Parallelism
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1
Parallelism
McGraw-Hill
Copyright © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
2
Uses of Parallelism • • • •
To coordinate elements in a series. To pair ideas. To enhance coherence. To organize lists.
McGraw-Hill
Copyright © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
3
Using Parallelism • All items listing two or more words, phrases, or clauses, need to be written in the same grammatical structure. For example, balance a noun with a noun, a phrase with a phrase, a clause with a clause. – Many people are interested in combat when they read about it at home, study about it in school, or watching it on television. • Revision: Many people are interested in combat when they read about it at home, study about it in school, or watch it on television.
McGraw-Hill
Copyright © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
4
Using Parallelism with Pairs • When two ideas are included, they must be parallel. – Tourists enjoy viewing air shows on military bases and to examine displays of armor in museums.
• Revision: – Tourists enjoy viewing air shows on military bases and examining armor displays in museums. McGraw-Hill
Copyright © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
5
Using Parallelism • Put words linked by coordinating conjunctions in parallel form. – The martial arts stress the study of hand technique and how you kick. • Revision: – The martial arts stress strengthening the hands and the feet.
McGraw-Hill
Copyright © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
6
Using Parallelism • Correlative conjunctions (either/or, neither/nor, both/and, whether/or) whether/or require parallel form. – In Kung Fu the hands must be not only hard enough to knock down a man, but also their sensitivity must feel which way the wind blows.
• Revision: – In Kung Fu the hands must be both hard enough to knock down a man and sensitive enough to feel which way the wind blows.
McGraw-Hill
Copyright © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
7
Using Parallelism • Comparisons using than or as need parallel form. – The President would rather use diplomacy than agreeing to send troops abroad.
• Revision: – The President would rather use diplomacy than agree to send troops abroad. McGraw-Hill
Copyright © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
8
Using Parallelism • By repeating the preposition, the articles, articles or the subordinating conjunctions, conjunctions the parallelism becomes clearer and more effective. – The peace negotiators promised to out in the day or night.
help
• Revision: – The peace negotiators promised to in the day or in the night.
McGraw-Hill
help out
Copyright © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
9
Checking for Parallelism • Check items listed in a series. – Use a parallel grammatical structure for all items.
• Check places where coordinate or correlative conjunctions are used. • Check sentences where you use than and as. as McGraw-Hill
Copyright © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
10
Parallelism Review Exercises Identify whether the following sentence is correct.
• In the 18th century, Franz Mesmer treated patients by using iron magnets and hypnosis. McGraw-Hill
Correct
Copyright © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
11
Parallelism Review Exercises Identify whether the following sentence is correct.
• People accused him of being a magician and that he was a fraud.
McGraw-Hill
Error
Copyright © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
12
Parallelism Review Exercises Identify whether the following sentence is correct.
• People accused him of being a magician and a fraud.
McGraw-Hill
Revision
Copyright © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
13
Parallelism Review Exercises Identify whether the following sentence is correct.
• Today hypnosis is used in dentistry, in obstetrics, and when having minor surgery.
McGraw-Hill
Error
Copyright © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
14
Parallelism Review Exercises Identify whether the following sentence is correct.
• Today hypnosis is used in dentistry, in obstetrics, and in minor surgery.
McGraw-Hill
Revision
Copyright © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
15
Parallelism Review Exercises Identify whether the following sentence is correct.
• Under hypnotic trance, the depressed patient may learn to assign positive feelings to past loss or learn to put the loss behind him and resume his life. McGraw-Hill
Correct
Copyright © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
16
Parallelism Review Exercises Identify whether the following sentence is correct.
• However, hypnotic subjects can readily confuse events that really happened with imaginary events.
McGraw-Hill
Error
Copyright © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
17
Parallelism Review Exercises Identify whether the following sentence is correct.
• However, hypnotic subjects can readily confuse real events with imaginary events.
McGraw-Hill
Revision
Copyright © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
18
Parallelism Review Exercises Identify whether the following sentence is correct.
• Fear, stress, and feeling anxious seem to be factors in increasing physiological pain.
McGraw-Hill
Error
Copyright © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
19
Parallelism Review Exercises Identify whether the following sentence is correct.
• Fear, stress, and anxiety seem to be factors in increasing physiological pain.
McGraw-Hill
Revision
Copyright © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
20
Parallelism Review Exercises Identify whether the following sentence is correct.
• Hypnosis can quiet the mind by slowing heart rates, lowering respiration rates, and it reduces blood pressure.
McGraw-Hill
Error
Copyright © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
21
Parallelism Review Exercises Identify whether the following sentence is correct.
• Hypnosis can quiet the mind by slowing heart rates, lowering respiration, and reducing blood pressure.
McGraw-Hill
Revision
Copyright © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
22
Any Questions?
Just ask!
McGraw-Hill
Copyright © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Parallelism
McGraw-Hill
Copyright © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
2
Uses of Parallelism • • • •
To coordinate elements in a series. To pair ideas. To enhance coherence. To organize lists.
McGraw-Hill
Copyright © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
3
Using Parallelism • All items listing two or more words, phrases, or clauses, need to be written in the same grammatical structure. For example, balance a noun with a noun, a phrase with a phrase, a clause with a clause. – Many people are interested in combat when they read about it at home, study about it in school, or watching it on television. • Revision: Many people are interested in combat when they read about it at home, study about it in school, or watch it on television.
McGraw-Hill
Copyright © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
4
Using Parallelism with Pairs • When two ideas are included, they must be parallel. – Tourists enjoy viewing air shows on military bases and to examine displays of armor in museums.
• Revision: – Tourists enjoy viewing air shows on military bases and examining armor displays in museums. McGraw-Hill
Copyright © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
5
Using Parallelism • Put words linked by coordinating conjunctions in parallel form. – The martial arts stress the study of hand technique and how you kick. • Revision: – The martial arts stress strengthening the hands and the feet.
McGraw-Hill
Copyright © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
6
Using Parallelism • Correlative conjunctions (either/or, neither/nor, both/and, whether/or) whether/or require parallel form. – In Kung Fu the hands must be not only hard enough to knock down a man, but also their sensitivity must feel which way the wind blows.
• Revision: – In Kung Fu the hands must be both hard enough to knock down a man and sensitive enough to feel which way the wind blows.
McGraw-Hill
Copyright © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
7
Using Parallelism • Comparisons using than or as need parallel form. – The President would rather use diplomacy than agreeing to send troops abroad.
• Revision: – The President would rather use diplomacy than agree to send troops abroad. McGraw-Hill
Copyright © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
8
Using Parallelism • By repeating the preposition, the articles, articles or the subordinating conjunctions, conjunctions the parallelism becomes clearer and more effective. – The peace negotiators promised to out in the day or night.
help
• Revision: – The peace negotiators promised to in the day or in the night.
McGraw-Hill
help out
Copyright © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
9
Checking for Parallelism • Check items listed in a series. – Use a parallel grammatical structure for all items.
• Check places where coordinate or correlative conjunctions are used. • Check sentences where you use than and as. as McGraw-Hill
Copyright © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
10
Parallelism Review Exercises Identify whether the following sentence is correct.
• In the 18th century, Franz Mesmer treated patients by using iron magnets and hypnosis. McGraw-Hill
Correct
Copyright © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
11
Parallelism Review Exercises Identify whether the following sentence is correct.
• People accused him of being a magician and that he was a fraud.
McGraw-Hill
Error
Copyright © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
12
Parallelism Review Exercises Identify whether the following sentence is correct.
• People accused him of being a magician and a fraud.
McGraw-Hill
Revision
Copyright © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
13
Parallelism Review Exercises Identify whether the following sentence is correct.
• Today hypnosis is used in dentistry, in obstetrics, and when having minor surgery.
McGraw-Hill
Error
Copyright © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
14
Parallelism Review Exercises Identify whether the following sentence is correct.
• Today hypnosis is used in dentistry, in obstetrics, and in minor surgery.
McGraw-Hill
Revision
Copyright © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
15
Parallelism Review Exercises Identify whether the following sentence is correct.
• Under hypnotic trance, the depressed patient may learn to assign positive feelings to past loss or learn to put the loss behind him and resume his life. McGraw-Hill
Correct
Copyright © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
16
Parallelism Review Exercises Identify whether the following sentence is correct.
• However, hypnotic subjects can readily confuse events that really happened with imaginary events.
McGraw-Hill
Error
Copyright © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
17
Parallelism Review Exercises Identify whether the following sentence is correct.
• However, hypnotic subjects can readily confuse real events with imaginary events.
McGraw-Hill
Revision
Copyright © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
18
Parallelism Review Exercises Identify whether the following sentence is correct.
• Fear, stress, and feeling anxious seem to be factors in increasing physiological pain.
McGraw-Hill
Error
Copyright © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
19
Parallelism Review Exercises Identify whether the following sentence is correct.
• Fear, stress, and anxiety seem to be factors in increasing physiological pain.
McGraw-Hill
Revision
Copyright © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
20
Parallelism Review Exercises Identify whether the following sentence is correct.
• Hypnosis can quiet the mind by slowing heart rates, lowering respiration rates, and it reduces blood pressure.
McGraw-Hill
Error
Copyright © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
21
Parallelism Review Exercises Identify whether the following sentence is correct.
• Hypnosis can quiet the mind by slowing heart rates, lowering respiration, and reducing blood pressure.
McGraw-Hill
Revision
Copyright © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
22
Any Questions?
Just ask!
McGraw-Hill
Copyright © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
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