THE NEUROLOGICALSYSTEM
ANATOMYAND PHYSIOLOGYREVIEW
THENEUROLOGICALSYSTEM • The Neurological System is the body’s information processor. Without this highly advanced information and communication system, the body cannot function. The Neurological System is divided into two major parts: the Central Nervous System (CNS) and the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS).
THECENTRALNERVOUSSYS TEM The Central Nervous System is the body’s information headquarters, ultimately regulating nearly all body functions. The CNS includes: • The Brain • The Spinal Cord
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The Brain – Processes incoming information from within the body, and outside the body by way of the sensory nerves of sight, touch, smell, sound, and taste. Commands are then sent back throughout the body. The brain also stores and processes language, communication, emotions, thoughts, dreams, and memories. In other words, the brain is where all thinking and decisionmaking
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The Spinal Cord – Is the main pathway for information connecting the brain and peripheral nervous system. It extends from the brain about 18 inches down the bony spinal column, which serves as its protection. The spinal cord is a tube made up of nerve fibers. Electrical impulses travel through the nerves and allow the brain to communicate with the rest of the body.
THEPERIPHERALNERVOUSSY STEM The Peripheral Nervous System is responsible for the remainder of the body. It includes cranial nerves (nerves emerging from the brain), spinal nerves (nerves emerging from the spinal cord) and all the major sense organs. The PNS includes: • The Somatic Nervous System (SNS)
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The Somatic Nervous System (SNS) – Responsible for all muscular activities that we consider voluntary or that are within our conscious control.
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The Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) – Responsible for all activities that occur automatically and involuntarily, such as breathing, muscle contractions within the digestive system, and heartbeat. The components of the ANS work together to create a balanced response to outside stimuli. The ANS includes:
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The Sympathetic System – Stimulates cell and organ function. The sympathetic system is activated by a perceived danger or threat, very strong emotions such as fear, anger or excitement, by intense exercise, or when under large amounts of stress. Basically, anything the body perceives as an emergency will trigger a protective response. Once initiated, it speeds up heart rate, increases the activity of the sweat and adrenal glands, slows down the digestive system and sends blood to the skin and muscles; all of which prepare the body for a
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The Parasympathetic System – Inhibits cell and organ function. The parasympathetic system slows down heart rate, resumes digestion, and increases relaxation throughout the body. This “rest and digest” response counteracts the “fight or flight” response and helps the body recuperate after a crisis is over. A person's normal resting heart rate is determined by the parasympathetic system. If blood pressure is too high or blood carbon dioxide levels are too low, this system slows the heart down and lowers its output.
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