Nutrition
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CHAPTER 21 – KEY TERMS / BASIC NUTRITION AND NUTRITIONAL THERAPY
1. AMINO ACIDS:
Building blocks out of which proteins are constructed; the end products of protein digestion. 2. ANABOLISM: The building aspect on which the energy released from catabolism allows the cells to build more complex, usable forms of nutrients; the building and impairing phase of metabolism; opposite of catabolism. 3. ANOREXIA NERVOSA: A psychoneurotic disorder characterized by a prolonged refusal to eat; self-imposed starvation. 4. BASAL METABOLIC RATE (BMR): Amount of energy used by the body at rest to maintain vital functions such as respiration, circulation, temperature, peristalsis, and muscle tone. 5. BODY MASS INDEX (BMI): An estimated used to determine if a person may be at health risk because of excessive weight. 6. BULIMIA NERVOSA: An eating disorder involving as insatiable craving for food, often resulting in continual eating followed by a period of depression, self-deprivation, and/or purging; also called boulimia. 7. CATABOLISM: Breakdown or destructive phase of metabolism. Catabolism occurs when complex body substances are broken down to simpler ones; opposite of anabolism. 8. CHOLESTEROL: Fat-soluble sterol found in animal fats and oils, organ meats, and egg yolk. 9. DIETARY FIBER: Generic term for nondigestible chemical substances in plants. 10. DUMPING SYNDROME: Combination of profuse perspiration, nausea, vertigo, and weakness experienced by patients who have had a subtotal gastrectomy; symptoms are felt soon after eating, when the contents of the stomach empty too rapidly into the duodenum. 11. ENTERAL NUTRITION: Administration of nutrients into the gastrointestinal tract; usually refers to tube feeding. 12. ESSENTIAL NUTRIENT: Carbohydrates, proteins, fats, mineral, vitamins, and water necessary for growth, normal function, and body maintenance. These substances must be supplied by food; they are not synthesized by the body in the quantities required for normal health. 13. GLYCOGEN: Polysaccharide that is the major carbohydrate stored in animal cells. 14. HYDROGENATION: Process in which hydrogen is added to vegetable oil to make it more solid and stable to rancidity. 15. KILOCALORIE: Unit that denotes the heat expenditure of an organism and the fuel or energy value of food; often abbreviated kcalorie or kcal. 16. LIPIDS: Group name for organic substances of a fatty nature, including fats, oils, sterols (such as cholesterol), phospholipids, waxes, and related compounds.
17. LIPOPROTEINS: A protein-and-lipid molecule that facilitates transport of lipids in the bloodstream.
18. MEDICAL NUTRITION THERAPY:
The use of specific nutrition services to treat an illness, injury, or condition. 19. NITROGEN BALANCE: Difference between intake and output of nitrogen in the body. If intake is greater, a positive nitrogen balance exists and anabolism occurs. If output is grater, a negative nitrogen balance exists and catabolism occurs. When nitrogen intake equals output, the body is in zero nitrogen balance. 20. NUTRIENTS: Is a chemical compound or element found in food that is necessary for good health. 21. NUTRIENT DENSE FOODS: Food providing a high quality of one or more nutrients in a small number of calories is nutrient dense. 22. OBESITY: Abnormal increase in the proportion of fat cells, mainly in the viscera and subcutaneous tissues of the body; grossly overweight. 23. PARENTAL NUTRITION: Administrating nutrients by a route other than the alimentary canal, such as intravenously. 24. PERNICIOUS ANEMIA: A progressive megaloblastic, macrocytic anemia, affecting mainly older people, that results from a lack of intrinsic factor essential for the absorption of vitamin B12. 25. RESIDUE: Bulk in the colon that includes undigested food, fever, bacteria, body secretions, and cells. 26. SATIETY: Felling of fullness and satisfaction from food. 27. THERAPEUTIC DIET: Is a diet used as a medical treatment. 28. TOTAL PARENTAL NUTRITION (TPN): The administration of a hypertonic solution into a large central vein, usually the superior vena cava, via catheter threaded through either the subclavian or internal jugular vein. 29. TUBE FEEDING: Administration of nutritionally balance liquefied food or formula through a tube inserted into the stomach, duodenum, or jejunum by way of nasoenteric or a feeding ostomy. 30. VEGAN: Vegetarian whose diet excludes all foods of animal origin.
1. AMINO ACIDS:
Building blocks out of which proteins are constructed; the end products of protein digestion. 2. ANABOLISM: The building aspect on which the energy released from catabolism allows the cells to build more complex, usable forms of nutrients; the building and impairing phase of metabolism; opposite of catabolism. 3. ANOREXIA NERVOSA: A psychoneurotic disorder characterized by a prolonged refusal to eat; self-imposed starvation. 4. BASAL METABOLIC RATE (BMR): Amount of energy used by the body at rest to maintain vital functions such as respiration, circulation, temperature, peristalsis, and muscle tone. 5. BODY MASS INDEX (BMI): An estimated used to determine if a person may be at health risk because of excessive weight. 6. BULIMIA NERVOSA: An eating disorder involving as insatiable craving for food, often resulting in continual eating followed by a period of depression, self-deprivation, and/or purging; also called boulimia. 7. CATABOLISM: Breakdown or destructive phase of metabolism. Catabolism occurs when complex body substances are broken down to simpler ones; opposite of anabolism. 8. CHOLESTEROL: Fat-soluble sterol found in animal fats and oils, organ meats, and egg yolk. 9. DIETARY FIBER: Generic term for nondigestible chemical substances in plants. 10. DUMPING SYNDROME: Combination of profuse perspiration, nausea, vertigo, and weakness experienced by patients who have had a subtotal gastrectomy; symptoms are felt soon after eating, when the contents of the stomach empty too rapidly into the duodenum. 11. ENTERAL NUTRITION: Administration of nutrients into the gastrointestinal tract; usually refers to tube feeding. 12. ESSENTIAL NUTRIENT: Carbohydrates, proteins, fats, mineral, vitamins, and water necessary for growth, normal function, and body maintenance. These substances must be supplied by food; they are not synthesized by the body in the quantities required for normal health. 13. GLYCOGEN: Polysaccharide that is the major carbohydrate stored in animal cells. 14. HYDROGENATION: Process in which hydrogen is added to vegetable oil to make it more solid and stable to rancidity. 15. KILOCALORIE: Unit that denotes the heat expenditure of an organism and the fuel or energy value of food; often abbreviated kcalorie or kcal. 16. LIPIDS: Group name for organic substances of a fatty nature, including fats, oils, sterols (such as cholesterol), phospholipids, waxes, and related compounds.
17. LIPOPROTEINS: A protein-and-lipid molecule that facilitates transport of lipids in the bloodstream.
18. MEDICAL NUTRITION THERAPY:
The use of specific nutrition services to treat an illness, injury, or condition. 19. NITROGEN BALANCE: Difference between intake and output of nitrogen in the body. If intake is greater, a positive nitrogen balance exists and anabolism occurs. If output is grater, a negative nitrogen balance exists and catabolism occurs. When nitrogen intake equals output, the body is in zero nitrogen balance. 20. NUTRIENTS: Is a chemical compound or element found in food that is necessary for good health. 21. NUTRIENT DENSE FOODS: Food providing a high quality of one or more nutrients in a small number of calories is nutrient dense. 22. OBESITY: Abnormal increase in the proportion of fat cells, mainly in the viscera and subcutaneous tissues of the body; grossly overweight. 23. PARENTAL NUTRITION: Administrating nutrients by a route other than the alimentary canal, such as intravenously. 24. PERNICIOUS ANEMIA: A progressive megaloblastic, macrocytic anemia, affecting mainly older people, that results from a lack of intrinsic factor essential for the absorption of vitamin B12. 25. RESIDUE: Bulk in the colon that includes undigested food, fever, bacteria, body secretions, and cells. 26. SATIETY: Felling of fullness and satisfaction from food. 27. THERAPEUTIC DIET: Is a diet used as a medical treatment. 28. TOTAL PARENTAL NUTRITION (TPN): The administration of a hypertonic solution into a large central vein, usually the superior vena cava, via catheter threaded through either the subclavian or internal jugular vein. 29. TUBE FEEDING: Administration of nutritionally balance liquefied food or formula through a tube inserted into the stomach, duodenum, or jejunum by way of nasoenteric or a feeding ostomy. 30. VEGAN: Vegetarian whose diet excludes all foods of animal origin.
