Parandhaman - Nec1818007 - Propeller Display.docx

PROPELLER DISPLAY

AN ISO 9001:2008 CERTIFIED TRAINING INSTITUTION

NETTUR TECHNICAL TRAINING FOUNDATION

PROJECT REPORT ON

PROPELLER DISPLAY PROJECT DONE BY PARANDHAMAN. K NEC1818007

POST DIPLOMA IN EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

NTTF TECHNICAL TRAINING CENTRE ELECTRONIC CITY 2018 – 2019 POST DIPLOMA IN EMBEDDED SYSTEM

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PROPELLER DISPLAY

AN ISO 9001:2008 CERTIFIED TRAINING INSTITUTION

NETTUR TECHNICAL TRAINING FOUNDATION

Certificate This is to certify that the project titled

PROPELLER DISPLAY Is a bonafide record of the project work done by

PARANDHAMAN. K

In partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of POST Diploma in EMBEDDED SYSTEMS under the institution NETTUR TECHNICAL TRAINING FOUNDATION, Electronic city Training Centre, during the Academic year 2018– 2019

PROJECT GUIDE

EXTERNAL EXAMINER

POST DIPLOMA IN EMBEDDED SYSTEM

PRINCIPAL

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PROPELLER DISPLAY

SYNOPSIS

With further resources and time we could implement a system that would be superior to today’s methods. So in my project I am making a PROPELLER DISPLAY. Which is controlled by 8051 family

microcontroller.

Heart

of

the

project

is

AT89S52

Microcontroller IC which is developed by ATMEL Company.

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PROPELLER DISPLAY

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I feel privileged to acknowledge the contribution of those who helped me for the successful completion of the project. First of all I would like to give my regards to our Principal

Mr. R. AYYAPPAN

for his contribution and valuable guidance for making this project a grand success. I am thankful to our Vice-Principal Mrs. JASMI K.K for valuable information and guidance. I would also like to express my immense gratitude to our Course in-charge Mr. ARUN PADDAKI Section-Head Mrs. JASMI K.K and our project guide Mr. SANDEEP M who guided me and gave their maximum support to make this project workable one. Also in this opportunity I thank the staffs of NTTF and my classmates for supporting me in each step and making this project into reality

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INDEX

SL NO 1.0 2.0 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 4.0 5.0 5.1 5.1.1 5.1.2 5.2 5.2.1 5.2.2 5.2.3 5.2.4 6.0 7.0 7.1 7.1.1 7.1.2 7.1.3 7.1.4 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7. 7.2.5

CONTENTS INTRODUCTION AIM OBJECTIVES PROJECT RELEVENCE PROJECT TARGET PROJECT LIMITATIONS MODULAR BLOCK DIAGRAM BLOCK DIAGRAM DESCRIPTION DC MOTOR BLOCK 12V ADAPTER DC MOTOR PROPRLLER DISPLAY BLOCK POWER SUPPLY IR MODULE AT89S52 MICROCONTROLLER LED CIRCUIT DIAGRAM CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION AT89S52 MICROCONTROLLER FEATURES PIN DIAGRAM MICROCONTROLLER RESET CIRCUIT MICROCONTROLLER OSCILLATOR CIRCUIT IR MODULE 12V ADAPTER RESISTOR CAPACITOR VOLTAGE REGULATOR CRYSTAL DC MOTOR

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PAGE NUMBER 7 8 8 8 9 9 10 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 12 13 13 13 14 15 16 18 19 20 20 21 21 22 Page 5

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7.2.6 8.0 9.0 9.1 9.2 10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 14.0 15.0 16.0 17.0 17.0 18.0 19.0 20.0

LED CALCULATION SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS KEIL SOFTWARE PROTEUS DESIGN SUIT FLASH ISP WORKING PRINCIPLE PROGRAM SUB ASSEMBLY, TESTING AND OBSERVATION IR TRANSMITTER AND RECEIVER MICROCONTROLLER UNIT LED OVERALL ASSEMBLY TESTING AND OBSERVATION ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES APPLICATIONS FINAL PRODUCT SCOPE OF IMPROVEMENT CONCLUSION TOTAL COST DATA SHEET

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23 23 24 24 24 25 26 27 30 30 31 32 33 34 34 35 36 36 37 38

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1.0 INTRODUCTION A Propeller based display is a display that works on phenomenon of persistence of vision. Persistence of vision is that makes discrete images incident on a human eye and changing at a rate of almost one-sixteenth of a second appears to be an image collective of all the individual images. This concept has been used in this project to demonstrate a Text on the display. Digital Propeller project is built around 8051 family microcontroller. The system has a high RPM motor which makes the system rotate. The LEDs arranged in a row across the PCB turn ON and OFF at specific intervals when the system rotates to produce image of a character on the eye of the human watching it. This makes the observer believe that he/she is watching a Propeller that has few LEDs lit for each of the digit displayed in the Text. This system can prove to be very useful in various scenarios where the user wants propeller based display that consumes less space, less electricity and also in synchronicity with the users choice of time. Hence, the Digital Propeller display with 8052 Override Project is a useful project to demonstrate the advanced technique of display using persistence of vision using live interface with human.

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2.0 AIM

The aim is to build a PROPELLER DISPLAY USING 8051.

3.0 OBJECTIVES   

The primary objective of the project is to make a “PROPELLER DISPLAY USING 8051”  To have an idea regarding IR SENSING.  To develop knowledge in selection of components according to the function and requirements.

 



To have a knowledge in MC 8051



Trouble shooting whenever necessary.

3.1 PROJECT RELEVANCE

The project Propeller display has the following advantages.  Easy construction.   

 Easy maintenance.  Low cost.  Easy to control, no skilled persons are required. 

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PROPELLER DISPLAY

3.2 PROJECT TARGET

To make a Propeller display which is having very good visualization.

3.3 PROJECT LIMITATIONS



It is not water resistant.



Accuracy is less.



Low speed.

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4.0 MODULAR BLOCK DIAGRAM Fig 4.0(DC MOTOR BLOCK DIAGRAM)

Fig 4.1(PROPELLER DISPLAY BLOCK DIAGRAM)

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5.0 BLOCK DIAGRAM DESCRIPTION 5.1 DC MOTOR BLOCK 5.1.1 12V DC ADAPTER 12V DC Adapter takes input of 230V AC and produces output as 12V DC.

5.1.2 DC MOTOR DC motor is used to rotate the Propeller display and this motor is powered by 12V DC adapter.

5.2 PROPELLER DISPLAY BLOCK 5.2.1 POWER SUPLLY In this module two 3.7V Lithium polymer battery’s together will give the 7.4V as an output. This 7.4V is given to LM7805 Voltage regulator IC and it will produce constant 5V DC as a output voltage.

5.2.2 IR MODULE IR module is an input device to the microcontroller which is used find the speed of the Speed of the DC motor by means of obstacle getting every rotation.

5.2.3 AT89S52 MICROCONTROLLER Microcontroller is the heart of the project. It gets the input from IR module and according to that LED’s are controlled by using Port2.

5.2.4 LED LED is abbreviated as Light Emitting Diode. Here which is used to display the characters. This led is controlled by AT89S52 microcontroller.

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6.0 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Fig 6.0 (Circuit diagram)

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7.0 CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION 7.1 AT89S52 MICROCONTROLLER 7.1.1 FEATURES 8051 microcontroller is designed by Intel in 1981. It is an 8-bit microcontroller. It is built with 40 pins DIP (dual inline package), 8kb of ROM storage and 256 bytes of RAM storage, 3 16-bit timers. It consists of are four parallel 8-bit ports, which are programmable as well as addressable as per the requirement. An on-chip crystal oscillator is integrated in the microcontroller having crystal frequency of 20 MHz. In the following diagram, the system bus connects all the support devices to the CPU. The system bus consists of an 8-bit data bus, a 16-bit address bus and bus control signals. All other devices like program memory, ports, data memory, serial interface, interrupt control, timers, and the CPU are all interfaced together through the system bus. Fig 7.1.1(Block diagram of 8051)

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7.1.2 PIN DIAGRAM

Fig 7.1.2 (Pin diagram)

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7.1.3 MICROCONTROLLER RESET CIRCUIT

Fig 7.1.3 (Reset circuit)

A power-on reset (PoR) is a circuit that provides a predictable, regulated voltage to a microcontroller with the initial application of power. The PoR system ensures that the microprocessor or microcontroller will start in the same condition every time that it is powered up. A PoR system can be a peripheral, but in sophisticated processors or controllers the PoR is integrated on the main chip. The most basic PoR system can comprise a resistor and capacitor connected together with values tailored so that, when power is first applied, the capacitor takes a predictable and constant time to charge up. For computer use, however, additional components are often required, including a circuit called a Schmitt trigger. When the PoR circuit is designed, the charge-up time should be adjusted by trial and error so that all of the processor or controller circuits can set themselves to the correct initial values before the computer begins to function. A well-designed PoR circuit can ensure that when power is applied to a computer, it will start up properly every time (or almost every time), and will never (or rarely) freeze up right away. This feature not only saves the POST DIPLOMA IN EMBEDDED SYSTEM

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user a great deal of frustration, but it offers a last resort in case of a stubborn system crash: the so-called cold boot, where the computer is completely powered-down for a minute or two, and then powered-up all over again.

7.1.4 MICROCONTROLLER OSCILLATOR CIRCUIT

Fig 7.1.4 (Oscillator circuit)

CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION •

The oscillator circuit, the heartbeat of microcontroller is used to generate the device clock.

•

Oscillator will give the pulse used for working of a microcontroller.

•

The frequency range of MC is 0 MHz – 20 MHz

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Crystals are usually selected by their parallel resonant frequency only, however other parameters may be important to your design, such as temperature or frequency tolerance. Application Note AN588 is an excellent reference if you would like to know more about crystal operation and their ordering information. The MC internal oscillator circuit is a parallel oscillator circuit, which requires that a parallel resonant crystal be selected. The load capacitance is usually specified in the 20 pF to 32 pF range. The crystal will oscillate closest to the desired frequency with capacitance in this range. It may be necessary to sometimes juggle these values a bit, as described later, in order to achieve other benefits. Clock mode is primarily chosen by using the FOSC parameter specification (parameter 1A) in the device’s data sheet, based on frequency. Clock modes (except RC) are simply gain selections, lower gain for lower frequencies, higher gain for higher frequencies. It is possible to select a higher or lower gain, if desired, based on the specific needs of the oscillator circuit. C3 and C4 should also be initially selected based on the load capacitance as suggested by the crystal manufacturer and the tables supplied in the device data sheet. The values given in the Microchip data sheet can only be used as a starting point, since the crystal manufacturer, supply voltage, and other factors already mentioned may cause your circuit to differ from the one used in the factory characterization process. Ideally, the capacitance is chosen (within the range of the recommended crystal load preferably) so that it will oscillate at the highest temperature and lowest VDD that the circuit will be expected to POST DIPLOMA IN EMBEDDED SYSTEM

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perform under. High temperature and low VDD both have a limiting affect on the loop gain, such that if the circuit functions at these extremes, the designer can be more assured of proper operation at other temperatures and supply voltage combinations. The output sine wave should not be clipped in the highest gain environment (highest VDD and lowest temperature) and the sine output amplitude should be great enough in the lowest gain environment (lowest VDD and highest temperature) to cover the logic input requirements of the clock.

7.2 IR MODULE

Fig 7.2(IR module)

IR TRANSMITTER The infrared transmitter can be constructed using an infrared LED, a current limiting resistor and a power supply. A current-limiting resistor is generally connected to prevent excess current through IR1. The transmitter part of the sensor is an Infrared (IR) Led which transmits continuous IR rays to be received by an IR receiver. POST DIPLOMA IN EMBEDDED SYSTEM

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PROPELLER DISPLAY

IR RECEIVER The output of the receiver varies depending upon its reception of IR rays. Since this variation cannot be analyzed as such, therefore this output can be fed to a comparator. Here operational amplifier (op-amp) of LM358 is used as comparator. When the IR receiver does not receive signal the potential at the inverting input goes higher than that that at non-inverting input of the comparator (LM 358). Thus the output of the comparator goes low. When the IR receiver receives signal the potential at the inverting input goes low. Thus the output of the comparator goes high. Resistor R8 (10k ) is used to ensure that minimum current passes through the IR photodiode. Resistor VR1 (preset=10k ) is used to set the sensitivity of the circuit.

7.3 12V ADAPTER 12V Adapter is a Power supply unit is used provide fixed 12V DC supply. Input of the power supply unit is 230V AC and provides 12V DC. Fig 7.3 (12V Adapter)

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PROPELLER DISPLAY

7.4 RESISTOR The resistor is a passive electrical component to create resistance in the flow of electric current. In almost all electrical networks and electronic circuits they can be found. The resistance is measured in ohms. An ohm is the resistance that occurs when a current of one ampere passes through a resistor with a one volt drop across its terminals. The current is proportional to the voltage across the terminal ends. This ratio is represented by Ohm’s law:

Fig 7.4 (Resistor)

Resistors are used for many purposes. A few examples include delimit electric current, voltage division, heat generation, matching and loading circuits, control gain, and fix time constants.

7.5 CAPACITOR A capacitor (also called condenser, which is the older term) is an electronic device that stores electric energy. It is similar to a battery, but can be smaller, lightweight and a capacitor charges or discharges much quicker. Capacitors are used in many electronic devices today, and can be made out of many different types of material. The Leyden jar was one of the first capacitors invented. Capacitors are usually made with two metal plates that are on top of each other and near each other, but that do not actually touch. When powered, they allow energy to be stored inside an electrical field. Because the plates need a lot of area to store even a small amount of charge, the plates are usually rolled up into some other shape, such as a cylinder. Sometimes, other shapes of POST DIPLOMA IN EMBEDDED SYSTEM

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capacitors are used for special purposes. A capacitor-like effect can also result just from two conductors being close to each other, whether you want it to exist or not. The type of capacitor used depends on the application. Capacitors come in many sizes. They can be as small as an ant or as large as a dustbin. A few capacitors are adjustable.

7.6 VOLTAGE REGULATORS

LM7805 LM7805 is a positive 5V voltage regulator used to provide the constant +5v. Specifications: Vin =7 to 25volts Vout = +5V Iout = 1.5Amps

7.7 CRYSTAL Fig 7.7(Crystal)

Crystal is used to provide the clock pulse to the microcontroller.

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7.8 DC MOTOR A DC motor is any motor within a class of electrical machines whereby direct current electrical power is converted into mechanical power. Most often, this type of motor relies on forces that magnetic fields produce. Regardless of the type, DC motors have some kind of internal mechanism, which is electronic or electromechanical. In both cases, the direction of current flow in part of the motor is changed periodically.

Fig 7.8 (DC Motor)

The speed of a DC motor is controlled using a variable supply voltage or by changing the strength of the current within its field windings. While smaller DC motors are commonly used in the making of appliances, tools, toys, and automobile mechanisms, such as electric car seats, larger DC motors are used in hoists, elevators, and electric vehicles.

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7.9 LED Fig 7.9(LED)

A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor light source that emits light when current flows through it. Electrons in the semiconductor recombine with electron holes, releasing energy in the form of photons. This effect is called electroluminescence. The color of the light (corresponding to the energy of the photons) is determined by the energy required for electrons to cross the band gap of the semiconductor. White light is obtained by using multiple semiconductors or a layer of light-emitting phosphor on the semiconductor device.

8.0 CALCULATIONS: Total Clock Frequency = 20MHZ Machine cycle Frequency = 1666666.666666667HZ Time period =1/f =1/1666666.666666667HZ =0.6us Timer Calculation: For 25ms delay = 25000/0.6=41666.666 =65535-41666.66 =23868 =5D3C

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9.0 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENT 



KEIL Software as Compiler, Coding in Embedded C.



Proteus for Circuit Designing. 

9.1 KEIL SOFTWARE

KEIL is a free, integrated toolset for the development of embedded applications on microcontrollers. It is called an Integrated Development Environment, or IDE, because it provides a single integrated environment to develop code for embedded microcontrollers

9.2 PROTEUS DESIGN SUITE The Proteus Design Suite is an Electronic Design Automation (EDA) tool including schematic capture, simulation and PCB Layout modules. It is developed in Yorkshire, England by Labcenter Electronics Ltd with offices in North America and several overseas sales channels.

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10.0 FLASH ISP (IN-SYSTEM PROGRAMMING) In-System Programming (ISP) is a technique where a programmable device is programmed after the device is placed in a circuit board. While in earlier days a chip had been removed from the target board and placed in a programming device, today's microcontrollers and external memory chips can be re-programmed without being removed from the circuit. This is called in-circuit or in-system programming Fig 10.0 (ISP flash)

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11.0 WORKING When motor starts rotating based on the rotating Speed microcontroller will control the leds’s and while rotating the column of led’s together make a Character. If shaft starts rotating timer 0 starts and its will increment the ‘I’ Variable every 25ms delay. This will be controlled by timer 0 interrupt. If interrupt occurs it will go to the timer 0 interrupt service routine. If shaft completes the one rotation IR will get obstacle and activates the External interrupt 0. When External Interrupt 0 is activated it will go to its interrupt service routine there leds are controlled based on the timer 0. Time taken for completing one rotation is divided by 50. Why 50 means total no of frames for displaying characters used is 50.

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12.0 PROGRAM #include int i=1,j=1; void delay(int x); void main() { P2=0x00; EA=1;EX0=1;PX0=0;PX1=0;PT0=1; IT0=1; TMOD=0X11;TF0=0;TF1=0; TR0=1; TH0=0XA2;TL0=0XC3; while(1); } void intrr() interrupt 0 { i=i*25; j=i/50; delay(j);delay(j); delay(j);delay(j); //Program for Displaying the character ‘N’ P2=0XFE;delay(j);P2=0XFE;delay(j); P2=0X60;delay(j);P2=0X30;delay(j); P2=0X18;delay(j);P2=0XFE;delay(j); P2=0XFE;delay(j);P2=0X00;delay(j); POST DIPLOMA IN EMBEDDED SYSTEM

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delay(j);delay(j); //Program for Displaying the character ‘T’ P2=0XC0;delay(j);P2=0Xc0;delay(j); P2=0XF7;delay(j);P2=0XF7;delay(j); P2=0Xc0;delay(j);P2=0XC0;delay(j); P2=0Xc0;delay(j);P2=0Xc0;delay(j); delay(j);delay(j); P2=0XC0;delay(j); P2=0Xc0;delay(j);P2=0XF7;delay(j); P2=0XF7;delay(j);P2=0Xc0;delay(j); P2=0XC0;delay(j);P2=0X00;delay(j); P2=0X00;delay(j);delay(j);delay(j); //Program for Displaying the character ‘T’ P2=0X82;delay(j);P2=0XFE;delay(j); P2=0XFE;delay(j);P2=0X92;delay(j); P2;0XB8;delay(j);P2=0X80;delay(j); P2=0XC0;delay(j);P2=0X18; int i=20; while(i--) { delay(j);} //Program for Displaying NEC P2=0XFE;delay(j);P2=0XFE;delay(j); P2=0X60;delay(j);P2=0X30;delay(j); P2=0X18;delay(j);P2=0XFE;delay(j); POST DIPLOMA IN EMBEDDED SYSTEM

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P2=0XFE;delay(j);P2=0X00;delay(j);delay(j);delay(j); //FOR E P2=0X82;delay(j);P2=0XFE;delay(j); P2=0XFE;delay(j);P2=0X92;delay(j); P2=0XBA;delay(j);P2=0X82;delay(j); P2=0XC6;delay(j);P2=0X00;delay(j); delay(j);delay(j);delay(j);delay(j); P2=0X38;delay(j);P2=0X7C;delay(j); P2=0XC6;delay(j);P2=0X82;delay(j); P2=0X82;delay(j);P2=0XC6;delay(j); P2=0X44;delay(j);P2=0X00;delay(j); delay(j);delay(j);delay(j);delay(j); delay(j);delay(j);delay(j);delay(j); //Program for Displaying the character ‘C’ P2=0x00;delay(j); P2=0X42;delay(j); P2=0X63;delay(j); P2=0X41;delay(j); P2=0X41;delay(j); P2=0X63;delay(j); P2=0X3E;delay(j); P2=0X1C;delay(j); delay(j);delay(j);

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void timer() interrupt 1 { i++; TF0=0; } void delay(int x) { int i=150; while(i--); }

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13.0 SUB ASSEMBLY, TESTING AND OBSERVATION

13.1 IR TRANSMITTER AND RECEIVER This project uses two IR transmitter and receiver unit, for the purpose of anti-collision system.

TESTING STEPS: 1. Checked all components. 2. 3. Connected the circuit on the breadboard as per the design. 4. Given the input 5V. 5. Verified the output by observing the reading on the multimeter. 6. Soldered the components on a general purpose circuit board. 7. Checked for shorts on the circuit by using a multimeter. 8. Given supply and checked whether correct voltage is coming on the respective connectors.

OBSERVATION: 1. Getting 3.6V as output when receiver receiving IR rays. 2. Getting 15mV when receiver not receiving IR rays, i.e obstacle in between transmitter and receiver.

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13.2 MICROCONTROLLER UNIT

 



At89S52 microcontroller as intelligent brain of our system



This unit consists of 1. Oscillator circuit 2. Reset circuit

TESTING STEPS 1. Checked all components 2. Connected on the breadboard according to the design 3. Gave input (0/1) to the pins according to the conditions for reset circuit. 4. Connected the oscillator circuit as per design. 5. Verified the output by pressing the reset switch in the reset circuit. 6. Soldered the components on a PCB 7. Checked for shorts on the circuit by using a multi-meter Gave supply and checked whether correct voltage is coming on the correct pins.

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13.3 LED 1. It is used to display the characters. 2. These LEDs are controlled by the AT89S52 Microcontroller.

TESTING STEPS 1. Checked all components. 2. Connected on the breadboard according to the design. 3. Gave +5V to the LED with series resistance 330ohm.

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14.0 OVERALL ASSEMBLY TESTING AND

OBSERVATION



According to design of each sub circuits made all modules for project. The required modules for project are,   IR TRANSMITTER & RECEIVER.



 MICROCONTROLLER UNIT WITH POWER SUPPLY 5V.



 VOLTAGE REGULATOR.



 LEDs

 



 Tested all modules independently.



From the output of the voltage regulator, made connection to supply for IR transmitter & receiver unit and Display.

 The outputs of the IR receiver circuit are connected to the input of the Microcontroller unit.   Checked the continuity of all connections.  Verified the output of each module.

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15.0 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES ADVANTAGES   



Low cost



Highly portable



Easy in construction.

DISADVANTAGES

 



It is not water resistant.



Not portable.



Less accurate.

16.0 APPLICATIONS

 



Industrial Application.



Display Applications.

             POST DIPLOMA IN EMBEDDED SYSTEM

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17.0 FINAL PRODUCT 



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18.0 SCOPE OF IMPROVEMENT Our system can be improved by following ways: 1. By implementing a Bluetooth controlled options 2. By implementing a different color LEDs.

19.0 CONCLUSION I made sure that my project “PROPELLER DISPLAY” marks a significant role in Embedded System. I could implement this project successively and at low cost and finds a significant application in future

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19.0 TOTAL COST S.No

Component Name

1

Center shaft DC MOTOR

12V-500rpm

145

1

No

145

2

AT89S52 Microcontroller

-

70

1

No

70

3

LED RED

3

8

Nos

24

4

LED GREEN

3

2

Nos

6

5

40Pin base socket

-

5

1

No

5

230/12-0-12V 500ma

60

1

No

60

20MHZ

20

1

No

20

Specification Price Quantity Unit

Total Price

7

Transformer

8

Crystal

9

Resistors

10Kilo ohms

1

1

No

1

10

Resistors

330ohms

1

8

Nos

8

11

Motor Wheel

-

10

1

No

10

12

Regulator IC

LM7805

10

1

No

10

13

Lithium polymer Battery

350ma

150

2

Nos

300

14

Capacitor

10uf

1

1

No

1

15

Capacitor

22pf

1

2

Nos

2

16

Capacitor

0.1uf

1

1

No

1

17

IR module

-

1

No

30

30 TOTAL

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693

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