Orkom Evolusi Dan Kinerja Komputer
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Evolusi dan Kinerja Komputer Maria Susan Anggreainy, M.Komp
09/03/2008
Maria Susan Anggreainy, M.Kom
1
Komputer Generasi Pertama
09/03/2008
Vacuum Tubes
Maria Susan Anggreainy, M.Kom
2
ENIAC - background
Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer John Mauchly (dosen tehnik elektro di University of Pennsylvania) dan mahasiswa pasca sarjananya John Presper Eckert Trajectory tables for weapons Started 1943 Finished 1946 z
09/03/2008
Too late for war effort Maria Susan Anggreainy, M.Kom
Used until 1955
3
ENIAC - details
09/03/2008
Decimal (not binary) 20 accumulators of 10 digits Programmed manually by switches 18,000 vacuum tubes 30 tons 15,000 square feet 140 kW power consumption 5,000 additions per second Maria Susan Anggreainy, M.Kom
4
ENIAC (1940s)
09/03/2008
Maria Susan Anggreainy, M.Kom
5
von Neumann/Turing
Stored Program concept Hasilnya dikenal dengan nama komputer IAS, yang struktur umumnya terdiri dari : z z z z
09/03/2008
Main memory storing programs and data ALU operating on binary data Control unit interpreting instructions from memory and executing Input and output equipment operated by control unit
Princeton Institute for Advanced Studies Completed 1952
Maria Susan Anggreainy, M.Kom
6
Structure of von Neumann machine
09/03/2008
Maria Susan Anggreainy, M.Kom
7
Pentingnya IAS
09/03/2008
Komputer yang ada pada saat ini memiliki fungsi dan struktur umum yang sama dan artinya terkait dengan mesin von neumann, yaitu IAS
Maria Susan Anggreainy, M.Kom
8
IAS - details
Terdiri dari 1000 lokasi penyimpanan yang disebut word Masing-masing terdiri dari 40 bit Data dan instruksi disimpan disini (harus berupa kode biner) Setiap bilangan dinyatakan oleh sebuh bit tanda dan 39 bit nilai Setiap word bisa terdiri dari dua instruksi yang terdiri dari 20 bit z z
09/03/2008
8-bit kode operasi (op code) 12 bit alamat yang menandai salah satu word dalam memory Maria Susan Anggreainy, M.Kom
9
09/03/2008
Maria Susan Anggreainy, M.Kom
10
IAS – details (2)
Control Unit mengoperasikan IAS dengan cara mengambil instruksi-instruksi dari memori dan mengeksekusinya sekaligus Control Unit dan ALU memiliki lokasi penyimpanan yang disebut register, yaitu : z z z z z z
09/03/2008
Memory Buffer Register Memory Address Register Instruction Register Instruction Buffer Register Program Counter Accumulator dan Multiplier Quotient
Maria Susan Anggreainy, M.Kom
11
Structure of IAS – detail
09/03/2008
Maria Susan Anggreainy, M.Kom
12
Operasi IAS
IAS beroperasi secara repetitif membentuk siklus instruksi Siklus pengambilan : Op code diletakkan ke IR, dan alamat diletakkan ke MAR z Siklus eksekusi z
09/03/2008
Maria Susan Anggreainy, M.Kom
13
Instuksi IAS
IAS memilki 21 buah instruksi yang dapat dikelompokkan menjadi sebagi berikut : Data Transfer z Unconditional Branch z Conditional Branch z Arithmetic z Address Modify z
09/03/2008
Maria Susan Anggreainy, M.Kom
14
Von Neumann
09/03/2008
Maria Susan Anggreainy, M.Kom
15
Komputer Komersial
09/03/2008
Ditandai oleh dua buah persuhaan besar Sperry dan IBM
Maria Susan Anggreainy, M.Kom
16
Commercial Computers
1947 - Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation UNIVAC I (Universal Automatic Computer) US Bureau of Census 1950 calculations Became part of Sperry-Rand Corporation Late 1950s - UNIVAC II z
09/03/2008
z
Faster Maria Susan Anggreainy, M.Kom More memory
17
IBM
Punched-card processing equipment 1953 - the 701 IBM’s first stored program computer z Scientific calculations z
1955 - the 702 z
09/03/2008
Business applications
Lead to 700/7000 series Maria Susan Anggreainy, M.Kom
18
Komputer Generasi Kedua
09/03/2008
Transistor
Maria Susan Anggreainy, M.Kom
19
Transistors 09/03/2008
Replaced vacuum tubes Smaller Cheaper Less heat dissipation Solid State device Made from Silicon (Sand) Invented 1947 at Bell Labs William Shockley et al. Maria Susan Anggreainy, M.Kom
20
Transistor Based Computers
Second generation machines NCR & RCA produced small transistor machines IBM 7000 DEC - 1957 z
09/03/2008
Produced PDP-1
Maria Susan Anggreainy, M.Kom
21
Komputer Generasi Ketiga
09/03/2008
Integrated Circuit (IC)
Maria Susan Anggreainy, M.Kom
22
Microelectronics
09/03/2008
Literally - “small electronics” A computer is made up of gates, memory cells and interconnections These can be manufactured on a semiconductor e.g. silicon wafer Maria Susan Anggreainy, M.Kom
23
09/03/2008
Maria Susan Anggreainy, M.Kom
24
Generations of Computer
Vacuum tube - 1946-1957 Transistor - 1958-1964 Small scale integration - 1965 on z
Medium scale integration - to 1971 z
100,000 - 100,000,000 devices on a chip
Ultra large scale integration z
09/03/2008
3,000 - 100,000 devices on a chip
Very large scale integration - 1978 to date z
100-3,000 devices on a chip
Large scale integration - 1971-1977 z
Up to 100 devices on a chip
Over 100,000,000 devices on a chip Maria Susan Anggreainy, M.Kom
25
Moore’s Law
Increased density of components on chip Gordon Moore - cofounder of Intel Number of transistors on a chip will double every year Since 1970’s development has slowed a little z
09/03/2008
Number of transistors doubles every 18 months
Cost of a chip has remained almost unchanged Higher packing density means shorter electrical paths, giving higher performance Smaller size gives increased flexibility Reduced power and cooling requirements Fewer interconnections increases reliability
Maria Susan Anggreainy, M.Kom
26
Growth in CPU Transistor Count
09/03/2008
Maria Susan Anggreainy, M.Kom
27
IBM 360 series
1964 Replaced (& not compatible with) 7000 series First planned “family” of computers z z z z
z z 09/03/2008
Similar or identical instruction sets Similar or identical O/S Increasing speed Increasing number of I/O ports (i.e. more terminals) Increased memory size Increased cost Maria Susan Anggreainy, M.Kom
28
DEC PDP-8
1964 First minicomputer Did not need air conditioned room Small enough to sit on a lab bench $16,000 z
09/03/2008
$100k+ for IBM 360
Embedded applications & OEM BUS STRUCTURE Maria Susan Anggreainy, M.Kom
29
DEC - PDP-8 Bus Structure
Console Controller
CPU
Main Memory
I/O Module
I/O Module
OMNIBUS
09/03/2008
Maria Susan Anggreainy, M.Kom
30
Semiconductor Memory
Tahun 1950-an atau 1960-an Memori komputer masih menggunakan cincincincin yang disebut core Berubah pada tahun 1970 Fairchild membuat memori semikonduktor pertama Size of a single core z
09/03/2008
i.e. 1 bit of magnetic core storage
Holds 256 bits Non-destructive read Much faster than core Maria Susan Anggreainy, M.Kom Capacity approximately doubles each year31
Intel
1971 - 4004 z
z
Followed in 1972 by 8008 z z
8 bit Both designed for specific applications
1974 - 8080 z
09/03/2008
First microprocessor (semua komponen CPU berada pada satu keping) 4 bit
Intel’s first general purpose microprocessor Maria Susan Anggreainy, M.Kom
32
Speeding it up
09/03/2008
Pipelining On board cache On board L1 & L2 cache Branch prediction Data flow analysis Speculative execution
Maria Susan Anggreainy, M.Kom
33
Performance Mismatch
09/03/2008
Processor speed increased Memory capacity increased Memory speed lags behind processor speed
Maria Susan Anggreainy, M.Kom
34
DRAM and Processor Characteristics
09/03/2008
Maria Susan Anggreainy, M.Kom
35
Trends in DRAM use
09/03/2008
Maria Susan Anggreainy, M.Kom
36
Solutions
Increase number of bits retrieved at one time z
Change DRAM interface z
More complex cache and cache on chip
Increase interconnection bandwidth z z
09/03/2008
Cache
Reduce frequency of memory access z
Make DRAM “wider” rather than “deeper”
High speed buses Hierarchy of buses
Maria Susan Anggreainy, M.Kom
37
Pentium vs Power PC
09/03/2008
Pentium Æ mewakili CISC Power PC Æ Mewakili RISC
Maria Susan Anggreainy, M.Kom
38
Dua rancangan yang digunakan untuk CPU? CISC (complex instruction set computing) Mendukung sejumlah besar instruksi CPU mengeksekusi instruksi-instruksi yang kompleks lebih cepat
09/03/2008
RISC (reduced instruction set computing) Mendukung lebih sedikit instruksi CPU mengeksekusi instruksi sederhana lebih cepat
Maria Susan Anggreainy, M.Kom
39
Pentium Evolution (1)
8080 z z z
8086 z z z z
z
16 Mbyte memory addressable up from 1Mb
80386 z
09/03/2008
much more powerful 16 bit instruction cache, prefetch few instructions 8088 (8 bit external bus) used in first IBM PC
80286 z
first general purpose microprocessor 8 bit data path Used in first personal computer – Altair
z
32 bit Maria Susan Anggreainy, M.Kom Support for multitasking
40
Pentium Evolution (2)
80486 z z
Pentium z z
Superscalar Multiple instructions executed in parallel
Pentium Pro z z z z z
09/03/2008
sophisticated powerful cache and instruction pipelining built in maths co-processor
Increased superscalar organization Aggressive register renaming branch prediction data flow analysis speculative execution Maria Susan Anggreainy, M.Kom
41
Pentium Evolution (3)
Pentium II z z
Pentium III z
z
z
Note Arabic rather than Roman numerals Further floating point and multimedia enhancements
Itanium z
09/03/2008
Additional floating point instructions for 3D graphics
Pentium 4 z
MMX technology graphics, video & audio processing
64 bit see chapter 15
See Intel web pages for detailed Maria Susan Anggreainy, M.Kom information on processors
42
Evolusi Power PC
09/03/2008
601: tujuan 601 adalah untuk membawa arsitektur PowerPC ke pasaran secepat mungkin. 601 merupakan mesin 32-bit. 603: ditujukan bagi low-end desktop dan komputer portabel. 603 juga merupakan mesin 32-bit, yang unjuk kerjanya dapat diperbandingkan dengan 601, tetapi dengan harga yang lebih rendah dan implementasinya lebih efisien. 604: ditujukan bagi komputer desktop dan low-end server. Lagi, ini adalah mesin 32-bit, tetapi menggunakan teknik rancangan superskalar lanjutan untuk mencapai kinerja yang lebih besar. 620: ditujukan bagi server mutakhir anggota kelompok PowerPC Pertama yang menerapkan arsitektur 64-bit penuh, mencakup register 64-bit dan lintasan data. 740/750: Juga dikenal sebagai prosesor G3. Prosesor ini mengintegrasikan dua tingkatan cache dalam keeping prosesor utama, menyediakan peningkatan kinerja penting atas mesin yang dapat diperbandingkan dengan organisasi cache off-chip. G4: Prosesor ini meningkatkan kesamaan dan kecepatan internal dari keping prosesor. Terbaru G5
Maria Susan Anggreainy, M.Kom
43
09/03/2008
Buku rujukan : William Stallings, 2003, architecture and computer organization, prentice-hall, usa
Maria Susan Anggreainy, M.Kom
44
09/03/2008
Maria Susan Anggreainy, M.Kom
1
Komputer Generasi Pertama
09/03/2008
Vacuum Tubes
Maria Susan Anggreainy, M.Kom
2
ENIAC - background
Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer John Mauchly (dosen tehnik elektro di University of Pennsylvania) dan mahasiswa pasca sarjananya John Presper Eckert Trajectory tables for weapons Started 1943 Finished 1946 z
09/03/2008
Too late for war effort Maria Susan Anggreainy, M.Kom
Used until 1955
3
ENIAC - details
09/03/2008
Decimal (not binary) 20 accumulators of 10 digits Programmed manually by switches 18,000 vacuum tubes 30 tons 15,000 square feet 140 kW power consumption 5,000 additions per second Maria Susan Anggreainy, M.Kom
4
ENIAC (1940s)
09/03/2008
Maria Susan Anggreainy, M.Kom
5
von Neumann/Turing
Stored Program concept Hasilnya dikenal dengan nama komputer IAS, yang struktur umumnya terdiri dari : z z z z
09/03/2008
Main memory storing programs and data ALU operating on binary data Control unit interpreting instructions from memory and executing Input and output equipment operated by control unit
Princeton Institute for Advanced Studies Completed 1952
Maria Susan Anggreainy, M.Kom
6
Structure of von Neumann machine
09/03/2008
Maria Susan Anggreainy, M.Kom
7
Pentingnya IAS
09/03/2008
Komputer yang ada pada saat ini memiliki fungsi dan struktur umum yang sama dan artinya terkait dengan mesin von neumann, yaitu IAS
Maria Susan Anggreainy, M.Kom
8
IAS - details
Terdiri dari 1000 lokasi penyimpanan yang disebut word Masing-masing terdiri dari 40 bit Data dan instruksi disimpan disini (harus berupa kode biner) Setiap bilangan dinyatakan oleh sebuh bit tanda dan 39 bit nilai Setiap word bisa terdiri dari dua instruksi yang terdiri dari 20 bit z z
09/03/2008
8-bit kode operasi (op code) 12 bit alamat yang menandai salah satu word dalam memory Maria Susan Anggreainy, M.Kom
9
09/03/2008
Maria Susan Anggreainy, M.Kom
10
IAS – details (2)
Control Unit mengoperasikan IAS dengan cara mengambil instruksi-instruksi dari memori dan mengeksekusinya sekaligus Control Unit dan ALU memiliki lokasi penyimpanan yang disebut register, yaitu : z z z z z z
09/03/2008
Memory Buffer Register Memory Address Register Instruction Register Instruction Buffer Register Program Counter Accumulator dan Multiplier Quotient
Maria Susan Anggreainy, M.Kom
11
Structure of IAS – detail
09/03/2008
Maria Susan Anggreainy, M.Kom
12
Operasi IAS
IAS beroperasi secara repetitif membentuk siklus instruksi Siklus pengambilan : Op code diletakkan ke IR, dan alamat diletakkan ke MAR z Siklus eksekusi z
09/03/2008
Maria Susan Anggreainy, M.Kom
13
Instuksi IAS
IAS memilki 21 buah instruksi yang dapat dikelompokkan menjadi sebagi berikut : Data Transfer z Unconditional Branch z Conditional Branch z Arithmetic z Address Modify z
09/03/2008
Maria Susan Anggreainy, M.Kom
14
Von Neumann
09/03/2008
Maria Susan Anggreainy, M.Kom
15
Komputer Komersial
09/03/2008
Ditandai oleh dua buah persuhaan besar Sperry dan IBM
Maria Susan Anggreainy, M.Kom
16
Commercial Computers
1947 - Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation UNIVAC I (Universal Automatic Computer) US Bureau of Census 1950 calculations Became part of Sperry-Rand Corporation Late 1950s - UNIVAC II z
09/03/2008
z
Faster Maria Susan Anggreainy, M.Kom More memory
17
IBM
Punched-card processing equipment 1953 - the 701 IBM’s first stored program computer z Scientific calculations z
1955 - the 702 z
09/03/2008
Business applications
Lead to 700/7000 series Maria Susan Anggreainy, M.Kom
18
Komputer Generasi Kedua
09/03/2008
Transistor
Maria Susan Anggreainy, M.Kom
19
Transistors 09/03/2008
Replaced vacuum tubes Smaller Cheaper Less heat dissipation Solid State device Made from Silicon (Sand) Invented 1947 at Bell Labs William Shockley et al. Maria Susan Anggreainy, M.Kom
20
Transistor Based Computers
Second generation machines NCR & RCA produced small transistor machines IBM 7000 DEC - 1957 z
09/03/2008
Produced PDP-1
Maria Susan Anggreainy, M.Kom
21
Komputer Generasi Ketiga
09/03/2008
Integrated Circuit (IC)
Maria Susan Anggreainy, M.Kom
22
Microelectronics
09/03/2008
Literally - “small electronics” A computer is made up of gates, memory cells and interconnections These can be manufactured on a semiconductor e.g. silicon wafer Maria Susan Anggreainy, M.Kom
23
09/03/2008
Maria Susan Anggreainy, M.Kom
24
Generations of Computer
Vacuum tube - 1946-1957 Transistor - 1958-1964 Small scale integration - 1965 on z
Medium scale integration - to 1971 z
100,000 - 100,000,000 devices on a chip
Ultra large scale integration z
09/03/2008
3,000 - 100,000 devices on a chip
Very large scale integration - 1978 to date z
100-3,000 devices on a chip
Large scale integration - 1971-1977 z
Up to 100 devices on a chip
Over 100,000,000 devices on a chip Maria Susan Anggreainy, M.Kom
25
Moore’s Law
Increased density of components on chip Gordon Moore - cofounder of Intel Number of transistors on a chip will double every year Since 1970’s development has slowed a little z
09/03/2008
Number of transistors doubles every 18 months
Cost of a chip has remained almost unchanged Higher packing density means shorter electrical paths, giving higher performance Smaller size gives increased flexibility Reduced power and cooling requirements Fewer interconnections increases reliability
Maria Susan Anggreainy, M.Kom
26
Growth in CPU Transistor Count
09/03/2008
Maria Susan Anggreainy, M.Kom
27
IBM 360 series
1964 Replaced (& not compatible with) 7000 series First planned “family” of computers z z z z
z z 09/03/2008
Similar or identical instruction sets Similar or identical O/S Increasing speed Increasing number of I/O ports (i.e. more terminals) Increased memory size Increased cost Maria Susan Anggreainy, M.Kom
28
DEC PDP-8
1964 First minicomputer Did not need air conditioned room Small enough to sit on a lab bench $16,000 z
09/03/2008
$100k+ for IBM 360
Embedded applications & OEM BUS STRUCTURE Maria Susan Anggreainy, M.Kom
29
DEC - PDP-8 Bus Structure
Console Controller
CPU
Main Memory
I/O Module
I/O Module
OMNIBUS
09/03/2008
Maria Susan Anggreainy, M.Kom
30
Semiconductor Memory
Tahun 1950-an atau 1960-an Memori komputer masih menggunakan cincincincin yang disebut core Berubah pada tahun 1970 Fairchild membuat memori semikonduktor pertama Size of a single core z
09/03/2008
i.e. 1 bit of magnetic core storage
Holds 256 bits Non-destructive read Much faster than core Maria Susan Anggreainy, M.Kom Capacity approximately doubles each year31
Intel
1971 - 4004 z
z
Followed in 1972 by 8008 z z
8 bit Both designed for specific applications
1974 - 8080 z
09/03/2008
First microprocessor (semua komponen CPU berada pada satu keping) 4 bit
Intel’s first general purpose microprocessor Maria Susan Anggreainy, M.Kom
32
Speeding it up
09/03/2008
Pipelining On board cache On board L1 & L2 cache Branch prediction Data flow analysis Speculative execution
Maria Susan Anggreainy, M.Kom
33
Performance Mismatch
09/03/2008
Processor speed increased Memory capacity increased Memory speed lags behind processor speed
Maria Susan Anggreainy, M.Kom
34
DRAM and Processor Characteristics
09/03/2008
Maria Susan Anggreainy, M.Kom
35
Trends in DRAM use
09/03/2008
Maria Susan Anggreainy, M.Kom
36
Solutions
Increase number of bits retrieved at one time z
Change DRAM interface z
More complex cache and cache on chip
Increase interconnection bandwidth z z
09/03/2008
Cache
Reduce frequency of memory access z
Make DRAM “wider” rather than “deeper”
High speed buses Hierarchy of buses
Maria Susan Anggreainy, M.Kom
37
Pentium vs Power PC
09/03/2008
Pentium Æ mewakili CISC Power PC Æ Mewakili RISC
Maria Susan Anggreainy, M.Kom
38
Dua rancangan yang digunakan untuk CPU? CISC (complex instruction set computing) Mendukung sejumlah besar instruksi CPU mengeksekusi instruksi-instruksi yang kompleks lebih cepat
09/03/2008
RISC (reduced instruction set computing) Mendukung lebih sedikit instruksi CPU mengeksekusi instruksi sederhana lebih cepat
Maria Susan Anggreainy, M.Kom
39
Pentium Evolution (1)
8080 z z z
8086 z z z z
z
16 Mbyte memory addressable up from 1Mb
80386 z
09/03/2008
much more powerful 16 bit instruction cache, prefetch few instructions 8088 (8 bit external bus) used in first IBM PC
80286 z
first general purpose microprocessor 8 bit data path Used in first personal computer – Altair
z
32 bit Maria Susan Anggreainy, M.Kom Support for multitasking
40
Pentium Evolution (2)
80486 z z
Pentium z z
Superscalar Multiple instructions executed in parallel
Pentium Pro z z z z z
09/03/2008
sophisticated powerful cache and instruction pipelining built in maths co-processor
Increased superscalar organization Aggressive register renaming branch prediction data flow analysis speculative execution Maria Susan Anggreainy, M.Kom
41
Pentium Evolution (3)
Pentium II z z
Pentium III z
z
z
Note Arabic rather than Roman numerals Further floating point and multimedia enhancements
Itanium z
09/03/2008
Additional floating point instructions for 3D graphics
Pentium 4 z
MMX technology graphics, video & audio processing
64 bit see chapter 15
See Intel web pages for detailed Maria Susan Anggreainy, M.Kom information on processors
42
Evolusi Power PC
09/03/2008
601: tujuan 601 adalah untuk membawa arsitektur PowerPC ke pasaran secepat mungkin. 601 merupakan mesin 32-bit. 603: ditujukan bagi low-end desktop dan komputer portabel. 603 juga merupakan mesin 32-bit, yang unjuk kerjanya dapat diperbandingkan dengan 601, tetapi dengan harga yang lebih rendah dan implementasinya lebih efisien. 604: ditujukan bagi komputer desktop dan low-end server. Lagi, ini adalah mesin 32-bit, tetapi menggunakan teknik rancangan superskalar lanjutan untuk mencapai kinerja yang lebih besar. 620: ditujukan bagi server mutakhir anggota kelompok PowerPC Pertama yang menerapkan arsitektur 64-bit penuh, mencakup register 64-bit dan lintasan data. 740/750: Juga dikenal sebagai prosesor G3. Prosesor ini mengintegrasikan dua tingkatan cache dalam keeping prosesor utama, menyediakan peningkatan kinerja penting atas mesin yang dapat diperbandingkan dengan organisasi cache off-chip. G4: Prosesor ini meningkatkan kesamaan dan kecepatan internal dari keping prosesor. Terbaru G5
Maria Susan Anggreainy, M.Kom
43
09/03/2008
Buku rujukan : William Stallings, 2003, architecture and computer organization, prentice-hall, usa
Maria Susan Anggreainy, M.Kom
44
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