Networking Cisco

Data Communication Mr. Jose Marie M. Pacia

DATA COMMUNICATION

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Data Communication • Data Communications concerns the transmission of digital messages to devices external to the message source. "External" devices are generally thought of as being independently powered circuitry that exists beyond the chassis of a computer or other digital message source.

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Communication Channels • A communications channel is a pathway over which information can be conveyed. It may be defined by a physical wire that connects communicating devices, or by a radio, laser, or other radiated energy source that has no obvious physical presence. DATA COMMUNICATION

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Channel Types

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Simplex • A channel whose direction of transmission is unchanging is referred to as a simplex channel. For example, a radio station is a simplex channel because it always transmits the signal to its listeners and never allows them to transmit back.

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Half-duplex • A half-duplex channel is a single physical channel in which the direction may be reversed. Messages may flow in two directions, but never at the same time, in a half-duplex system. In a telephone call, one party speaks while the other listens. After a pause, the other party speaks and the first party listens. Speaking simultaneously results in garbled sound that cannot be understood.

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Full-duplex • A full-duplex channel allows simultaneous message exchange in both directions. It really consists of two simplex channels, a forward channel and a reverse channel, linking the same points. The transmission rate of the reverse channel may be slower if it is used only for flow control of the forward channel. DATA COMMUNICATION

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Network Defined • Network is simply the connection between two or more computer so that they can share and exchange information. Connection between these computers may also involved components and peripherals. Computers that are part of a network can share the following: Data, Printers, Messages, Fax machines, Graphics, Modems, Any other peripherals connected to the network DATA COMMUNICATION

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Use of Network • Data • Printer • Application

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Denominators of Network • Servers – computers that provides service or shared resources to network users • Clients – pertains to computer units that accesses shared network resource provided by the server or servers. • Media – the way the computers are connected • Shared Data – files shared and given by servers or host • Shared Printers & Peripherals – other devices or resources given by servers or host • Resources – a generic term that refers to files, printers, peripherals and other items for use by network users

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Major Types of Network • Peer to Peer Network • Server Based Network

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Peer to Peer Network • Usually less than ten in number • No central administration • Need no Admin • No security • Easy to implement

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Server-Based Network • • • • • •

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Usually more than 10 Need server Central administration Need Admin With security Complex to implement

Server • a computer in a network

environment that provides service/s to other units in the network. It can be either a print, application or file server. Server’s role varies depending on the arrangement and setup configuration of the network.

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Servers • File and Print Servers – manage users’ access and use of file and print resources; any computer that host a file or printer for use in the network. • Application Servers – makes the applications virtually available to network user’s. • Mail Servers – manages electronic messaging between network users; this is usually where the post office is located.

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Servers • Fax Servers – manages fax traffic into and out of the network, by sharing one or more fax modem boards. • Communication Servers- manages data flow between the server’s own network and other networks like connection to mainframe or mini-frame-based network, remote users using modems and telephone lines to dial in to the server

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Client/Workstation • computer/s that ask for a service in the network. In the Client-Server setup, client sometimes acts as server when it provides service to the other unit in the network DATA COMMUNICATION

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Network Type Considerations • Selecting network type is a major decision that will surely draw great impact in the company’s finance and operation. Considerations include the hardware requirements and user’s demand. DATA COMMUNICATION

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Combination Network • Usually the best type of network setup is the combination of peer-to-peer and server-based network. It is good to start with pee-to-peer then upgrade to server-based when already needed. In a combination network, two or more operating system work together to provide more flexible network environment. DATA COMMUNICATION

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Network Components and Terminologies • Topology • Hubs, Repeaters • Bridges, Switches, Router • Cables, Connectors • Network Adapter Cards • Protocols

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Topology • Topology refers to arrangement or physical layout of computer cables and other components on the network. It can also be called the physical layout, design, diagram or map of the network. Choosing a type is very important for it will draw a great impact in the type of equipment to be used in the network, in the capabilities of the equipment, in network growth and management. There are different types of topologies such as bus, star, ring and hybrid DATA COMMUNICATION

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Bus Topology

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Bus Topology • connects each computer to a single cable. At each end of the usually coaxial cable, is a terminating resistor or terminator. Data passes back and forth to cable until it reaches the receiving station DATA COMMUNICATION

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Star Topology • each computer is connected by hub. Signals from a computer passes through the hub to all the computers on the network. It uses more cable and failure lies on hub.

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Ring Topology • computers’ data transmission is on a circle of cable. The data travels around the loop in one direction thus giving all the computer a chance to transmit. It can detect failure to continue transmission. DATA COMMUNICATION

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Hybrid Topologies • Star Bus Topology • Star Ring Topology

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Star Bus Topology • It is the combination of the bus and star topologies consisting of several star topology networks linked together with a linear bus trunk. In this setup when one of the computers goes down, only that computer is down. The rest of the computers in the network can still operate. When one of the hubs goes down all the computers directly connected to that particular hub, goes down. If the central hub that connects two other hubs goes down the computers on the two other hubs will not be able to communicate with each other. DATA COMMUNICATION

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Star Ring Topology • It is sometimes called star-wired ring and is similar to star bus centered in a hub, which contain the actual ring. Star rings are connected in a star pattern by the main hub.

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Topology Considerations

Best topology depends on the need and foreseeable growth of an organization DATA COMMUNICATION

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Mesh networking • Mesh networking is a way to route data, voice and instructions between nodes. It allows for continuous connections and reconfiguration around broken or blocked paths by “hopping” from node to node until the destination is reached. DATA COMMUNICATION

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• A mesh network whose nodes are all connected to each other is a fully connected network. Mesh networks differ from other networks in that the component parts can all connect to each other via multiple hops, and they generally are not mobile. DATA COMMUNICATION

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DATA COMMUNICATION

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Tree and hyper tree networks • Tree and hyper tree networks are important special cases of star network topologies. • A Tree Network consists of star-configured nodes connected to switches/concentrators, each connected to a linear bus backbone. Each hub/concentrator rebroadcasts all transmissions received from any peripheral node to all peripheral nodes on the network, sometimes including the originating node

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• All peripheral nodes may thus communicate with all others by transmitting to, and receiving from, the central node only. The failure of a transmission line linking any peripheral node to the central node will result in the isolation of that peripheral node from all others, but the rest of the systems will be unaffected

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Local area network • A local area network (LAN) is a computer network covering a small geographic area, like a home, office, or group of buildings • Ethernet over unshielded twisted pair cabling, and Wi-Fi are the two most common technologies currently, but ARCNET, Token Ring and many others have been used in the past.

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• Wide Area Network (WAN) is a computer network that covers a broad area (i.e., any network whose communications links cross metropolitan, regional, or national boundaries ). Or, less formally, a network that uses routers and public communications links DATA COMMUNICATION

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• WANs are used to connect LANs and other types of networks together, so that users and computers in one location can communicate with users and computers in other locations. • Many WANs are built for one particular organization and are private. Others, built by Internet service providers, provide connections from an organization's LAN to the Internet

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• WANs are often built using leased lines. At each end of the leased line, a router connects to the LAN on one side and a hub within the WAN on the other. Leased lines can be very expensive. Instead of using leased lines, WANs can also be built using less costly circuit switching or packet switching methods. DATA COMMUNICATION

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• A leased line is a symmetric telecommunications line connecting two locations. It is sometimes known as a 'Private Circuit' or 'Data Line' in the UK.

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personal area network (PAN) • A personal area network (PAN) is a computer network used for communication among computer devices (including telephones and personal digital assistants) close to one person. The devices may or may not belong to the person in question. The reach of a PAN is typically a few meters. PANs can be used for communication among the personal devices themselves (intrapersonal communication), or for connecting to a higher level network and the Internet (an uplink). DATA COMMUNICATION

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CAN • A campus area network (CAN) is a computer network made up of an interconnection of local area networks (LANs) within a limited geographical area. It can be considered one form of a metropolitan area network, specific to an academic setting. DATA COMMUNICATION

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• In the case of a university campus-based campus area network, the network is likely to link a variety of campus buildings including; academic departments, the university library and student residence halls. A campus area network is larger than a local area network but smaller than a wide area network, in some cases (WAN) DATA COMMUNICATION

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Metropolitan area network • Metropolitan area networks, or MANs, are large computer networks usually spanning a city. They typically use wireless infrastructure or Optical fiber connections to link their sites. DATA COMMUNICATION

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IP Address • An IP address (Internet Protocol address) is a unique address that certain electronic devices currently use in order to identify and communicate with each other on a computer network utilizing the Internet Protocol standard (IP)—in simpler terms, a computer address. DATA COMMUNICATION

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Internet Protocol • is a data-oriented protocol used for communicating data across a packetswitched internet work.

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More about IP • Any participating network device— including routers, switches, computers, infrastructure servers (e.g., NTP, DNS, DHCP, SNMP, etc.), printers, Internet fax machines, and some telephones—can have its own address that is unique within the scope of the specific network DATA COMMUNICATION

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Static and dynamic IP addresses • Static Address - uses the same IP address every time it connects to the network • Dynamic Address - computer's IP address changes frequently DATA COMMUNICATION

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Static IP • Static IP addresses are manually assigned to a computer by an administrator, either through the operating system configuration or through a command

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Networking Commands • IPCONFIG in Windows is a command line interface that displays all current TCP/IP network configuration values and refreshes Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol DHCP and Domain Name System DNS settings DATA COMMUNICATION

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IPConfig • Ipconfig is a MS-DOS utility which can be used from MS-DOS and a MS-DOS shell to display the network settings currently assigned and given by a network. This command can be utilized to verify a network connection as well as to verify your network settings. DATA COMMUNICATION

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Windows 95, 98, and ME syntax /All 

Display detailed information.

/Batch [file]

Write to file or ./WINIPCFG.OUT

/renew_all

Renew all adapters.

/release_all

Release all adapters.

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/renew N

Renew adapter N.

Windows 2000 and XP syntax • ipconfig [/? | /all | /release [adapter] | /renew [adapter] | /flushdns | /registerdns | /showclassid adapter | /setclassid adapter [classidtoset] ]

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DATA COMMUNICATION

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DATA COMMUNICATION

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IFCONFIG • The Unix command ifconfig serves to configure and control TCP/IP network interfaces from a commandline interface (CLI)

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Ping • a computer network tool used to test whether a particular host is reachable across an IP network. It works by sending ICMP “echo request” packets to the target host and listening for ICMP “echo response” replies. ping estimates the round-trip time, generally in milliseconds, and records any packet loss, and prints a statistical summary when finished.

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• Helps in determining TCP/IP Networks IP address as well as determine issues with the network and assists in resolving them.

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Syntax • ping[-t] [-a] [-n count] [-l size] [-f] [-i TTL] [-v TOS][-r count] [-s count] [[-j host-list] | [-k host-list]][-w timeout] destination-list

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Ping • 127.0.0.1/Localhost • IP address of host computer • Default –gateway IP address (Router) • Remote destination IP address

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NSLOOKUP • The nslookup command can be used in Windows and Unix to find various details relating to DNS including IP addresses of a particular computer, • The nslookup MS-DOS utility that enables a user to look up an IP address of a domain or host on a network

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Traceroute • traceroute is a computer network tool used to determine the route taken by packets across an IP network. An IPv6 variant, traceroute6, is also widely available.

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• The tracert command is used to visually see a network packet being sent and received and the amount of hops required for that packet to get to its destination.

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Syntax • tracert [-d] [-h maximum_hops] [-j host-list] [-w timeout] target_name

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Host Name • The hostname command displays the host name of the Windows XP computer currently logged into.

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Ethernet crossover cable • An Ethernet crossover cable is a type of Ethernet cable used to connect computing devices together directly where they would normally be connected via a network switch, hub or router. DATA COMMUNICATION

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Straight-through cable • Used to connect a computer on a networking device such as the hub, router, etc.

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Physical Address • All computers also have a unique physical address, known as a MAC address. These are assigned by the manufacturer of the network interface card

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IP Addressing • A computer may be connected to more than one network. In this situation, the system must be given more than one address. • An IP address is a 32-bit sequence of 1s and 0s

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every IP address has two parts • One part identifies the network where the system is connected, • second part identifies that particular system on the network.

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• To accommodate different size networks and aid in classifying these networks, IP addresses are divided into groups called classes • This is known as classful addressing. Each complete 32-bit IP address is broken down into a network part and a host part DATA COMMUNICATION

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Class A • The Class A address was designed to support extremely large networks, with more than 16 million host addresses available. • Class A IP addresses use only the first octet to indicate the network address. The remaining three octets provide for host addresses.

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• The first bit of a Class A address is always 0. With that first bit a 0, the lowest number that can be represented is 00000000, decimal 0. The highest number that can be represented is 01111111, decimal 127.

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• The numbers 0 and 127 are reserved and cannot be used as network addresses. Any address that starts with a value between 1 and 126 in the first octet is a Class A address

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• The 127.0.0.1 network is reserved for loopback testing. Routers or local machines can use this address to send packets back to themselves. Therefore, this number cannot be assigned to a network

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Class B • The Class B address was designed to support the needs of moderate to largesized networks. A Class B IP address uses the first two of the four octets to indicate the network address. The other two octets specify host addresses.

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• The first two bits of the first octet of a Class B address are always 10. The remaining six bits may be populated with either 1s or 0s. Therefore, the lowest number that can be represented with a Class B address is 10000000, decimal 128. The highest number that can be represented is 10111111, decimal 191. Any address that starts with a value in the range of 128 to 191 in the first octet is a Class B address.

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Class C • The Class C address space is the most commonly used of the original address classes. This address space was intended to support small networks with a maximum of 254 hosts. DATA COMMUNICATION

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• A Class C address begins with binary 110. Therefore, the lowest number that can be represented is 11000000, decimal 192. The highest number that can be represented is 11011111, decimal 223. If an address contains a number in the range of 192 to 223 in the first octet, it is a Class C address.

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Class D • The Class D address class was created to enable multicasting in an IP address. A multicast address is a unique network address that directs packets with that destination address to predefined groups of IP addresses. Therefore, a single station can simultaneously transmit a single stream of data to multiple recipients

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• The Class D address space, much like the other address spaces, is mathematically constrained. The first four bits of a Class D address must be 1110. Therefore, the first octet range for Class D addresses is 11100000 to 11101111, or 224 to 239. An IP address that starts with a value in the range of 224 to 239 in the first octet is a Class D address.

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Class E • A Class E address has been defined. However, the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) reserves these addresses for its own research. Therefore, no Class E addresses have been released for use in the Internet. The first four bits of a Class E address are always set to 1s. Therefore, the first octet range for Class E addresses is 11110000 to 11111111, or 240 to 255.

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Networking hardware • typically refers to equipment facilitating the use of a computer network • common kind of networking hardware today is copper-based Ethernet adapters

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Wireless networking • has become increasingly popular, however, especially for portable and handheld devices.

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Router

Cisco 7600 Routers

Cisco 1800 Router Nortel ERS 8600

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Router • is a networking device whose software and hardware are usually tailored to the tasks of routing and forwarding information. • For example, on the Internet, information is directed to various paths by routers.

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• Routers are like intersections whereas switches are like streets.

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Routers operate in two different planes • Control plane, in which the router learns the outgoing interface that is most appropriate for forwarding specific packets to specific destinations, • Forwarding plane, which is responsible for the actual process of sending a packet received on a logical interface to an outbound logical interface.

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• Routing is the process of selecting paths in a network along which to send network traffic

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Wireless router • A wireless router is a network device that performs the functions of a router but also includes the functions of a wireless access point

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• It is commonly used to allow access to the Internet or a computer network without the need for a cabled connection. It can function in a wired LAN (local area network), a wireless only LAN, or a mixed wired/wireless network

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• LAN ports, which function in the same manner as the ports of a network switch • A WAN port, to connect to a wider area network. The routing functions are filtered using this port. If it is not used, many functions of the router will be bypassed. • Wireless antennae. These allow connections from other wireless devices (NICs (network interface cards), wireless repeaters, wireless access points, and wireless bridges, for example).

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Network switch

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• A network switch is a computer networking device that connects network segments

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• The term commonly refers to a Network bridge that processes and routes data at the Data link layer (layer 2) of the OSI model. Switches that additionally process data at the Network layer (layer 3 and above) are often referred to as Layer 3 switches or Multilayer switches.

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Ethernet hub • A network hub or repeater hub is a device for connecting multiple twisted pair or fiber optic Ethernet devices together and thus making them act as a single network segment

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Gateway telecommunications • In a communications network, a network node equipped for interfacing with another network that uses different protocols.

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A gateway may contain devices such as protocol translators, impedance matching devices, rate converters, fault isolators, or signal translators as necessary to provide system interoperability. It also requires the establishment of mutually acceptable administrative procedures between both networks.

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• A protocol translation/mapping gateway interconnects networks with different network protocol technologies by performing the required protocol conversions.

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Wireless access point • In computer networking, a wireless access point (WAP or AP) is a device that allows wireless communication devices to connect to a wireless network using Wi-Fi, Bluetooth or related standards.

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Network card

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• A Network card, Network Adapter, NIC (network interface card) or LAN Adapter is a piece of computer hardware designed to allow computers to communicate over a computer network.

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Network bridge • A network bridge connects multiple network segments at the data link layer (layer 2) of the OSI model, and the term layer 2 switch is very often used interchangeably with bridge.

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• Bridges are similar to repeaters or network hubs, devices that connect network segments at the physical layer; however with bridging, traffic from one network is managed rather than simply rebroadcast to adjacent network segments

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Modem • Modem (from modulator-demodulator) is a device that modulates an analog carrier signal to encode digital information, and also demodulates such a carrier signal to decode the transmitted information.

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