Objectives

Objectives: a)Students will list 5 possible health hazards to miners today. b)Students will write a paragraph explaining the history of the use of canaries in the mines. This lesson will emphasize personnel health and safety aspects and engineering design and control practices to ensure the productive health and safety environment. This lesson will cover the health and safety of the individual miners as well as the safety of the working environment. Health and Safety IssuesAmong possible threats to the health of miners are the following: exposure to toxic gases and dusts, exposure to excessive heat and humidity, inadequate illumination, noise and vibration problems, and oxygen-deficient atmospheres. Some of these environmental stresses may interact to produce a greater overall effect, for example: excessive vibration combined with low illumination may lead to higher order stress than either one being present alone. In combination or alone, if environmental stresses exceed human tolerances levels for prolonged periods of time, performance and productivity will drop. Threats to a miners safety may arise from many sources:from falls of roof, face, rib, or side; form haulage or other machinery; from electrical equipment, explosives, or ignitions or explosions of gases and dust; from sudden inundations of water or gas; or from mine fires. The environmental stresses must be managed and under control at all times. Consequences of inadequate control can be sudden and catastrophic-such as injuries and loss of life through suffocation, hat strokes, and explosions-or slow and low enduring-such as lung diseases including coal worker's pneumoconisis or black lung. The debilitation can be permanent . Role of Government Today there is a strong measure of governmental control and inspection of mines to safeguard the health and safety of the miners. The changes are directly related to new and better technological improvements. The "bird in the coal mine" was used until better technology became available. The US Bureau of Mines was created in 1910 about 45 years after it was first proposed. There have been legislative actions that continued to improve safety culminating with safety acts in 1966, 1969, and then the Federal Mine Safety Act. In 1969, the congress declared that the first priority and concern of all in the coal

mining industry must be the health and safety of it most precious resource, the miner. OSHA ( 1970) was the most significant piece of legislation with reference to workman's occupational health and safety in US history. MSHA , the Mine Safety and Health Administration, is the federal agency responsible for enforcing the 1977 Mine Act. Three decades have passed since the enactment of the 1969 Coal Act. This act and the regulations it defined, set the standards for what constitutes a good safe operating mine. Stringent standards have been presented for, among other things, respirable dust, noise, illumination, ventilation, roof control, electrical equipment, and escape ways. These have necessitated changes in mining layouts, mining operations, mine equipment and miner training. Provisions for government inspection of mines and for assessment of penalties and violations have been revamped. Yet the fundamental requirements for a safe mining system continue to be : 1) a well engineered system in which all well known hazards that can be eliminated by design are, 2) a motivated work force that is trained to recognize hazards and to insure that all operations are carried out in the safest manner, 3) an effective management that not only maintains the integrity of the system but is constantly searching to improve on existing standards. Miner Training Miner training must emphasize the general and job specific health and safety aspects . Management training must develop in its managers an ability to interpret safety statistics, perform cost analyses on investments promising health and safety improvements, and understand human behavioral patterns. Mine Design For maximum success, mine design must have sound health and safety policies in place. Many changes have taken places in work procedures and practices to control the mine atmospheric contaminations from gases, dust, heat and humidity, and radiation. Air Quality-Exhaust Gases Methods to control the diesel engine exhaust are constantly being explored and improved. The quality of diesel fuel, well maintained engines, new exhaust treatment systems and changes in operational procedures has the potential to

improve to greatly reduce the gaseous components in exhaust. MSHA determines the maximum engine generation rate of the worst single gaseous pollutant, and the volume flow of air to dilute that component to a safe level is calculated. Emission levels varies among engines and with different conditions of operations. Aftertreatment solutions include:waterbath exhaust conditioners ( water scrubbers), oxidation catalytic converters (purifiers), diesel particulate filters (ceramic monolith filters- traps). Ventilation Ventilation is an important consideration in mine design. It must supply fresh air to the miners, control gas, dust, heat and humidity though as well thought out approved plan. Computer equipment include: methane monitoring, smoke monitors, air velocity monitors, carbon monoxide monitors, carbon dioxide monitors, oxides of nitrogen monitors, relative humidity monitors, pressure monitors, temperature monitors and vibration monitors. These digital /analog sensors are connected to a central station. The number of sensors can be from one to hundreds, depending on the size of the mine system and layout. The mine ventilation system consists of fans, airways (opening to the surface and interconnections to the mine between openings in the work areas), and the control devices for air courses. In coal mines, the intake air and return air are not allowed to mix. Fans can be used to overcome the resistance to flow. Natural ventilation is result of differences in elevation between mine openings and the addition of heat energy to the air as it passes through the workings. Canaries in Mines

Noise and Illumination Through mine machinery/equipment design and proper planning, the noise and illumination problems can be minimized. Improved lighting and controlled noise has reduced the visual and hearing health problems. Due to the high degree of mechanization involved in the industry, and the number of operations and people employed, noise is one problem that must be addressed. MSHA has federal jurisdiction of enforcement and activities in the mining industry . The criteria involves exposure to specific levels of noise for specific time intervals. For each 5-dBH increase in the noise level, the maximum exposure time is halved. OSHA standards differ from MSHA by assigning. 85 bBH for 8 hours for hearing conservation purposes. For enforcement purposes, OSHA also uses 90 bDH for 8 hours. One of the most basic instruments is the sound level meter (SLM), which is used to measure the overall noise level. With various electronic weighting networks built into the instrument. Another instrument frequently used is the personal noise dosimeter. The instrument is worn by the employee and measures the noise

exposure accumulation for up to 8 hours. There are noise recorders for equipment, and noise recorders that collect data on frequency distribution of noises. Illumination in a mine is a challenge to the engineers. Room dimensions and surface reflectance in underground mines are defined by the deposit mined. The dust and explosive atmosphere complicate matters even more. The majors concerns to be addresses are adequate illumination for hazard and operational working of equipment, the quality of lighting and health maintenance. The instruments required to evaluate lighting systems and components. The tools are called photometers. The photometers are used to verify MSHA lighting regulations, to design and evaluate lighting systems. The lumination system should be at the planned usage ( fluorescent lights warmed etc.) The effect of illumination levels on visual perception is an extremely complicated process by which the brain receives most of its information about the outside world. Low level light caused nystagmus, a an individual inability to look directly at an object and constant eye movement, in the mines before 1940. The electric headlamp has eliminated the miners' nystagmus and provide illumination for close task operations. With working areas and various equipment, the recommendations are very straight-forward. The lighting must be adequate in walk-ways, 20 ft in all directions from the main frame, area in front of and behind rubber tired or crawler mounted scrapers, graders, loaders and tractors. The lighting must meet regulation beside and in front of buckets or blades for at least 5ft. 10ft. around holes being drilled by vertical drills. The standards are a minimum but accommodations are made at each mine site to provide for the optimum operations and safe working environments. It is to the companies benefit to have their skilled workers working in safe environments to avoid injuries and damaged equipment that can set mine operation way behind . MOVIE:How did the miners have light before electricity? http://tour-edmine.com/light.ram 2 Movies:1)Big Trucks 2)What You Can't See Could Kill Someone!

These movies require Media Player . Free download here if you need it .

Computers have contributed to better monitoring of atmospheric conditions minewide. Important information as well as automated corrections to atmospheric conditions have offered improvement in the health and safety in mines today.

Glossary OSHA: Occupational Safety and Health Administration MSHA: Mine Safety and Health Administration Occupational Injury- any injury that occurs at he mine and that medical treatment is administered. Occupational Illness- an illness or disease of a mine worker that may have resulted for work at he mine or for which an award of compensation is made. Worktime: worktime includes numbers of workers and number of employed -hours worked. Degree of Injury: FATAL injuries result in death, NFDL is nonfatal injuries with days lost, NDL is injuries with no days lost Permanent Total Disability: injuries that are not fatal but permanently and totally incapacitates a worker form any gainful occupation or an injury that results in loss of limbs or eyes. Permanent Partial Disability: injury or illness that is caused by work that results in the loss of any member of the body, or permanent impairments Incidence Rate: is a incidence rate defined as the number of injuries per 200,000 employee-hours rounded to 2 decimal places. Number of injuries X 200,000 =IR number of employee- hours The highest rate is 99.99 even if it is higher. Lost Workdays: (LWD) Lost workdays consist of days away from work. Noise: unwanted sound dBA noise level: the overall noise level measured in decibels, A-weighted Frequency Distribution: the range of frequencies that compose the the noise spectrum, typically in the audible range of 20 to 16,000 Hz. Acoustical Materials: any material specifically designed for or used to reduce the noise levels.

Retrofit: to modify existing equipment. Noise Dose: the amount of noise exposure that an employee is exposed to over a given amount of time. Pneumoconisis: black lung AAC 05.070. All Occupations in Connection With Mining All occupations in connection with mining are considered dangerous and prohibited to minors, except the following: (1) work in offices, in the warehouse or supply house, in the change house, in the laboratory, and in repair or maintenance shops not located underground; (2) work in the operation and maintenance of living quarters; (3) work outside the mine in surveying, in the repair and maintenance of roads, and in general cleanup about the mine property such as clearing brush and digging drainage ditches.

Resources A (PDF) condensed report combining hundreds of studies and publications on various safety and health hazards in the mining industry worldwide.The report is 60 pages long but it covers metal /nonmetal mining with charts that that show changes as health and safety regulations have changed. The table of contents is helpful for navigation. http://www.iied.org/mmsd/mmsd_pdfs/worker_community_health_impacts_ literature_review.pdf Hearing Protection- an Excel document that lists The following spread sheet contains a list of hearing protectors with their noise reduction ratings. This list is updated by MSHA's Directorate Technical Support every six months. http://www.msha.gov/1999noise/hearingprotect.htm MSHA (Mine Safety and Health Administration) http://www.msha.gov/ OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration) http://www.osha.gov/

Objectives: a. Student will locate mining jobs of interest on the web to locate what training is required and the average pay scale. b. Students will list various heavy equipment that may be used in an underground mine.

Employment 08 AAC 05.070. All Occupations in Connection With Mining All occupations in connection with mining are considered dangerous and prohibited to minors, except the following: (1) work in offices, in the warehouse or supply house, in the change house, in the laboratory, and in repair or maintenance shops not located underground; (2) work in the operation and maintenance of living quarters; (3) work outside the mine in surveying, in the repair and maintenance of roads, and in general cleanup about the mine property such as clearing brush and digging drainage ditches

Sample: TECK-POGO Preliminary Staffing List Mine Department

Mill/Process Department

Environmental /External Affairs

Finance Department

Administration

Management Staff

Mine Department Mine Superintendent Salaried Mine Foreman Salaried Operating Supervisor Salaried Technical Supervisor Salaried Chief Engineer Salaried Chief Geologist Salaried Engineer/ Geologist Salaried Senior Technician Salaried Technician Salaried

1 1 6 1 1 1 6 3 6

Total 26 Clerk/Reception Hourly 2 Jumbo Driller (Senior) Hourly 15 Jumbo Driller Trainee Hourly 5 Bolter (senior) Hourly 6 Bolter Trainee Hourly 2 Powder Crew (Senior) Hourly 12 Powder Crew Trainee Hourly 4 LHD Operator (Senior) Hourly 22 LHD Operator Trainee Hourly 6 Truck Operator (Senior) Hourly 12 Truck Operator Trainee Hourly 4 UG Labor Hourly 16 Constuction Experienced Hourly 4 Construction Trainee Hourly 4 Back Fill Underground Hourly 8 Diamond Driller (Senior) Hourly 6 Diamond Driller Trainee Hourly 2 Road Maintenace (Senior) Hourly 6 Road Maintenace Trainee Hourly 2 Mechanic (Senior) Hourly 20 Mechanic Trainee Hourly 8 Electrician (Senior) Hourly 6 Electrician Trainee Hourly 2 Hoistman (Senior) Hourly 3 Hoistman Trainee Hourly 1 Cage Tender (Senior) Hourly 3 Cage Tender Trainee Hourly 1 Crusher Operator (Senior) Hourly 6 Crusher Operator Trainee Hourly 2 Lead Mech/ Electrician Hourly 8 Total 192 MIll/ Process Department Mill Superintendent Salary 1 Metallurgist Salary 1 General Foreman Salary 1 Operation Foreman Salary 4 Mechanical Foreman Salary 1 Electrical Foreman Salary 1

Chief Chemist Assayers Metallurgical Technicians Grinding/ Floatation Operator Leach/CIP/Tailings Operator Tailing/ Dewater/Backfill ADR Operator (Carbon Stripping) Refinery Operator (Senior) Reagent Operator Labor/ Helper Tailings Stacking Operators Mill Wright (Senior) Mill Wright Trainee Welder Pipefitter Electrician Instumentation Electrician Apprentice /Helper

Salary Salary Salary Total

1 4 2 16

Hourly

4

Hourly

4

Hourly

8

Hourly

4

Hourly 2 Hourly 4 Hourly 6 Hourly 4 Hourly 3 Hourly 1 Hourly 2 Hourly 3 Hourly 2 Hourly 4 Total 51 Environmental /External Affairs Environ/External Affairs Salary 1 MGR SR Environmental Salary 1 Engineer Environmental Engineer Salary 1 Environmental Salary 2 Technicians Total 5 Finance Department Chief Finance Manager Salary 1 Accounting Clerk Salary 1 Payroll Clerk Salary 1 Purchasing Agent Salary 1 Total 4 Warehouse Inventory Hourly 2 Warehouse Yard Hourly 2 Expeditor Hourly 2

Catering/ Housekeeping Director Catering/Housekeeping Staff

Total

6

Salary

1

Total

1

Hourly

20

Total 20 Administration Administrative Manager Salary 1 Human Resources Director Salary 1 Administrative Secretary Salary 1 Administrative Assistant Salary 1 Receptionist Salary 1 Safety/ Security Director Salary 1 Safety/Medical Trainer Salary 1 Total 7 Security Staff Hourly 4 Total 4 Management Staff Mine General Manager Salary 1 Operations Manager Salary 1 Administrative Assistant Salary 1 Total 3 Propsed Work Schedule 4 Days on 4 days off Total Salaried Positions 63 Total Hourly Positions 273 TECK/ POGO Total 336

Read the following articles about employment in the mining industry. Mining and Quarrying http://stats.bls.gov/oco/cg/cgs004.htm#employment Oil and Gas Employment http://stats.bls.gov/oco/cg/cgs005.htm Tools

Tools of the Trade-This page is devoted to the various tools used to extract placer gold in the field and the methods for final separation of the yellow stuff from the heavy black sands usually associated with gold. http://www.dnai.com/~wfw/tools.html Gold Mining Equipment Alaska Mining & Diving Supply is a leading supplier of equipment for recreational and small mining needs. Gold pans, sluice boxes, suction dredges, metal detectors, digging tools, vials, snuffer bottles, and all the other small equipment needed for gold mining are kept in stock. Related items such as rock tumblers, scales, and more are also kept on hand. This online selection is only a small part of our actual product line. More items will be added here as time allows. http://www.akmining.com/mine/mineacc.htm

Assalammualaikum Mas Bengki, Apa Khabar ? Mas, thanks for info nya. Gimana khabar si jagoan kecilnya, udah bisa apa aja ? Ibu sekarang ada diyogya, karena eyang agak kritis dan ada di RS Sarjito Yogya, semua anak eyang udah ngumpul, kecuali om zul masih dilaut. Mas, Aku diminta bos utk mempelajari ttg reklamasi didaerah pertambangan yg kebetulan mereka sedang mengadakan pengembangan perusahaan pertambangan di

daerah Jambi. Mereka tau aku dari teknologi pertanian, tapikan aku udah lama nggak berkecimpung dibidang tsb apalagi dikaitkan dgn pertambangan. Yah mau gak mau aku coba cari2 info. Aku udah mendapat info dari Reporting of business continuing 2006 dari KPC yg kebetulan termasuk didlmnya ada PT Dharmahenwa yg beroprasi di Bengalon Kutai Timur di perusahaannya Mas Bambang. Sekarang aku sedikit taulah walaupun tdk detail. Punya gambaran sedikitlah dari info laporan KPC (Bumi Resource Tbk) tsb, namun perlu sedikit informasi teknis ttg HSE terutama reklamasinya. Mungkin salah satu sampel di daerah operasional Dharmahenwa di Bengalon, yah sbg benchmarking lah. Itu kalo Mas Bengki gak keberatan sekalian topic email utk berguru kpd mas bengki…. Hehee. Mas mungkin ada sedikit pertanyaan nih al: 1. Setelah areal tambang habis dibuka, ada beberapa lapisan penutup areal yg terbuka tsb. Apakah areal tsb 100 % atau berapa % harus ditutup atau sebagian dpt berupa kolong/danau 2. Lapisan penutup tsb diambil dari daerah mana ? dan apakah tdk mengurangi dampak lingkungan lain dimana tanah penutupnya diambil ? 3. Bagaimana teknis penutupannya atau tahapannya. 4. Saya membaca dari laporan KPC, selain akasia, lamtorogum, ada tanaman2 produksi juga dpt ditanam, misalnya jeruk, durian, coklat, jarak bahkan sawit. Apakah hasilnya baik, mengingat bekas areal tambang & beberapa limbah B3 yg mungkin dpt permanen mengendap di areal tsb, kecuali tanaman keras yg dapat bertahan seperti akasia & lamtorogum. Atau khusus utk areal bekas tambang tertentu saja. 5. Tanggung jawab reklamasi dibawah departemen/divisi apa ?, apakah HSE atau lebih khusus lagi. Oke mas, maaf terlalu panjang. Heheeee. Salam utk istri & si jago kecilnya Wassalam Bang An (Subhan Herialdy)