[k xifae onf? odk‹aomfvnf; olonfrnfonfhtcgrS ol.arSmifrdkufaeaomOD;aESmufrS xGufvm jcif; r&Sday? a&xJodk‹pwif0ifa&mufonfhtcsdefor,rSpwifI/ ol.udk,fcE<mta& jym;ay:wGif vma&mufxdawG‹onfhv+H‹aqmfr+rsm;udk qJvfrsm;u v#yfppftcsufjyv+dif;rsm; tjzpfajymif;vJvdkufjyD; tm&kHa-umrsm;rSwpfqifh OD;aESmufodk‹ydk‹vdkufonf? 0dnmOfonf a&xJwGif ul;cwfrnfhajcvufrsm;ESifh a&pdkjcif;r&Sdaomfvnf;/ ol‹udk {jraoma& xdawG‹ aeonf/ ol‹tm; a&ay:odk‹aygavmay:aponf[k xl;qef;pGmcHpm;ae&onf? odk‹aomfvnf; xdkolonf yifv,fa&.ta&miftqif;/ tylcsdef/ a&v+dif;rsm;.t oH ponfwdk‹ESifh wdkuf&dkufxdawG‹-uHKawGŒjcif;r&Sdacs? ‚if;wdk‹tm;vkH;onf ol.OD;aESmuf wGif vufcH cHpm;aejcif;om jzpfayonf? vlwpfa,mufonf/ ol. udk,fcE<mESifhyif qufpyfr+r&Sday? odk‹aomfvnf; udk,fcE<mwGif;&Sd OD;aESmufodk‹a&mufvmonfh v#yfppf tcsufjyvd+if;rsm;udk t"dy`g,faz:aejcif;om jzpfayonf? TtHhzG,ftrSefw&m;udk ausmif;okH;pmtkyfrsm;wGif a&;om;xm;I ausmif;ESifhwuUodkvftwef;rsm;wGif oif-um; ae-uaomfvnf;/ vltrsm;tm;jzifh owdxm;rdjcif;r&Sd-uay? owdrlrdolwdk‹onfvnf; trsm;tm;jzifh em;vnfoabmaygufjcif; r&Sd-uacs?

&kyf0g'Dwdk‹u trSefw&m;udk oabmayguf&ef a-umuf&GHŒ-uonf xl;qef;I pdwfv+yf&Sm;zG,faumif;aom od&Sdjcif;jzifh/ TurBmay:&Sd &kyf0wˆK rsm;jzpfonfh=tdrf/ ydkifqdkifxm;onfhypPnf;rsm;/ ZeD;cifyGef;om;orD;rsm;/ rdbESifh rdwfo*F [taygif;taz:rsm;=ponfwdk‹onf oif.arSmifrdkufvsuf&SdaomOD;aESmufwGif ykH&dyfrsm; tjzpf vufcHod&Sdxm;jcif;om jzpfayonf? toifonf/ oif.OD;aESmufwGif;odk‹ v#yfppf tcsufjyv+dif;rsm;tjzpfa&mufvmaomykH&dyfrsm;udkom odjrifae&onf/ jyify&Sdt&mrsm; ypPnf;rsm;udk wdkuf&dkufrjrif&rxdawG‹& jyifyodk‹rxGufvmcJh&bJ xdkusOf;ajrmif;vSaom tcef;uav;wGifom aeae&onf[k/ rnfonfhtcgrsm; awG;awmrdjcif;&Sdygovm;? 0dnmOf&Sdjcif;udk jiif;qdkI/ j'yf0wˆKonfomv#if vkH;0O\kHy&rwfjzpfonf[k ,kH -unfol &kyf0g'Dwdk‹u Txif&Sm;ay:vGifaom trSefw&m;udk vufcHygu/ olwdk‹.b0udk wnfaqmufxm;aomtajccHrl0g'ESifhyef;wdkifrsm;udk ab;z,fpGef‹ypfvdkuf&rnf? TtHh zG,fudpPa-umifh a'goacsmif;acsmif;xGufvmojzifh/ rwwfomonfhtqkH;wGif xif&Sm; aejyD;om;trSefw&m;udk r±+yf±+yfatmif rqDravsmfonfhwifjycsufrsm;jzifh wdkufzsuf&ef -udK;yrf;-uavonf? tcsKdŒ&kyf0g'Dwdk‹u j'yf0wˆKypPnf;onf cHpm;r+omr[kwfa-umif; rd rdudk,fudk t&kHoGif;&eftwGuf/ pm;yGJudkvufoD;jzifhxkaxmif;jcif;/ tkwfeH&Hudkajcaxmuf jzifh uefausmufjcif; jyK-uonf? tcsdKŒ&kyf0g'Dwdk‹u/ wpfOD;wpfa,mufudk bwfpfum; wdkufjcif;onf/ "rR'd@mefusus “rSefuefonf”[k wifjy-uonf? olwdk‹u bwfpfum; wdkufrdjcif;rSaqmifhtm;a-umifh emusifjcif;onf OD;aESmufwGif;tm&kHcHpm;r+omjzpfI um;wdkufcH&olonf bwfpfum;ESifhwdkuf&dkufxdawG‹r+r&Sd[laomtcsufrSa&SmifxGufvdk-u 189

onf? aemufwpfcsufrSm bwfpfum;.aqmifh tm;udk arSmifrdkufvsuf&SdaomOD;aESmuf wGif/ vlom;.0dnmOfu cHpm;jcif;jzpfonf?

TurBmay:&Sd toifod&Sdxm;aom&kyfypPnf;rsm;tm;vkH;=oif.tdrf/ oifydkifypPnf;rsm;/ oif.ZeD;cif yGef;om;orD;rsm;/ oif.rdbrsm;ESifhtaygif;taz:rsm;=wdk‹onf/ oif.OD;acgif;wGif;arSmufrdkufae aomtcef;&Sd OD;aESmufxJwGif ykH&dyfrsm;tjzpfom cHpm;&jcif;jzpfa-umif; wpf-udrfwpfcgavmufrsm; awG;-unfhbl;ygovm;?

&kyf0g'Dwdk‹onf ordkif;.axmifacsmufwGif;Y rdae-uavjyD Materialists Have Fallen into The Trap in History

&kyf0g'onf vl‹ordkif;wpfav#mufvkH;wGif &SdcJhavonf? rdrdudk,fESifh rdrdwdk‹.t awG;tac:wGif,kH-unfpdwfcsvsuf&SdcJh-u&if;/ ‚if;wdk‹. zefqif;&Sifudk jiif;y,fykefuefcJh -uavonf? j'yfypPnf;onf tpr&SdtqkH;vnf;r&Sdojzifh ,if;udkzefqif;olvnf;r&SdEdkif [k vufcH,kH-unfxm;-uonf? olwdk‹.armufrmr+uyif olwdk‹udkzefqif;ysKd;axmif awmfrlaomtv†m[ft&Sifjrwfudk jiif;y,fI j'yfypPnf;“trSefwu,f”&Sdonf[k j'yf0wˆK ypPnf;wGifomv#ifouf0if,kH-unfudk;pm;-u.? armufrmaompdwf"gwfjzifh zefqif;&Sif tm; jiif;y,fonfholwdk‹.,kH-unfcsufudk y,fzsufEdkifavmufonfh &Sif;vif;wifjycsuf rsm; rnfonfhtcgr# ay:vmEdkifrnfr[kwf[k tcdkiftrm,kH-unfcJh-uavonf? csufcsif; vufiif;yif olwdk‹.b0tajccHxm;aomtcsufudk zsufqD;ypfvdkufojzifh aemufxyf aqG;aEG;wifjyae&efta-umif; r&Sdawmhacs? olwdk‹rsufpdrSdwfI pdwfcsvufcs,kH-unfxm; aom &kyfavmudk &kwfodrf;vdkufonfudk awG‹jrif-u&ayaomfvnf; rnfodk‹r#rwwfEdkif-u acs? vlom;onf j'yfypPnf;tppftrSefudk wdkuf&dkufjrifEdkifjcif;r&Sd/ toHrsm;udk wdkuf&dkuf -um;Edkifjcif;r&Sd/ teH‹tppftrSefrsm;udk wdkuf&dkuf±SLEdkifjcif;r&Sd jzpfaev#if/ u|Ekfyfwdk‹u &kyf0g'udk rnfodk‹xyfrH ajymqdkaqG;aEG;aep&m usefaeygao;oenf;? tv†m[ft&Sifjrwf.*k%fawmf yifudkt&nftcsif;rsm;teuf/ t&Sifjrwftm;r,kH -unfolwdk‹udk v#KdŒ0Suf-uHpnfjcif;jzpfayonf? uk&ftmefusrf;awmfjrwf pl&m tvftef zgvf 8;30 wGif“‚if;wdk‹onf v#KdŒ0Suf-uHpnfvsuf&Sd-u.? tv†m[ft&Sifjrwf onf 190

vnf; v#KdŒ0Suf-uHpnf.? pifppfwrlum; tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfonf taumif;qkH;-uHpnf Edkifawmfrlaomt&Sifjrwfyifjzpfawmfrlownf;?”[k az:jyxm;ayonf? j'yf0wˆKypPnf;trSefwu,fwnf&Sdonf[k &kyf0g'Dwdk‹,kH-unfatmif tv†m[ft &Sifjrwfu zefwD;xm;um oG,f0dkufIrawG‹rjrif&aombufrSaeI ‚if;wdk‹tm;t&SufuGJ aponf? &kyf0g'Dwdk‹onf olwdk‹ydkifqdkifaomOpPm"ersm;/ &mxl;&mcHrsm;/ toif;tyif; todkif;t0dkif;rsm;/ wurBmvkH;ESifhtwl t&mcyfodrf;onf trSefwu,f&Sdaomt&mrsm; tjzpf ,kH-unf-uojzifh/ olwdk‹.armufrm-uGm;0gr+rsm;jzifh tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfudkykefuef -uonf?

u|Efkyfwdk‹ESifhqufpyfaeonfhurBmavmuonf j'yf0wˆKypPnf;rsm;om yg0ifzGJ‹pnf;aeonfr[kwfbJ/ tm&kHcHpm;r+vnf; yg0ifvsuf&Sdonf? Ttcsufu &kyf0g'tawG;tac:udk tajccHupjyD;xdk;ESufacs zsufvdkufojzifh/ &kyf0g'Dwdk‹rSm aerxdxdkifromjzpf-uum Ttcsufudk rpOf;pm;&J-uawmhonfht jyif/ olwdk‹.&Jabmf&Jbufrsm;udkvnf; rpOf;pm;&ef ydwfyif-uonf? ‚if;wdk‹teuf t-uD;tuJrSm vDeifjzpfonf? vGefcJhonfh ESpfwpf&mavmufu ola&; om;aom Materialism and Empirio-Criticism [lonfhpmtkyfwGif/ &kyf0g'Dwdk‹onf TtcsufESifh ywfoufI rpOf;pm;oifha-umif;/ odk‹r[kwfygu bmoma&;wGif rdae-uvdrfhrnf[k a&;xm;onf? toifonf "rR'd@mefusaom trSefw&m;udk jiif;y,fvdkufonfESifhwpfjydKifwnf;/ ,kH-unf r+wGifomrlwnfjcif;udk wdkufcdkufonfhvuf eufqkH;±+H;oGm;avjyD? toifonf oHo,&Sd jcif; (0g)todtjrif[lor#onf cHpm;r+ay: wGif tajccHonf[k ,kH-unfaomtawG;tjrif (tZÆwWdu0g')odk‹ vGJacsmfoGm;avjyD? iSufu av;crsm vufonf;wpfacsmif;wnf;jzifh trd zrf;cH&&SmjyD? u|Efkyfwdk‹. rmcspf0g'Dwdk‹ (acwf opf,xmblw0g'udk awG;ac:wDxGifol -op -wD;,m;vlrsdK;tawG;tac:&Sif rmcsf.aemuf vdkufom;rsm;)u tawG;tjrify"ge0g'(0dOm%0g')wGif rdoGm;-uw,f? olwdk‹u “pdwftm&kH wGif cHpm;&jcif;”udk jyifyurBm.ykHwlr[kwfbJ oD;jcm;“t&dyfvuQ%mtiftm;pk”jzpfonf[k ,kHoGm;-uw,f? b,folŒpdwftm&kHrSr[kwfbl;/ b,folŒpdwfrSr[kwfbl;/ b,folŒ0dnmOfrSr[kwf bl;/ b,folŒpdwftiftm;rSvJr[kwfbl;?1 Tpmydk'fu/ &kyf0g'Dwdk‹taejzifh “j'yfypPnf;.obm0tppftrSef”ESifhywfoufI/ bmrSrajymra0 zefEdkifawmhojzifh/ rpOf;pm;bJ tomab;z,fxm;vdkuf&efom wwfEdkif-uawmha-umif; jyqdkvsuf &Sd.? &kyf0g'pdwful;,Ofonf vlwdk‹. rdrdudk,fudk vSnfhpm;jcif;rS qif;oufvmjcif;omjzpfa-umif; xif&Sm;aeayonf? 1. (V.I. Lenin, Materialism and Empirio-criticism, Progress Publications, Moscow, 1970, pp. 334-336)

olwdk‹.armufrm-uGm;0gr+rsm;jzifh tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfudkykefuefjcif;Y j'yf0wˆK ypPnf;wGif ,kH-unfr+uxyfrHIjznfhwif;vdkuf-uonf? xdkodk‹jyKusifh&mwGif olwdk‹onf j'yf0wˆKypPnf;udkomv#if wif;jynfhusyfjynfh tm;udk;tm;xm;jyK-uav&m tv†m[ft&Sif 191

jrwfonf ‚if;wdk‹tm; 0dkif;0ef;vsuf&Sdaejcif;udk em;vnfoabmaygufjcif;r&Sd-uacs? ‚if;wdk‹.acgif;rmr+uyif r,kH-unfolwdk‹.b0udk OD;aqmifvsuf&Sda-umif; uk&ftmef usrf;awmfjrwf pl&mtvfwl&f 52;42 wGifrdef‹qdkxm;ayonf? odk‹wnf;r[kwf ‚if;wdk‹ onf wpfpkHwpf&mraumif;-uHpnf&ef &nf&G,f-uavoavm? odk‹jzpfv#if ‘umzd&f’ aoGznfjiif;y,f-uukefaomolwdk‹onfyifv#if raumif;aom t-uHtpnfY rdae-uukef .? Twpf-udrfonfordkif;wGif olwdk‹twGuft-uD;us,fqkH;aom usqkH;r+yif jzpfayvdrfh rnf? olwdk‹.armufrmr+-uD;rm;vmonfESifhtr# tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfudkqef‹usifwdkufcdkuf &mwGif -uD;us,fqdk;&Gm;r+rsm;wDxGifaqmifusif;vm-uavatmif vSnfhjzm;cH&&if;jyif; xefaom±+H;edrfhjcif;ESifh -uKHawG‹-u&ayonf? aemufxyf pl&mtefEl;&f(24;39) wGif “odk‹&mwGif umzd&f r,kHr-unfaoGznfjiif; y,faomolwdk‹onf ‚if;wdk‹.jyKusifhr+wdk‹rSmrlum; oJaomifjyifY&Sdaom wHv#yfyrm jzpfay&m a&rGwfodyfaomolwdk‹onf xdkvif;v#yfudkyif a&[lIxifrSwfavonf? aemufqkH;wGif‚if;onf xdkwHv#yfteD;odk‹a&mufvwfaomf wpfpkHwpf&mr#rawG‹&acs?” [k az:jyxm;.? &kyf0g'onfvnf; Ttm,ofawmfwGifjyqdkxm;ouJhodk‹ xdkykefuefol rsm;twGuf (wHvSyf)“wHv#yf”omv#ifjzpfacsawmhonf? olwdk‹tm;udk;tm;xm;jyKaom &kyf0g'onfvnf; wHvSyfuJhodk‹ pdwful;,OfxJYom usef&pfaeawmhonf? tv†m[ft &Sifjrwfonf xdkolwdk‹udk wHvSyfuJhodk‹aom t&dyfta,mifrsm;jzifhvSnfhpm;cJhacsjyD? *k%foa&&SdemrnfausmfygarmuQrsm;/ euQwWaA'ynm&Sifrsm;/ ZD0aA'ynm&Sif rsm;/ &lyaA'ynm&Sifrsm;ESifhtjcm;tjcm;aomemrnf-uD;rsm;u olwdk‹.&mxl;XmeEW&awG udkyif rtm;emawmhbJ aoG;aqmifvSnfhjzm;jcif;cH&if; r&Sufra-umuf j'yf0wˆKypPnf;udk bk&m;tjzpfudk;uG,fqnf;uyf-uonf? ykH&dyfrsm;udk pkaygif;I y&rwftjzpfowfrSwfum ,if;wdk‹tay:tajccHjyD; tawG;tac:trsdK;rsdK; oDtdk&DtrsdK;rsdK;csrSwf-uonf? xdkoDtdk&D rsm;udk t-uD;tus,fjiif;ckHaqG;aEG;-ujyefonf? rdrdudk,fudk ynmOm%f tifrwefjrifhrm; onf[kxifrSwfjyD; bk&m;oQif(tv†m[ft&Sifjrwf)ESifhywfoufI ynm&SifaqG;aEG;jiif;ckH jcif;jyK-uonf? tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfu xdkolwdk‹ESifhywfoufI uk&ftmefusrf;awmfjrwf pl &mtmavhtDrf&mef (3;54)wGif “,if;olwdk‹onfvnf; vdrRmyg;eyfpGm -uHpnfcJh-u.? tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfonfvnf; y&d,m,fa00kpfjzifhyif -uHaqmifawmfrlcJhavonf? trSef aomfum; tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfonf y&d,m,fa00kpfjzifh -uHaqmifolrsm;xuf taumif; qkH;-uHaqmifawmfrlEdkifaom t&Sifjrwfyif jzpfawmfrlayownf;?”[k rdef‹qdkxm;awmfrl .? tcsdKŒaomy&d,m,f-uHpnfr+rsm;rS vGwfajrmufEdkifygvdrfhrnf? odk‹aomfvnf; t v†m[ft&Sifjrwfu umzd&frsm;ESifhywfoufI -uHpnfaomy&d,m,fa00kpfudkrl a&Smifwdrf; Edkifrnfr[kwfay? tv†m[ft&SifjrwfrSvGJI olwdk‹urnfol.ulnDapmifrr+udkr# &SmawG‹ Edkif-urnfr[kwfay? uk&ftmefusrf;awmfjrwf pl&mtefeDqmtf (4;173)wGif/ “‚if;jyif xdkolwdk‹onf rdrdwdk‹tbdk‹ tv†m[ft&SifjrwfrSwyg; tjcm;rnfolwOD;wa,mufudkr# taqGcifyGef;tjzpfESifh‚if;/ ulnDapmifrrnfholtjzpf‚if;/ awG‹&Sd-u &rnfr[kwfacs?” [k rdef‹awmfrlxm;.? &kyf0g'Dwdk‹u/ Ttcsufonf olwdk‹udk tv†m[ft&SifjrwfYom v$wfxm;vdkufjyD jzpfa-umif;owd&vmonfhtcgwGif olwdk‹.,kH-unfcsuftwGuf tqdk;qkH;tajctaejzpf aea-umif;udk od&Sd-uavonf? xdk‹a-umifh tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfonf olwdk‹udka&m t&mcyf odrf;udkyg 0ef;&Hv$rf;jcHKaea-umif; oabmaygufvm-uawmhonf?

192

uk&ftmefusrf;awmfjrwfwGif tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfu u|Efkyfwdk‹vlom;rsm;tm;vkH; onf/ t&Sifjrwfa&SŒawmfarSmufwGif rnfol.ulnDapmifrr+udkr#r&SdbJ txnf;wnf;b0 wGif &Sdae-ua-umif; owday;xm;awmfrl.? (tdk=eADwrefawmf) toifonf igt&Sifjrwftm;vnf;aumif;/ t-uifoltm; vnf;aumif;/ v$wfxm;ygav? igt&Sifjrwfonf ‚if;tm;wpfOD;wnf; zefqif; awmfrl.? (pl&mtvfrk'wfpd&f 74;11) Tta-umif;ESifhywfoufI tjcm;uk&ftmeftm,ofawmftajrmuftjrm;wGif vnf;/ xyfrHaz:jyxm;awmfrlonf? ‚if;jyif toifwdk‹onf igt&SifjrwftxHawmfodk‹ yxrrlvu igt&Sifjrwf t oifwdk‹tm; zefqif;awmfrlonfhtwdkif;yif wa,mufpD/ wa,mufpD vm-uavjyD? ‚if; jyif toifwdk‹onf igt&Sifjrwfu toifwdk‹tm; csD;jr‡ifhay;oem;awmf rlcJhonfh (OpPm ypPnf;)rsm;udkvnf; rdrdwdk‹aemufwGif pGef‹xm;cJh-uavjyD? (pl&m tvfrmath'[f 6;94) pifppf ‚i;fwdk‹teuf toD;oD;wdk‹onf xdkt&SifjrwftxHawmfodk‹ ud,mrwf &Sifjyefxrnfhae‹wGif wpfOD;csif; vma&muf&rnfholrsm;omv#if jzpf-uukefownf;? (pl&mr&f,mrf 19;95) aemufwpfenf;t"dy`g,faumufaomf/ Tuk&ftmeftm,ofawmfrsm;u j'yf0wˆK udk olwdk‹.bk&m;tjzpfudk;uG,f,kH-unfolwdk‹onf tv†m[ft&SifjrwfxHawmfrS vmcJh-u ojzifh t&SifjrwfxHawmfodk‹omv#if jyefoGm;-u&rnfom jzpfonf? olwdk‹onf rdrdwdk‹t vdk&Sdonfjzpfap r&SdonfbJjzpfap tv†m[ft&SifjrwfxHawmfodk‹ tyfESif;-u&rnfom jzpf ayonf? ,QKtcsdefwGif=olwdk‹uoabmraygufvdk-uao;aomfvnf;=rdrdjyKusifhcJhor#udk ajz-um;&ef olwdk‹udk qifhac:rnfh au,mrwf(aemufqkH;w&m;pD&ifrnfh)ae‹udk apmifhqdkif; ae-uonf?

193

tDAdkvl;&Sif; vdrfvnfvSnfhjzm;r+ Tp-um0Vm&Sd tao;pdwft&mcyfodrf;wdk‹onf omvGef-uD;us,fjrifhjrwfawmfrl aomzefqif;&Sifudk n$efjyvsuf&Sdonf? qef‹usifbuftjzpf/ p-um0Vmonf zefqif;jcif; jzpfonf[laomtcsufudk jiif;y,fonfh &kyf0g'onf odyH`enf;rusaom rSm;,Gif;r+wpfck jzpfonf? &kyf0g'onf w&m;r0ifysufjy,foGm;onfESifhwjydKifwnf;/ ‚if;ay:wGiftajccH aom tawG;tac:tm;vkH;wdk‹onfvnf; tajccHrlr&SdbJ ysufjy,foGm;ayonf? xdktawG; tac:rsm;teuf 'g0if0g'onf OD;qkH;xdyfqkH;wGif yg0ifayonf? touf[lonf oufrJh j'yf0wˆKypPnf;rS tvdkvdkrawmfwqjzpfay:vmonf[laom ToDtdk&Donf/ tv†m[ft &Sifjrwfu p-um0VmwpfckvkH;udk zefqif;onf[k todtrSwfjyKonfESifhtwl ysufjy,f oGm;onf? euQwW&lyaA'ynm&Sif tar&duefvlrsdK; [wf*fa&mhpfu TudpPudk atmufyg twdkif; &Sif;jyxm;.? 18=&mpkESpftwGif; ay:aygufvmcJhonfh bk&m;rJh0g'/ 'g0if0g' ESifh tjcm;tvm;wl “tpf Zif;=0g'”tm;vkH;wdk‹onf/ p-um0VmonftqkH;r&Sd[laom rSm;,Gif;aomxifjrif,lqcsuf tay:wGif wnfaqmufcJh-ujcif; jzpfonf? touf&Sifjcif;tygt0if olrwlxl;jcm;aom vuQ%mt&nftcsif;&Sdjcif;ESifh p-um0VmwpfckvkH;.jyifytjyif/ p-um0Vmr&SdrDtcsdefu tjzpfrsm;/ jzpfapjcif; jzpfapol ponfhta-umif;w&m;rsm;u u|Efkyfwdk‹. rsufarSmufwGif 125 bGif;bGif;-uD; az:jyaeayonf?

p-um0VmwpfckvkH;udk tvGefao;i,faomtao;pdwftxd ykHpHcsIzefqif;ol onf tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfyifjzpfonf? xdk‹a-umifh tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&D.tqdkjzpfonfh ouf &Sdt&mrsm;onf rawmfwq-uHK-udufI ol‹tvdkvdkjzpfay:vmonf[laomtqdkrSm rSef uefzG,f&mta-umif; r&Sdacs? tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Dudk avhvm-unfhaomtcg/ acwfopfodyH`ynmawG‹&Sdcsufrsm; u rrSefuefa-umif; vlod&Sif-um; pGwfpGJ±+wfcsvdkufonfrSm tH-ozG,f&mr&Sday? ouf&Sd ypPnf;wdk‹. wnfaqmufr+ykHpHu tifrwef±+yfaxG;I ododomomxif&Sm;vsuf&Sdonf? oufrJhypPnf;rsm;wGif tifrweftxdrcHatmif tao;pdwfjcif;udk twrftEkjrLwdk‹. wnfaqmufr+wGif [efEdkifjcif;tajctaersm;udk avhvmjcif;jzifh od&SdEdkifayonf? xdk twrfrsm; tcsif;csif;aygif;pyfI ±+wfaxG;vSaom y&dkwif;rsm;/ tifZdkif;rfrsm;ESifh qJvf rsm;udk xkwfvkyf jcif;udpPonf tHhrcef;avmufatmif qef;us,fvSayonf? TtHhrcef;aomqef;us,fvSonfh ouf&SdypPnf;wdk‹.ykHpHrsm;onf 'g0if.oDtdk&D wpfenf;tm;jzifh 'g0if0g'udk 20=&mpkESpfukefydkif;wGif w&m;r0ifa-umif; y,fzsufvdkuf avonf? Tta-umif;ESifhywfoufI u|Ekfyfwdk‹. tjcm;avhvma&;rsm;wGif tawmftwef tao;pdwfI az:jycJhayjyD? odk‹aomfvnf; ‚if;oDtdk&D. rSm;,Gif;r+rsm;udk em;vnfoabm ayguf&ef tvGefta&;-uD;aoma-umifh/ Tae&mwGifvnf; twdkcsKH;I xyfrHaz:jyoifh onf[k ,lqygonf? 194

odyH`ynmt& 'g0if0g' jydKysufjcif; The Scientific Collapse of Darwinism

TtawG;tac:onf a&S;a[mif; *&d vlrsdK;rsm;txd a&S;usaom tawG;tac:jzpf aomfvnf;/ tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Donf 19=&mpk ESpfa&mufrS tus,fw0if‹ ysHESH‹cJhayonf? od yH`ynmavmuwGif -uD;xGm;jyef‹oGm;jcif;. t a&;-uD;qkH;ta-umif;&if;rSm 1859=ckESpfwGif ykHESdyfxkwfa0aom csm;vfpf 'g0if. rsdK;pkrsm; pwifay:aygufvmykH [laompmtkyfa-umifh jzpfonf? xdkpmtkyfwGif/ 'g0ifursdK;rwlaom ouf&SdrsdK;pkrsdK;EG,frsm;udk bk&m;oQiftv†m[f t&Sifjrwfu zefqif;xm;jcif;tcsufudk jiif; y,fxm;onf? 'g0if.tqdkt&/ ouf&Sdt&m tm;vkH;wdk‹onf pwifaygufzGm;cJhonfh wpfck wnf;aomouf&SdypPnf;rS wpfppDtenf;i,f pD ajymif;vJvmcJhjcif;jzifh ajrmufjrm;pGmaom rsdK;pkrsdK;EG,frsm; jyef‹yGm;vmcJhonf[k qdkonf?

csm;vfpf 'g0if

'g0if.oDtdk&Donf/ cdkifrmaomodyH` ynmawG‹&Sdcsufrsm;tay:wGif tajccHjcif; r[kwfacs? oludk,fwdkifuvnf; “,lqcsuf” wpfckom jzpfa-umif; 0efcHxm;onf? ol. pmtkyfrS “oDtdk&D.tcuftcJrsm;” [laom tcef;wGif tus,fw0ifh&Snfvsm;pGmjzifh ta&;-uD;onfhtcsuftajrmuftjrm;udk ajzEdkif jcif;r&Sdao;a-umif; 0efcHxm;onf? 'g0ifu ol.oDtdk&DrSefuefa&;twGuf &ifqdkifae&aom“oDtdk&D. tcuftcJ rsm;”udk odyH`ynm ydkrdkwdk;wufvmaomtcsdefwGif topftopfaomawG‹&Sdcsufrsm;u ajz&Sif;ay;Edkifvdrfhrnf[k ar#mfvifhcJh.? odk‹aomfvnf;/ 'g0if.ar#mfvifhcsufESifhqef‹usif I/ odyH`ynmwdk;wufr+wdkif;u tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&D.tajccHwifjycsufwpfckpDonf tajc tjrpfr&Sda-umif;udkom az:xkwfvsuf&Sdojzifh xdktcuftcJrsm;udk ydkrdkus,fjyef‹aponf? 'g0if0g' (tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&D). odyH`ynmavmuwGif ±+H;edrfhoGm;jcif;udk acgif; pOf okH;ckcGJI avhvmEdkifayonf? 1? ToDtdk&Donf/ urBmay:wGif touf odk‹r[kwf ouf&SdypPnf; yxrqkH; rnfodk‹ay:aygufvmcJhonfudk r±Sif;jyEdkifacs? 2? ToDtdk&Duwifjyaom “tDAdkvl;&Sif;,EW&m;rsm;”onf/ tDAdkvl;&Sif;jzpfpOfY rnfodk‹aomoufa&mufr+r# r±Sdacs? 3? ausmufjzpf&kyf-uGif;rSwfwrf;rsm;onf ToDtdk&D.ar#mfvifhcsufrsm;ESifh vkH;0 qef‹usifvsuf &Sdaeayonf? 195

Ttcef;wGif Tacgif;pOfokH;ckjzifh ta&;-uD;onfhtcsufrsm;udk tusOf;csKyfI qef;ppfygrnf?

ausmfv$m;Ir&Edkifaom yxrqkH;twm;tqD; = touf.tprlvblw The First Insurmountable Step: The Origin of Life

tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Du/ ouf&SdowW0gwdk‹onf vGefcJhonfh ESpfoef;aygif;okH;aomif; &SpfaxmifausmfcJhaomtcsdefumvY/ jzpfay:cJhaom ouf&SdqJvfwpfckrS qif;oufvmcJh onf[k wifjyxm;ayonf? xdkwpfckwnf;aomouf&SdqJvfrS oef;ESifhcsDaomouf&Sd owW0grsm; rnfuJhodk‹jzpfay:vmcJhonf/ tu,fI xdkodk‹jzpfcJhygu tb,fha-umifh ausmufjzpf&kyf-uGif;rsm;Y ,if;wdk‹wpfqifhpDjzpfvmcJhonfhoJvGefprsm;udk rawG‹&Sd&onf/ ponfhta-umif;rsm;udk tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Du &Sif;jyEdkifjcif;r&Sdacs? xdk‹a-umifh tDAdkvl;&Sif; jzpfpOf. yxrtqifhjzpfonfh “yxrOD;qkH;ouf&SdqJvf”onf rnfodk‹jzpfay:vmcJh oenf; [laomar;cGef;udk OD;pGmar;&ygrnf? tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Du/ zefqif;jcif;udkjiif;y,fxm;I/ rnfonfhobm0vGeftif tm;. 0ifa&mufpGufzufjcif;udkr# vufrcHaoma-umifh/ xdk“yxrOD;qkH;qJvf”onf/ -udK wifpDrHxm;aom ykHpHESifh pDrHudef;r&SdbJ obm0ed,mrw&m;t& rawmfwq-uHK-udKufI jzpfay:vmcJhonf[k qdk.? ToDtdk&Dt& oufrJhj'yfypPnf;rsm;u xdkouf&Sd qJvfudk -uHK -udKufwdkufqdkifr+jzifh jzpfay:vmonf[k qdkonf? TtqdkrSm vuf&Sd od&Sdxm;jyD;jzpfaom ZD0aA'ed,mrrsm;tm;vkH;ESifh qef‹usifbufjzpfaeayonf?

“toufonf toufrSomqif;oufvm.” "Life Comes from Life"

'g0ifu ol.pmtkyfwGif touf.rlvblwta-umif;udk a&;om;az:jyxm;jcif; r&Sdacs? ol.acwfwGif &SdcJhaom a&S;usaeao;onfhodyH`ynmt& 'g0ifuvnf; touf &Sdjcif;onf tvGef&Sif;vif;&dk;pif;aomudpPtjzpf oabmaygufcJhayonf? tv,facwf rsm;rSpI ,kH-unfcJh-uaom “tvdktavsmufjzpfay:jcif;”oDtdk&Dt&/ oufrJhypPnf;rsm; pk aygif;jcif;jzifh ouf&SdypPnf;rsm;rawmfwqtvdktavsmufjzpfay:vmEdkifonf[k ,kH-unf -uayonf? xdkacwfwGif tpm;tpmt-uGif;tusefrsm;rS ydk;r$m;rsm;tvdkvdkjzpfay:vmI/ -uGufrsm;onfvnf; qefpyg;*sKHrsm;rS jzpfay:aygufzGm;vmonf[k vlwdkif;u,kH-unfcJh -uonf? xdk,kH-unfcsufudk oufaoxl&ef pdwf0ifpm;zG,faumif;aom prf;oyfcsuf rsm;vnf; vkyf-u.? *sKHaphtenf;i,fudk t0wfprsm;wGifjzef‹usJxm;jcif;jzifh r-umrDt wGif; ‚if;wdk‹aygif;pyfjcif;jzifh -uGufuav;rsm;ay:aygufvmonf[k xif-uonf? xdkenf;wl/ tom;prsm;rS avmufaumifrsm;jzpfay:vmonfudk-unfhI/ touf[l onf oufrJhypPnf;rsm;rS tvdkvdkay:aygufvmonf[laom,kH-unfcsufudkaxmufcHonfh oufaoom"ujzpfonf[k ,lq-uonf? aemifaomtcgwGif xdkavmufaumifrsm; onf tom;prsm;.rsufESmjyifrS tvdkvdkjzpfay:vmjcif;r[kwfa-umif; u|Efkyfwdk‹.rsuf pdjzifh rjrifEdkifaom ,ifaumifrsm;Ocsxm;cJhaomOrsm;rSavmufaumifrsm;aygufzGm;vm jcif;jzpfa-umif; od&Sdvm-uavonf?

196

'g0ifu rsdK;pkrsm;pwifjzpfay:vmjcif; pmtkyfudk a&;om;onfhtcsdefwGif/ buf wD;&D;,m;ydk;rsm;onf tZD00wˆKypPnf;rsm;rS jzpfay:vmEdkifonf[k odyH`avmuwpfckvkH; u vufcH,kH-unf-uayonf? 'g0if.pmtkyfudk ykHESdyfxkwfa0jyD;aemuf ig; ESpft-umwGif emrnfausmf-um;onfh ZD0aA' yg&*l vl;0dpf ygpcsmu tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&D. t"dutajccHjzpfaom ‚if;,kH-unfcsufudk tjyD;ydkifzsufqD;vdkufavonf? ol.ESpfaygif; rsm;pGm okawoejyKcJhjcif;rS tajzudk aemufqkH; pkaygif;vdkufjcif;jzifh “oufrJhypPnf;rsm;rSt oufjzpfay:vmEdkifonf[laomtqdkjyKcsufudk ordkif;wGiftjyD;tydkif jr‡KyfESHypfvdkufavjyD?”[k a-ujimcJhavonf? ygpusmu 1864=ckESpfY qdk;bGef;wuUodkvfwGifa[majymcJhaom ol. rdef‹cGef;wGif “ol.&dk;pif;vSaom vufawG‹prf;

ol.vufawG‹prf;oyfcsufrsm;jzifh/ vl;0dpfyg

pGm a-unmcJhonf?

y,f zsufypfonf?

oyfcsufa-umifh/ toufonf ol‹tvdktavsmuf pusmonf tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&D. tajccHtkwf jzpf ay:vmEdkifonf [laomtawG;tac: aemuf jrpfjzpfaom “ouf rJhypPnf;rsm;u toufudk xyfevHxlEdkifawmhrnfr[kwf”126 [k atmifjrif zef w D ; jzpf a y:apEd k i f o nf ” [l a omtqd k u d k tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Dudk umuG,folwdk‹u ygpusm.awG‹&Sdcsufrsm;udk ESpfaygif;t wef-umtxd qef‹usifcJh-uonf? odk‹aomfvnf;/ odyH`ynmqufvufwdk;wufr+rsm;u ouf&SdqJvf. eufeJ±+yfaxG;aom wnfaqmufr+rsm;udkaz:xkwfojzifh touf[lonf ol‹tvdkvdk jzpfay:vmEdkifjcif;tqdkonf rjzpfEdkifa-umif;ydkrdk xif&Sm;vmayonf?

20=&mpkESpftwGif;rS tusdK;r&Sdaom-udK;yrf;r+rsm; Inconclusive Efforts in the Twentieth Century

20=&mpkESpftwGif; tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&DrS touf&Sifjcif;.rlvblwta-umif;udk OD;qkH;udkifwG,folonf &k&Sm;vlrsdK;emrnfausmfZD0aA'yg&*l tvufZENm; tdkyg&if jzpfay onf? 1930=ckESpfrsm;wGif ouf&SdqJvfonf tvdktavsmufjzpfay:vma-umif; oufao xlEdkif&ef tdkyg&ifu -udK;yrf;cJhayonf? xdk-udK;yrf;r+rsm;onf tv[\jzpfcJhojzifh tdkyg&ifonfvnf; aemufqkH;wGif atmufygtwdkif; 0efcH&avonf? “ouf&SdqJvf. tprlvblwta-umif;onf/ &SmazGaz:xkwfIr&ao;aomtcsuftjzpf usefaeao;onf rSm uHqdk;onf[k qdk&ayrnf? trSefrSm ,if;tcsufonf tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&DtwGuf arSmifrdkufqkH; tcsufyifjzpfayonf?”127 ygarmuQtdkyg&if.ajc&maemufudkvdkufI touf&Sdjcif;. rlvblwta-umif; udk ajz±Sif;Edkif&ef tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'Drsm;u qufvufI -udK;yrf;-uavonf? vlodtrsm; qkH; tar&duefvlrsdK; "gwkaAyg&*ljzpfol pwifavrDv†mu "gwfaiG‹rsm;udk pkaygif;jcif; jzifh "gwfcGJcef;vufawG‹prf;oyfcsufjyKvkyfcJhonf? pwifavrDv†m.tqdkt& urBmOD; avxktajctaewGif&SdEdkifonfh ola&mpyfxm;aom"gwfaiG‹rsm;udk pGrf;tm;ay;jcif;jzifh y&dkwif;wnfaqmufr+wGif yg0ifonfh ZD0tajccHjzpfaom"gwfaygif;armfvD-uLrsm;(trdkif Edktufqpfrsm;)tcsdKŒudk xkwfvkyfEdkifonf[k tqdkjyKwifjyavonf? 197

xdkprf;oyfcsufudk xdkacwfumvwGif tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&D. ta&;-uD;aomtqifh wpfcktjzpf -obmay;cJh-uayonf? xdkodk‹a-unmjyD;aemufydkif; r-umrDtwGif;/ odyH` ynm&Siftajrmuftjrm;wdk‹u rDv†mwifjyaom"gwfa&mtajctaeonf urBmOD;avxk wGif trSefwu,f&SdcJhaomtajctaeESifh rudkufnDa-umif; axmufjyjcif;jzifh ,if;wifjy csufudk y,fzsufvdkuf-uavonf?128 ESpfaygif;twef-umonftxd rDv†mu wdwfwqdwfaecJh&mrS aemufqkH;wGif ol ."gwfcGJcef;prf;oyfcsufwGiftokH;jyKcJhaom "gwfaiG‹"gwfa&monf urBmOD;avxkwGif trSefwu,f&SdEdkifcJhaomavxkESifh rudkufnDEdkifojzifh/ ol.prf;oyfcsufonfvnf; rSef uefjcif;r&Sda-umif; 0efcH&ayonf?129 tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'Dwdk‹u 20=&mpkESpftwGif; tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&DESifh udkufnDaom t ouf.rlvblwESifhywfoufonfh -udK;yrf;csufrsm;tm;vkH;rSmvnf; t±+H;ESifhom ed*kH;csKyf ukef-uavonf? qef;'D,m*dk&Sd pu&dbfwuUodkvfrS blrd"gwkaA'yg&*l *sufz&Dbm'g onfvnf;/ ,if;trSefw&m;udk vufcHa-umif;/ 1998=ckESpfwGifxkwfa0aom Earth r*~Zif;wGif aqmif;yg;wpfyk'fY atmufygtwdkif;a&;om;cJhayonf? ,ae‹ u|Efkyfwdk‹onf 20&mpkESpfudk ausmfvGefaeygjyD? 20&mpkESpft0ifpwGif -uHKcJhaom t-uD; us,fqkH;jy\emudk ,ae‹vnf; ajz&Sif;Ir&-uao;yg? ,if;jy\emrSm = urBmajr-uD; 130 rnfuJhodk‹pwifcJhoenf; [laomar;cGef;yifjzpfayonf?

touf&Sifjcif;. eufeJ±+yfaxG;aomwnfaqmufr+ The Complex Structure of Life

touf.rlvblwESifhywfoufI tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&DtcuftcJESif-uHKawG‹ acsmif ydwfrdae&onfht"dutcsufrSm/ tvG,fqkH;t&dk;qkH;wnfaqmufr+&Sdonf[k xif&aom ouf&Sdt&myifv#if tvGefw&meufeJ±+yfaxG;onfh wnfaqmufr+rsm;&Sdaeaoma-umifh jzpfayonf? ouf&SdqJvfwpfckonf vlom;wkd‹. wufEdkvdk*sDtwwfynmrsm;rS xkwf vkyfaom pufu&d,mrsm;xuf ydkrdkIcufcJeufeJayonf? urBmay:&Sdtwdk;wufqkH; acwftrSDqkH;"gwfcGJcef;wGif tZD0ypPnf;rsm;udk,laqmifvmI ouf&SdqJvfwpfckudk xkwf vkyf-urnfqdkv#ifyif rjzpfEdkifacs? ouf&SdqJvfwpfck jzpfay:vmEdkifrnfhvdktyfonfhtajctaeonf/ ol‹tvdkvdk-uHK -udKufIjzpfay:vmEdkifonf[k &Sif;jyEdkifjcif;xuf ydkrdkeufeJaeayonf? ysrf;r#tm;jzifh trdkifEdktufppf 500 yg±Sdonfh y&dkwif;wpfck ol‹tvdkvdkjzpfay:vmEdkif&eftcGifhtvrf; onf tykHaygif; 10950 ykH. 1 ykHom±Sdayonf? ocsFmbmomt& tcGifhtvrf;aygif; 1050 ykH. 1 ykHom&Sdjcif;udk okntcGifhtvrf; odk‹r[kwf rjzpfEdkif[k owfrSwf-uay onf? ouf&SdqJvf. EsL;uvd,ufwGifyg&Sdonfh rsdK;ADZqdkif&mtcsuftvufrsm;yg&Sd aom 'Dtifat(DNA)armfvD-uLonf/ r,kH-unfavmufaom tcsuftvufpkaqmif;&m b%fwdkuf-uD;jzpfayonf? tu,fI vlom;. 'DtifatrsdK;ADZv#dKŒ0Suf tcsuftvuf rsm;udk pm&Gufay:wGifa&;csygu pmrsufESmaygif; 500 ygonfh pmtkyfapmifa&aygif; 900 ±Sdonfh pm-unhfwdkufwpfck &±Sdrnfjzpfayonf? aemufxyfpdwf0ifpm;zG,ftcsufwpfcsufudk xyfrHjznfhpGuf&ygrnf? 'Dtifat onf/ txl;pDrHxm;aom y&dkwif;(tifZdkif;rf)rsm;.tultnDjzifhomv#if ykHwlul; yGm; rsm;Edkifayonf? odk‹aomfvnf; xdktifZdkif;rfrsm;udk xkwfvkyfEdkifrnfh tcsuftvufrsm; onfvnf;/ 'DtifatwGif yg&Sdaeayonf? xdkt&mESpfckpvkH;onf tcsif;csif;rSDcdkae&o 198

jzifh olwdk‹ESpfrsdK;pvkH;onf wjydKifwnf; ay:ayguf&rnfjzpfayonf? Ttcsufuyif touf[lonf ol‹tvdkvdkjzpfay:vmEdkifonf [laomZmwfvrf;twGuf vrf;ydwfoGm; avonf? TtrSefw&m;ESifhywfoufI pef;'D,m*dkwuUodkvfrS tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'D ygarmuQ vufpav tdk*sJvfu 1994=ckESpf atmufwdkbmvxkwf Scientific American (tar&d uef odyH`ynm) r*~Zif;wGif atmufygtwdkif; 0efcHxm;ayonf?

tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Dudk ysufjy,fapaomtcsufrsm;teuf/ touf.tifrwef±+yfaxG;aomwnf aqmufr+jzpfonf? qJvf.tv,fA[dkEsL;uvd,ufwGif&Sdonfh 'DtifatarmfvD-uLonf xdk±+yf axG;r+twGuf Oyrmwpfckjzpfonf? 'Dtifatonf armfvD-uLav;rsdK;. uGJjym;aomtpDtpOfrsm; udk rSwfom;xm;onfh tcsuftvufpkaqmif;xm;&m b%fwdkuf-uD;jzpfonf? Ttcsuftvuf pkaqmif;xdef;odrf;xm;aomb%fwdkuf-uD;wGif ouf&Sdt&mwpfck. &kyfqif;t*Fgqdkif&m tcsuft vuftm;vkH; yg0if.? vlom;wpfa,muf.'Dtifattcsuftvufrsm;udk pmvkH;jzifh a&;csvdkuf ygu twGJaygif; 900=yg0ifonfh usrf;-uD;wpfapmifudk &&Sdvdrfhrnf? Todk‹aom tHhzG,ftcsuft vufrsm;uyif touf&Sifjcif;onf rawmfwq-uHKI jzpfay:vmonf[laomtcsufudk acsrkef;ypf ayonf? wnfaqmufr+eufeJ±+yfaxG;vGef;aom y&dkwif;ESifhEsL;uvD,uftufppfESpfrsdK;pvkH;onf/ w ae&mwnf; wpfcsdefwnf;wGif jzpfay:Edkifrnfhtcsufonf tvGefw&mroifhawmfaom tcsuf jzpfayonf? wpfcsdefwnf;wGifvnf; xdkt&mESpfckwdk‹onf wpfckr&Sdv#if aemufwpfckvnf; r&SdEdkifacs? xdk‹a-umifh/ yxrqkH;tcsuftaeESifh/ touf[lonf "gwkaA'enf;t& ay:ayguf 131 vmEdkifjcif;r&Sd[k ed*Hk;csKyf&rnfom jzpfayonf?

touf[lonf obm0tavsmuf ol‹tvdkvdkay:aygufvmEdkifjcif;r&Sdygu/ t ouf[lonf obm0vGeftjzpfjzifh “zefqif;xm;jcif;”jzpfa-umif;udk vufcH&rnfom jzpfayonf? TtrSefw&m;u/ tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&D. tajccH&nf&G,fcsufonf zefqif; jcif;udk jiif;y,f&efomjzpfa-umif;jyqdkI tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&D w&m;r0ifa-umif; y,fzsuf vdkufayonf?

tDAdkvl;&Sif;.pdwful;,Of,EW&m;rsm; Imaginary Mechanisms of Evolution

'g0if.oDtdk&D w&m;r0ifa-umif;az:jyy,fzsufvdkufonfh 'kwd,tcsufrSm ,if; oDtdk&D. “tDAdkvl;&Sif;.,EW&m;rsm;”[k ac:aomcH,lcsufESpfckwdk‹onf/ trSefpif 199

ppftm;jzifh tDAdkvl;&Sif;(wpfpwpfptvdktavsmufqifhuJajymif;vJjcif;)tiftm; uif;rJh jcif;yif jzpfayonf? 'g0ifu ol.tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Dudk wifjy&mwGif “obm0tavsmufa&G;cs,f jcif;”Yomv#if qufpyfxm;ayonf? xdka&G;cs,fr+,EW&m;onf rnfr#ta&;-uD;onfudk ol.pmtkyfrS The Origin of Species, By Means of Natural Selection...[laomacgif; pOfwGif awG‹&SdEdkifayonf? touf&Sifa&;twGuf &kef;uef-u&mwGif obm0tajctaersm;ESifh vdkufzuf oifhavsmfatmifaeEdkifonfh tiftm;-uD;olomv#if qufvufItouf&SifEdkifonf[k qdk .? Oyrm/ orif'&,ftkyfwpfckudk om;&Jwd&pm>efrsm;u vdkufvHzrf;pm;ojzifh xGufajy; -u&.? tajy;oefaomtaumifomv#if toufcsrf;om&m&I qufvuft ouf&Sif Edkifayonf? xdk‹a-umifh xdkorif'&,ftkyfwGif tajy;toefqkH;taumifrsm;om usef&pf I qufvuftouf&Sif-uayrnf? odk‹aomfvnf; xdkorif'&,faumifrsm;onf rnfodk‹r# wpfpwpfpajymif;vJvmjcif;r&SdEdkifacs? tjcm;wd&pm>eftrsdK;/ Oyrm jrif;tjzpf/ ajymif;vJ oGm;jcif;r&SdEdkifacs? xdk‹a-umifh/ obm0tavsmufa&G;cs,fr+[kac:aom ,EW&m;onf tDAdkvl;&Sif; ajymif;vJr+tiftm;r&Sdacs? 'g0ifudk,fwdkifu Ttcsufudk odxm;jyD;jzpfojzifh/ ol. rsdK; pkrsm;pwifjzpfay:jcif; [laompmtkyfwGif atmufygtwdkif; a&;om;xm;ayonf? obm0tavsmufa&G;cs,fr+onf/ oifhawmfaom uGJjym;r+tcGifhtvrf;jzpfay:vmjcif;r&Sdr 132 csif; rnfodk‹r# yg0ifaqmif&GufEdkifjcif; r&Sdacs?

vmruf.-oZmanmif;jcif; Lamarck's Impact

xdk“oifhawmfonfh uGJjym;r+”rnfodk‹jzpfay:vmygoenf;? Tar;cGef;ESifhywf oufI/ 'g0ifonf ol.acwf&Sd a&S;usaeao;aomodyH`ynmtjrifjzifh vmruf.tqdk wGif -udK;pm;tajccHcJhavonf? 'g0if.tvsif ay:aygufcJhaomjyifopfvlrsdK; ZD0aA' ynm±Sif vmrufu/ ouf&SdowW0grsm;onf olwkd‹touf&SifaepOftwGif; &±Sdxm;aom &kyfydkif;qdkif&majymif;vJr+rsm;udk aemifvmaemufom;rsdK;qufrsm;odk‹ vufqifhurf;qufcH r+jzpfapI/ aemufrsdK;qufrsm;wGif topftopfaom rsdK;pkrsm;xyfrHay:aygufvmayonf [kqdkonf? Oyrm/ vmruf.tjrifwGif/ orifrsm;onf jrifhrm;aomtyifrsm;rS t&Guf rsm;udkpm;aomuf&ef-udK;pm;-ujcif;a-umifh/ rsdK;qufwpfqufjyD;wpfquf vnfyif;&Snf oxuf&SnfvmjyD; opfukvm;tkyftjzpf ajymif;vJvmcJhonf? 'g0ifuvnf;/ xdkykHpHtwdkif; rsdK;pkrsm;pwifay:aygufvmjcif; pmtkyfwGif/ 0uf0H tcsdKŒonf a&xJodk‹qif;I tpm±Sm&if; tcsdef-umjrifhvmonfESifhtr# aemufqkH;wGif a0 vig;-uD;tjzpfodk‹ ajymif;vJoGm;onf[k Oyrmay; a&;om;xm;ayonf?133 odk‹aomfvnf;/ 20=&mpkESpfwGif rif;'Jvfaz:xkwfxm;onfh rsdK;ADZaA'ynmwdk; wufvmonfESifhtwl usifh,lI&&SdaomOmOfvuQ%mrsm;onf aemifrsdK;qufrsm;odk‹rsdK;AD Ztm;jzifh ul;pufoGm;jcif;r&Sd [laomawG‹&Sdcsufjzifh ,if;pdwful;,Of tqdkudk y,fzsuf ypfavonf? Todk‹jzifh/ obm0tavsmufa&G;cs,fr+,EW&m;onfvnf; wpf-udrfwnf; jzifh Zmwfodrf;cef;odk‹a&mufoGm;avawmhonf?

200

'g0if0g'opfESifh jrLaw;&Sif;(oaE
Todk‹tusyf&dkufaeonfhtajctaeudk ajz&Sif;&eftwGuf/ 'g0if0g'Dwdk‹onf 1930=ckESpfukefydkif;wGif “acwfopftwkvkyfoDtdk&D” odk‹r[kwf “acwfopf orBm&enf; oDtdk&D” odk‹r[kwf trsm;tac: 'g0if0g'opfudk wDxGif-ujyefonf? obm0tavsmuf a&G;cs,fr+tjyif/ 'g0if0g'opfwGif “oifhavsmfonfhuGJjym;r+tajctae”ac: oaE
trSefpifppf/ rsdK;ADZodyH`ynmwGif/ tokH;0iftusdK;&Sdaom jrLaw;&Sif;jzpf&yfudk r awG‹bl; r-uHKbl;ao;acs? awG‹&Sdor# jrLaw;&Sif;tm;vkH;onf tEW&m,fay;jcif;udkom awG‹ae&ayonf? tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Du “tDAdkvl;&Sif;,EW&m;”tjzpf wifjyaom jrLaw; &Sif;onf/ trSefpifppf rpGrf;roef'kuQdwowW0grsm;udkom arG;zGm;ay:aygufap.? (vl om;wGif trsm;qkH;awG‹&Sd&aom jrLaw;±Sif;oaE
201

ESpfq,f&mpkESpfOD;ydkif;rSpwifI/ tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'DZD0aA'ynm&Sifwdk‹onf/ oaE
ausmufjzpf&kyf-uGif;rSwfwrf; = -um;umvykHpHrsm;r&Sd The Fossil Record: No Sign of Intermediate Forms

tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&DZmwfvrf; vkH;0r&SdcJha-umif;udk ausmufjzpf&kyf-uGif;rSwfwrf; wGif -um;umvykHpHrsm;udk rawG‹&jcif;onf t&Sif;qkH;oufaocH jzpfayonf? tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Dt&/ ouf&SdowW0grsm;onf wpfrsdK;rSaemufwpfrsdK;tpOft quf ay:aygufvmcJhonf[k qdkonf? ,Qifu&SdaejyD;aom owW0gonf tcsdefumv-um jrifhvmaomtcg aemufwpfrsdK;tjzpfodk‹ wajz;ajz;csif; ajymif;vJvmcJhonf[k qdk.? tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Dt&/ xdkodk‹wpfqifhpDajymif;vJcJhonfhtcsdefumvonf ESpfaygif;oef; aygif;rsm;pGm -umjrifhcJhayonf? tu,fI Ttqdktwdkif; jzpfcJhygu/ tqdkygajymif;vJcJhonfhumvtwGif; ra& rwGufEdkifavmufatmif rsm;jym;aom “-um;umv rsdK;pkrsm;”&SdcJhrnfomjzpf.? Oyrm/ twdwfumvwGif/ ig;onf ig;.vuQ%mrsm;usef&Sdaeao;pOf wGm;oGm; owW0g.vuQ%mrsm;vnf;&Sdvm&rnfjzpfojzifh/ ig;wpfydkif; zGwfwpfydkif;owW0gvnf; &Sdrnfom jzpfonf? xdkwGm;oGm;owW0gonfvnf; ol.-ueftifvuQ%mrsm;&SdaepOft wGif; iSuftjzpfajymif;vJaepOf iSuf.-ueftifvuQ%mrsm;vnf; &Sdvm&rnfjzpf.? xdk‹ a-umifh zGwfwliSufwlowW0gvnf; ay:aygufcJh&rnfjzpfonf? xdkuJhodk‹ajymif;vJaeonfh owW0grsm;onfvnf;/ odyH`ynmt&qdkygu/ 'kuQdwowW0grsm;omv#if jzpf-uayrnf? tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'Drsm;u xdkuJhodk‹aom olwdk‹tac:“-um;umvykHpH” owW0grsm; &SdcJhonf[k ,kH-unf-uayonf? tu,fI TuJhodk‹aom owW0grsm;omv#if trSefwu,f&SdcJhygu/ ta&twGuf tm;jzifh oef;aygif;ajrmufjrm;pGm&Sdrnfjzpfonf? xdk‹a-umifh/ tvGefxl;qef;aomowW0g 202

wdk‹. ausmufjzpf&kyf-uGif;rsm;udkvnf; rSwfwrf;wifxm;&rnfrSm ta&;-uD;qkH;tcsuf jzpfonf? rsdK;pkrsm; pwifay:aygufvmykH pmtkyfwGif 'g0ifu atmufygtwdkif; a&;om; xm;ayonf?

tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Du/ ouf&SdypPnf;rsdK;pkrsdK;EG,fwdk‹onfwpfrsdK;pD.aemufydkif; aemufwpfrsdK;u wpfqifhjyD;wpfqifhjzpfay:vmonf[kqdkonf? odk‹aomfvnf;/ ausmufjzpf&kyf-uGif;rSwfwrf;rsm;u TtqdkjyKcsufudk rSm;,Gif;a-umif; jyqdkxm;.? Oyrm/ vGefcJhonfh ESpfoef;aygif; 550 u uif; b&D,HacwfwGif rsdK;okOf;oGm;jyDjzpfaom owW0gtajrmuftrsm; csufcsif;ay:aygufcJhonf? t xufygykHwGif ykHpHtjzpfa&;qGJjyxm;aom ouf&SdowW0grsm;onf tvGef±+yfaxG;aom wnfaqmuf r+&Sd-uonf? odyH`ynmpmayrsm;wGif “uif;b&D,H aygufuGJr+ (odk‹) jzpfay:r+”onf t&Sif;qkH; oufaocH jzpfayonf?

203

tu,fI u|Efkyf.oDtdk&DrSefuefygu/ teD;pyfqkH;rsdK;pkrsm;t-um;. -um;rsdK;uGJrsm; trSef wu,f &SdcJhrnfjzpfayonf?==xdk‹a-umifh/ vGefavjyD;aomumvrsm;wGif ay:aygufcJhaom 135 owW0grsm;.oufaocHtaxmuftxm;rSm ausmufjzpf&kyf-uGif;rsm;yif jzpfayonf?

'g0if.ar#mfvifhcsuf ysufokOf;oGm;jcif; Darwin's Hopes Shattered

19=&mpkESpfrSpI ,ae‹txd ausmufjzpf&kyf-uGif;rsm;udk urBmhae&mwumwGif t ywfwukwf &SmazGpkaqmif;vmcJh-uaomfvnf;/ ,ae‹wdkif rnfonfh-um;ykHpHowW0g. ausmufjzpf&kyf-uGif;wpfckwpfavr#yif rawG‹&Sdao;acs? ausmufjzpf&kyf-uGif; &SmazGa&; okawoevkyfief;tm;vkH;. awG‹&Sdcsufrsm;t&/ tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'Dwdk‹ ar#mfvifhonfh -um; ykHpHrawG‹&onfhjyif/ owW0grsm;onf &kwfw&uf t*Fg&yftjynfhtpkHjzifhom ay:ayguf vmcJh-ua-umif; az:xkwfxm;ayonf? emrnfausmf-um;aom jAdwdo#vlrsdK; ausmufjzpf&kyf-uGif;yg&*ljzpfol Derek W. Ager u/ oludk,fwdkif tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'Djzpfaomfvnf; atmufygtwdkif; 0efcHxm;ayonf? ausmufjzpf&kyf-uGif;rsm;udk ppfaq;-unfhaomtcg/ ‚if;wdk‹. rsdK;EG,ftqifhwGifjzpfap/ odk‹r [kwf rsdK;pdwfrsm;tqifhwGifjzpfap/ wpfpwpfpajymif;vJvmcJh-ujcif;r&SdbJ/ wpfrsdK;qdwf okOf;aysmufuG,foGm;jyD; aemufwpfrsdK;&kwfw&ufay:aygufvmcJhjcif;udkom/ xyfcgwvJvJ 136 awG‹&Sd&ayonf?

qdkvdk&if;rSm/ ouf&SdowW0gwdk‹. rsdK;pkrsdK;pdwfrsm;onf/ -um;owW0grsdK;r&SdbJ wpfrsdK;csif;onft*FgtjynfhtpkHjzifh &kwfw&ufay:aygufvmjcif;jzpfayonf? ,if;onf um; 'g0if.tjrifESifh wduspGmqef‹usifbufjzpfaeayonf? xdk‹xufru/ Ttcsuf onf ouf&SdowW0grsm;udk zefqif;xm;jcif;jzpfa-umif; tcdkifvkHqkH;oufaoom"u jzpfayonf? owW0gwpfrsdK;onf qif;oufvmcJhaom,QiftqifhowW0grsdK;r&SdbJ csdKŒ ,Gif;csufuif;rJhI &kwfw&ufay:aygufvmcJhonf [laomtcsufonf xdkowW0gudk zef qif;xm;jcif;jzpfa-umif; jyqdkvsuf&Sdayonf? TtrSefw&m;udk tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'D ZD0aA'ynm&Sif a'gufuvyf zlwl,mrmuvnf; vufcHayonf? ouf&SdowW0grsm;. tprlvblwudpPESifhywfoufI zefqif;jcif;ESifhtDAdkvl;&Sif;tqdkESpfrsdK; t-um; aemufxyf&Sif;vif;csufay;p&m r&Sdawmhyg? ouf&SdypPnf;rsm;onf urBmay:wGif t*FgvuQ%mtm;vkH; tjynfhtpkHjzifh ay:aygufvmcJhjcif; [kwfr[kwfudkom -unfh&rnf? xdk uJhodk‹ r[kwfygu/ ,Qif&SdjyD;om;owW0gbdk;ab;wpfrsdK;rsdK;rS wpfpwpfpajymif;vJvmjcif;jzifh qif;oufvmcJhjcif;jzpf&ayrnf? tu,fI ‚if;wdk‹onf t*FgvuQ%mtm;vkH;tjynfhtpkHjzifh &kwfw&ufay:aygufvmygu/ ‚if;wdk‹udk t&m&mudkpGrf;aqmifEdkifaom teEWwefcdk;awmf&Sif/ 137 Om%fynmESifhjynfhpkHawmfrlaomt&Sifu zefqif;xm;jcif;om jzpf&rnf?

ausmufjzpf&kyf-uGif;rsm;onf urBmay:wGif t*FgvuQ%mrsm;tjynfhtpkHjzifhom ay:aygufvmcJh-ua-umif; xkwfaz:xm;ayonf? wpfenf;tm;jzifhqdk&aomf/ “owW0grsdK; pkwdk‹ jzpfay:vmjcif;”onf/ 'g0ifxifouJhodk‹ tDAdkvl;&Sif;enf;jzifh jzpfay:vmcJhjcif;r [kwfbJ zefqif;jcif;jzifh ay:aygufvmcJhayonf?

204

tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&D.a&SŒwef;ppfrsufESmwGif/ ausmufjzpf&kyf-uGif;rSwfwrf;onf -uD;us,faom twm;tqD;jzpfaeayonf? ouf&SdowW0grsm;onf/ wpfrsdK;pDonf -um;umvykHpHrsm;r&Sdonfh tjyif tDAdkvl;&Sif;ajymif;vJr+jzifh ay:aygufvmjcif;r[kwfbJ/ jynfhpkHaomykHpHrsm;jzifh csufcsif;ay: aygufvm-ua-umif; ausmufjzpf&kyf-uGif;rsm;u jyovsuf&Sdayonf? Ttcsufonf/ ouf&Sd rsdK; pkrsdK;EG,frsm;tm; oD;jcm;pDzefqif;xm;jcif;jzpfa-umif; oufaoom"u jzpf.?

vlom;rsm;.tDAdkvl;&Sif;ykHjyif The Tale of Human Evolution

tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Dudk umuG,folrsm;u r-umc% wifjyavh&SdaomtcsufrSm vl om;rsm;. tprlvblwta-umif;yifjzpfayonf? 'g0if0g'Drsm;u acwfopfvlom;rsm; onf/ arsmuf0HuJhodk‹aom owW0gtrsdK;rsdK;rS qif;oufvmcJh-uonf[k wifjy-uay onf? vGefcJhonfh ESpfaygif; 4=5oef;cef‹twGif; ‚if;arsmuf0Hbdk;ab;rsm;ESifh acwfopf vlom;rsm;t-um;&Sd owW0grsm; toufxif&Sm;aexdkifcJh-uonf[k qdk-uonf? Tpdwf ul;,OfZmwfvrf;wGif/ tajccHtm;jzifh tqifhav;qifhcGJxm;-u.? ‚if;wdk‹rSm/ 1? -op-wmvdkydoduyfpf 2? [dkrdk[mbDvpf 3? [dkrdktD&ufwyfpf 4? [dkrdk aqyD,H ponfwdk‹jzpfayonf? 205

tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'Dwdk‹u “-op-wmvdkydoduyfpf” odk‹r[kwf “tmz&duawmifydkif; arsmuf0H”[k trnfay;xm;aomarsmuf0HESifhwlonfhowW0gonf vlom;wdk‹. yxrqkH; bdk;bGm;jzpfonf[k qdkonf? trSefrSm/ xdkowW0grsm;onf rsdK;okOf;cJhjyDjzpfaom rsdK;uGJ tajrmuftjrm;&SdcJhonfh arsmuf0Hppfppfrsm;omjzpfayonf? urBmay:wGif tausmf-um; qkH; cEWmaA'ynm&Sifrsm;jzpf-uaom jAdwdo#vlrsdK; avmh'fqdkv†D ZlumrefESifh tar&duef vlrsdK; ygarmuQ csm;vfpf atmufpfem'fwdk‹u -op-wmvdkydoduyfpfausmufjzpf&kyf-uGif; rsm;ESifhywfoufI ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmjyKcJhaomokawoet&/ ‚if;owW0grsm;onf rsdK;okOf; cJhjyD;jzpfaom arsmuf0Hppfppfrsm;omjzpfI vlom;rsm;ESifh rnfonfht&mr# eD;pyfjcif;r&Sd a-umif; az:xkwfxm;ayonf?138 tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'Dwdk‹u aemufxyftqifhudk vlom;rsm;. wpfppDajymif;vJjcif; tD Adkvl;&Sif;tqifhtjzpf “[dkrdk”tqifhrsm;tjzpf cGJjcm;xm;ayonf? olwdk‹.tqdkjyKcsuf t& “[dkrdk”tqifhonf -op-wmvdkydoduyfpf tqifhxuf ydkrdkzGH‹jzdK;aom owW0grsm;jzpf onf[k qdkonf? tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'Dwdk‹u Tausmufjzpf&kyf-uGif;rsm;jzifh pdwful;,OftDAdk vl;&Sif;tpDtpOfudk qJG-uayonf? trSefrSm ‚if;tqifhrsm;t-um; qufpyfr+udk oufao xljyxm;jcif;r&Sdojzifh pdwful;,OftpDtpOfomv#ifjzpfayonf? 20=&mpkESpftwGif; tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Dudk umuG,fajymqdkolrsm;teuf ta&;-uD;qkH;yk*~dKvfjzpfonfh tmef;pf ar,mu TtcsufESifhywfoufI/ ol. One Long Argument [laompmtkyfwGif/ txl;

ojzifh ordkif;.ya[Vdjzpfaom toufodk‹r[kwf [dkrdkaqyD,H.tprlvblwonf tif rwefcufcJaomta-umif;t&mjzpfojzifh/ aemufqkH;auseyfavmufonfh &Sif;vif;csuf rsm;udkyif ay;Edkifrnfr[kwfay?139 [k a&;om;xm;onf?

-op-wmvdkydoduyfpf rel="nofollow">[dkrdk[mbdvpf>[dkrdktD&ufwyfpf>[dkrdkapyD,H ponfhtpDtpOfwGif tvsifwpfrsdK;onf aemufvmonfhwpfrsdK;aygufzGm;vmcJhonfh bdk; ab;trsdK; jzpfonf[k tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'Dwdk‹u qdkonf? odk‹aomfvnf; ausmufjzpf&kyf-uGif; okawoet& aemufqkH;awG‹&SdcsufrSm -op-wmvdkydoduyfpf/ [dkrdk[mbDvpfESifh [dkrdktD &ufwyfpfwdk‹onf wpfacwfwnf;wpfcsdefwnf;wGif urBmhtydkif;wpfae&mpDY touf&Sif xif&Sm;cJh-uaomouf&SdowW0grsm; jzpfa-umif;od&Sd&ayonf?140 xdk‹xufru/ [dkrdktD&ufwyfpfowW0grsm;onf vGefcJhonfhr-umao;rDacwfopf umvtxd toufxif&Sm;aexdkifcJh-ua-umif; awG‹&Sd&ayonf? [dkrdkapyD,HeD,H'gwm vif;ppfESifh [dkrdkapyD,H(acwfopfvlom;)rsm;onfvnf; wpfjydKifwnf;wacwfwnf;wGif toufxif&Sm; aexdkif-ua-umif; xyfrHawG‹&Sd&ayonf?141 trSefpifppf/ Ttcsufrsm;uyif ,if;owW0gtqifhrsm;onf wpfrsdK;onf aemufwpfrsdK;rS aygufzGm;ajymif;vJvmcJhjcif;r[kwfa-umif;udk oufaoxlvsuf&Sdaeay onf? [m;AwfwuUodkvfrS ausmufjzpf&kyf-uGif;aA' ygarmuQ pwDzif a*sa*gvfu/ ol udk,fwdkif tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'Djzpfaeaomfvnf;/ 'g0if.oDtdk&D t-uyf&dkufaejcif;ESifhywf oufI atmufygtwdkif; &Sif;jyxm;ayonf? [dkrdkrsdK;EG,fpkrsm;jzpfonfh A. africanus, robust australopithecines ESifh H. habilis wdk‹ wpf csdefwpfumvwnf;rSm jydKifwltoufxif&Sm;ay:aygufcJhonfqdkv#if/ wpfrsdK;pDu aemufwpf rsdK;rS qif;oufvma-umif; xif&Sm;pGmaz:jyEdkifjcif;r&Sdygu/ u|Ekfyfwdk‹xyfrHwufvSrf;rnfh avSum;rSm rnfodk‹jzpfoGm;awmhrnfenf;? xdk‹xufru/ xdkokH;rsdK;pvkH;teuf wpfckr#yif urBmay:wGif touf&SifaepOftwGif; tDAdkvl;&Sif;vuQ%m jyoonfhtvm;tvmr&Sdjcif;u 142 ydkqdk;aeygonf?

twdkcsKH;Iajym&rnfqdkv#if/ rD'D,mowif;avmuESifh ausmif;okH;pmtkyfrsm;wGif a&;qGJaz:jyxm;onfh pdwful;,Of “arsmuf0Hwpf0uf vlwpf0uf”ykHrsm;onf/ wpfenf; 206

tm;jzifh vlom;wdk‹.tDAdkvl;&Sif; wpfpwpfptvdktavsufajymif;vJqif;oufvmcJhonfh jzpfpOfpdwful;,OfZmwfvrf;udk oufqdk;&Snfaeatmif 0g'jzef‹aeonfhenf;rsm;onf/ odyH` ynmtajccHr&Sdaom '¾m&DZmwfvrf;rsm;omv#if jzpfayonf? q vlom;qdkif&m tDAdkvl;&Sif;(wpf pwpfpajymif;vJjcif;jzpfpOf)udk axmufcHonfh ausmufjzpf&kyf -uGif;[lI wpfckwpfavr#yif r&Sdacs? ausmufjzpf&kyf-uGif; rSwfwrf;rsm;u ,if;ESifhzDvm qef‹usifI/ vlom;ESifh arsmuf 0Ht-um;wGif ausmfv$m;Edkifjcif; r&Sdonfht[ef‹twm;om jzpf aeayonf? trSefw&m;ESifh &if qdkif&onfhtcgrlum;/ tDAdkvl; &Sif;0g'Dwdk‹onf ykHa&;qGJjcif; ESifh ykHpHaz:jcif;wdk‹wGif t"du tm;udk;-uayonf? vlom;OD; acgif;cGHay:wGif/ ta&cGH rsuf ESmzkH;vdkufwyfay;jcif;jzifh vl wpf0ufarsmuf0Hwpf0uf owW 0grsufESmrsm;udk az:xkwfI vkyf-uHZmwfvrf;rsm; az:xkwf -uonf?

jAdwdefEdkifiHrS trsm;qkH;av;pm;jcif;cH&onfh odyH`ynm&SifwpfOD;jzpfaom avmh'f qdkv†DZlumrefonf/ TudpPESifhywfoufI ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm avhvmcJhonfhjyif/ -op-wm vdkydoduyfpfausmufjzpf&kyf-uGif;rsm;udk 15=ESpfwdkifokawoe jyKcJh&mrS/ tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'D jzpfaomfvnf;/ aemufqkH;wGif arsmufuJhodk‹aomowW0grsm;rS vlom;t-um;qufEG,f aygufzGm;r+rawG‹&Sd&a-umif; ed*kH;csKyftjzpf wifjycJhayonf? Zlumrefu pdwf0ifpm;zG,faumif;aom“odyH`ynmqdkif&me,fy,f”tpDtpOfwpfck udkvnf; a&;qGJcJhayonf? odyH`enf;usaombmom&yfrsm;[k ol‹taejzifh vufcHonfh bmom&yfrsm;ESifh odyH`enf;rusaombmom&yfrsm;udk tpDtpOftvdkuf e,fy,fowf rSwfxm;onf? cdkifvkHonfhtaxmuftxm;rsm;udk tajccHaom "gwkaA'ESifh &lyaA'bm om&yfrsm;udk yxrwef;xdyfqkH;wGifxm;I/ ‚if;aemufwGif ZD0aA'qdkif&mbmom&yfrsm; ESifh vlr+a&;bmom&yfrsm; ponfjzifh tpDtpOfqGJxm;onf? xdk“e,fy,f”owfrSwf onfhtpDtpOfaemufqkH;ydkif;wGif/ odyH`enf;rusaombmom&yfrsm;udk qufvufaz:jy xm;onf? Zlumreftaejzifh odyH`enf;rusaombmom&yfrsm;rSm tm&kHig;yg;jyifyod&Sdr+ rsm;jzpfonfh w,fvDyoDac:Zmef0ifjcif;/ q@rtm&kH ponfwdk‹jzpfI aemufqkH;wGif tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&D jzpfonf? xdk“odyH`ynmqdkif&me,fy,f”.aemufqkH;wGif/ Zlumrefu atmufygtwdkif; jznfhpGufa&;om;xm;onf? TtpDtpOfwGif/ "rR'd@mefusaomtrSefw&m;rsm;.aemufydkif;wGif ZD0aA'bmom&yf[kqdk aombmom&yfrsm;jzpfonfh tm&kHig;yg;jyifytodrsm; odk‹r[kwf ausmufjzpf&kyf-uGif;rsm;udk t"dy`g,faz:jcif;rsm;/ ponfwdk‹wGif/ tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Dudk opPmcHxm;oltwGuf bmrqdkjzpf Edkifayonf? tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&DwGif pdwfxufoefolwpfOD;twGuf wpfckESifhwpfck qef‹usif 143 bufjzpfaeaom t&mrsm;tm;vkH;udkyif wpfjydKifwnf;wGif ,kH-unfEdkifayonf?

207

xdk‹a-umifh/ vlom;rsm;qdkif&mtDAdkvl;&Sif; (vlom;rsm;wpfpwpfpajymif;vJjzpfay: vmjcif;)Zmwfvrf;wGif/ olwdk‹awG‹&Sdaom ausmufjzpf&kyf-uGif;tcsdKŒay:tajccHxm;onfh oDtdk&Dudk rsufpdrSdwf,kH-unfoltcsdKŒ. okH;oyfa0zefcsufrsm;om jzpfayonf?

rsufpdESifh em;wGif&Sdonfh enf;ynm Technology In The Eye and The Ear

tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Du tajzray;Edkifao;aomt&mESpfckrSm/ rsufpdESifhem; wGifyg&Sd onfh txl;aumif;rGefonfh tm&kHcHpm;r+t&nftaoG;yifjzpfayonf? rsufpdESifhywfoufI raqG;aEG;rD/ u|Ekfyfwdk‹ “rnfodk‹jrif&onf”udk tusOf;tm; jzifh az:jyvdkygonf? t&m0wˆKwpfckrSvmaom a&mifjcnfwef;rsm;onf &ufwDemac: rsufpd.aemufydkif;wGif&Sdonfh um;csyfay:wGifusa&mufjyD; ajymif;jyefykH&dyfay:aponf? Tae&mwGif qJvfrsm;u v#yfppftcsufjyvd+if;rsm;tjzpfajymif;vJay;jyD; OD;aESmuf. jrifjcif;tydkif;odk‹ xdkvd+if;rsm;udk ydk‹ay;vdkufonf? OD;aESmuf. xdktydkif;wGif rsufpda&SŒ wGif&Sdonfht&m0wˆKrsm;.ykH&dyftjzpf tpDtpOftwdkif; t"dy`g,faz:ay;avonf? T vufawG‹usonfh tajccHtay: qufvufI tenf;i,fxyfpOf;pm;-unfh-uygpdk‹? OD;aESmufonf tvif;a&mifrS umuG,fxm;onf? qdkvdk&if;rSm/ OD;aESmufwnf&Sd &mae&mY tvif;a&mifra&mufEdkifojzifh/ arSmifrdkufvsuf&Sd.? tjrifqdkif&mtydkif;onf tvif;a&mif ra&mufEdkifaom arSmifrdkufvsuf&Sdonfhae&mjzpfayonf? toif-uHKbl; od bl;onfh tarSmifrsm;xuf ydkrdkIarSmifrdkufaomae&mvnf;jzpfayvdrfhrnf? odk‹aomf vnf;/ toifonf xdkydef;ydwfatmifarSmifaeaomae&mY vif;xif;vsuf&Sdaom urBmudk awG‹jrifae&ayonf? rsufpdjzifhjrif&onfh ykH&dyfonf tvGeftrif;xif&Sm;jywfom;av&m/ 20=&mpkESpf&Sd enf;ynmwufEdkvdk*sDuyif xdkr#jywfom;aomykH&dyfudk &±SdatmifrjyKvkyfEdkifao;acs? toifzwfaeaompmtkyfudk ajr‡mufIaocsmpGm-unfhyg? oifhywf0ef;usifudkvnf; wzef vSnfhI-unfhyg? toifonf xdkuJhodk‹xif&Sm;jywfom;aomykHrsm;udk rnfonfhae&mwGif awG‹jrifbl;ygoenf;? wdk;wufzGH‹jzdK;qkH;puf&kHrS xkwfvkyfonfh &kyfjrifoH-um;puf. zefum;csyfwGifyif xdkr#xif&Sm;jywfom;aomykHudk rjyoEdkifao;acs? rsufpdjzifh awG‹jrif &onfh ykH&dyfrsm;onfvnf; okH;zufwefykH&dyfrsm;jzpfI/ tifrwefjywfom;aom a&mifpkHykH &dyfrsm;vnf; jzpfayonf? ESpfaygif; 100=ausmftwGif; OD;a&axmifESifhcsDaomtif*sifeD ,mwdk‹u rsufpdjzifhjrif&onfhykH&dyftwdkif; az:ay;Edkifonfh pufu&d,mudk -udK;pm;wDxGif -uaomfvnf; ratmifjrif-uao;acs? TudpPESifhywfoufI -uD;rm;aompuf&kHrsm; aqmufvkyfI pDrHudef;trsdK;rsdK;csrSwfum okawoetrdsK;rsdK;jyK-uayonf? oif. &kyf jrifoH-um;pufudk wzefvSnfh-unfhygOD;? xdk‹aemuf toifudkifwG,fxm;aom pmtkyfudk vnf; xyfrHI-unfhyg? xif&Sm;jywfom;r+Y t-uD;tus,fuGmjcm;aeonfudk awG‹jrif& ygrnf? xdk‹xufru/ &kyfjrifoH-um;um;csyfwGif tvsm;teHomyg0ifonfh ESpfzufwefykH &dyfudkom jrif&I/ toifhrsufpdjzifhjrif&aomykH&dyfrsm;rSm tvsm;teHteuf(odk‹r[kwf tjrifh)okH;rsdK;vkH;yg0ifonfh okH;zufwefykH&dyfjzpfayonf? wurBmvkH;&Sd tif*sifeD,maygif; axmifaomif;ruwdk‹onf ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmt wGif; rsufpdjzifh jrif&onfhykH&dyftwdkif; jywfom;&Sif;vif;aomykH&dyfaz:Edkifonfh &kyfjrifoH -um;pufudk xkwfvkyfEdkif&ef -udK;yrf;cJh-uayonf? okH;zufwefykH&dyfudk az:Edkifaomfvnf; txl;pDrHxm;onfh rsufrSefwyfI-unfhrSomv#ifjrifEdkifI awG‹jrif&onfh ykH&dyfonfvnf; ykH&dyftwkjzpfayonf? aemufcHykH&dyfonfvnf; -unfvifjywfom;jcif;r&SdbJ r+ef0g;ae 208

onf? rsufpdjzifh awG‹jrif&onfh ykH&dyftwdkif; b,faomtcgrS xkwfaz:Edkifjcif;r&Sd-uacs? uifr&mESifh &kyfjrifoH-um;pufESpfrsdK;vkH;wGif ykH&dyf.t&nftaoG;rsm; avsmhenf;vsuf om&Sdaeayonf? tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'Dwdk‹u xdkuJhodk‹-unfvifxif&Sm;jywfom;aomykH&dyfudk az:xkwfEdkif onfh,EW&m;onf rawmfwq-uHK-udKufI tvdktavsmufjzpfay:vmcJhonf[k tqdkjyK-u onf? aumif;jyD/ toif. &kyfjrifoH-um;pufonf/ j'yfypPnf;tufwrft%kjrLrsm;tvdk vdk vma&mufpk&kH;jyD; tvdktavsmufrawmfwqjzpfvmonf[k ajymygu toifrnfodk‹ xifrnfenf;? axmifaomif;ruaom vlwdk‹u xkwfvkyfEdkifjcif;r&Sdonfht&mudk tuf wrfrsm; tvdktavsmufvma&mufpk&kH;I ol‹tvdkvdk jzpfay:vmygrnfavm? rsufpdjzifh awG‹jrifjcif;avmuf-unfvifjywfom;aomykH&dyfudk xkwfaz:ay;EdkifpGrf; r&Sdonfh/ rsufpdavmufacwfrrSDao;onfh pufrsm;onfyif tvdktavsmufjzpfay:vmEdkif jcif;r&Sdygu/ -unfvifjywfom;qkH;ykH&dyfudk xkwfaz:ay;Edkifonfh rsufpdonfvnf; ol‹t vdktavsmuf -uHK-udKufIjzpfay:vmcJhjcif; rjzpfEdkifay? em;onfvnf; xdkenf;ESifESif jzpf ayonf? em;.jyifyydkif;onf toHudkzrf;,lI toHvd+if;rsm;udk em;.tv,fydkif;odk‹ydk‹ vdkufonf? xdktv,fydkif;wGif toHudk csJŒxGifI v#yfppfvd+if;rsm;tjzpfajymif;vJay;um OD;aESmufodk‹ ydk‹ay;vdkufonf? rsufpduJhodk‹/ toHonfvnf; OD;aESmufwGif;&Sd -um;jcif;t ydkif;wGif toHudk cGJjcm;ay;jzifh -um;&onf? em;ESifhywfoufIvnf;/ rsufpduJhodk‹aom tajctaetwdkif;yifjzpfayonf? jrif jcif;tydkif;udk tvif;rS umuG,fxm;ouJhodk‹/ OD;aESmufwGif;&Sd -um;jcif;tydkif;onf vnf; toHra&mufEdkifatmif umuG,fxm;ojzifh wdwfqdwfaeayonf? odk‹aomfvnf; -unfvifjywfom;qkH;aomtoHudk OD;aESmuf. aomwm&kH=-um;jcif;tydkif;wGif -um;& ayonf? toHra&mufEdkifatmif umuG,fxm;aomOD;aESmufwGif;Y/ toifonf om,m emaysmfbG,faumif;aom aw;oDcsif;oHrsm;ESifh qlnHoHrsm;udk jywfom;pGm-um;ae&ay onf? tu,fI toHwdkif;wmonfhu&d,mjzifh xdktcsdefor,wGif OD;aESmufwGif;&Sd-um; jcif;tydkif;udk wdkif;wm-unfhygu toH[lIvkH;0r±SdbJ vkH;0wdwfqdwfaeonfudk -uHK& vdrfhrnf? yHk&dyfESifhywfoufI-udK;yrf;-uovdk/ toH.eudk,ft&nftaoG;twdkif;&&SdEdkif&ef ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm-udK;yrf;vmcJh-uavjyD? xdkodk‹-udK;yrf;-uI &&SdcJh-uaom toHqdkif&mu&d ,mrsm;rSm toHzrf;pufrsm;/ [dkifzdkifpepfrsm;/ toHcGJjcm;pufrsm; ponfjzifh puftrsdK; rsdK;wDxGifxm;-uayonf? xdk-udK;yrf;r+rsm;wGif tif*sifeD,maygif;axmifaomif;ruwdk‹ yg0if-uaomfvnf;/ em;jzifh-um;&aomtoHuJhodk‹ &Sif;vif;jywfom;-unfvifaomtoH udk r&&SdEdkif rxkwfvkyfEdkif-uao;acs? toHqdkif&mtaumif;qkH;pepf[kowfrSwf-uonfh t-uD;qkH;wl&d,mqdkif&mu&d ,mxkwfvkyfa&;puf&kHrsm;rS xkwfvkyfonfh [dkifzdkifpepftoHzrf;pufrsm;yif eudktoHt csdKŒtydkif;rsm; rygvmbJ aysmufaeonfudk awG‹&ayonf? rvdktyfonfhtaESmifht,Suf oHrsm;vnf; wusDusDjrnfI tydkygvmao;onf? odk‹aomfvnf; vlom;wdk‹.udk,fcE<m wGif;&Sd toHzrf;enf;ynmonf taumif;qkH;t-unfvifqkH;toHudk &&Sdapayonf? vl om;wdk‹.em;rS toHydktaESmihft,SufoHrsm; r-um;&ay? vlom;udk pwifzefqif; uwnf;u xdktwdkif; &SdvmcJhjcif;yif jzpfayonf? ,QKtcsdeftxd vlom;wdk‹.puQKtm&kHESifh aomwm&kHwdk‹rS vufcH&&Sdaom jrifawG‹& onfhykH&dyfESifh-um;&onfhtoHrsm;avmuf -unfvifjywfom;jcif;tqifhudk rSDEdkifonfh u&d,m pufypPnf;rxkwfvkyfEdkif-uao;acs? 209

puQKtm&kHESifh aomwm&kHwdk‹ESifhywfoufI txufwGifaqG;aEG;cJh-uonfxufru aom tcsuftvufrsm;onfvnf; aemufuG,fwGiftajrmuftjrm; &Sdaeygao;onf?

OD;aESmufwGif jrifjcif;ESifh-um;jcif;onf rnfolESifh oufqdkifygoenf;? To Whom Does the Consciousness that Sees and Hears Within the Brain Belong?

OD;aESmufwGif rnfolu vSyonfhurBm-uD;udk apmifh-unfhaeygoenf;? rnfolu om,memaysmfbG,faumif;aom aw;*Dwrsm;ESifh iSufuav;rsm;.wDwDwmwm toH rsm;udk em;qifaeygoenf;? rnfolu teH‹t&omrsm;udkcHpm;aeygoenf;? vlom;wdk‹. rsufpd/ em;ESifhESmacgif;rsm;rSvmaomEd+;qGr+onf OD;aESmufodk‹ v#yfppf="gwktm&kHa-umE+d;qGr+tjzpf a&muf&SdoGm;ayonf? ZD0aA'/ ZD0"gwkaA'ESifh ZD0 urRaA'pmtkyfrsm;wGif rnfodk‹jrif&onf/ rnfodk‹-um;&onf/ rnfodk‹teH‹t&omcHpm;& onf ponfhta-umif;&yfrsm;udk tao;pdwfzwf±+Edkifygonf? odk‹aomfvnf;/ xdkpmtkyf rsm;wGif ta&;-uD;qkH;tcsufjzpfonfh = xdkv#yfppf"gwktm&kHa-umE+d;qGr+jzpfonfh tm&kHcH pm;r+rsm;udk rnfoluvufcHI t"dy`g,faz:cHpm;aeoenf; [laomtcsufudkum; zwf&+ &rnfr[kwfyg? OD;aESmufwGif xdktm&kHa-umE+d;qGr+rsm;udk vufcHt"dy`g,faz:ay;aeonfh todw&m;oD;jcm;&Sdaeayonf? xdktodw&m;onf/ tm&kHa-um/ OD;aESmuf&SdtqDv$mESifh tm&kHqJvf(EsL&Gef)rsm;ESifhoufqdkifjcif;r&SdonfrSm xif&Sm;aeayonf? xdk‹a-umifh/ tpp t&m&monf j'yf0wˆKypPnf;rsm;jzifhom zGJ‹pnf;yg0ifaeonf[k ,kH-unfol 'g0if0g'Dwdk‹ u TudpPESifhywfoufI tajzray;Edkif-uacs? Ttodw&m;onf tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfzefqif;xm;aom 0dnmOfyifjzpfayonf? 0dnmOfonf ykH&dyfudk-unfhjrif&eftwGuf rsufpdrvdktyfovdk/ toH-um;&eftwGuf em; vnf;rvdktyfacs? xdk‹xufru 0dnmOfonf pOf;pm;qifjcif&eftwGuf OD;aESmufvnf; r vdktyfacs? T&Sif;vif;jywfom;jynfhpkHvkHavmufI odyH`enf;usaomtcsufudk zwf±+rdol onf/ ydef;ydwfatmifarSmifrdkufaeaom ukApifwDrDwmtenf;i,fr#om&Sdonfh ae&m ao;ao;av;wGif p-um0VmwpfckvkH;udk ta&miftqif;ESifhjynfhpkHI vif;0if;awmufy aeaom okH;bufwefykH&dyftjzpf jzpfn‡pfjyoxm;Edkifaom tv†m[ft±SifjrwfESifhywfouf I pOf;pm;qifjcif/ a-umuf&GHŒ&dkaoI xdkt&SifjrwfxHawmfyg;Y cdkvkHoifhayonf?

&kyf0g'D. ,kH-unfcsuf A Materialist Faith

,QKtcsdeftxd u|Ekfyfwdk‹avhvmcJhor#t&/ tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Donf odyH`ynmt csuftvufrsm;ESifh wjcm;pDjzpfaeonfrSm &Sif;aeygonf? touf&Sifjcif;.tprlv blwESifhywfoufI tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&D.tqdkjyKcsufonf odyH`ynmESifh qef‹usifbufjzpf aeayonf? ‚if;uwifjyonfh tDAdkvl;&Sif;,EW&m;rsm;onf tDAdkvl;&Sif;twGuf tokH; r0ifjzpfaeonf? ausmufjzpf&kyf-uGif;rsm;Yvnf; ‚if;twGufvdktyfonfh-um;ykHpHowW0g rsm; r&Sdacs? Todk‹jzpfaeojzifh/ tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Dudk odyH`ynmESifh qef‹usifonfhtawG; tac:tjzpf pGef‹ypfvdkuf&efomvdktyfayonf? trSefrSm/ ordkif;wGif tDAdkvl;&Sif;ykHpHuJhodk‹ aom urBmESifhywfoufonfh tawG;tac:tajrmuftjrm;udk cdkifvkHr+r&Sdojzifh odyH`ynm avmurS y,fxkwfvdkufavjyD? 210

odk‹aomfvnf;/ tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Dudkrl odyH`ynmavmuY twif;ayuyfI csef xm;vsuf&Sdayonf? tcsdKŒu tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Dudk a0zefolrsm;udkyif “odyH`ynmudk wdkufcdkufqef‹usifonf”[k pGyfpGJ&efrl-uao;onf? tb,fha-umifhenf;?=== TuJhodk‹jzpf&jcif;.ta-umif;&if;rSm/ tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Donf tcsdKŒaomyk*~dKvfwdk‹ twGuf r&Sdrjzpfaom w&m;ao,kH-unfcsufjzpfaeayonf? Ttodkif;t0dkif;onf &kyf0g 'tawG;tac:wGif acgif;rmrmwG,fuyfae-uI 'g0if.oDtdk&Donf olwdk‹.&kyf0g',kH -unfcsuft& obm0udk &Sif;jyEdkifonfh wpfckwnf;aomtawG;tac:vnf; jzpfaejyef onf? wcgw&Holwdk‹u yGifhyGifhvif;vif;yif 0efcH-uayonf? [m;AwfwuUodkvfrS ausmf-um;aom rsdK;ADZaA'ygarmuQvnf;jzpf/ wcsdefwnf;wGifa&SŒwef;rStDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'D vnf;jzpfol &pfcswfvD0efwifu olonf“yxrtaejzifh &kyf0g'DjzpfI/ 'kwd,tae jzihf odyH`ynm±Sifjzpfonf”[k atmufygtwdkif; 0efcHxm;ayonf? odyH`ynmxkH;wrf;"avhrsm;ESifh enf;vrf;rsm;u tHhzG,fxl;uJaomurBmta-umif; &kyfydkif;qdkif &m&Sif;vif;csufrsm;udk twif;vufcHapjcif;r[kwfrlbJ/ u|Efkyfwdk‹. &Sd&if;pGJ,kH-unfcsufrsm; u &kyf0g'udk&Sif;jyEdkifonfh tawG;tac:enf;ynmrsm;udk&SmazG&ef twif;t-uyfjyKaejcif; jzpfonf? xdkodk‹&SmazG&mwGif/ rdrdwdk‹tvdkvdkodEdkifaom todw&m;ESifhyif qef‹usifae jcif;ESifh rnfr#yif pdwful;,Ofqefaeaomfvnf; ta&;r-uD;yg? &kyf0g'uomv#if vkH;0 O\kHrSefuefonf[k cH,lxm;ygonf? “zefqif;&Sifbk&m;ocif &Sdonf[laom tawG; 144 tac:onf u|Efkyfwdk‹. wHcg;0odk‹ a&mufrvm&ef”om ta&;-uD;qkH; jzpfygonf?

Tpum;vkH;rsm;u/ 'g0if0g'onf &kyf0g'tawG;tac:wGif wG,fuyfae&eft wGuf w&m;ao0g'wpfckjzpfa-umif; xif&Sm;apygonf? Tw&m;ao0g'wGif j'yf0wˆK ypPnf;rSvGJI tjcm;rnfonfht&mr# wnf&Sdjcif;r&Sd [kqdkonf? xdk‹a-umifh/ todw&m; uif;rJhonfh oufrJhypPnf;jzpfaom j'yf0wˆKypPnf;onf toufudkzefwD;Edkifonf[k ,kH -unfjcif;jzpf.? urBmay:&Sd oef;ESifhcsDaom ouf&SdtrsdK;tpm;rsm;/ Oyrm iSufrsm;/ ig; rsm;/ opfukvm;tkyfrsm;/ usm;rsm;/ ydk;r$m;rsm;/ opfyifrsm;/ yef;rmvfrsm;/ a0vig; rsm;ESifh vlom;rsm;onf/ rdk;ESifhv#yfpD;vufjcif;ponfhoufrJhpGrf;tifrsm;a-umifh jzpfay: vmonf[k ,kH-unfjcif;jzpfonf? T,kH-unfcsufonfum;/ vl‹todOm%ftygt0if odyH`ynmwdk‹ESifhyg trSefyifqef‹usifbufjzpfaeayonf? odk‹aomfvnf;/ “zef;qif;&Sif &Sdonf[laomtawG;tac:u wHcg;0odk‹a&mufrvmap&ef”twGuf T,kH-unfcsufudk umuG,faxG;ydkufvsuf&Sd-uonf? &kyf0g'udk -udKwifbufvdkufjcif;r&SdbJ touftm;vkH;.tprlvblwudk -unfh jrifokH;oyfolonf/ ouf&SdypPnf;tm;vkH;udk teEWwefcdk;awmf&Sif/ tvkH;pkHudkod&Sdawmfrl onfh oAŠnKwOm%fawmf&Sif/ todw&m;ESifhjynfhpkHawmfrlaomzefqif;&Sif. vkyfaqmif csufjzpfa-umif;udk od&Sdrnfjzpfayonf? xdkzefqif;&Sifonf p-um0VmwpfckvkH;udk Avm ewˆdtvsif;r&Sd&mrS ykHpHcsI jyD;jynfhpkHqkH;tjzpfodk‹ zefqif;xm;I ouf&SdowW0gtm;vkH; udkvnf; zefqif;xm;aom tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfyif jzpfawmfrl.?

tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Donf urBmay:wGif tjyif;xefqkH;aom ya,m*jyKpm;r+jzpf. The Theory of Evolution: The Most Potent Spell in the World

bufvdkufjcif;r&Sdonfhtjyif/ tawG;tac:wpfrsdK;rsdK;.-oZmanmif;jcif;r&Sdol/ rdrd. udk,fydkifOm%ftajrmftjrifjzifh awG;awmqifjcifokH;oyfoltwGuf/ odyH`ynmA[k okwuif;rJhI ,Ofaus;r+r&Sdonfh vl‹todkif;t0dkif;vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;rsm;udkom t,kHoGif; 211

Edkifaom tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Dudk &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;oabmaygufonfomru ,kH-unf&ef vnf; rjzpfEdkifa-umif; &Sif;jy&ef vdktyfygonf? txufu &Sif;jycJhonfhtwdkif;/ tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Dudk ,kH-unfolwdk‹onf/ tdk;-uD; wpfvkH;xJodk‹ tEkjrLtufwrftcsdKŒESifh armfvD-uLtcsdKŒudkxnfhI a&maESmvdkufojzifh/ awG; awmqifjcifOm%f&Sdonfh ygarmuQrsm;/ wuUodkvfausmif;om;rsm;/ tdkifpwdkif; ESifh *vDvDtdkuJhodk‹aom odyH`ynm±Sif-uD;rsm;/ z&ifhqDaex&mESifh vlqD,mEdk ygAga&mhwWD uJhodk‹aomtqdkawmftEkynmonfrsm;/ orif'&,faumifrsm;/ vdarRmfoD;rsm;/ ESif;qD yef;rsm; tvdkvdkay:xGufvmonf[k ,kH-unf-uonf? ,if;uJhodk‹aom t"dy`g,fuif;rJh onfhtawG;tac:udk vufcH,kH-unfoltajrmuftjrm;wdk‹onfvnf;/ odyH`ynm±Sifrsm;/ ygarmuQrsm;jzpfaejyefonf? xdk‹a-umifh/ ToDtdk&DtawG;tac:onf “ordkif;wGif tjyif; xefqkH;aomya,m*jyKpm;r+-uD;”[kqdkv#if rSm;rnfr[kwfyg? urBmhordkif;wav#muf wGif vlwdk‹. awG;awmqifjcifEdkifjcif;tpGrf;r&Sdatmif nd‡KŒxm;Edkifjcif;/ Om%ftajrmf tjrif&Sd&Sd pOf;pm;qifjcifvdkpdwfudk ypfy,fxm;apjcif;/ rsufpdudkydwfxm;ouJhodk‹ trSef w&m;udk rjrifEdkifatmifjyKpm;xm;Edkifjcif;ESifhjynfhpkHonfhtawG;tac: b,faomtcgurS r±SdcJhbl;acs? tD*spfjynfom;rsm; aerif;bk&m;“&m”udk udk;uG,fqnf;uyfjcif;/ tmz&du ESifh ajrmuftar&duwdkufwdkif;&if;om;tcsdKŒ udk,fpm;jyK&kyfrsm; xkvkyfxm;aomwdkifudk udk;uG,fqnf;uyfjcif;/ qbmu|ef;om;rsm; aerif;udkudk;uG,fqnf;uyfjcif;/ wref awmftdA&m[ifrf(tmA&m[rf).vufxufwGif &kyfxkrsm;udk xkvkyfIudk;uG,f-ujcif;/ odk‹r[kwf wrefawmfrlpm(arm&S,f).vufxufwGif a&$jzifhoGef;avmif;xm;aom EGm;odk; &kyfxkuav;udk udk;uG,fqnf;uyf-ujcif;/ ponfwdk‹xuf r,kH-unfEdkifavmufatmif ydkrdkqdk;&Gm;ayonf? TuJhodk‹ awG;awmqifjcifEdkifpGrf;uif;rJhjcif;ESifh ywfoufI uk&ftmefusrf;awmf jrwfwGif tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfu jyqdkxm;awmfrl.? tm,ofawmftajrmuftjrm;wGif/ tcsdKŒvlwdk‹. pdwfESvkH;om;rsm;tm; trSefw&m;rsm;udkjrifEdkifpGrf;r&Sdatmif ydwfxm;awmf rlonf[k xdkt&Sifjrwfu jyqdkxm;awmfrl.? ‚if;tm,ofawmfrsm;teuf tcsKdŒudk az: jytyfygonf? tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfonf xdkolwdk‹. pdwfESvkH;rsm;ESifh aomwm&kHtay:Y wHqdyf cwfESdyf awmfrlvdkufjyD/ xdk‹jyif xdkolwdk‹. puQKtm±kHrsm;tay:Yvnf; tumt uG,f&Sdaeavonf? xdk‹aemuf xdkolwdk‹tbdk‹ -uD;av;aom tjypf'%fonfvnf; toifh&SdacsjyD? (pl&mtvfbuU&m[f 2;6=7) ==xdkolwdk‹Y pdwfESvkH;rsm;um;&Sd.? odk‹aomf ,if;pdwfESvkH;rsm;jzifh xdkolwdk‹ onf (pOf;pm;qifjcif em;vnfjcif; r±Sd-uacs?) xdkolwdk‹Y puQKtm&kHrsm;um; &Sd.? odk‹aomf xdkolwdk‹onf rjrif-uacs? xdkolwdk‹Y aomwm&kHrsm;&Sd.? odk‹ aomf xdkolwdk‹onf ,if;aomwm&kHrsm;jzifhr-um;-uacs? xdkolrsm;onf wd&dpm>ef rsm;ESifhwl-uonfomru wd&dpm>efxufyif vGefpGmrdkufrJvrf;vGJolrsm;jzpf-u.? pifppfxdkolrsm;onf (rdrdwdk‹. wm0ef 0wW&m;rsm;udk) arhavsmholrsm;om jzpf-u ukefownf;? (pl&mtvfttf&mzf 7;179) tu,fI igt&Sifjrwfonf ‚if;wdk‹tay:0,f rdk;aumif;uifY wHcg;ayguf wpfckckudk zGifhay;awmfrlcJhygv#if xdk‹aemuf ‚if;wdk‹onf ae‹a-umifawmifyif xdkwHcg;aygufrS qif;wufoGm; vmcJh-uaomfvnf;/

212

‚if;wdk‹u u|Ekfyf.rsufpdrsm;onf (vSnfhpm;)ydwfyifxm;jcif;udk cHcJh-u&ayonf? xdlr#ru u|Efkyfwdk‹onf pkef;jyKpm;jcif;udk cHcJh-u&aom vlpkyifjzpf-uayonf[k ajymqdk-u rnfrSm trSefyif? (pl&mtvf[*s&f 15;14=15) TjyKpm;r+onf tawmfus,fjyef‹aomvl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;udk ESpfaygif; 150 avmuf -umjrifhonfwdkifatmif trSefw&m;rSa±SmifuGif;aeapcJhonfrSm pum;vkH;rsm;jzifh az:jy Edkifjcif; r&Sdavmufatmif tHhzG,faumif;ayonf? rjzpfEdkifonfh Zmwfvrf;rsm;udk vl wpfa,muf odk‹r[kwf tcsdKŒu,kH-unf-ujcif;ESifh qifjcifwkHw&m;r&Sd-ujcif; &SdEdkifay onf? odk‹aomfvnf; csKdŒ,Gif;csufuif;rJhI pnf;urf;wuspDrHcef‹cGJxm;aom Tp-um0 VmwpfckvkH;ESifhtwl touf&Sifjcif;twGuf txl;oifhavsmfavsmufywfatmifwduspGm pDpOfxm;aomurBmajr-uD;udk oufrJhypPnf;tEkjrLtufwrfrsm; tvdkvdkvma&mufpkpnf; aygif;pyfI jzpfay:vmonf[k vltkyfvdkuf,kH-unf-ujcif;rSm/ “ya,m*arSmftwwf yOPvufynm“ vSnfhpm;jyKpm;jcif;jzpfonf[komv#if &Sif;jyEdkifawmhonf? trSefrSm bmomrJhtawG;tac:udk axmufcHusifhokH;oltcsdKŒonf ya,m*arSmf twwfyOPvufynmjzifh tjcm;vltrsm;tay: -oZmanmif;atmifvkyf-ua-umif; uk&f tmefusrf;awmfjrwfwGif wrefawmfrlpm(arm&S,f)ESifhzg&dk;bk&ifta-umif;jzifh jyqdkxm; ayonf? wrefawmfrlpmu zg&dk;bk&ifudk w&m;vrf;rSefa[m-um;aomtcg/ zg±dk; bk&ifu ol.ya,m*arSmftwwfyOPvufq&mrsm;ESifh awG‹qkHjydKifqdkifcdkif;avonf? w refawmfrlpmu xdkarSmfq&mrsm;ESifh awG‹qkHaomtcg olwdk‹.ya,m*yOPvuf twwf ynmudk OD;pGmjyoaponf? xdktjzpftysufESifh ywfoufaom uk&ftmefusrf; awmfjrwf tm,ofawmfwGif atmufygtwdkif; qdkxm;ayonf? xdkwrefawmf(rlpm)u/ toifwdk‹onfyifv#if ypfcsavukef[k ajym-um;av.? xdk‹aemuf ‚if;(yOPvufq&m)wdk‹onf (rdrdwdk‹. vSifuefrsm;ESifh -udK;rsm;udk) ypfcs-uI vlwdk‹. rsufpdrsm;udk vSnfhpm;-uavonf? ‚if;jyif xdkolwdk‹tm; a-umufvef‹apcJh-uavonf? pifppfaomfum; ‚if;wdk‹onf -uD;us,faom pkef;ya,m*arSmftwwfudk aqmif,lcJh-uavownf;? (pl&mtvfttf&mzf 7;116) zg&dk;bk&if. ya,m*yOPvufq&mwdk‹onf wrefawmfrlpmESifh ol‹tm;,kH-unf aom aemufvdkufom;wdk‹rSty/ usefvltm;vkH;wdk‹udk rsufpdvSnfhpm;EdkifcJh-uonf? odk‹ aomfvnf; uk&ftmefusrf;awmfjrwftqdkt& wrefawmfrlpm.rSefuefr+w&m;awmfu xdkya,m*jyKpm;jcif;arSmftwwfudk acszsuf0g;rsdKvdkufEdkifcJhavonf? uk&ftmefusrf; awmfjrwfwGif atmufygtwdkif; rdef‹qdkxm;.? xdktcg igt&Sifjrwfonf (eADwrefawmf)rlpmxH toifonf rdrdvSifuefawmif a0S;udk ypfcsavmh [lItrdef‹awmfxkwfjyefawmfrlcJhavonf? odk‹jzpf&m eADwref awmf(rlpm)onf rdrdvSifuefawmifa0S;udk ypfcsav&m xdkvSifuefawmifa0S;onf &kwfw&uf(ajrGe*g;-uD;jzpfvmjyD;) xdkrsufvSnfhq&mrsm;vSnfhpm;-uonfh t&m rsm;udk rsKdavawmhonf? odk‹jzpfay&m trSefonfxif±Sm;cJhjyD/ ‚if;jyif xdk(yOPvufq&m)wdk‹ jyKvkyfxm; aom tr+udpPwdk‹onf tcsnf;ESD;ysufpD;oGm;acsjyD? (pl&mtvfttf&mzf 7;117 =118) txufu az:jycJhonfhtwdkif;/ vlwdk‹onf rdrdwdk‹tm; ya,m*jyKpm;jcif;cH&onf udk owd&onfESifhwjydKifwnf;/ olwdk‹awG‹jrifcJh-uonfht&mrsm;onfvnf; wHvSyfom v#ifjzpfa-umif;udk od&Sd-uayonf? zg±dk;bk&if.yOPvufq&mrsm;tm; t,kHt-unf 213

uif;rJhukef-uavjyD? ,ae‹acwfwGifvnf;/ olwdk‹tm; jyKpm;xm;aomya,m*.-oZm a-umifh/ odyH`ynmt&nfjcHKI t"dy`g,fuif;rJhaomtqdkrsm; oDtdk&Drsm;udk ,kH,kH-unf -unfjzifh umuG,fae-uolrsm;onf/ trSefw&m;xif&Sm;ay:xGufvmjyD;/ ‚if;wdk‹tm;jyK pm;xm;aomya,m*rsm; ysufys,foGm;aomtcg/ t&SufwuGJjzpf-uOD;rnfrSm trSefyif? urBmausmf jAdwdo#EdkifiHom; tawG;tac:&Sifpma&;q&m rvfuGrf r*sf*sm&pfu atmufyg twdkif; a&;om;xm;ayonf? tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Donf/ txl;ojzifh ‚if;udktokH;jyKonfhtwdkif;twmrsm;onf/ aemiftem *wf urBmhordkif;wGif t-uD;us,fqkH;aom [m;uGuf[mojzpfvdrfhrnf[k u|Efkyfudk,fwdkif wpfxpfcs,kH-unfygonf? xkdr#avmuf,kwWdrwefI 'dG[oHo, jzpfzG,faumif;aom ,lq csufudk tkH;tkH;-uGuf-uGufvufcHcJh-uonfudk aemifvmaemufom;rsm;u vufzsm;cg-u 102 ygvdrfhrnf?

xdktem*wfonfvnf; ra0;vSawmhyg? vlwdk‹onf “rawmfwq-uHKIjzpfjcif;” onf udk;uG,f&mbk&m;r[kwfa-umif;/ tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Donf/ urBmay:wGif a-umuf p&m taumif;qkH; tqdk;qkH;aom yOPvufya,m*jyKpm;jcif;yif jzpfa-umif;udk jyefvnf owd&-uawmhrnf? xdkjyKpm;r+onf wurBmvkH;&Sd vlwdk‹.ykckH;ay:rS tjrefqkH;jyKwfus vmaeygjyD? xdkya,m*. ykHyef;o¾meftrSefudk awG‹&Sd-ujyD;onfhyk*~dKvftajrmuftjrm; wdk‹onfvnf;/ rdrdwdk‹udk,fwdkifu tb,fha-umifh ,kH-unfcJh-uonfudk wtHhw-ojzpfae -uavjyD?

214

tdk=t&Sif/ udk,fawmft&SifjrwfonfcsKdŒwJhjcif;taygif;wdk‹rS oef‹&Sif;pif-u,fawmfrlaomt&Sif jzpfawmfrlygonf? udk,fawmft&Sif oif-um;ay;oem;awmfrlaom ynm&yfrsm;rSty u|efawmfrsKd;wdk‹tbdk‹rSm tjcm;todw&m;[lI tvsif;r&Sdyg? {uefrkcs udk,fawmft&Sifonfomv#if t&mcyfodrf;wdk‹udk t-uGif;rJh od&Sdawmfrlaomt&Sif/ usKd;a-umif;qifjcifwkHw&m;ESifh jynfhpkHawmfrlaom t&Sifjrwf jzpfawmfrlygownf;? (pl&m tvfbuU&m 2;32)

215

bmomjyefol. jznfhpGufcsuf

aemufqufwGJ 3 Auy A[dkaumfrDwD0if &JabmfaX;.om; zdk;wl;u ol.zcifudkpGJcsufwifykH (oQifoef;xGef;. aemufqkH;ae‹rsm; yxrwGJ pmrsufESm 511=523/ jyKpkolrsm; &Jabmfjr/ &Jabmfbcuf/ &Jabmfrif;'if/ &JabmfapmvS/ Adkvfwif&Sdef/ jr&mpmay/ 1=arv=1969 rS aumufE+wfcsuf? OD;pdefonf &JabmfaX; jzpfI/ OD;ydefonf &Jabmfbwifac: *dk&S,f jzpfygonf?) zdk;wl;onf zcifjzpfaom &JabmfaX;tm; udk,fwdkifpGJcsufwif&rnfjzpfI tvGefyif0rf;ajrmuf 0rf;omjzpfae.? *k%f,lIae.? wuf-uGaomtrlt&mjzifh pGJcsufwif&rnfhae&modk‹oGufvufaom ajcvSrf;rsm;jzifh vSrf;IxGufvmavonf? &JabmfaX;onf &Da0aomrsufvkH;tpkHjzifh tvGefcspfjrwfEdk;vSaomom;i,ftm; rsufawmif rcwf-unfhI aeavonf? zdk;wl;onf &JabmfaX;ESifha':&if&ifwdk‹. 'kwd,ajrmufom;jzpf.? 1950=ckESpfwGif txuf Armjynf “rokH;vkH;a'o”Y arG;zGm;cJh.? zdk;wl;onf zcifjzpfaom &JabmfaX;tm; tvGefyifcspfcif avonf? 1956=ckESpfaemufydkif;wGif awmwGif;ArmuGefjrLepfygwDY t-uyftwnf;rsm;rSm tvGef-uD; rm;vmI zdk;wl;tm; yckuULc&dkifa&p-udKjrdKŒwGifaexdkifaom a':&if&if.zcifxHodk‹ ydk‹vdkuf.? a&p-udK jrdKŒ tpdk;&txufwefausmif;wGifyif ausmif;wufI aecJhavonf? 1956=ckESpf {jyDv 'kwd,ywfwGifjzpf.? &JabmfaX;onf ZeD;a':&if&ifESifh om;-uD;zdk;jyL;/ om;i,fzdk;wl;wdk‹tm; ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDtwGif;wGif avhusifharG;jrL&eftwGuf txl;tpDtpOf jzifh ac:,lvdkufjcif;jzpf.? wenf;tm;jzifh “uGefjrLepf rdom;pk” udk wnfaqmuf&ef jzpfavonf? txl;ojzifh &JabmfaX;onf om;-uD;zdk;jyL;ESifh om;i,fzdk;wl;wdk‹udk “uGefjrLepf rsdK;quf” vl i,frsm;tjzpf arG;jrL&efyifjzpfavonf? xdk‹a-umifhyif &JabmfaX;onf om;-uD;zdk;jyL;ESifh om;i,fzdk;wl;wdk‹tm; tppt&m&mwGif avh usifharG;jrLynmay;&eftwGuf &Jabmfatmif-uD;/ &JabmfxGef;&SdefESifh AdkvfxGef;jidrf;wdk‹tm; vkH;0yif tyfESHI xm;cJhavonf? Todk‹jzifh zdk;wl;onf ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD. rsdK;qufvli,fwOD;jzpfvmawmhonf? “tckae0if;&Jh olv#dK*dk%f;udk pGJcsufwifr,f? *dk%f;csKyfjzpfwJh OD;pdefudk pGJcsufwif&if; *dk%f;wckvkH;udk ykHazmfEdkifw,fvdk‹ ,kH-unfw,f? OD;pdef[m taumufuspfqkH;*dk%f;cGJa&;orm;jzpfw,f? OD;pdef? cifAsm;udk om;tztjzpfeJ‹pum;rajymbl;? cifAsm;[m ygwDudkzsufqD;wJh ae0if; udk,fpm; vS,fjzpfw,f? usKyfuawmfvSefa&;orm;jzpfw,f? tck cifAsm;udk pJGcsufwifrSm[m ao '%fay;zdk‹pGJcsufwifrSmjzpfw,f? cifAsm;wdk‹[m ygwDudk aoa-umif;-uHwJhae0if;&Jh yÌrH*dk%f; om;awGjzpfvdk‹ ao'%fay;zdk‹pGJcsufwifrSmjzpfw,f? ygwDxJrSm OD;pdef[m ygwDudktwGif;uzsufqD;zdk‹ awmfvSefa&;udk twGif;uzsufqD;zdk‹ *dk%f;pk yD; vkyfaqmifaeoljzpfw,f? 'D*dk%f;udk xufxufjrufjruf u|rf;u|rf;usifusif acgif; aqmifpDrHol[m OD;pdefjzpfw,f? 'gawGvkyfEdkifzdk‹ taetxm;ol‹rSm&Sdw,f? ygwD&JhEdkifiHa&;OD;aqmiftzGJ‹0if ygwDA[dkaumfrwD twGif;a&;rSL;qdkwJh tcGifhtm%mudk usifusifvnfvnftokH;csjyD; aumufuspfpGmeJ‹ &Jabmf awGudk rd+if;oGif;xm;w,f? 'DvdkeJ‹u|rf;u|rf;usifusifeJ‹ ydyd&d&d*dk%f;cGJaew,f? OD;ydefuawmh twkH;vdkuftwpfvdkufvkyfvdk‹ olvkyfor#[m Al;ay:ovdkay:aew,f?

216

tpwkef;uawmh OD;pdef[m bmaumifvJqdkwmudk usaemfrodcJhbl;? rmhufpfvDeif0g'ta&jcHK/ 64=ta&udk jcHKxm;awmhrod&bl;? tckjyefvnfjyifqifa&;orm; jzpfw,fqdkwmudk odvmawmh usaemfjyefpOf;pm;-unfhw,f? cifAsm;wdk‹(16)ESpf vkyfcJhwmudk rajymbl;? usaemfjrifvmwJhtcsdefupajymr,f? cifAsm;[m EdkifiHa&;OD;aqmiftzGJ‹0if A[dkaumfrwDtwGif;a&;rSL;qdkwJh tcGifhtm%mudkokH;jyD; bcuf&Jh&kH;tkyftcGifhtm%mudkokH;jyD; rmhufpfvDeif0g'/ armfpDwkef;tawG;tac:udk qef‹usifzdk‹ cifAsm;wdk‹vdkcsifwJh &kyf0wˆK tcsuftvufawG pkaqmif;w,f? 'Denf;awGokH;jyD; cifAsm;wdk‹ jyifqifa&;orm;awG tcsif;csif;aumufuspfwJh -uH&G,fcsufawGeJ‹ avhvmr+awG vkyf-u w,f? pdef=ydef*dk%f; vlay:vlaZmfvkyfenf;eJ‹ cifAsm;vlpkw,f? EdkifiHa&;t& ygwDenf;t& qufqHr+jzpfatmif ygwDuusKyfudkavhusifhay;w,f? cifAsm;u om;tzqufqHa&;eJ‹ tpm;xdk;cJhw,f? "e&Sifrdom;pkqufqHa&;rsdK;jzpfatmif cifAsm;vkyfcJh w,f? 'g[musKyfudk bcufvdk ygwDqef‹usifa&;orm;wa,mufjzpfatmif &nf&G,fvkyf aqmifwmyJjzpfw,f? cifAsm;usKyfudk zsufqD;wmjzpfw,f? &Jabmfwif[efudkvJ "e&Sifpnf;&kH;a&;vkyf[efawGeJ‹ cifAsm;pnf;&kH;w,f? &JabmfausmfxGef;/ &JabmfcspfndK/ &Jabmfrif;EG,fwdk‹udkvJ 'Denf;awGokH;jyD; pdef/ ydef*kd%f; -uD;xGm;a&;twGuf pnf;&kH;cJhw,f? (rSwfcsuf? ?&Jabmfwif[efrSm atmifodef;Edkifjzpfonf? &JabmfausmfxGef;rSm armifpdk;0if;jzpfonf? &JabmfcspfndKrSm &Jabmfatmifol (rEWav;w uUodkvf jrif;jcHZmwd) jzpfonf? &Jabmfrif;EG,frS armifouf (A=u=o rsm;tzGJ‹csKyf OuUX)jzpfygonf? armifoufrSm 1966= ckESpf/ Zlvdkifv 14=&ufae‹wGif tqkwfa&m*gjzifh uG,fvGefoGm;yg onf? pma&;ol) cifAsm;&Jh v+yf&Sm;r+ykHray:atmif awmfvSefwJhEdkifiHa&;OD;aqmiftzGJ‹0ifawGeJ‹ cifAsm;o¾mef t& qufqHa&;aumif;rGefatmifvkyfcJhw,f r[kwfvm;? cifAsm;[m ygwDzsufodrf;a&;orm;/ awmfvSefa&;zsufqD;a&;orm;jzpfw,fqdkwmudk vJyifp cef;rSm xifxif&Sm;&Sm;jrifvm&w,f? tJ'DrSmawmh cifAsm;Zmwdudk zkH;uG,fvdk‹r&awmhbl;? *dk%f;*%vkyf[efawGudk cifAsm;ydkajymifajymifajrmufajrmuf vkyfvmw,f? cifAsm;[m rmhufpfvDeif0g' acgif;aqmifawGudk &efolvdkoabmxm;vmw,f/ ausmcdkif;vm w,f? cifAsm;t"duqufqHolawG[m acgif;rmjyefvnfjyifqifa&;orm;awGjzpfvmw,f? tJ'DrSm OD;ydefeJ‹cifAsm; qufqHa&;[m txl;jcm;qkH;jzpfw,f? 55=qkH;jzwfcsufwdkufyGJ jyif;xefvmwJhtcg cifAsm;[m OD;ydefeJ‹ydkjyD; yvl;yvJqufqHvm w,f? t&ifuOD;ydefcg;emvdk‹ cifAsm;b,fESpfcgoGm;ar;bl;ovJ/ wdkufyGJjyif;xefvmrS OD;ydef cg;emwmudkta-umif;jyKjyD; cifAsm;c%c%oGm;w,f? EdkifiHa&;OD;aqmiftzGJ‹ tpnf;ta0; xJrSm b,fvdkwdkufzdk‹qdkwmudk cifAsm;wdk‹ csdwfqufvkyf-uw,f r[kwfvm;? yk*~dKvft& OD;ydefudkcifAsm; t&qGJxm;w,fr[kwfvm;? 'DtcsdefrSm usKyf&Sif;vmygjyD/ cifAsm;[m usKyfxifcJhovdk 64=65=66=67 zufu &yfwnf wJhvlwa,mufr[kwfbl;? cifAsm;[m jyefvnfjyifqifa&;orm;jzpfw,f? &JabmfausmfxGef; ygwD0if odrf;oGif;a&;vkyfjyD;wJhtcsdefrSm 'Dtcsuf[maygufuJGvmw,f? 64=65=66=67 zufu &yfwnf&if 55=udkwdkuf&if b,folyJjzpfjzpf cifAsm;vrf;cGJcJhw,f? &efolvdkoabmxm;w,fqdkwm Al;ay:ovdkay:cJhjyD;jyD?

217

jyefvnfjyifqifa&;udk jywfjywfom;om;wdkufwJhvli,fawGeJ‹ cifAsm;vrf;cGJw,f? 'gwifr ubl;? cifAsm;om;jzpfwJh usKyfudkawmif rmhufpfvDeif0g' armfpDwkef;tawG;tac:zufu &yfwnfvdk‹ cifAsm;pum;rajymEdkifjzpfw,f? &Jabmfjrifhxl;/ &Jabmfwif[ef/ &JabmfausmfxGef;wdk‹udkvJ cifAsm;qufqHzdk‹ wef‹oGm;w,f? acgif;rmwJhrsdK;wl jyefvnfjyifqifa&;orm;csif;awmh qufqHa&; ydkrsm;vmw,f? 'g[m cif Asm;&yfwnfr+ bmvJqdkwm Al;ay:ovdk ay:vmwmyJ r[kwfvm;? cifAsm;[m 55=udkxd&if qwfqwfxdrcHbl;/ bcufudkxd&ifqwfqwfxdrcHbl;? &Jabmf odef;xGef;u 55=udkwdkufw,f? 55=udkpGJudkifxm;wJh bcufudkwdkufw,f? 'DtwGuf vli,f awGu axmufcHwmudk t-uD;tus,f cifAsm;qef‹usifw,f? cifAsm;[m bcufudk tjrJwrf;umuG,fay;w,f? &JabmfcifausmfeJ‹ usKyfu bcufr[kwfwmvkyfaewmawG ygwDqef‹usifa&;0g'jzef‹aewm awGudk cifAsm;udk wifjyw,f? ygwDxJrSm udk,fhtawG;tac: t,ltqudk wifjycGifh&Sdw,f? ol‹udkwdkufr,fqdk&if tcsdefay;&r,fqdkjyD; tJ'DwkH;u cifAsm; jyefajymcJhw,f? 'g[m bcuf eJ‹ jyefvnfjyifqifa&;udk tumuG,fay;wmr[kwf&if bmvJ? 'g[mvdrfnmaumufuspfwJh enf;eJ‹ umuG,fwmr[kwfbl;vm;? usKyfwdk‹ygwDxJrSm jyefvnfjyifqifa&;tawG;tac: t ,ll0g'udk xdef;odrf;xm;cGifh wifjycGifh0g'jzef‹cGifhr&Sdbl;? r&Sd&bl;? usKyfwdk‹ygwD[m uGefjrL epfygwDjzpfw,f? ygwDzsufr,fholudk ygwDzsufEdkifzdk‹ tcsdefray;Edkifbl;? 'ga-umifh cifAsm;[m acgif;rmwJhjyefvnfjyifqifa&;orm;xdyfoD;wa,mufjzpfw,f? t-uD;qkH;*dk%f;cGJa&;orm;vnf;jzpfw,f? 'g[mcifAsm;&Jh t-uD;qkH;jypfr+yJ? ygwDudk jzdKcGJzdk‹t wGuf ae0if;rvkyfEdkifwJhtvkyfawGudk cifAsm;vkyfaew,f? ygwDudk twGif;uae0ifjyD; jzdKcGJ aew,f? cifAsm;[m ae0if;&Jhvuf&kH; ygwDopPmazmufjzpfw,f? cifAsm;ajymbl;w,f? 55=tay:/ vli,fv+yf&Sm;r+tay: cifAsm;&Jhoabmxm;udk usKyfwdk‹uar;w,f/ tJ'Dwkef;u cifAsm;u “rif;wdk‹ighudk vli,fawGa&SŒrSma&m/ pcef;om;xka&SŒrSma&m a0zefEdkifw,f/ twGif; a&;rSL;tjzpfu jzKwfcsifjzKwfypfEdkifw,f/ rauseyfao;&if owfEdkifw,f”vdk‹ajymw,f/ 'g ayrJh rSm;,Gif;wJhcifAsm;&Jh &yfwnfr+udkawmh jyifr,fvdk‹rajymcJhygvm;? 'g[m rif;wdk‹ajymcsifovdkajym/ vkyfcsifovdkvkyf/ igawmhigh&yfwnfr+eJ‹yJvdk‹ qdkcsifwmyJr [kwfvm;” 'gha-umifh csKyfvdkufr,fqdk&if = OD;pdef[m ae0if;&JhygwDjzdKcJGa&;ay:vpDudk ygwDxJvmjyD; a&SŒwef;uae u|rf;u|rf;usifusif taumiftxnfazmfoljzpfw,f? ae0if;&Jhtm;udk;&wJhvuf&kH;jzpfw,f? ygwDzsufodrf;a&;/ awmfvSefa&;qef‹usifa&;/ xdyfoD;jyefvnfjyifqifa&;0g'orm;jzpfw,f? jyefvnfjyifqifa&;0g'jzpfwJh 55=udk toufay;umuG,fr,fqdkwJh acgif;rmjyefjyifa&;xdyf oD;jzpfw,f? OD;pdef/ OD;ydef cifAsm;wdk‹udk zrf;rdxm;wm[m ae0if;&Jhudk,fpm;vS,fudk zrf;rdxm;wmjzpfw,f/ cifAsm;eJ‹ ywfoufjyD; usKyftzdk‹ okH‹yef;ay:vpDr&Sdbl;? cifAsm;wdk‹udk owfypf&r,f? OD;pdef cifAsm;udk tazvdkoabmrxm;bl;vdk‹ ajymjyD;jyD/ &efolvdkoabmxm;w,f? cifAsm;udk usKyfudk,fwdkif vnfvSD;r,f?

218

obmywdtzGJ‹0ifcifAsm;? olwdk‹[m ae0if;pdwf-udKuf ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDxJvmjyD; ygwDeJ‹jynfoludk -udK;pifwifzdk‹ t-uH,kwfeJ‹ vkyfaqmifae-uolawGjzpfygw,f? olwdk‹[m ygwDxJrSmyJ&Sd&Sd ygwDyrSmyJ&Sd&Sd olwdk‹&nf&G,fcsuf[m ygwDeJ‹awmfvSefa&;udk zsufqD;zdk‹yJ jzpfw,f? 'gudkbcufeJ‹omvSwdk‹ ujycJhygjyD/ 'gha-umifh ao'%fay;zdk‹ awmif;qdkygw,f? Todk‹jzifh zdk;wl;onf rdrd.zcifjzpfaom &JabmfaX;.rsufESmudk vufnd‡K;aigufaigufxdk;I “cifAsm;udk usKyfudk,fwdkif vnfvSD;r,f”[k aemufqkH;wGif a'gESifhrmefESifhatmf[pfI pGJcsuf wifoGm;avonf? (5) &JabmaX;ESifh &Jabmfbwifwdk‹. aemufqkH;ae‹? 1967=ckESpf/ ZGefv(18)&ufae‹/ ae‹v,f(12)em&DwGifjzpfonf? om,m0wDc&dkif/ ewWvif;jrdKŒ/ awmfnKda'o/ qifaoacsmifzsm;wGif ,m,Dpcef;csxm;aom ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD A[dkXmecsKyfpcef;wGif qJoH/ -udrf;armif;oH/ &dkufESufoHrsm;jzifh qlnHaeavonf? ==== ====xdktcsdefwGif &JabmfaX;.om;i,f zdk;wl;onf tvGefa'goxGufaeaomtrlt&mjzifh &kwfw&uf ajy;xGufvmjyD; &JabmfaX;. em;&if;udkvufoD;jzifh wtm;xdk;vdkuf.? xdk‹jyif &JabmfaX;. rsufESmjyifudkvnf; vuf0g;jzifh wtm;v$JI&dkufvdkuf.? &JabmfaX;. ESm acgif;rS aoG;wdk‹onf wvdrfhvdrfh,dkpD;Iusaeawmhonf? zdk;wl;onf xdkr#jzifh tm;r&ao;I &JabmfaX;. OD;acgiftm; 0g;&if;wkwfjzifh wtm;ukefv$J I &dkufvdkufjyef.? &JabmfaX;onf rdrd. om;i,fzdk;wl;. vufcsufjzifh ajr-uD;ay:odk‹ xdk; vJusoGm;awmh.?===

219

220

221

222

2009=ckESpf ZEM0g&Dv 26=&ufae‹wGif Tpmtkyf jrefrmbmomjyefjcif; jyD;qkH;.? rdk[rR'ftvD (v[D)wef*Gef;

223