Paper Management Strategies Water Pollution.docx

TABLE OF CONTENT TABLE OF CONTENT.............................................................................. i TABLE OF FIGURE.................................................................................. ii ABSTRACT...............................................................................................

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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION............................................................. 1 1.1 Background.............................................................................. 1 1.2 Problems Formulation.............................................................. 2 1.3 Purpose Of The Paper.............................................................. 2 CHAPTER II THEORITICAL REVIEW.............................................. 3 2.1 Definition of Water Pollution……………………………….... 3 2.2 Sources of Water Pollution......................................................... 3 2.3 Various Categories of Water Pollution...................................... 5 2.4 Effect of Water Pollution........................................................... 6 2.5 Indicator of Water Pollution…................................................... 8 2.6 Factor Causes of Water Pollution….......................................... 10 2.7 Efforts to Prevent and Overcome Water Pollution Problems..... 13 CHAPTER III REMARK……................................................................. 17 3.1 Conclusions………………........................................................ 17 3.2 Suggestion……………………….............................................. 17 REFERENCES………………………........................................................ 18

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TABLE OF FIGURE Fig. 1. Point source of polluted water in Gargas, France............................. 4 Fig. 2. Nonpoint sediment from unprotected farmland flows into streams and sometimes changes their courses or dams them up...................................... 4 Fig. 3. Banks of waste or spoils created by area strip mining of coal on an unrestored, mostly flat area near Mulla, Colorado (USA)………………… 11 Fig. 4. This Hawaiian monk seal was slowly starving to death before this discarded piece of plastic was removed from its snout................................. 12 Fig. 5. Lists ways to prevent and clean up groundwater contamination….... 14 Fig. 6. Septic tank system used for disposal of domestic sewage and wastewater in rural and suburban areas............................................................................... 15 Fig. 7. Methods for preventing and reducing water pollution...................... 16

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ABSTRACT Water becomes a vital necessity for all living things, but human behavior tends to be dominant in causing environmental damage in terms of water pollution. Water pollution causes illness and death in humans and other species and disrupts ecosystems. The chief sources of water pollution are agricultural activities, industrial facilities, and mining, but growth in population and resource use makes it increasingly worse. Chemicals used in agriculture, industry, transportation, and homes can spill and leak into groundwater and make it undrinkable. There are simple ways and complex ways to purify drinking water, but protecting it through pollution prevention is the least expensive and most effective strategy. Reducing water pollution requires preventing it, working with nature to treat sewage, cutting resource use and waste, reducing poverty, and slowing population growth. Key Words: Water Pollution, Point Sources, Non-point Sources, Human Activities

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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1.

Background Water becomes a vital necessity for all living things. All organisms need

water to survive because water is the main component in the body of a living thing. Living things can last longer without eating, but will not be able to survive without water. Humans and other living things need water in every day. Water is used for various activities in human life, such as for drinking, bathing, washing clothes and dishes, watering plants, and the other activities. As intelligent and thinking creatures, humans can easily utilize and manage water through the exploitation of science and technology that is growing so that human behavior can determine the quality of water. As a result of the rapidly growing technology that continues to be developed by humans, human culture over time also changes. Man becomes oblivious to his duty in managing and preserving the environment. Humans now have increasingly changing traits and behaviors that tend to lead to environmental damage. Environmental damage that occurs can be caused by two factors, that is nature and human behavior. However, human behavior tends to be dominant in causing environmental damage in terms of water pollution. Water-induced water pollution occurs as a result of its activity. Water is to be contaminated if it is inserted or possessed of contaminated material that may cause disruption to living things in the environment. Pollution that occurs there are immediately visible impact also accumulated in advance until at some later time have an impact on the life of living things in the environment. One of the most visible impacts is the decrease of water quality over time, while the human need especially for water is higher. In Indonesia, there are not few water sources such as polluted rivers that the quality of water becomes decreased. The rate of need and the availability of clean water become the opposite. It is necessary to prevent and mitigate

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environmental pollution not to exacerbate the impact of the pollution itself. Of course, the need for awareness of human beings as living beings who are endowed with the mind and mind to handle the problem of water pollution because the need for water is very high. In this paper will be discussed about the types of water pollution, causes and effects of water pollution, water pollution indicators and prevention and mitigation efforts.

1.2.

Outline of Problem Based on the background, the problems discussed can be formulated as follows. 1.2.1. What is the source of water pollution? 1.2.2. What causes harmful water pollution? 1.2.3. What can we do to overcome water pollution?

1.3.

Purposes Based on the problems, the goals that discussed can be formulated as

follows. 1.3.1. To know the source of air pollution 1.3.2. To know about causes harmful air pollution 1.3.3. To know how to cope with the air pollution

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CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE 2.1.

Definition of Water Pollution Water pollution is any chemical, biological, or physical change in

water quality that harms living organisms or makes water unsuitable for desired uses (Miller & Spoolman, 2009:532). In Act Number 23 Year 1997 on Environmental Management and Government Regulation RI Number 82 Year 2001 on Water Quality Management and Water Pollution Control reffered to as Water Pollution is entry or inclusion of living things, substances, energi and/or other components into the water by human activities, resulting in water quality down to a certain level cause water can not function accordingly by designation. From the definition implied that water pollution can occur intentionally or unintetionally from human activity on a waters which designation is clear (Herlambang, 2006). 2.2.

Sources of Water Pollution Water pollution can come from single (point) sources, or from larger

and dispersed (nonpoint) sources. Point sources discharge pollutants at specific locations through drain pipes, ditches, or sewer lines into bodies of surface water. Examples include factories, sewage treatment plants (which remove some, but not all, pollutants), underground mines, and oil tankers. Because point sources are located at specific places, they are fairly easy to identify, monitor, and regulate. Most developed countries have laws that help to control point-source discharges of harmful chemicals into aquatic systems. In most developing countries, there is little control of such discharges (Miller & Spoolman, 2009:532).

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Figure 1. Point source of polluted water in Gargas, France (Miller & Spoolman, 2009)

Nonpoint sources are broad, and diffuse areas, rather than points, from which pollutants enter bodies of surface water or air. Examples include runoff of chemicals and sediments from cropland, livestock feedlots, logged forests, urban streets, parking lots, lawns, and golf courses. We have made little progress in controlling water pollution from nonpoint sources because of the difficulty and expense of identifying and controlling discharges from so many diffuse sources (Miller & Spoolman, 2009:532-533).

Figure 2. Nonpoint sediment from unprotected farmland flows into streams and sometimes changes their courses or dams them up (Miller & Spoolman, 2009).

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2.3.

Various Categories of Water Pollution Most types of water pollution only affect the intermediate area but

sometimes the pollution can travel hundreds or thousands or miles and then i tis called transboundary pollution. Hearn, (2010) concluded these different types of water pollution come from varied sources: surface water, groundwater, microbiological, oxygen depletion, nutrient, suspended matter, and chemical. 1.

Surface Water Pollution

Surface water pollution is the most visible form of pollution and we can see it floating on our waters in lakes, streams, and oceans. Trash from human consumption, such as water bottles, plastics and other waste products, is most often evident on water surfaces. This type of pollution also comes from oil spills and gasoline waste, which float on the surface and affect the water and its inhabitants. Water contaminants from fracking include a range of toxic chemicals, methane, benzene, and radiation. 2.

Groudwater Pollution

This type of pollution is becoming more and more relevant because it affects our drinking water and the aquifers below the soil. Groundwater pollution is usually caused by highly toxic chemicals and pesticides from farming that leak through the ground to contaminate the wells and aquifers below the surface. 3.

Microbial Pollution

Microbiological pollution is the natural form of water pollution that is caused by microorganisms in uncured water. Most of these organisms are harmless but some bacteria, viruses, and protozoa can cause serious diseases such as cholera and typhoid. This is a significant problem for people in third world countries who have no clean drinking water and/or facilities to cure the water. 4.

Oxygen Depletion Pollution

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Microorganisms that thrive in water feed on biodegradable substances. When there is an influx of biodegradable material from such things as waste or erosion from farming, the numbers of these microorganisms increase and utilize the obtainable oxygen. When these oxygen levels are depleted, harmless aerobic microorganisms die and anaerobic microorganisms thrive. Some of these organisms produce damaging toxins like sulfide and ammonia. 5.

Nutrient Pollution

Nutrients are usually found in waste water and fertilizers. These can cause excess vegetation in the water such as algae and weeds, using up the oxygen in the water and hurting the surrounding marine life and other organisms in the water. 6.

Suspended Matter Pollution

This type of pollution occurs when pollutants enter the water and do not mix in with the water molecules. These suspended particles form fine silt on the waterbed, harming the marine life by taking away the nutrients and disturbing their habitat. 7.

Chemical Pollution

Due to the nature of industry these days and the mass production in industrial plants and farms, we have a lot of chemical run-off that flows into the nearby rivers and water sources. Metals and solvents flow out of factories and into the water, polluting the water and harming the wildlife. Pesticides from farms are like poison to the wildlife in the water and kill and endanger the aquatic life. If birds or humans eat these infected fish, the toxins are transferred to us and we swallow these dangerous pesticides and toxins, affecting our health. Petroleum is a different type of chemical pollutant that dramatically affects the aquatic life. This oil kills the fish and marine life and sticks to the feathers of birds, causing them to lose their ability to fly. 2.4.

Effect of Water Pollution

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Water pollution causes illness and death in humans and other species and disrupts ecosystems. One of the major water pollution problems people face is exposure to infectious disease organisms (pathogens) mostly through contaminated drinking water. Scientists have identified more than 500 types of disease-causing bacteria, viruses, and parasites that can be transferred into water from the wastes of humans and animals (Miller & Spollman, 2009:533). The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 3.2 million people—most of them children younger than age 5—die prematurely every year from infectious diseases that they get by drinking contaminated water or by not having enough clean water for adequate hygiene. This amounts to an average of almost 8,700 premature deaths a day. The WHO also estimates that about 1.2 billion people—one of every six in the world—have no access to clean drinking water. Each year, diarrhea alone kills about 1.9 million people—about 90% of them children under age 5— in developing countries. This means that diarrhea, caused mostly by exposure to polluted water, on average, kills a young child every 18 seconds (Miller & Spoolman, 2009:533). Table 1. Lists the major types of water pollutants along with examples of each and their harmful effects and sources.

Sources: Miller & Spoolman (2009:534)

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Table 2. List some common disease that can be transmitted to human through drinking water contaminated with infectious agents.

Sources: Miller & Spoolman (2009:534)

2.5.

Indicators of Water Pollution An indicator or sign that the environmental water has been polluted is a

change or observable marks that can be classified as: 1. Physical observation, is observation of water pollution by level water clarity (turbidity), changes in temperature, color and changes color, smell and taste. 2. Chemical observation, that is observation of water contamination based on substance dissolved chemistry, pH change. 3. Biological observation, is observation of water contamination based on microorganisms present in water, especially the presence or absence of pathogenic bacteria. The commonly known indicator on the water pollution examination is pH or concentration of hydrogen ions, dissolved oxygen (Dissolved Oxygen, DO), oxygen demand biochemistry (Biochemical Oxygen Demand, BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (Chemical Oxygen Demand, COD) (Warlina, 2004:5-6). 1. pH or Hydrogen Ion Concentration

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The normal water that qualifies for a life has a pH of about 6.5 to 7.5. Water will be acidic or alkaline depending on the size of pH. When the pH is below the normal pH, then the water is acidic, while water having a pH above the normal pH is alkaline. Waste water and industrial waste will change the pH of water that will eventually disrupt the life of aquatic biota. At pH <4, most water plants die because they can not tolerate low pH. However there is a type of algae that is Chlamydomonas acidophila able to survive at pH = 1 and algae Euglena at pH 1.6 (Warlina, 2004: 6-7). According Kale (2016), factors that affect pH levels that is: 1. Acidic rainfall 2. Level of hard- water minerals 3. Releases from industrial processes 4. Release of detergents into water 5. Carbonic acid from decomposition 6. Oxidation of sulphides in sediments (acidic)

2. Dissolved Oxygen (DO) The level dissolved oxygen in water is one of the most importants parameter in determining its quality, because it indirectly indicates whether there is some kind of pollution. Common processes that pollute surface waters include the discharger of organic matter derived from municipal sewage or industrial wastes, and runoff from agricultural lots and livestock feedlots. In addition, the release of warm or hot discharges from industrial cooling towers induces what is known as thermal pollution. Such discharges directly affect the level of dissolved oxygen in water bodies, which is crucial for the survival of aerobic organism and aquatic fauna such as fish; in fact excessive pollution has caused massive fish deaths. In the long run, the discharges of organics or of nutrients favor the accelerated euthropication or productivity process with algal blooms. As a concequence, there will be a lowering of the dissolved oxygen content (or DO level) and the “death” of the aquatic system (Ibanez, dkk., 2008). 3. Biological oxygen demand (BOD)

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Biological oxygen demand (BOD) defined as the amount of oxygen needed by the organism at the breakdown of organic matter, under aerobic conditions. The breakdown of organic matter means that this organic material is used by organisms as food and energy obtained from the oxidation process. BOD determination is very important to track pollution flow from upstream to estuary level. Indeed, the determination of BOD is a bioassay procedure concerning the measurement of the amount of oxygen used by the organism as long as the organism describes the organic material present in a waters, under conditions similar to those in nature. During BOD examination, the samples examined should be free from outside air to prevent contamination of the oxygen present in the free air. Concentration of waste water / sample it must also be at a certain level of pollution, this is to keep dissolved oxygen at all times during the examination. This is important considering the solubility of oxygen in the water is limited and only about ± 9 ppm at 20 ° C (Salmin, 2005: 24). 2.6.

Factor Causes of Water Pollution There are some causes of water pollution that are from agricultural

activities, industrial facilities, and mining, sewage and waste water, marine dumping, accidental oil leakage, burning of fossil fuels, leakage from sewer lines, global warming. 1. Agricultural activities are by far the leading cause of water pollution. Sediment eroded from agricultural lands is the largest source. Other major agricultural pollutants include fertilizers and pesticides, bacteria from livestock and food processing wastes, and excess salt from soils of irrigated cropland (Miller & Spoolman, 2009:355). Chemical fertilizers and pesticides are used by farmers to protect crops from insects and bacteria. They are useful for the plants growth. However, when these chemicals are mixed up with water produce harmful for plants and animals. Also, when it rains, the chemicals mixes up with rainwater and flow down into rivers and canals which pose serious damages for aquatic animals (Conserve Energy Future, 2009).

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2. Industrial facilities, which emit a variety of harmful inorganic and organic chemicals, are a second major source of water pollution (Miller & Spoolman, 2009:355). Industries produce huge amount of waste which contains toxic chemicals and pollutants which can cause air pollution and damage to us and our environment. They contain pollutants such as lead, mercury, sulphur, asbestos, nitrates and many other harmful chemicals. Many industries do not have proper waste management system and drain the waste in the fresh water which goes into rivers, canals and later in to sea. The toxic chemicals have the capability to change the color of water, increase the amount of minerals, also known as Eutrophication, change the temperature of water and pose serious hazard to water organisms (Conserve Energy Future, 2009).

Figure 3. banks of waste or spoils created by area strip mining of coal on an unrestored, mostly flat area near Mulla, Colorado (USA) (Miller & Spoolman, 2009)

3. Mining is the third biggest source. Surface mining disturbs the land, creating major erosion of sediments and runoff of toxic chemicals. The environmental impacts from mining an ore are affected by its persentage of metal content, or grade. The more accessible and highergrade ores are usually exploited first. As they are depleted, mining lower-grade ores take more money, energi, water, and other materials and increases land distruption, mining waste, and pollution (Miller & Spoolman, 2009:355).

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4. Sewage and waste water, the sewage and waste water that is

produced by each household is chemically treated and released in to sea with fresh water. The sewage water carries harmful bacteria and chemicals that can cause serious health problems. Pathogens are known as a common water pollutant; The sewers of cities house several pathogens and thereby diseases. Microorganisms in water are known to be causes of some very deadly diseases and become the breeding grounds for other creatures that act like carriers. These carriers inflict these diseases via various forms of contact onto an individual. A very common example of this process would be Malaria (Conserve Energy Future, 2009). 5. Marine dumping, the garbage produce by each household in the form

of paper, aluminium, rubber, glass, plastic, food if collected and deposited into the sea in some countries. These items take from 2 weeks to 200 years to decompose. When such items enters the sea, they not only cause water pollution but also harm animals in the sea (Conserve Energy Future, 2009).

Figure 4. This Hawaiian monk seal was slowly starving to death before this discarded piece of plastic was removed from its snout (Miller & Spollman, 2009)

6. Accidental Oil leakage, oil spill pose a huge concern as large amount of oil enters into the sea and does not dissolve with water; there by 12

opens problem for local marine wildlife such as fish, birds and sea otters. For e.g.: a ship carrying large quantity of oil may spill oil if met with an accident and can cause varying damage to species in the ocean depending on the quantity of oil spill, size of ocean, toxicity of pollutant (Conserve Energy Future, 2009). 7. Burning of fossil fuels, fossil fuels like coal and oil when burnt produce substantial amount of ash in the atmosphere. The particles which contain toxic chemicals when mixed with water vapor result in acid rain. Also, carbon dioxide is released from burning of fossil fuels which result in global warming (Conserve Energy Future, 2009). 8. Leakage from sewer lines, a small leakage from the sewer lines can contaminate the underground water and make it unfit for the people to drink. Also, when not repaired on time, the leaking water can come on to the surface and become a breeding ground for insects and mosquitoes (Conserve Energy Future, 2009). 9. Global warming, an increase in earth’s temperature due to greenhouse effect results in global warming. It increases the water temperature and result in death of aquatic animals and marine species which later results in water pollution (Conserve Energy Future, 2009).

2.7.

Efforts to Prevent and Overcome Water Pollution Problems 2.7.1. Pollution Prevention Is the Only Effective Way to Protect Groundwater Treating a contaminated aquifer involves eliminating the source of pollution and drilling monitoring wells to determine how far, in what direction, and how fast the contaminated plume is moving. Then a computer model is used to project future dispersion of the contaminant in the aquifer. The final step is to develop and implement a strategy to clean up the contamination. Pumping polluted groundwater to the surface, cleaning it up, and returning it to the aquifer is very expensive. Because of the difficulty and expense of cleaning up a contaminated aquifer,

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preventing contamination is the least expensive and most effective way to protect groundwater resources (Miller & Spoolman, 2009:544).

Figure 5. Lists ways to prevent and clean up groundwater contamination (Miller & Spollman, 2009:545)

2.7.2. Protecting Watersheds Instead of Building Water Purification Plants Several major U.S. cities have avoided building expensive water treatment facilities by investing in protection of the forests and wetlands in the watersheds that provide their water. Examples are New York City, N.Y; Boston, Massachusetts; Seattle, Washington; and Portland, Oregon (Miller & Spoolman, 2009:546). 2.7.3. Using Laws to Protect Drinking Water Quality About 54 countries, most of them in North America and Europe, have standards for safe drinking water. The U.S. Safe Drinking Water Act of 1974 requires the EPA to establish national drinking water standards, called maximum contaminant levels, for any pollutants that may have adverse effects on human health. But

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such laws do not exist or are not enforced in most developing countries (Miller & Spoolman, 2009:546) 2.7.4. Sewage Treatment Reduces Water Pollution In rural and suburban areas with suitable soils, sewage from each house usually is discharged into a septic tank with a large drainage field. In this system, household sewage and wastewater is pumped into a settling tank, where grease and oil rise to the top and solids fall to the bottom and are decomposed by bacteria. The resulting partially treated wastewater is discharged in a large drainage (absorption) field through small holes in perforated pipes embedded in porous gravel or crushed stone just below the soil’s surface. As these wastes drain from the pipes and percolate downward, the soil filters out some potential pollutants and soil bacteria decompose biodegradable materials (Miller & Spoolman, 2009:553).

Figure 6. septic tank system used for disposal of domestic sewage and wastewater in rural and suburban areas.

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2.7.5. Sustainable Ways to Reduce and Prevent Water Pollution

Figure 7. Methods for preventing and reducing water pollution (Miller & Spoolman, 2009:557)

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CHAPTER III REMARK 3.1.

Conclusions 3.1.1. Water pollution can come from single (point) sources, or from larger and dispersed (nonpoint) sources. 3.1.2. There are some causes of water pollution that are from agricultural activities, industrial facilities, and mining, sewage and waste water, marine dumping, accidental oil leakage, burning of fossil fuels, leakage from sewer lines, global warming. 3.1.3. Methods for preventing and reducing water pollution that are Prevent groundwater contamination, reduce nonpoint runoff, reuse treated wastewater for irrigation, find substitutes for toxic pollutants, work with nature to treat sewage, practice the three R's of resource use (reduce, reuse, recycle), reduce air pollution, reduce poverty, slow population growth.

3.2.

Suggestion 3.2.1. We should better understand the understanding of Water Pollution 3.2.2. We should understand what are the Water Pollution 3.2.3. We should better understand the importance of maintaining environmental sustainability 3.2.4. We should know how to maintain the environment

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REFERENCES Conserve Energy Future. 2009. Sources and Causes of Water Pollution, (Online), (https://www.conserve-energy-future.com/sources-and-causes-of-waterpollution.php), diakses 24 Maret 2018. Miller, G. Tyler & Scoot Spoolman. 2009. Living in the Environment: Concepts, Connections, and Solutions, 16e. USA: Brooks/Cole Cengage Learning. Ibanez , Jorge G. 2008. Environmental Chemistry. New York: Springer Science+Business Media. Salmin, 2005. Oksigen Terlarut (DO) dan Kebutuhan Oksigen Biologi (BOD) Sebagai Salah Satu Indikator Untuk Menentukan Kualitas Perairan, 30 (3). (Online), (http://adesuherman09.student.ipb.ac.id), diakses 4 Februari 2018. Warlina, Lina. 2004. Pencemaran Air: Sumber, Dampak dan Penanggulangannya, (Online), (http://www.rudyct.com), diakses 4 Februari 2018. Hearn, Merlin. 2010. 7 Basic of Water Pollution, (Online), (http://www.waterbenefitshealth.com), diakses 4 Februari 2018. Herlambang, Arie. 2006. Pencemaran Air dan Strategi Penanggulangannya, 2 (1). (Online), (https://www.researchgate.net), diakses 4 Februari 2018.

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