Neptune Diia Electronic

http://www.DIIA.info A DEFENCE INTERACTION SPECIAL REPORT

happen on a regular basis) but leaks that can still cause immense damage – to the smooth running of military operations and the environment that is. The defense world has suddenly developed an environmental conscience. Having spent years dumping every conceivable hazardous item into landfill sites or the sea and having become experts at covering up radioactive leaks and fuel leaks with the official comment ‘no significant risk or damage was caused to the environment’ – there is now a new philosophy in place.

USAF personnel are regularly engaged in checking for leaks on all pipelines under their watch. Photo USAF

Prevention. Compiled with the assistance of

The military have suddenly become concerned about leaks: not ones of a secret nature (although they still

Preventative measures offer the military the promise of an eventual stress free life. If they can find a guaranteed way of preventing nuclear submarines from accidentally discharging radioactive coolant water into harbours, bays and lochs, they are certainly going to improve their relations with local communities. If they notice that sub-sea pipe line leak before the local fisherman identifies a few thousand gallons of aviation fuel has decimated his mussel beds, then they will also avoid negative headlines, costly compensation awards and higher fuel bills. It all makes sound economical sense.

man-made conflict can all play a part in producing that leak. Even the liquid or gas running through the pipe has its effect on the pipe’s lifespan. Add poor maintenance or total disinterest and problems will definitely occur. I recall one engineer who was proudly showing me his technical drawing that outlined a maze of sub-sea pipe work that was servicing a Navy refuelling depot. “How often do check the pipes?” I ventured. “Haven’t had to yet” he smiled. “Fuel gets pumped from one end – ends up at the other – so we can’t have a problem eh?” He continued to heat up the seized valve he was working on.

USAF F22A Raptor fighter aircraft taxi in for refuelling.

Thousands of Military Bases – Even More Pipelines The U.S. has over 6,000 military bases and installations spread across North America and close-on 1,000 more worlds wide. Some of these have underground tanks with pipes buried deep under conservation areas, running up mountains or along jetties. There are others with sub-sea storage tanks and pipelines running over ocean floors, across river beds and through harbours. Add all the NATO bases, the non-NATO bases of other countries and you have the potential threat of an environmental nightmare. Warships, aircraft and military vehicles need fuel: delivered by ships, pumped or distributed through pipelines – some over land, others over or underwater. Waste products have to be removed: often through pipes. In fact you’d be amazed how important pipeline systems are to global armed forces. Pipelines don’t last for ever and time, weather, the original construction method & material, damage from natural disaster or

Staff Sgt. Mike Allen monitors the fuel delivered during a refueling operation Jan. 5 of a KC-135 Stratotanker at a Southwest Asia air base. Sergeant Allen is with the 379th Expeditionary Logistics Readiness Squadron and is deployed from Luke AFB, Ariz. His hometown is in Phoenix, Ariz. (U. S. Air Force photo/Staff Sgt. Douglas Olsen

U.S. Military Sets An Example

Senior Airmen Antonio Martinez and Juan Reynoso shovel soft sand over new piping – replacing the old - March 24 at Balad Air Base, Iraq. The sand will protect and cushion the newly installed pipes in the Air Force housing area from rocks. The pipe infrastructure replacement project is scheduled to be completed by mid-June. Both Airmen are 332nd Civil Engineer Squadron fuels and utilities plumbers deployed from Peterson Air Force Base, Colo. (U.S. Air Force photo/Senior Airman Julianne Showalter)

Accidents of course happen and if the pipeline or installation is sub-sea - detecting, locating and repairing a leak become even more difficult. Only regular monitoring can provide protection against a total system shutdown, economic loss and possible environmental disaster. Many military bases and harbours were built long ago: old infrastructure, even older construction methods. The United States Department of Defense has initiated a comprehensive and well run Installation Restoration Program (IRP) where many bases have been closed and cleaned up. Active bases and harbors have been undergoing renewal programs and monitoring equipment has been installed to ensure that any threat to the environment is identified immediately and the correct rapid response implemented. There is still much work to do but the U.S. Army, Navy, Air Force & Marines are certainly succeeding in cleaning up their act. The United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) monitors leaks on a 24/7 basis. Not surprising, for this massive military organization looks after all U.S. bases, harbors and infrastructure as well as maintaining more than 12,000 miles (19,000 km) of inland waterways. It also operates 235 locks nationwide. These waterways -a system of rivers, lakes and coastal bays improved for commercial and recreational transportation - carry about 1/6 of the Nation's inter-city freight, at a cost per ton-mile about 1/2 that of rail or 1/10 that of trucks. USACE also maintains 300 commercial harbors, through which pass 2.0×109 short tons (1.8×109 metric tons) of cargo a year, and more than 600 smaller harbors. Leaks & pollution are not an option. USACE repair levees in New Orleans following Hurricane Katrina. The Corps are still busy repairing and replacing over ground and subsea

piping damaged in the storm. The project will continue for many months to come as New Orleans is slowly rebuilt.

The USACE checks and maintains a vast network of over-land, sub-surface and sub-sea pipelines throughout the world. USACE also operates 75 power plants, producing one fourth of the nation's hydro-electric power--or three percent of its total electric energy. This makes USACE the Nation's fifth largest electric supplier.

The Corps of Engineers is the Nation's largest provider of outdoor recreation, operating more than 2,500 recreation areas at 463 projects (mostly lakes) and leasing an additional 1,800 sites to State or local park and recreation authorities or private interests. The Corps hosts about 360 million visits a year at its lakes, beaches and other areas, and estimates that 25 million Americans (one in ten) visit a Corps project at least once a year. Supporting visitors to these recreation areas generates 600,000 jobs. With a large proportion of the U.S. population living near our sea and lake shores, and an estimated 75% of U.S. vacations being spent at the beach, there has been Federal interest – and a Corps of Engineers mission - in protecting these areas from hurricane and coastal storm damage. Following a major weather incident, pipes can be damaged above and below the surface, ships sunk and contamination can also be caused by breaks in flood defenses and the flooding of sensitive installations. Oil & water do not mix. Dam Safety. The Corps of Engineers is a leader in developing engineering criteria for safe dams, and conducts an active inspection program of its own dams. Once again, leaking pipes are a concern. USACE reservoirs supply water to nearly 10 million people in 115 cities. In the drier parts of the Nation, water from Corps reservoirs is also used for agriculture. Last but certainly not least, in the USA and overseas, USACE are heavily involved in dredging projects both for civilian harbour authorities and military departments. Monitoring dredging operations is another priority on a very

www.neptune.gb. com/com/

full list of environmental concerns that fall within the brief of USACE.

Neptune’s Statue in Virginia Beach. Photograph by Merrilyn Prucha

Photo: USACE DREDGE GOETZ 20-Inch Cutterhead Suction Dredge

How do you find a leak? When it comes to detecting and locating sub-sea pipeline leaks, you need an expert: preferably one that already has a reputation for being a global leader in this field. If you are making decisions in respect to the protection of the environment for any defense department, military unit, marine or harbour authority – it might just be worth your while to contact

www.neptune.gb.com.neptune.gb.com/ They are certainly not the only company offering sub-sea leak detection systems but these guys really do know their business, operate worldwide and have an impressive track record for providing costs effective solutions that actually work! Neptune has developed several new leak detection systems based on fluorometric, acoustic, differential temperature, MEG and direct hydrocarbon detection techniques.

Here’s a few tips from Neptune Oceanograhics Fluorometry To date, the most successful method of detecting leaks has been the use of fluorescent dyes detected by ‘black light’ (unfiltered ultraviolet light) with visual observation either directly by diver or by underwater camera. The major problem with this method is that the dye concentration has to be high (see Figure 1 below) to allow visual observation. Also, general visibility must be good.

Deploying submersible fluorometers that send data up to the attendant vessel providing a real time visual display has, to a large extent, solved these problems because they are capable of measuring concentration levels thus allowing the operator to ‘home in’ on the highest values found at leak source. These submersible fluorometers are very sensitive and will detect dye at concentration so low as to be invisible to the naked eye or underwater camera. The fluorescent dye typically used in leak detection is Fluorescein, however this is being phased out of general use as it no longer complies with the latest legislation for discharges at sea.

Other tracers such as Castrol’s SPF and other clear UV dyes, Rhodamine and Roemex’s 9022 red dye have been tested to demonstrate their compliance with the latest legislation and are now widely used. Neptune’s family of fluorescent leak detection sensors are capable of detecting these dyes and in addition, detect crude oil, lubricating oil and hydrocarbon based control fluids using the UV version. • Until recently, spatial coverage has normally been very small because the sensor has to be in the leak plume, thus making detection rather hit and miss if great care is not taken to observe position in relation to pipeline and tidal flow, etc. However, Neptune Oceanographics have recently developed their family of ‘Long Ranger’ leak detection systems that detect tracer dyes remotely thus eliminating this problem. The ‘Long Ranger’ sensors have forward facing ‘tuned’ light sources (like torches – see background photo) producing beams of excitation light. Fluorescent light generated in any leaked fluid is detected by the sensor. By mounting the sensor on the ROV manip and because the sensors have high spatial coverage, quick & easy scanning for leaks is achieved without needing to consider tidal flow direction to ‘capture’ dye. The latest version of Neptune’s ‘Long Ranger’ leak detection sensors have the potential to detect leaking fluorescent dyes and crude oil etc. at distances of up to 20m. Other significant advantages of the ‘Long Ranger’ include the detection of leaks from risers while working at safe operating distances and detecting leaks within confined structures such as manifolds where ROV access is not possible or too hazardous.

Photo left: Long Ranger in action Two blue excitation light beams are visible. Fluoresced light produced by the dye shows as a green cloud at the leak location. Tracer dye is Fluorescein

Hydrophones Hydrophones are effectively underwater microphones that ‘listen’ for ultrasound generated by leaking fluids under pressure. The acoustic signals generated by a leak tend to be at frequencies well above the audible range, i.e. above 20kHz, thus requiring sophisticated sensors and software to reliably determine the difference between leak generated and ambient ‘noise’. The major problems with this method are the sounds caused by the attendant (ROV) and other vessels in the vicinity. Neptune Oceanographics have collaborated with the Aquatec to develop an acoustic leak detection module to complement the existing optical detection system. The module, which may be diver-held or mounted in a manipulator, incorporates a directional hydrophone . The system includes high pass filters to remove the effects of ambient noise, including mechanical noise from an ROV or support vessel. It has been tuned to cover the range of frequencies known, through experimental verification, to be emitted by high pressure leaks through small apertures. The detected acoustic signals in the frequency band of interest are amplified, digitised, and sent to the leak detection system data logger via an umbilical, where acoustic intensity may be displayed either alongside fluorometer readings in dual capacity mode or as a single parameter. In common with the fluorometer system, the sensitivity is controlled by the data logger to obtain the maximum dynamic range.

Direct hydrocarbon leak detection. Hydrocarbons in oil form such as crude oil can be detected using Neptune’s ‘Long Ranger’ leak detector, however, a different method is required for gas. A direct reading hydrocarbon sensor has been added to the range of Neptune Oceanographic leak detection systems. This sensor is essentially a methane detector but it is equally a general hydrocarbon detector that will respond to most hydrocarbons. The very high sensitivity of the sensor also makes it ideal for the detection of gas seepage from the seabed.

As subsea projects go deeper and deeper, reliable, cost effective systems to identify leaks become even more essential to the oil & gas industry. This photo highlights the latest Norwegian project – the Ormen Lange field.

The Ormen Lange field has been developed without using conventional offshore platforms. Instead, 24 subsea wellheads in four seabed templates on the ocean floor are connected directly by two 30 inches (762 mm) pipelines to an onshore process terminal at Nyhamna. After processing the gas is exported by the world's longest subsea export pipeline - Langeled pipeline approximately 1,200 kilometres (746 mi) from Nyhamna to Easington in England. The northern section of the export pipeline will have a diameter of 42 inches (1,067 mm), and the section from Sleipner to Easington will have a diameter of 44 inches (1,118 mm). Production started in October 2007. The field will produce 70 million cubic meter of natural gas per day. Gas from Ormen Lange will be able to meet up to 20% of Britain’s gas demand, for up to 40 years. Direct Mono Ethylene Glycol (MEG) detection. A new addition to Neptune’s sub-sea leak detection capability is a MEG (Mono ethylene glycol) sensor. This sensor detects leaks of MEG from the subsea pipeline system without the need to add tracer dye. By eliminating tracer dye, leak detection can be achieved with no additional environmental downside.

Differential temperature measurements Under some circumstances such as with water injection flow lines, leaks can be identified using the temperature difference between the surrounding seawater and the water leaking from the flowline. The flowline water temperature is normally above ambient seawater temperature due to the high pressure pumping required. Neptune has developed a differential temperature technique that can detect very small temperature changes. The sensors comprise fast, high precision thermistors connected through the Neptune leak detection system to ROV umbilical for onboard display and recording.

The Dangers of Inadequate Pipeline Monitoring The United States military might be achieving some success in the race to provide adequate environmental protection but that certainly is not the case with many other countries. Myanma – or Burma as most know the country – is reported to have more leaks in its oil & gas sector and military fuel supply than the region’s rivers can handle. This impoverished country is controlled by the iron fist of a military regime. The generals do not have an adequate monitoring program in force for their pipeline network and so it comes as no surprise to find that just a couple of weeks ago, one of their gas pipelines exploded and burnt an entire town to the ground. What’s more, the international community can’t inspect, advise or counter any damage that is being done to local communities or the environment – simply because those running the country are not interested in outside assistance. God knows what North Korea is up to and how badly their world is leaking above or below ground and in their coastal subsea world.

Only One Survivor Myanmar – Pollution flows into the rivers from the many leaks in the country’s pipelines

the pipeline of the sewage treatment plant and a deep shaft connected to the pipeline at about 7:45 p.m. Six workers were there at the time, but only one managed to escape, rescuers said. After a joint argumentation by officials, experts and divers from the NPA, Haikou municipal government, Hainan Provincial Work Safety Administration, China National Offshore Oil Corporation and South China Sea Rescue Center, it was confirmed that the five trapped workers ‘are all dead’. “Rescuers continued to search for the bodies of the workers, locate the leak in the pipeline and determine the cause of the accident,” said Liao Qiang, head of the Hainan Provincial Work Safety Administration “ but a more rigid monitoring program could have averted the tragedy.” The survivor, Gao Peizhi, told rescuers that he was in the pipeline and 400 meters away from the shaft when it was flooded. He heard a strange sound and immediately rushed to the shaft and managed to escape. Gao met one of the trapped workers about 200 meters away from the shaft. Gao told him to run, but the worker failed to escape. The five trapped workers were between 23 and 47 years old. They were from villages in Gaochun County, eastern Jiangsu Province, rescuers said. Li Quan, a designer of the pipeline and the shaft, said the shaft was more than 20 meters deep and the pipeline connected to the bottom of the shaft. The pipeline is 1.6 meters in diameter and 1,350 meters long.

Off south China's Hainan Province last week, five workers were confirmed dead after having been trapped for more than 24 hours in a subsea pipeline that was flooded. Although servicemen from China’s New People’s Army and rescuers made every effort to save their lives, the tragedy had happened so fast that there was little chance of a successful outcome. Seawater poured into

Natural Causes? In the Napo region of northeast Ecuador, the nation’s second largest oil pipeline leaked tens of thousands of gallons of crude oil. The pipepline company’s website described the leak as being due to ‘natural causes’.

“American environmental scientist Douglas Beltman witnessed the amount of oil in the Santa Rosa river in the area and was quoted in a Reuters update, “The river was completely covered with oil from bank to bank.” In Belize, further spills and leaking pipes have caused wide spread damage to the environment. In some parts of the old Soviet Union, corroded and leaking pipes (sub-sea and on land) continue to spew a variety of toxic liquids onto the countryside or into the sea. Many of these leaks are associated with the oil & gas or chemical industries but many are also to be found on military establishments that have either been closed, abandoned or if still active as a base – poorly maintained. The photo of the diver (left) clearly demonstrates that although leaks can often be hard to find – the oil will always find you.

‘Not Us Skipper’

In many ports, pipelines on jetties and pipelines running across the harbour floor often suffer leaks. If it’s not the pipes that leak; the pollution is discharged from ships. In fact, as a navy captain, I’ve been in many ports over the years from the Philippines to Argentina, China to Pakistan and the one thing that a captain notices in port is the volume & thickness of that shiny film suddenly appearing on the surface or the frequency of those black congealed lumps that bob up and down - clearly indicating a leak of diesel or oil has taken place somewhere. It’s then, that you frantically check all of your own discharge outlets and have the engineer run around examining each and every valve on the ship. The phrase ‘Not Us Skipper’ does have a certain reassurance.

Military Accidents They still have ‘accidents’ in the U.S. Navy & with other navies’ nuclear ships and submarines: usually the result of a crew member’s mistake – less frequently a mechanical or system failure. In recent months, both U.S Navy & Royal Navy nuclear submarines have accidentally discharged radioactive water into home ports. These type of incidents do nothing to advance positive interaction between defense & community.

Nuclear submarines have accidentally discharged radioactive coolant water into home ports. The United States Air Force has also recorded a number of ‘incidents’. A couple of months ago, a pipeline in the U.S. carrying aviation fuel to an air force base suffered a slow leak (just at the point where pipes crossed a small river bed) and that went un-noticed for months. Another jet fuel leak was discovered a few weeks ago coming from an Air Force-owned pipeline near Travis Air Force Base, Calif., base officials said. Local contractors working off base discovered the leak at about noon and notified base authorities. A base spokeswoman confirmed the following day that the 8-inch-diameter pipeline was no longer leaking fuel.

Base, local, county and state officials are working to discover the cause of the leak and to prevent any environmental damage. “It didn’t pose a threat to any local residents or the environment,” the spokeswoman said. The leak was found at about noon Tuesday near the intersection of Highway 12 and Lawler Ranch Road in Suisun City, Calif. The low-pressure pipeline, owned by Travis, delivers JP8 fuel to the base. The incident remains under investigation, and it not know how much fuel was lost. The Russian Navy have just suffered problems (more to add to the long list) off the coast of Ireland causing a major spill. Sunken ships are also a threat: having gone down with full fuel tanks or cargo that is just as dangerous to marine life. The majority of ship’s captains however are very focussed on the protection of the environment and heavy fines are imposed on those who are not. Neptune Oceanograhics are able to provide advice and assistance to any military or civil authority’s Marine Accident Investigation department. Their detailed examination of wrecks or damaged sub-sea infrastructure can confirm not only the current status on site but identify possible unseen future on-site problems that might ‘surface’.

The Backbone of Civil & Industrial Operations

A complex challenge faced by Middle East utilities lies in eliminating and preventing leakages in pipeline networks, which have been causing losses of millions of dollars that have started surfacing only recently. Most common cases of leakages are being reported in municipal water distribution pipelines - the backbone of civic and industrial operations in a harsh desert environment, especially in the hot summer months. In the UAE, Al Ain Municipality is losing up to 30% of the water in its 3,000 km irrigation network. Dubai Electricity & Water Authority (DEWA) has reported about 10% leakage in its existing pipeline network, while District Cooling Systems at the Dubai Festival City, which use underground

piping for chilled water circulation - are facing leakages in a brand new network! Industry experts say leakages in refrigeration and water lines in the domestic environment are

very common. Pipe pieces come in 6 m-10 m lengths and joints are potential leak locations. All pipelines, sooner or later, suffer leakages but this could be prevented by using reliable techniques and technologies capable of identifying and repairing them. Old cross-country or sub-sea pipelines older than 30 years often suffer leakages, even though they are designed for a life span of about 50 years. Corrosion is a major challenge. Newly laid pipelines could also leak if not properly routed and laid. In a desert environment, if the bed for a pipeline is not properly prepared and the sand shifts, the pipeline could sag under its own weight and develop leakages at joints. With sub-sea pipelines, earthquakes and tremors, tides and fast flowing currents can all dislodge a system. Without a reliable water supply, Dubai’s new Burj Al Arab hotel would soon close. Leaking pipes in the UAE pose considerable problems. "Pipelines that are laid at room temperature expand or contract at operating temperature. For example, chilled water pipelines will contract a little when they carry water at 4C. If the layout has not been proper, the joints get stretched and could cause leakage. District cooling system pipelines are very prone to failure. It is difficult to quote percentages," says G. Ramakrishnan, managing director of Dubai-based Pinnacle Knowledge Group. The leakages at the chilled water pipeline at Dubai Festival City were not detected by the copper wire leak detection system in place.

The subsea pipeline system of Dubai Petroleum apparently also develops leaks and divers have to be sent down on a regular basis to locate and fix them. Photo right: The UAE relies on oil to finance its entire redevelopment. Subsea pipes must be ‘leak free’ but achieving that status can sometimes be difficult and expensive to achieve. “The complex nature of pipeline operations makes it difficult to ascertain the success rate of existing pipeline leak detection technologies available in the regional and global markets. Success is a matter of chance. Spurious alarms and inaccuracies in predicting leak locations have ruined the reputation of some leak detection systems. Ferrous pipelines are more prone to leakage over a period of time. This is because corrosion is not uniform across the pipeline length and depends heavily on how effectively the cathodic protection (CP) systems have been monitored and worked," says Ramakrishnan.

Leaks & Terrorism Whilst on the subject of the Middle East, senior analysts from different defense departments, security agencies and the oil & gas sector have come to realise that the threat of ‘environmental war’ is only too real. Sadam set fire to oilfields in order that his enemy’s economy would suffer and the resulting chaos and pollution caused would hinder those forces sent against him. The Ukraine has often rattled Russia by cutting oil pipeline supplies or by threatening to do so. In our world of terrorism, extremism, threat and counter-threat, the military must be in a position to protect sensitive installations, land based pipelines and those subsea. With the latter, diver detection devices and systems are being urgently deployed across the USA and in Europe to counter any underwater threat. Security agencies are well aware that terrorist groups have taken a great interest in scuba, the operation of small, fast inflatable boats and the whole idea of carrying out attacks from the sea and under the sea. Kuwait oil fields on fire. If a sub-sea oil, gas, fuel or even water or waste pipeline could be sabotaged, it would be a public relations coup to any terrorist organization. A few loosened bolts or a small underwater explosive charge could cause havoc. It’s understandable that reliable & cost effective leak detection systems have now become of great interest to the military for security reasons. If an incident takes place, the authorities in question must have the ability of rapid response and the equipment to detect, locate and repair the problem.

A Very Special Pipeline Guarding pipelines against terrorism has taken on a new urgency. However, I’m told by ‘un-named’ sources within NATO that there is a waiting list to volunteer to protect one particular pipeline in Germany. Troops are signing up left, right and center for the duty. For bars in the Veltins-Arena, a major football ground in Gelsenkirchen, Germany, are interconnected by a 5 km long beer pipeline. It is the favorite method for distributing beer in such large stadiums, because the bars have to overcome big differences between demands during various stages of a match; this allows them to be supplied by a central tank.

I understand U.S. Navy divers are now investigating if there is a sub-sea version anywhere! Veltins-Arena – top right. Photo lower right: U.S.Navy divers

NEPTUNE OCEANOGRAPHICS LTD Neptune Oceanographics was founded 1999 to provide specialised oceanographic and environmental monitoring services to the offshore oil and gas industry, dredging contractors, coastal and ports and harbours authorities. One of the company's main activities is the development of techniques and provision of services that enable easy, efficient and reliable detection of leaks from submarine pipeline installations. The company has recently teamed with Dynamic Positioning Services Ltd of Aberdeen (sjohnstone@dynamic-positioning .co.uk) who provide technical, engineering and personnel support for Neptune's offshore operations worldwide. Neptune Oceanographics associate companies include: • Dynamic Positioning Services of Aberdeen • Aquatec Electronics based in Hampshire • Castrol Offshore, Swindon The company is headed by Christopher Teal, Managing Director and company owner who’s key experience includes: • Over 30 years experience in marine and inland water investigations throughout the world. Development of various techniques for detection of leaks from submarine pipelines and subsea installations using state of the art technology. • Project management of many large scale oceanographic and environmental investigations world-wide. • Experience in irrigation, local water supply and soil erosion investigations in developing countries for various agencies such as The World Bank, UNESCO and ODA. • Extensive experience in the development of measuring techniques and instrumentation for the marine environment. • Wide ranging experience in dredging research activities. Click here to access Neptune Oceanographics contact data:

http://www.neptune.gb.com/contact.html

DIIA http://www.diia.info Email [email protected] Telephone 0044 (0)1369 810383

CONTACT DATA Neptune Oceanographic Limited Sapharey House Sturt Road Charlbury, Oxon OX7 3SX Tel: +44 (0) 8453 707 177 Fax: +44 (0) 08704 581 979 email: [email protected] web: www.neptune.gb.com

DPS (Offshore Operations) tel: +44 (0) 1224 226850 Fax: +44 (0) 1224 226851

IF YOU WISH TO VIEW AN EXTENDED VERSION OF THIS FEATURE WITH ACCESS TO HIGH RESOLUTION PHOTOS AND DIRECT LINKS TO FUTHER SUBSEA DATA – Access http://www.diia.info

email: [email protected] web: www.dynamic-positioning.co.uk

© DIIA 2009