Nuclear Free World
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Nuclear Free World Disposing of two-thousand metric tons of weapons grade fissile material
Nuclear Free World
Leo Szilard invented nuclear technology in 1933
Nuclear Free World
Leo Szilard invented nuclear technology in 1933 • Industrial Power - replacing limited and dirty fossil fuels
Nuclear Free World
Leo Szilard invented nuclear technology in 1933 • Industrial Power - replacing limited and dirty fossil fuels • Propulsion - creating vehicles of nearly unlimited capabilities including, automobiles, submarines, ships, airplanes and long-range rockets.
Nuclear Free World
Leo Szilard invented nuclear technology in 1933 • Industrial Power - replacing limited and dirty fossil fuels • Propulsion - creating vehicles of nearly unlimited capabilities including, automobiles, submarines, ships, airplanes and long-range rockets. • Weapons - of unimaginable destructiveness
Nuclear Free World
Leo Szilard was a student of Einstein
Nuclear Free World
Leo Szilard was a student of Einstein • Einstein considered Szilard his brightest student.
Nuclear Free World
Leo Szilard was a student of Einstein • Einstein considered Szilard his brightest student. • Szilard invented the cyclotron
Nuclear Free World
Leo Szilard was a student of Einstein • Einstein considered Szilard his brightest student. • Szilard invented the cyclotron • Szilard invented the nuclear reactor
Nuclear Free World
Leo Szilard was a student of Einstein • Einstein considered Szilard his brightest student. • Szilard invented the cyclotron • Szilard invented the nuclear reactor • Szilard convinced Einstein to sign a letter he wrote urging FDR to develop an atomic bomb in 1939.
Nuclear Free World
Leo Szilard was a student of Einstein • Einstein considered Szilard his brightest student. • Szilard invented the cyclotron • Szilard invented the nuclear reactor • Szilard convinced Einstein to sign a letter he wrote urging FDR to develop an atomic bomb in 1939. • This resulted in the Manhattan Project and the world’s first Atomic Bomb
Nuclear Free World
Leo Szilard wrote a technical addendum to FDR
Nuclear Free World
Leo Szilard wrote a technical addendum to FDR • Szilard outlined how to develop the atomic bomb most quickly
Nuclear Free World
Leo Szilard wrote a technical addendum to FDR • Szilard outlined how to develop the atomic bomb most quickly • Szilard warned that the US should build a bomb only after it has carefully thought through the implications of its impact on the future. The entire world is a battlefield.
Nuclear Free World
Leo Szilard wrote a technical addendum to FDR • Szilard outlined how to develop the atomic bomb most quickly • Szilard warned that the US should build a bomb only after it has carefully thought through the implications of its impact on the future. The entire world is a battlefield. • Szilard urged the development of peaceful uses of atomic energy
Nuclear Free World
Leo Szilard wrote a technical addendum to FDR • Szilard outlined how to develop the atomic bomb most quickly • Szilard warned that the US should build a bomb only after it has carefully thought through the implications of its impact on the future. The entire world is a battlefield. • Szilard urged the development of peaceful uses of atomic energy. • Most important was the development of an atomic powered long-range rocket.
Nuclear Free World
Leo Szilard recruited other scientists to the effort
Nuclear Free World
Leo Szilard recruited other scientists to the effort • Most scientists felt that an atomic bomb would be harmful to mankind’s long term survival.
Nuclear Free World
Leo Szilard recruited other scientists to the effort • Most scientists felt that an atomic bomb would be harmful to mankind’s long term survival. • Szilard convinced them that the benefits of peaceful uses of atomic energy would outweigh its destructive uses.
Nuclear Free World
Leo Szilard recruited other scientists to the effort • Most scientists felt that an atomic bomb would be harmful to mankind’s long term survival. • Szilard convinced them that the benefits of peaceful uses of atomic energy would outweigh its destructive uses. • Central to this argument was the development of the long-range atomic rocket.
Nuclear Free World
Leo Szilard recruited other scientists to the effort • Most scientists felt that an atomic bomb would be harmful to mankind’s long term survival. • Szilard convinced them that the benefits of peaceful uses of atomic energy would outweigh its destructive uses. • Central to this argument was the development of the long-range atomic rocket. • The possibility of this rocket, not the bomb, motivated most of the scientists to work on the project.
Nuclear Free World
Long-range Atomic Rocket of Paramount Importance
Nuclear Free World
Long-range Atomic Rocket of Paramount Importance • To survive in the nuclear age humanity needed to leave the planet.
Nuclear Free World
Long-range Atomic Rocket of Paramount Importance • To survive in the nuclear age humanity needed to leave the planet. • Nuclear energy made this possible
Nuclear Free World
Long-range Atomic Rocket of Paramount Importance • To survive in the nuclear age humanity needed to leave the planet. • Nuclear energy made this possible • Confined to Earth, the use of nuclear weapons makes human extinction inevitable.
Nuclear Free World
Long-range Atomic Rocket of Paramount Importance • To survive in the nuclear age humanity needed to leave the planet. • Nuclear energy made this possible • Confined to Earth, the use of nuclear weapons makes human extinction inevitable. • This is because mankind has a basic need to fight and court danger.
Nuclear Free World
Long-range Atomic Rocket of Paramount Importance • To survive in the nuclear age humanity needed to leave the planet. • Nuclear energy made this possible • Confined to Earth, the use of nuclear weapons makes human extinction inevitable. • This is because mankind has a basic need to fight and court danger. • Without nuclear weapons humanity will wage war forever.
Nuclear Free World
Long-range Atomic Rocket of Paramount Importance
Nuclear Free World
Long-range Atomic Rocket of Paramount Importance • With atomic rockets humanity had an outlet in the frontier of space and would turn from war to exploration
Nuclear Free World
Long-range Atomic Rocket of Paramount Importance • With atomic rockets humanity had an outlet in the frontier of space and would turn from war to exploration • “This was what mankind needed, if I wanted to contribute something to save mankind, then I would probably go into nuclear physics, because only through the liberation of atomic energy could we obtain the means which would enable man not only to leave the Earth but to leave the solar system.” letter to J. Brownowski, 1931
Nuclear Free World
Atomic Rocket designed along side Atomic Bomb • The long-range atomic rocket is the vehicle that extends the range of humanity and allows people to live beyond the range of battle in the nuclear age.
Nuclear Free World
Atomic Rocket designed along side Atomic Bomb • Stanislaw Ulam did original theoretical work on an atom bomb powered space ship
Nuclear Free World
Atomic Rocket designed along side Atomic Bomb • Stanislaw Ulam did original theoretical work on an atom bomb powered space ship • Theodore Taylor completed practical engineering of a ship
Nuclear Free World
Atomic Rocket designed along side Atomic Bomb • Stanislaw Ulam did original theoretical work on an atom bomb powered space ship • Theodore Taylor completed practical engineering of a ship • Freeman Dyson worked out production details and costs
Nuclear Free World
Atomic Rocket designed along side Atomic Bomb • Stanislaw Ulam did original theoretical work on an atom bomb powered space ship • Theodore Taylor completed practical engineering of a ship • Freeman Dyson worked out production details and costs • The result were ships that would open space for human colonization and development in the 1950s.
Aldebaran GE Space Technology Center
Nuclear Free World
Atomic Rocket classified throughout the 1940s & 1950s • Work continued on atomic rocketry throughout this period
Nuclear Free World
Atomic Rocket classified throughout the 1940s & 1950s • Work continued on atomic rocketry throughout this period • Eisenhower opposed public release of this information
Nuclear Free World
Atomic Rocket classified throughout the 1940s & 1950s • Work continued on atomic rocketry throughout this period • Eisenhower opposed public release of this information • Eisenhower feared Americans would abandon nuclear weapons development
Nuclear Free World
Atomic Rocket classified throughout the 1940s & 1950s • Work continued on atomic rocketry throughout this period • Eisenhower opposed public release of this information • Eisenhower feared Americans would abandon nuclear weapons development • Eisenhower feared the cost of space exploration would make weapons development impossible on the scale planned.
Nuclear Free World
USSR launch of Sputnik shocked the USA
Nuclear Free World
USSR launch of Sputnik shocked the USA • 19:28:34, October 4, 1957 (UTC)
Nuclear Free World
USSR launch of Sputnik shocked the USA • 19:28:34, October 4, 1957 (UTC) • Chemical not nuclear powered rockets
Nuclear Free World
USSR launch of Sputnik shocked the USA • 19:28:34, October 4, 1957 (UTC) • Chemical not nuclear powered rockets • Challenged the status-quo
Nuclear Free World
USSR launch of Sputnik shocked the USA • 19:28:34, October 4, 1957 (UTC) • Chemical not nuclear powered rockets • Challenged the status-quo • Any object that orbits the Earth can strike any point on the Earth
Nuclear Free World
USSR launch of Sputnik shocked the USA • 19:28:34, October 4, 1957 (UTC) • Chemical not nuclear powered rockets • Challenged the status-quo • Any object that orbits the Earth can strike any point on the Earth • Accentuated Szilard’s point about the entire Earth as a battlefield in the atomic age
Nuclear Free World
USSR launch of Sputnik shocked the USA • 19:28:34, October 4, 1957 (UTC) • Chemical not nuclear powered rockets • Challenged the status-quo • Any object that orbits the Earth can strike any point on the Earth • Accentuated Szilard’s point about the entire Earth as a battlefield in the atomic age • Eisenhower worried this was a ploy by the Russians to get the US into space
Nuclear Free World
American public demanded progress in space!
Nuclear Free World
American public demanded progress in space! • John F. Kennedy embraced Leo Szilard’s vision of the future of the world in the nuclear age.
Nuclear Free World
American public demanded progress in space! • John F. Kennedy embraced Leo Szilard’s vision of the future of the world in the nuclear age. • Kennedy thought development of nuclear weapons was untenable
Nuclear Free World
American public demanded progress in space! • John F. Kennedy embraced Leo Szilard’s vision of the future of the world in the nuclear age. • Kennedy thought development of nuclear weapons was untenable • Kennedy thought development of nuclear rockets and the aggressive exploration of space was a viable alternative to preparation for nuclear war
Nuclear Free World
American public demanded progress in space! • John F. Kennedy embraced Leo Szilard’s vision of the future of the world in the nuclear age. • Kennedy thought development of nuclear weapons was untenable • Kennedy thought development of nuclear rockets and the aggressive exploration of space was a viable alternative to preparation for nuclear war • JFK died Nov ’63
Nuclear Free World
American public demanded progress in space! • John F. Kennedy embraced Leo Szilard’s vision of the future of the world in the nuclear age. • Kennedy thought development of nuclear weapons was untenable • Kennedy thought development of nuclear rockets and the aggressive exploration of space was a viable alternative to preparation for nuclear war • JFK died Nov ’63 • Leo Szilard died May ’64
Nuclear Free World
Lyndon Johnson curtailed expansion in space
DDE
JFK LBJ
Nuclear Free World
Lyndon Johnson curtailed expansion in space • Johnson’s first act as President was to cut NASA’s nuclear rocket program, focus solely on the moon reversing the growth in NASA’s budget
DDE
JFK LBJ
Nuclear Free World
Lyndon Johnson curtailed expansion in space • Johnson’s first act as President was to cut NASA’s nuclear rocket program, focus solely on the moon reversing the growth in NASA’s budget • Johnson used the money saved to expand the production of SSBN’s and nuclear weapons
DDE
JFK LBJ
Nuclear Free World
Lyndon Johnson curtailed expansion in space • Johnson’s first act as President was to cut NASA’s nuclear rocket program, focus solely on the moon reversing the growth in NASA’s budget • Johnson used the money saved to expand the production of SSBN’s and nuclear weapons • Kennedy’s visionary space exploration program became a man on the moon program. DDE
JFK LBJ
Nuclear Free World
Lyndon Johnson curtailed expansion in space • Johnson’s first act as President was to cut NASA’s nuclear rocket program, focus solely on the moon reversing the growth in NASA’s budget • Johnson used the money saved to expand the production of SSBN’s and nuclear weapons • Kennedy’s visionary space exploration program became a man on the moon program. • The public questioned the purpose of space spending.
DDE
JFK LBJ
Nuclear Free World
Despite limits Apollo brought about change
Nuclear Free World
Despite limits Apollo brought about change • People asked, “If we can send a man to the moon, why can’t we ... [insert your favorite cause] ?”
Nuclear Free World
Despite limits Apollo brought about change • People asked, “If we can send a man to the moon, why can’t we ... [insert your favorite cause] ?” • The image of Earth alone and vulnerable in the cosmos released an idea of the Earth as a place and everyone on it as having a common heritage and history and common problems.
Nuclear Free World
Despite limits Apollo brought about change • People asked, “If we can send a man to the moon, why can’t we ... [insert your favorite cause] ?” • The image of Earth alone and vulnerable in the cosmos released an idea of the Earth as a place and everyone on it as having a common heritage and history and common problems. • The image of Earth floating in space gave rise to the environmental movement and the Gaia Hypothesis
Nuclear Free World
The world created over 50,000 nuclear weapons
Nuclear Free World
The world created over 50,000 nuclear weapons
• $5.48 trillion was spent by the USA to develop and deploy 25,000 nuclear weapons
Nuclear Free World
The world created over 50,000 nuclear weapons
• $5.48 trillion was spent by the USA to develop and deploy 25,000 nuclear weapons • $0.02 trillion was spent going to the moon
Nuclear Free World
Containment worked and left us with a larger problem
Nuclear Free World
Containment worked and left us with a larger problem • Containment of Communism worked, the Soviet Union collapsed
Nuclear Free World
Containment worked and left us with a larger problem • Containment of Communism worked, the Soviet Union collapsed • It left us with the problem of ‘loose nukes’ with the former USSR
Nuclear Free World
Containment worked and left us with a larger problem • Containment of Communism worked, the Soviet Union collapsed • It left us with the problem of ‘loose nukes’ with the former USSR • Also, the problem of the spread of nuclear technology outside USSR
Nuclear Free World
Containment worked and left us with a larger problem • Containment of Communism worked, the Soviet Union collapsed • It left us with the problem of ‘loose nukes’ with the former USSR • Also, the problem of the spread of nuclear technology outside USSR Beirut
• Without strong visionary leadership or any practical alternative, Szilard’s concerns about nuclear extermination of mankind is relevant to us today.
Nuclear Free World
Solution: Create an enhanced non-proliferation treaty
Inspired by space exploration
Nuclear Free World
Solution: Create an enhanced non-proliferation treaty • Convert 2,000 tons of nuclear weapons materials into nonthreatening nuclear propulsion units
Inspired by space exploration
Nuclear Free World
Solution: Create an enhanced non-proliferation treaty • Convert 2,000 tons of nuclear weapons materials into nonthreatening nuclear propulsion units • Use nuclear weapons labs as centers to dismantle and convert weapons to propulsion units
Nuclear Free World
Solution: Create an enhanced non-proliferation treaty • Convert 2,000 tons of nuclear weapons materials into nonthreatening nuclear propulsion units • Use nuclear weapons labs as centers to dismantle and convert weapons to propulsion units • 20 ships each massing 10,000 tons, each with 500 crew.
Nuclear Free World
Solution: Create an enhanced non-proliferation treaty • Convert 2,000 tons of nuclear weapons materials into nonthreatening nuclear propulsion units • Use nuclear weapons labs as centers to dismantle and convert weapons to propulsion units • 20 ships each massing 10,000 tons, each with 500 crew. • Carry out a piloted grand tour of the solar system
Nuclear Free World
Solution: Create an enhanced non-proliferation treaty • Convert 2,000 tons of nuclear weapons materials into nonthreatening nuclear propulsion units • Use nuclear weapons labs as centers to dismantle and convert weapons to propulsion units • 20 ships each massing 10,000 tons, each with 500 crew. • Carry out a piloted grand tour of the solar system • Erecting solar power satellites, Luna city, and Mars base.
Nuclear Free World
Leo Szilard invented nuclear technology in 1933
Nuclear Free World
Leo Szilard invented nuclear technology in 1933 • Industrial Power - replacing limited and dirty fossil fuels
Nuclear Free World
Leo Szilard invented nuclear technology in 1933 • Industrial Power - replacing limited and dirty fossil fuels • Propulsion - creating vehicles of nearly unlimited capabilities including, automobiles, submarines, ships, airplanes and long-range rockets.
Nuclear Free World
Leo Szilard invented nuclear technology in 1933 • Industrial Power - replacing limited and dirty fossil fuels • Propulsion - creating vehicles of nearly unlimited capabilities including, automobiles, submarines, ships, airplanes and long-range rockets. • Weapons - of unimaginable destructiveness
Nuclear Free World
Leo Szilard was a student of Einstein
Nuclear Free World
Leo Szilard was a student of Einstein • Einstein considered Szilard his brightest student.
Nuclear Free World
Leo Szilard was a student of Einstein • Einstein considered Szilard his brightest student. • Szilard invented the cyclotron
Nuclear Free World
Leo Szilard was a student of Einstein • Einstein considered Szilard his brightest student. • Szilard invented the cyclotron • Szilard invented the nuclear reactor
Nuclear Free World
Leo Szilard was a student of Einstein • Einstein considered Szilard his brightest student. • Szilard invented the cyclotron • Szilard invented the nuclear reactor • Szilard convinced Einstein to sign a letter he wrote urging FDR to develop an atomic bomb in 1939.
Nuclear Free World
Leo Szilard was a student of Einstein • Einstein considered Szilard his brightest student. • Szilard invented the cyclotron • Szilard invented the nuclear reactor • Szilard convinced Einstein to sign a letter he wrote urging FDR to develop an atomic bomb in 1939. • This resulted in the Manhattan Project and the world’s first Atomic Bomb
Nuclear Free World
Leo Szilard wrote a technical addendum to FDR
Nuclear Free World
Leo Szilard wrote a technical addendum to FDR • Szilard outlined how to develop the atomic bomb most quickly
Nuclear Free World
Leo Szilard wrote a technical addendum to FDR • Szilard outlined how to develop the atomic bomb most quickly • Szilard warned that the US should build a bomb only after it has carefully thought through the implications of its impact on the future. The entire world is a battlefield.
Nuclear Free World
Leo Szilard wrote a technical addendum to FDR • Szilard outlined how to develop the atomic bomb most quickly • Szilard warned that the US should build a bomb only after it has carefully thought through the implications of its impact on the future. The entire world is a battlefield. • Szilard urged the development of peaceful uses of atomic energy
Nuclear Free World
Leo Szilard wrote a technical addendum to FDR • Szilard outlined how to develop the atomic bomb most quickly • Szilard warned that the US should build a bomb only after it has carefully thought through the implications of its impact on the future. The entire world is a battlefield. • Szilard urged the development of peaceful uses of atomic energy. • Most important was the development of an atomic powered long-range rocket.
Nuclear Free World
Leo Szilard recruited other scientists to the effort
Nuclear Free World
Leo Szilard recruited other scientists to the effort • Most scientists felt that an atomic bomb would be harmful to mankind’s long term survival.
Nuclear Free World
Leo Szilard recruited other scientists to the effort • Most scientists felt that an atomic bomb would be harmful to mankind’s long term survival. • Szilard convinced them that the benefits of peaceful uses of atomic energy would outweigh its destructive uses.
Nuclear Free World
Leo Szilard recruited other scientists to the effort • Most scientists felt that an atomic bomb would be harmful to mankind’s long term survival. • Szilard convinced them that the benefits of peaceful uses of atomic energy would outweigh its destructive uses. • Central to this argument was the development of the long-range atomic rocket.
Nuclear Free World
Leo Szilard recruited other scientists to the effort • Most scientists felt that an atomic bomb would be harmful to mankind’s long term survival. • Szilard convinced them that the benefits of peaceful uses of atomic energy would outweigh its destructive uses. • Central to this argument was the development of the long-range atomic rocket. • The possibility of this rocket, not the bomb, motivated most of the scientists to work on the project.
Nuclear Free World
Long-range Atomic Rocket of Paramount Importance
Nuclear Free World
Long-range Atomic Rocket of Paramount Importance • To survive in the nuclear age humanity needed to leave the planet.
Nuclear Free World
Long-range Atomic Rocket of Paramount Importance • To survive in the nuclear age humanity needed to leave the planet. • Nuclear energy made this possible
Nuclear Free World
Long-range Atomic Rocket of Paramount Importance • To survive in the nuclear age humanity needed to leave the planet. • Nuclear energy made this possible • Confined to Earth, the use of nuclear weapons makes human extinction inevitable.
Nuclear Free World
Long-range Atomic Rocket of Paramount Importance • To survive in the nuclear age humanity needed to leave the planet. • Nuclear energy made this possible • Confined to Earth, the use of nuclear weapons makes human extinction inevitable. • This is because mankind has a basic need to fight and court danger.
Nuclear Free World
Long-range Atomic Rocket of Paramount Importance • To survive in the nuclear age humanity needed to leave the planet. • Nuclear energy made this possible • Confined to Earth, the use of nuclear weapons makes human extinction inevitable. • This is because mankind has a basic need to fight and court danger. • Without nuclear weapons humanity will wage war forever.
Nuclear Free World
Long-range Atomic Rocket of Paramount Importance
Nuclear Free World
Long-range Atomic Rocket of Paramount Importance • With atomic rockets humanity had an outlet in the frontier of space and would turn from war to exploration
Nuclear Free World
Long-range Atomic Rocket of Paramount Importance • With atomic rockets humanity had an outlet in the frontier of space and would turn from war to exploration • “This was what mankind needed, if I wanted to contribute something to save mankind, then I would probably go into nuclear physics, because only through the liberation of atomic energy could we obtain the means which would enable man not only to leave the Earth but to leave the solar system.” letter to J. Brownowski, 1931
Nuclear Free World
Atomic Rocket designed along side Atomic Bomb • The long-range atomic rocket is the vehicle that extends the range of humanity and allows people to live beyond the range of battle in the nuclear age.
Nuclear Free World
Atomic Rocket designed along side Atomic Bomb • Stanislaw Ulam did original theoretical work on an atom bomb powered space ship
Nuclear Free World
Atomic Rocket designed along side Atomic Bomb • Stanislaw Ulam did original theoretical work on an atom bomb powered space ship • Theodore Taylor completed practical engineering of a ship
Nuclear Free World
Atomic Rocket designed along side Atomic Bomb • Stanislaw Ulam did original theoretical work on an atom bomb powered space ship • Theodore Taylor completed practical engineering of a ship • Freeman Dyson worked out production details and costs
Nuclear Free World
Atomic Rocket designed along side Atomic Bomb • Stanislaw Ulam did original theoretical work on an atom bomb powered space ship • Theodore Taylor completed practical engineering of a ship • Freeman Dyson worked out production details and costs • The result were ships that would open space for human colonization and development in the 1950s.
Aldebaran GE Space Technology Center
Nuclear Free World
Atomic Rocket classified throughout the 1940s & 1950s • Work continued on atomic rocketry throughout this period
Nuclear Free World
Atomic Rocket classified throughout the 1940s & 1950s • Work continued on atomic rocketry throughout this period • Eisenhower opposed public release of this information
Nuclear Free World
Atomic Rocket classified throughout the 1940s & 1950s • Work continued on atomic rocketry throughout this period • Eisenhower opposed public release of this information • Eisenhower feared Americans would abandon nuclear weapons development
Nuclear Free World
Atomic Rocket classified throughout the 1940s & 1950s • Work continued on atomic rocketry throughout this period • Eisenhower opposed public release of this information • Eisenhower feared Americans would abandon nuclear weapons development • Eisenhower feared the cost of space exploration would make weapons development impossible on the scale planned.
Nuclear Free World
USSR launch of Sputnik shocked the USA
Nuclear Free World
USSR launch of Sputnik shocked the USA • 19:28:34, October 4, 1957 (UTC)
Nuclear Free World
USSR launch of Sputnik shocked the USA • 19:28:34, October 4, 1957 (UTC) • Chemical not nuclear powered rockets
Nuclear Free World
USSR launch of Sputnik shocked the USA • 19:28:34, October 4, 1957 (UTC) • Chemical not nuclear powered rockets • Challenged the status-quo
Nuclear Free World
USSR launch of Sputnik shocked the USA • 19:28:34, October 4, 1957 (UTC) • Chemical not nuclear powered rockets • Challenged the status-quo • Any object that orbits the Earth can strike any point on the Earth
Nuclear Free World
USSR launch of Sputnik shocked the USA • 19:28:34, October 4, 1957 (UTC) • Chemical not nuclear powered rockets • Challenged the status-quo • Any object that orbits the Earth can strike any point on the Earth • Accentuated Szilard’s point about the entire Earth as a battlefield in the atomic age
Nuclear Free World
USSR launch of Sputnik shocked the USA • 19:28:34, October 4, 1957 (UTC) • Chemical not nuclear powered rockets • Challenged the status-quo • Any object that orbits the Earth can strike any point on the Earth • Accentuated Szilard’s point about the entire Earth as a battlefield in the atomic age • Eisenhower worried this was a ploy by the Russians to get the US into space
Nuclear Free World
American public demanded progress in space!
Nuclear Free World
American public demanded progress in space! • John F. Kennedy embraced Leo Szilard’s vision of the future of the world in the nuclear age.
Nuclear Free World
American public demanded progress in space! • John F. Kennedy embraced Leo Szilard’s vision of the future of the world in the nuclear age. • Kennedy thought development of nuclear weapons was untenable
Nuclear Free World
American public demanded progress in space! • John F. Kennedy embraced Leo Szilard’s vision of the future of the world in the nuclear age. • Kennedy thought development of nuclear weapons was untenable • Kennedy thought development of nuclear rockets and the aggressive exploration of space was a viable alternative to preparation for nuclear war
Nuclear Free World
American public demanded progress in space! • John F. Kennedy embraced Leo Szilard’s vision of the future of the world in the nuclear age. • Kennedy thought development of nuclear weapons was untenable • Kennedy thought development of nuclear rockets and the aggressive exploration of space was a viable alternative to preparation for nuclear war • JFK died Nov ’63
Nuclear Free World
American public demanded progress in space! • John F. Kennedy embraced Leo Szilard’s vision of the future of the world in the nuclear age. • Kennedy thought development of nuclear weapons was untenable • Kennedy thought development of nuclear rockets and the aggressive exploration of space was a viable alternative to preparation for nuclear war • JFK died Nov ’63 • Leo Szilard died May ’64
Nuclear Free World
Lyndon Johnson curtailed expansion in space
DDE
JFK LBJ
Nuclear Free World
Lyndon Johnson curtailed expansion in space • Johnson’s first act as President was to cut NASA’s nuclear rocket program, focus solely on the moon reversing the growth in NASA’s budget
DDE
JFK LBJ
Nuclear Free World
Lyndon Johnson curtailed expansion in space • Johnson’s first act as President was to cut NASA’s nuclear rocket program, focus solely on the moon reversing the growth in NASA’s budget • Johnson used the money saved to expand the production of SSBN’s and nuclear weapons
DDE
JFK LBJ
Nuclear Free World
Lyndon Johnson curtailed expansion in space • Johnson’s first act as President was to cut NASA’s nuclear rocket program, focus solely on the moon reversing the growth in NASA’s budget • Johnson used the money saved to expand the production of SSBN’s and nuclear weapons • Kennedy’s visionary space exploration program became a man on the moon program. DDE
JFK LBJ
Nuclear Free World
Lyndon Johnson curtailed expansion in space • Johnson’s first act as President was to cut NASA’s nuclear rocket program, focus solely on the moon reversing the growth in NASA’s budget • Johnson used the money saved to expand the production of SSBN’s and nuclear weapons • Kennedy’s visionary space exploration program became a man on the moon program. • The public questioned the purpose of space spending.
DDE
JFK LBJ
Nuclear Free World
Despite limits Apollo brought about change
Nuclear Free World
Despite limits Apollo brought about change • People asked, “If we can send a man to the moon, why can’t we ... [insert your favorite cause] ?”
Nuclear Free World
Despite limits Apollo brought about change • People asked, “If we can send a man to the moon, why can’t we ... [insert your favorite cause] ?” • The image of Earth alone and vulnerable in the cosmos released an idea of the Earth as a place and everyone on it as having a common heritage and history and common problems.
Nuclear Free World
Despite limits Apollo brought about change • People asked, “If we can send a man to the moon, why can’t we ... [insert your favorite cause] ?” • The image of Earth alone and vulnerable in the cosmos released an idea of the Earth as a place and everyone on it as having a common heritage and history and common problems. • The image of Earth floating in space gave rise to the environmental movement and the Gaia Hypothesis
Nuclear Free World
The world created over 50,000 nuclear weapons
Nuclear Free World
The world created over 50,000 nuclear weapons
• $5.48 trillion was spent by the USA to develop and deploy 25,000 nuclear weapons
Nuclear Free World
The world created over 50,000 nuclear weapons
• $5.48 trillion was spent by the USA to develop and deploy 25,000 nuclear weapons • $0.02 trillion was spent going to the moon
Nuclear Free World
Containment worked and left us with a larger problem
Nuclear Free World
Containment worked and left us with a larger problem • Containment of Communism worked, the Soviet Union collapsed
Nuclear Free World
Containment worked and left us with a larger problem • Containment of Communism worked, the Soviet Union collapsed • It left us with the problem of ‘loose nukes’ with the former USSR
Nuclear Free World
Containment worked and left us with a larger problem • Containment of Communism worked, the Soviet Union collapsed • It left us with the problem of ‘loose nukes’ with the former USSR • Also, the problem of the spread of nuclear technology outside USSR
Nuclear Free World
Containment worked and left us with a larger problem • Containment of Communism worked, the Soviet Union collapsed • It left us with the problem of ‘loose nukes’ with the former USSR • Also, the problem of the spread of nuclear technology outside USSR Beirut
• Without strong visionary leadership or any practical alternative, Szilard’s concerns about nuclear extermination of mankind is relevant to us today.
Nuclear Free World
Solution: Create an enhanced non-proliferation treaty
Inspired by space exploration
Nuclear Free World
Solution: Create an enhanced non-proliferation treaty • Convert 2,000 tons of nuclear weapons materials into nonthreatening nuclear propulsion units
Inspired by space exploration
Nuclear Free World
Solution: Create an enhanced non-proliferation treaty • Convert 2,000 tons of nuclear weapons materials into nonthreatening nuclear propulsion units • Use nuclear weapons labs as centers to dismantle and convert weapons to propulsion units
Nuclear Free World
Solution: Create an enhanced non-proliferation treaty • Convert 2,000 tons of nuclear weapons materials into nonthreatening nuclear propulsion units • Use nuclear weapons labs as centers to dismantle and convert weapons to propulsion units • 20 ships each massing 10,000 tons, each with 500 crew.
Nuclear Free World
Solution: Create an enhanced non-proliferation treaty • Convert 2,000 tons of nuclear weapons materials into nonthreatening nuclear propulsion units • Use nuclear weapons labs as centers to dismantle and convert weapons to propulsion units • 20 ships each massing 10,000 tons, each with 500 crew. • Carry out a piloted grand tour of the solar system
Nuclear Free World
Solution: Create an enhanced non-proliferation treaty • Convert 2,000 tons of nuclear weapons materials into nonthreatening nuclear propulsion units • Use nuclear weapons labs as centers to dismantle and convert weapons to propulsion units • 20 ships each massing 10,000 tons, each with 500 crew. • Carry out a piloted grand tour of the solar system • Erecting solar power satellites, Luna city, and Mars base.
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