Notes On The Badal

This chart is taken from the text of al-Aajuroomiyyah which explains in detail how the Badal works. This is from the chart form of alAajuroomiyyah that I have designed and will be making available soon inshaAllah.

‫البدل‬ ‫ في اللغة العوض واصطلحا هو التابع المقصود بالحكم بل‬: ‫البدل‬ ‫واسطة وهو أربعة أقسام‬. “Al-Badal (the Substitute): means linguistically “substitution” and in Arabic grammar terminology it is the intended follower that has no medium, it consists of four sections1.” (Taken from ad-Durrah anNahawiyyah by brother ad-Daylamee one of the students of Shaykh Muhammad al-Imaam.)

1

This is the statement of the People of Koofah but the People of Basrah mentioned the Badal as having six sections, see Qatar-an-Nadaa under the chapter of the Badal by Ibn Hishaam al-Ansaaree (rahimahullah).

1

Notes from Arabic for English Speaking Students by Muhammad Abdur-Rauf lesson 34 pages 375 – 378 and re-arranged for easier study: The Substitute is the second word in a pair of words, which clarifies, specifies or corrects the first word; and it follows the grammatical case of the first word. There are four kinds of Substitute; namely, The Full Substitute, the Partial Substitute, the Related/Containing Substitute, and the Corrective Substitute. ُ ََ ‫الب َد‬ 1. The Full Substitute2: ُ ‫مط ََاب ِق‬ َُ ‫ل َال‬

we often give the title of class of a person before mentioning his name. We say; Miss, Mrs., Dr., Sir, Marshall, President or Mayor so and So. The name which follows the title is its Substitute and follows its case. (Read the following sentences):

ُُ َْ ‫الد َُّك َْت َُو ُر َ فََر ي ْدٌ َل ََط َِي‬ ‫ف‬ َِ َُ ‫أ‬ ُ ‫م َ ع َل َِي ًَّا‬ ‫َاَل‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ح‬ ِ ّ َ ‫ما‬ ََ َِّّ ‫ال‬ ٌ‫م َط ََا ه ََِرة‬ ُ ََ ‫سي ِّد َة َُ َمَْري‬ Notice that Fareed, ‘Alee and Maryam are all considered the Badal (the Full Substitute) because they substitute Doctor, Imam and Sayeedah and follow its case, Fareed is marfoo like Doctor, ‘Alee is mansoob like Imam and Maryam is marfooah like Sayeedah. ِّ َُ ‫ن َالك‬ ُ ََ ‫ الب َد‬the first 2. The Partial Substitute: ‫ل‬ َ َ‫ض َ ِم‬ ِ َْ‫ل َالب َع‬ is a total and the second is a part of it and is annexed to its personal pronoun. This strange style is regarded

2

ََّ ‫َال‬ It is also known as ‫ئ‬ ِ َْ ‫شي‬

ُ ََ ‫ب َد‬ ََّ ‫ل َال‬ ‫ن‬ َ َ‫شي َْئ َ ِم‬ 2

as an eloquent one, as it strikes the listener more effectively. (Read the following sentences):

ُ َِ‫من ْز‬ ‫ه‬ َ ََ ‫إن ْك‬ ُ َُ ‫ل َ ب ََاب‬ ََ ‫س َر َال‬ َ َ‫ل َال‬ َ ََ ‫أك‬ ‫ص َفَهََا‬ َ َ ‫مك‬ َ َّ‫س‬ ْ َِ ‫ة َ ن‬ ‫شَ َرا ِعَ هََا‬ ِ َِ‫في َْن َة‬ َِ ‫س‬ ََّ َ‫ت َإل ََى َال‬ ُ ‫ن ََظ ََْر‬ Notice the word door, half and masts are all considered the Badal (the Partial Substitute) because they substitute the words for house, fish and boat and follow its case, Door is marfoo like house, half is mansoob like Fish and mast is majroor like the boat. These types of sentences can easily be arranged to reflect the action:

‫من ْزَِل‬ ُ ‫س َر َ ب ََا‬ َ ََ ‫إن ْك‬ ََ ‫ب َ ال‬ َ ‫فَ َال‬ َ ََ ‫أك‬ ‫ة‬ َ َ ‫مك‬ َ ‫ص‬ َ َّ‫س‬ ْ َِ ‫ل َ ن‬ ِ‫في َْن َة‬ َِ ‫س‬ ِ َ ‫ت َإل ََى‬ ََّ َ‫شَ َرا ِع َال‬ ُ ‫ن ََظ ََْر‬ ُ ََ ‫ ب َد‬the َْ ‫ل َاَل‬ 3. The Related/Containing Substitute: ‫ل‬ َ َِ ‫شت‬ َِ ‫ما‬

second word does not mean the same as the first and is not a part of it; but it denotes something related to it. The second word is also annexed to a personal pronoun, the antecedent of which is the first noun. Arabic grammarians call this the “Containing Substitute” as it contains the personal pronoun of the first word; but we prefer to call it the Related Substitute Otherwise, the Partial Substitute also contains the Pronoun of the first word. This type like the preceding one is a peculiar Arabic, but eloquent, style:

ُ َِ ‫مل‬ ُ َْ ‫جي‬ ‫ه‬ ََ َ ‫ك‬ ُ ‫ش‬ َ ‫ص َر َال‬ َ ََ ‫إن َْت‬ ‫ه‬ ََ َ ‫ب‬ َ َْ ‫ت َال َخَط َِي‬ ََ ُ ََ ‫حد ِي َْث‬ ُ َْ‫س ِمَع‬ 3

ََ َ ‫ل‬ ِ‫جا ع ََت ِه‬ َ ‫ش‬ ُ َْ ‫جب‬ ِ ََ ‫ع‬ ِ ََ ‫ن َالب ََط‬ َ َ‫ت َ ِم‬ Notice the word for army, speech and courage are all considered the Badal (the Relative Substitute) because while they are not a part of the king, the speaker or the hero they are related to it and follow its case, army is marfoo like the king, speech is mansoob like the speaker and courage is majroor like the hero. ُ ََ ‫ ب َد‬the 4. The Corrective Substitute: ‫ن‬ ِ ََ ‫ل َال غ َل‬ ْ َِ ّ ‫ط َأَوَْ الن‬ ِ ‫سي ََا‬

second word is completely unrelated to the first one, but the speaker makes a verbal mistake and immediately corrects it by giving the right word. Therefore, Arab grammarians call this category “Substitute of the Wrong, or Forgetting” but we prefer to translate it as the Corrective Substitute, since it corrects an error:

ُُ‫مد‬ ِ ‫حا‬ َ َ‫َح‬ ََ َُ ‫مد‬ َ َ‫ض َر َأ ْح‬ ْ ‫قََرأ‬ َ ‫ب َ ال‬ ‫ة‬ َ َْ ‫حي‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫َالك‬ ‫ت‬ َ ‫ف‬ ِ َّ‫ص‬ ََ َِ َ ُ َ ْ ‫أك َل َْت َ قََرأ‬ ‫ب‬ َ ‫ت َالك َِت ََا‬ ُ َ ُ ََ َ‫ن َالَ َف‬ ‫جا ِح‬ َ ََّ ‫ل َ الن‬ َُ ُ ‫سرَِْر‬ ِ ‫ش‬ َ َ‫ت َ ِم‬ Notice the name Haamid, newspaper, I read and success are all considered the Badal (the Corrective Substitute) because they correct Ahmad, the book, I ate and failure and follow its case, Haamid is marfoo like Ahmad, newspaper is mansoob like the book, I read is marfoo like I ate and success is majroor like failure. Reading Exercise: The following notes in Arabic explain the Badal in brief. Read and see how much you can understand.

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‫البدل‬ ‫تاب ٌع يكو ُن هو القصو ُد بالكمِ أيّ بضمونِ الملةِ‪ ،‬يُمهّدُ لهُ باسمٍ آخرَ قبلَه يُسمّى الُبدلُ‬ ‫منهُ‪ ،‬ويتبعُهُ بركةِ العرابِ‪.‬مثالٌ‪ :‬انتص َر القائدُ خالدٌ بنُ الوليدِ ف اليموكِ‪ ،‬خالدُ‪ :‬بدلٌ‬ ‫ع وعلمةُ رفعِ ِه الضّ ّمةُ الظّاهرةُ‪ ،‬وهو القصودُ بالنتصارِ‪ ،‬أمّا القائ ُد فهو اس ٌم مهّدَ لالدٍ‪،‬‬ ‫مرفو ٌ‬ ‫س هو القصو ُد بالكمِ لذلكَ يكنُ حذفُهُ دونَ أنْ يتغيّ َر العن‬ ‫‪.‬وهو الُبد ُل منه‪ ،‬ولي َ‬ ‫ع البدلِ‪ -1:‬البــد ُل الطاب ُق ( بدلُ ك ّل من‬ ‫أنوا ُ‬ ‫‪.‬كلّ)‪:‬فيه يُطابقُ البدلُ البدلَ منه ف العن‪ ،‬فخالدٌ ف الثالِ السّاب ِق يُطابقُ (القائدَ) ف العن‬ ‫ض من كلّ‪:‬يكونُ البدلُ جزءا من البد ِل منه‪ ،‬ويتوي على ضميٍ يعودُ إل ‪2-‬‬ ‫بدلُ بع ٍ‬ ‫البد ِل منه ويطابقُه‪ ،‬مثالٌ‪ :‬حف ْظتُ القصيدةَ نصفَها‪ ،‬نصفَها‪ :‬بد ٌل منصوبٌ بالفتحةِ الظّاهرةِ‪،‬‬ ‫ت بالدرسةِ مرور‬ ‫ن على الفتحِ ف ملّ جرّ بالضافةِ‪ ،‬مثالٌ آخرَ‪ :‬مررْ ُ‬ ‫والاءُ ضم ٌي متّصلٌ مب ّ‬ ‫‪.‬وعلمة جرّه الكسرةُ الظّاهرةُ‪ ،‬والاءُ ضم ٌي متّصلٌ مبنّ على الفتحِ ف ملّ جرّ بالضافةِ‬ ‫ل على البدلِ دونَ أنْ يكونَ البدلُ جزءا ‪3-‬‬ ‫بدلُ اشتمالٍ‪ :‬يكونُ البد ُل منهُ مشتم ً‬ ‫منه‪،‬مثالٌ‪ :‬أعجبَن أحدُ خلقُه‪ ،‬خلقُه‪ :‬بد ُل اشتمالٍ مرفوعٌ بالضّ ّمةِ الظّاهرةِ‪ ،‬والاءُ ضميٌ‬ ‫متّصلٌ مبنّ على الضّمّ ف ملّ جرّ بالضافةِ‪.‬فأحدُ يشـتملُ على البدلِ خلقُـه‪ ،‬دونَ أن‬ ‫‪).‬يكـونَ هذا جزءا من أحدَ‪.‬مثالٌ آخرُ‪ ( :‬يسألُونَكَ عن الشّه ِر الرامِ قتالٍ فيه‬ ‫‪Courtesy of Aboo Imraan al-Mekseekee‬‬

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