Pc-prelims.docx

LESSON 1 Language

These other languages may be referred as second languages.

- it is classified according to: communication mode, context, and purpose and style

Components: - system of rules (grammar) - sound system (phonology)

People learn these languages by studying formally in school or informally on their own. This is the process of language learning.

- vocabulary (lexicon)

Animals communicates and often it reflects their state of emotions.

Slowly learning a foreign language an commnicating it with them, understanding it, is what we call language contact.

Context - it is the circumstance or environment in which communication takes place. It may include physical or actual setting, the value positions of a speaker/listener, and the relevance or appropriateness of a message conveyed.

Types of Communication According To Mode When people use language, they can understand each other, because they belong to the same speech community. It means that they share same set of rules in the language system.

The result of language contact is called as language change. Your own languages may also change as you constantly interact and communicate with each other.

Verbal - Non-verbal Communication - communication through either oral or through gestures, posture, disposition, or facial expression

LESSON 2 While growing people acquire languages used in the community. This process is called language acquisition.

The language acquired while growing up are known as mother tongues, which may be reffered to as first languages.

Visual Communication Communication - it is generally defined as the exchange of thoughts, ideas, concepts, and views to play.

- it is the type of communication that uses visuals to convey information and/or messages. - examples would be: signs. Symbols, imagery, maps, graphs, etc.

Types of Communication According to Context

Extended Communication - it involves the use of electronic data.

to the same level but coming from different departments or units to facilitate performance of tasks through proper coordination

Intrapersonal Communication Organizational Communication Intra means “within” or “inside” - it means talking to oneself. Some label it as inner talk, inner monologue, or inner dialogue. - Psychologist call it names such as Self-Verbalization or Self-statement

Formal structure - it allows communication to take place via designated channels of message flow between positions in the organizations

4. Crosswise approach - it is diagonal in nature as employees from different units or departments working at various levels communicate with each other.

Informal Communication - it comes from unofficial channels of message flow.

Interpersonal Communication Inter means “between”, “among”, and “together”.

4 Approaches in Formal Structure

- it is an interactive exchange. A simple interaction such as greetings, getting to know a person.

1. Downward approach - is the type that flows from upper to lower positions.

- This may occur in dyads or small groups also known as group communication.

e.g.

A communication is interpersonal if it is meant to establish or deepen one’s relationship with others. However, if the objective is to achieve something at the end of the conversation, it becomes transactional.

from superior to subordinate

2. Upward communication - from lower to upper positions, bearing view/feedback on organizational policies, issues related to their jobs.

3. Horizontal communication - it is lateral in approach as it takes place among people belonging

- it is also known as “grapevine”, messages coming from the different levels of the organization are transmitted.

- This occurs due to the dissatisfaction of some employees accompanied by uncertainty, such as superiors plaing favorites and unfavorable or unacceptable company rules and regulations.

- Tracing the origin of a rumor is almost next to impossible.

Organizational Culture

Based on its history and development, an organization develops itws own core values, vision, and mission statements, goals, and objective.

Peter Drucker’s famos quote “Company culutures are like country cultures. Never try to change one. Try instead, to work, with what you’ve got.”.

Communication may be classified according to purpose and style.

Formal Communication It employs formal language delivered orally or in written form. Lectures, public talks/speeches, research and project proposals, reports, and business letters.

- Even gender differences affects communication - Individuals having different orientations communicate and interpret messages differently. - It is important not to be judgemental or to rush into interpretations as cultures sometimes vary enormously.

Types of Communication According To Purpose and and Style

Classical rhetorics dates back to ancient Greece during the time of Plato, Aristotle, and the Greek Sophists who were great rhetoricians.

Its variables:

Speaker --> Speech --> Audience

Intercultural Communication - It is communication between or among persons having different linguistic, religious, ethnic, social, and professional backgrounds.

Aristotle’s Communication Model

Informal Communication It does not employ formal language. It involves personal and ordinary conversations with friends, family members, or acquiantances about anything under the sun.

LESSON 3

Note that the speaker variable here is very important. Depending on the profile of the audience, the speaker adjusts his/her speech. Some considerations for the audience demographics are age, sex, background, culture, race, religion, gender, social, and economic status, and political orientation or inclination.

Communication Processes, Principles, and Ethics

Model It is a representation of a real world phenomenon applied to different forms. The interplay of variables in the model is represented graphically.

Laswell’s Communication Model

In 1948, Harold Dwight Lasswell described communication as being focused on the following:



Who Communicator

for Sender of the message, sent through a channel or medium to a receiver. However, it was modified later on to include noise, hence the acronym SMCRN.

Who says What in Which channel toWhom and with What effect .

Source --> Message --> Channel --> Receiver

Says What

In which channel

To Whom

With what effect

Message

Medium

Receiver

Effect

*NOTE

The whole process of communication begins with the communicator (who) sending out a message (what) using a medium (in which channel) for a receiver (to whom) experiencing an effect (with what effect)

While this model is similar to Aristotle’s in the sense that both are linear and have the same components.

This model is often called Telephone Model, since it was developed during the development of the technology of the telephone, and the experience of noise coming from the switchboard.

Source and Message encodes Channel and Receiver decodes

Source: In this model, other components such as noise, reception, destination, and feedback have been identified. Other terms such as information sourdce for the sender, transmitter for the encoder, decoder (recepetion), and reveiver (destination) were introduced.

- Communication Skills - Attitudes - Knoweledge - Social System - Culture

Shannon-Weaver’s Communication Model Berlo’s Communication Model Claude Elwood Shannon and Warren Weaver’s model of communication was introduced in 1949, a year after Lasswell’s, for Bell Laboratories.

David Berlo’s model conceptualized in 1960 is probably the most well-known among the communication models. Initially, it was called SMCR

Message: - Content - Elements

- Treatment - Structure

*refer to PC BOOK (p.38 - 39) for more in-depth definitions. - Je

- Code

This model pays attention to the role of the interpreter. Encoding and decoding are not automatic processes both go through the filter of the interpreter.

Therefore, the message may succeed or fail, based on the sender and interpreter’s interpretation of the message.

Channel: (5 senses) - Hearing - Seeing - Touching

There are times when the sender and receiver may apply different meanings to the same message, and this is termed “semantic noise”

- Smelling - Tasting

Receiver: - Communication Skills - Attitudes

Osgood-Schramm Model

Semantic noise in communication is a type of disturbance in the transmission of a message that interferes with the interpretation of the message due to ambiguity in words, sentences or symbols used in the transmission of the message.

- Knowledge - Social System - Culture

Schramm’s 2nd Model

5. Work on the feedback given to you.

Principles of Effective Oral Communication

▪ This second model builds the theory about the interpreter into the different fields of experience of the sender and the receiver.

1. Be clear with your purpose. ▪Since it is a circular model, it means that oral communication is a continuous process with no real beginning or end.

2. Be complete with the message you deliver. 3. Be concise 4. Be natural with your delivery.

▪ For the message to reach the receiver, there must be a common field of experience between the sender and the receiver.

▪ According to Snesha Mishra (2017), this field of experience may constitute “culture”, social background, beliefs, experiences, values, and rules.

▪The most important contribution from Eugene White’s model is the concept of feedback, which can only be processed by the speaker if he or she has been monitoring the audience or the listener. Hence, the speaker must also pay attention to the listener’s verbal and non-verbal cues. (Flores, 2016)

5. Be specific and timely with your feedback.

Principles of Effective Written Commication: The 7Cs

1. Be clear General Principles of Effective Communication

Eugene White’s Communication Model

2. Be concise 3. Be concrete

1. Know your purpose in communication. 2. Know your audience 3. Know your topic 4. Adjust your speech or writing to the context of the situation

4. Be correct 5. Be coherent 6. Be complete 7. Be courteous

Ethics of Communication

Communication ethics emphasizes that morals influence the behavior of an individual, group, or organization thereby affecting their communication.

Be guided by the following to achieve ethical communication:

1.

Establish an effective value system that will pave the way for the development of your integrity as a person.

2.

Provide complete and accurrate information.

3.

Diclose vital information appropriately.

adequately

and

A code of ethics sets the standards to be observed by a person or a company that will create a good reputation or a positive image not only for an individual but also for the organizaition.