RITUAL AND ART WORKS AND AESTHETICS OF JOSEPH BEUYS, HERMAN NITSCH AND MARINA ABRAMOVIC submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF FINE ART
School of Art VICTORIAN COLLEGE OF THE ARTS The University of Melbourne
NEBOYSHA SIMIC 31.5.2001
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TABLE OF CONTENTS:
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Acknowledgements…………………………………………………….
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Introduction……………………………………………………………...
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1. ART AFTER AUSCHWITZ AND THE NUCLEAR BOMB……………… …………………………………………………………. 1.1 Auschwitz, Realisation of Utopia Death of Art The Bomb, Beginning of 1 Antitopia…………………………………………………………………….. 1.2 Very Short Shamanic Sequence…………………………………………..... 1 5 2. PURE RITUAL FIELD AND SHAMANIC DANCE OR ALCHEMY OF THE BODY AND THE BODY OF ALCHEMY……………………………… 2.1 Thus Spoke Beuys……………………………………………………….… 2.2 Rituals of Baroque Ecstasy and Fundamental Excessiveness or Hermann Nitsch…………………………………………………………………………... - Tales From the Viennese Forest ……………………………………………... - Viennese Actionism or What Happened to the Penis of Rudolf Schwarzkogler…………………………………………………………………. - Rituals of Fundamental Excessiveness or Hermann Nitsch………………….. 2.3 Rituals of Energy or Marina Abramovic…………………………………...
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14 19 3. POST FESTUM OR POST MORTEM……………………………………... 23 3.1 Phantom Corpse – Necrophilia…………………………………………….. 3.2 Reductio ad Absurdum…………………………………………………….. 27 27 4. REMAINS OF RITUAL OR NEBOYSHA SIMIC………………………… 29 4.1 The Motive……………………………………………………………….… 4.2 Labyrinth – Apocalypse……………………………………………………. 30 4.3 Purification………………………………………………………………… 30 4.4 Dynamics of Symbols Semiology, Ontology, Archaeology……………... 31 4.5 Ritual Table Food – Eating………………………………………………. 34 40 APPENDIX………………………………………………………………… 42 ….. BIBLIOGRAPHY………………………………………………………………
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“ I do not know but I do know that space, time, dimension, becoming, future, destiny, being, nonbeing, being, self, nonself, are nothing to me; but there is a thing which is something, only one thing which is something, and which I feel because it wants TO GET OUT: the presence of my bodily suffering, the menacing, never tiring presence of my body; “ A.Artaud To Have Done with the Judgement of God (1947)
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Introduction To reflect on modern art or the art of the 20th century today is impossible without employing the integral analytic and synthetic apparatus of philosophy, ontology in particular, anthropology and sociology. By this statement, I mean that the problems reflected by art are primarily ontological problems and that art’s place is essentially in ontology. Those artgenerated problems in the 20th century brought art itself to its tautological absurdity. At that point it finished its structural code, broke the glass ball of its own selfcontentedness manifested through the historical clarity of mimetic aesthetics and slipped into the ontological abyss, into the field of posthistory. In the historical field art was a reflection, a picture of the order that was being built, of the potential that was at work and of the hope, the utopia that was yearned for. In the posthistorical field, in that dark Hegelian circle, art re actualises in a new form the ontological first questions about the being, its essence and meaning. By answering those questions, which in the archaic past, at the beginning of civilisation/culture, were the foundation for setting in motion the first structures such as ritual, magic, myth and religion, art renews the practice and the apparatus of these first structures.i However it is done in a new context, the context of selfconsciousness.
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The historical context designs the fine weaving of structures and superstructures on the foundations of culture/civilisation as the protector of the vital impulse of the species. That whole edifice, long and patiently built from the primordial beginnings of culture to the mid 20th century, was supposed to serve as a womb both protecting and renewing that impulse. It was the way to step aside from the destructive effects of transcendence. The destructiveness brought about by transcendence was always invariably and persistently contained and channelled through the protective and healing effects of the order, the structure. However, what finished and consumed history was the hypertrophy of the order which initiated its opposite, the chaos and destruction.ii The new situation, the posthistorical context characterised by strong erosion of every order/structure, was best anticipated by art as a very sensitive and unstable superstructure. In the new context, in the interregnum until the creation of some future order, art takes over the attributes of its sources, the ritual, the magic and the myth. The role of the artist is healing and selfhealing. This text attempts to discuss these issues and to certain extent illuminate them. The chosen artists, M.Abramovic, H.Nitsch and J.Beuys, are selected on a personal preference. However, regardless of personal affinities, they are perhaps the most suitable mediums for illuminating and expounding the new posthistorical context and the new shamanic practice. In the first part of the text, the summary of the end of history is given, the conclusion of all utopian projects and the end of art as superstructure. I place a clear demarcation line made by two points; Auschwitz as the conclusion of history and the Nuclear Bomb as the inauguration of posthistory. Auschwitz is the metaphor of history. Here the destruction is in its historical form, it is the tragic fruit of great ideas utopias. The sign at the entrance of Auschwitz “Work liberates” contains the whole history. On the other side, the Nuclear Bomb already at the very beginning says all about posthistory. It promotes the divinity and the banality of the moment.
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Here, the destruction is a moment it is not initiated by an idea and it is not followed by an idea. The power of the moment and the moment of power. The dance of entropy as the new danse macabre. Just imagine that 66000 people, a whole city, were simply turned into dust in only one moment. Posthistory is precisely that: Moment, Dust and Oblivion. Above this all floats the new name of the Angel of Destruction, the advertising epitaph of empty meaning Enola Gay.iii This empty and banal name contains all the empty and banal advertising names, Coca Cola, Walt Disney, IBM, CNN, Calvin Klein etc. This advertising emptiness of the Moment is the quintessence of posthistory. Hegel’s thesis about the death of art and the conclusion of history in bourgeois society is in this part of the text analytically supported and refined. In the posthistorical context art revisits its beginnings, the archaic, prehistoric ritual, ceremonial and magical level. That return is a reflex defence of vitality from the strong posthistorical, destructive walk. Simultaneously, that revisiting, that reanimation of the sources is an attempt to create a new equilibrium and project a new future. The artist in posthistory? Is he actually possible and what is his role? In spite of my great pessimism regarding these questions I believe that the artist/creator is possible and that his role is similar to the role and position of the shaman in prehistory. Because of that, in this first part I composed a short shamanic sequence of creators in posthistory. The sequence is most certainly incomplete but it has an introductory function into the second part of this text. The second part is completely dedicated to the shamanic functioning and works of Beuys, Nitsch and Marina. The third part is some kind of conclusion about the problems the text is dealing with. The conclusions are rather gloomy. In a certain sense they are reductio ad absurdum. In my opinion, things should be completely radicalised because only that way it is possible to reach a point of clarity of vision from which some renewal is conceivable.
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The fourth, the final part, explains my project Remains of Ritual. It has four parts: Apocalypse Labyrinth, Purification, Ritual Table and Dynamics of Symbols Semiology, Ontology, Archaeology. This project directly corresponds with the ideas presented in this text and with the works of Beuys, Nitsch and Marina.
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Regarding the relation between modern art and archaic culture very inspiring are the following books: Lippard, Lucy, Overlay: Contemporary Art and the Art of Prehistory, Pantheon Books, New York, 1983; Schechner, Richard and Schuman, Mady, (eds.), Ritual, Play and Performance: Readings in the Social Sciences/Theatre, A Continuum Book, The Seabury Press, New York, 1976; Kultermann, Udo, Art – Events and Happenings, Mathews Miller Dunbar, London, 1971. ii In this context it is indicative that as a motto for her monogrpahy Artist Body, Marina Abramovic chose the statement of Bruce Nauman “... It is said art is a matter of life and death, this may be melodramatic but it is also true.” Abramovic, Marina, and authores, Artist Body, Edizioni Charta, Milano, 1998. iii "Enola Gay" was written on the plane that dropped the bomb. i
1.ART AFTER AUSCHWITZ AND THE NUCLEAR BOMB
1.1. Auschwitz, Realisation of Utopia Death of Art Bomb, Beginning of AntiUtopia
If we want to be radical and exclusive we can freely say that nothing has been the same in the human world since 8:15 a.m. on the 6th of August 1945. That is the point that ends history and initiates the posthistorical, mythological age, the age of the entropic dive. All of the things, phenomena and structures belonging to the previous era experience their own hypertrophy. They are transformed, as if in distorted mirrors, into their own tragicomicality. Diffuse decomposition acquires operetta proportions. In that context Adorno’s question whether art is possible after Auschwitz should be redefined and radicalised. It should be purified of its false ethical burden and one should discover in it its real Hegelian soul. Perhaps it would be better to claim that Auschwitz is the end and the crown of “historical age” art. It is a finale, closure of the great aesthetical, historical code and the end of art as superstructure. However, as good dialecticians and admirers of Hegel’s philosophy, we know well that “all” plays a complex and subtle game and that the dramaturgy of Being does not tolerate apodictic, nonproblematic reasoning and that it is not a simple mechanical
vaudeville of cause and consequence. The aesthetics and artistic practice of Auschwitz do not just sum up and end the avantgarde art movements of the 20th century. They also sum up history as yearning for utopia or utopias, finish artificiality as possibility, as a parallel exit and existence, and finalise and place an epitaph on Kant’s categorical imperative. All of the apparatus and semantics of the utopia are ending. There is no more forward and backward, good and evil, plus and minus, day and night, future and past, warm and cold, open and closed, left and right, sky and earth, ...etc.etc. The final instance also annuls and finishes the ontological relation between life and death, being and nonbeing. Auschwitz did not just finish “history”. Simultaneously, following the principle of dialectical mysticism, it also (as did everything else that preceded it in the 20th century art and avantgarde) anticipated and brought about that which would happen and would be happening after “the end of history” and therefore after “the end of art” and what was so baroquely and suggestively promoted by the act of dropping the Nuclear Bomb Magic Mushroom on Hiroshima. That which came after the bomb and what we witness today is the big act of transmutation. Old forms and mediums experience massive reshaping and new synthetic constellations. Formalisation and structural codification do not exist in their former pure and static forms. Artist act of creation creation object/motive reception, all of that is fluid and in a tremendous whirlpoollike dynamic. The entropic dive and dispersion of the historical form of art into the total field of culture takes place. Thereby, because of the enormous influx of transcendence and destruction, culture becomes completely artificial, ritualised and mythologised. As it used to be in the beginning of human’s culture, a long time ago, once again the body, use of the body, the possibility of communicating with one’s own body and the bodies of others become the central points of selfconsciousness. However, apart from its natural shadow the body has also another, more frightening shadow. That apparition, that entropic double in which the body exists and within which it moves is culture. The being of the new body is crucified between the species’ biology and anatomy on one side and culture on the other and that schizophrene condition forces it into a frantic search for a new equilibrium. However, is such a new equilibrium possible at all, or will the Ouroborus devour itself? With differing intensity and expressed on different levels, many feel this problem of the end of art or perhaps it is better to say of art’s reshaping into a new quality. Andre Malraux speaks about
“a museum without walls”, Arthur Danto about “the death of art”, Hans Magnus Enzensberger about the “deceitfulness and retrogression of art after 1945”, Jean Baudrillard about the “simulacrum’s hyperrealism and schizophrenia and the great chaos of communication”, Frederic Jameson about “the pathology of consumer society and alienation of the great, sublime modernism/art into prosaicness and banality and media oblivion of the capitalistic society”. A large number of authors feel this way and very vivid and provocative scale of interpretations is offered. However, our principal interest is in the way in which this problem, this new condition is reflected in the being and the mind of an artist. Perhaps it would be better if we even replace the “historical” term “artist” itself with the more adequate posthistorical term by Beuys, the term shaman which stands for a hypersensitive performer of ritualmagical acts, a dancer over the abyss of transcendence. However, before we start to undo the shamanic sequence in the events after 1945 mostly related to the sphere of Happening, Performance and Body Art we have to make one unpretentious and not too studious introductory digression. It will help us to document our thesis about the demarcation line between history – utopia Auschwitz and posthistory antiutopia Nuclear Bomb. This documentary digression of history’s crescendo will also serve us as a counterpoint to better comprehand that which grows and exists after 1945 and is ontologically quite differently placed into the new context. There is a strange coincidence, interaction and simultaneousness between the events that took place in art at the beginning of this century and that what was happening in science, history, humanities and everything that could in the widest sense be understood as “culture”. In a furious pace, the painting movements of Fauvism, Cubism and Abstraction swiftly released the visual optics from every formalism, obviousness and relationism. Painting entered a new cosmos or microcosm of metastructural and metaphysical scrutiny and radicalisation. All of this happened in a period of some thirteen years and already by 1918 painting reached its final point, the tautology, Malevich’s White Square on White. In all of this, one should not disregard strong “mystical and occult” influences on the work of Kandinsky, Malevich and Mondrian. Futurism, the Russian Avantgarde and Surrealism released the social and psychological field of art thereby penetrating deep into the political field and everyday life. In this context one should stress the prominent “commissary” work
of Marinetti, Breton, Mayakovsky and many others. In music, Satie, Stravinsky and Schoenberg prepared the terrain for the tautological point 4’33’’ of Silence by John Cage and with the appearance of jazz they dissolved into the aesthetics and sounds of the “subcultural” urban jungle. In theatre and dance, Diaghilev with the Russian ballet, Piscator, Meyerhold, Brecht and Gurdjieff’s Fontainebleau school developed the apparatus and practice that would set the foundation and would crucially influence the posthistorical way of actions of Body art, Happening and Performance. In literature, aside from many important events and appearances that cannot be taken into consideration this time, one should stress the works of Kafka and Joyce. Their works contain the draft synopsis for the dramaturgy and aesthetics of that which would come after 1945. In 1938 Finnegan’s Wake brought literature to its tautological point. In architecture, Adolf Loos, Bauhaus, Frank Lloyd Wright and Le Corbusier set up the scene for future timeless events of the everyday life of posthistory. Obsessed by Kant’s aesthetics, they unintentionally resolved his ontological aporias about space and time in the best possible way. In this point of resolving the mentioned aporias it is necessary to note the appearance of film and television, that is to say, the beginning of the formation and passing through into Plato’s cave whose deep significance and spiritus movens are Disney’s animation and work. On the other side, events outside art were symmetrical as if reflected in a mirror. Nuclear Physics and Quantum Theory, Thermodynamics (in particular its Second Law), the Theory of Relativity, the appearance and extensive use of planes and flying, Mathematical logic (specially the Theory of Sets), Psychoanalysis and everything that resulted from it, Existentialism, Marxism and the protean development of social sciences (Sociology, Political studies, Demography, Statistics, Geopolitics etc.), the appearance of collective or rather total art projects that were summing up, exalting and ending history October revolution and the Soviet Union Fascism Nazism founding of the American Federal Reserve Bank and hypertrophy of the American monetary domination; all of that was leading to Auschwitz and the Bomb. Two apostles whose thoughts were at the root of everything that would take place in the posthistory of the Nuclear Bomb, Antonin Artaud and Emil Cioran, were already shining in full glory. Artaud already had written almost everything, the Meter of Nerve, Dairy from Hell, Art and Death, Seashell and Clergyman, Theatre and its Double, Heliogabalus or the Crowned Anarchist,
Journey to Mexico, Discovery of Existence... All that was left for him was to scream out loud in the glory of the new age in his To Have Done with the Judgement of God in 1947. Cioran published Climax of Hopelessness in 1933 thus beginning the big book he would write all of his life. In that book, among other things, he writes “One should declare worthless all truths of castrated minds which think without sperm in their brains. I respect just vital truths, organic and spermatic... All ideals will be nullified, beliefs will become nonsense, art a lie and philosophy a joke.” At the end of this hasty account of historical events one should especially stress the appearance and significance of Dadaism. That “cynical” movement, with its brilliant protagonists, represents the most significant and most influential point for the events happening after 1945. In one visionary flash it anticipated the essence of posthistory. When now, at the end of the century, we look backward we can see that the events in the Cabaret Voltaire were of intransient importance.
1.2 Very Short Shamanic Sequence
The shamanic sequence which directly refers one to the activities in the new ontological field of posthistory and which leads towards the great ritual of the Body as metastructure and culture, should certainly start with the poetics of Marcel Duchamp. However, we are not interested in his readymade works or in Mona Lisa with Moustache or in Big Glass or in anything else including his last, testamentary work Given(1) Waterfall(2) Shining Gas done for the Philadelphia Art Museum. What is important for us is his systematic and obsessive chess playing and his almost pure creative “silence” and “inactivity” undisturbed even by the incident of his last work. In that “chess playing” and “inactivity” in a “historical” sense of artistic action are given all of the attributes of the new shamanistic context: concentrating on the body as selfconsciousness, activity without cliches, absence of ethics, interaction without distance, id est, interaction which is fused with the dynamics of everyday, customary ritual, the ritual ad infinitum. Contained in that is the ingenious transposition of Nikolai Lobachevsky’s geometry, mathematics of Kurt Godel, alchemic and theological essence of nuclear physics and thermodynamics, superhistorical mould of Pavlov’s reflex and lastly but not finally the reification of Lewis Carroll’s manifesto of the philosophy of boundlessness given in Beyond the Mirror and What Alice Found There. Duchamp perfectly
summed himself up by stating, “So, metaphysics : tautology; religion : tautology, everything is tautology except the black coffee because it is controlled by the senses.” Or even more concise in the same interview to Pierre Cabanne a year before his death, “I lived as happily as a coffeewaiter”. Duchamp stayed as a paradigm and almost everyone who took part in the vital flow of “art” after 1945 relied on and defined themselves according to Duchamp, consciously or unconsciously, directly or indirectly. Yves Klein is the shaman waiter of Duchampian style, the great explorer of the possibilities of the posthistorical body. The Nuclear Bomb determined and shaped his work. The action spectacle of 9.3.1960 during which the first Anthropometries were done and during which the famous conversation about art between Klein and Georges Mathieu took place, as well as the Leap into the Void from 1962, will remain notable dates in the archipelago of posthistory and the shamanic body mythology. Piero Manzoni is the Lotreamon of posthistory, enfant terrible of shamanic practice. Everything he did became part of the posthistorical body’s foundations. The Artist’s Breath from 1960 and Artist’s Shit from 1961 are the philosopher’s stone of new alchemy and the powerful, healing shamanic sacraments. Daniel Spoerri is the Gargantua of the new nuclear age. Inspired by Meret Oppenheim’s Spring Feast, he established his subtle shamanic dance on the organs for mastication and digestion. His rituals were feasts and subtle physiological transmutations of food. His Cannibal Dinner from 1970 and his Restaurant Spoerri in Dusseldorf were prophylactic points of the new body. At the end of this short shamanic sequence we shall mention the compelling shamanic beehive Fluxus. In that hive everything was bubbling in haste to make the Nuclear Bomb’s honey. The fair of rituals that took place there is a great gain for all shamans. On the fields of posthistory Fluxus bees constantly buzz and collect pollen.
2. PURE RITUAL FIELD AND SHAMANIC DANCE OR ALCHEMY OF THE BODY AND THE BODY OF ALCHEMY
2.1 Thus Spoke Beuys
Joseph Beuys (12.5.1921 23.1.1986), apostle of the new mythology of the atomic age, shaman of everyday life, stirring point of the energy of the posthistorical total field, Faust of the new mysticism and philosophy of body, hunter/alchemist of freedom or then again the salesman of “the great lie and nothingness”, illusionist/deceiver/baron Munchausen, sad, lost clown in the circus of apocalypse. A lot of words have been wasted in attempts to explain his work and Beuys himself wasted a lot of words doing the same. However, all of those different conclusions and opinions about him are in a paradoxical way correct. And that is the secret of Joseph Beuys. As in Kaspar Hauser’s case, everything concerning Beuys is with a question mark. As are the other protagonists in our sequence of Philosophy and Aesthetics of Body he is a pure myth. In Beuys’ case the myth usually begins with the story of how he was a pilot during the World War II in Nazi Germany and how the Russians shot him down in 1944 somewhere over Crimea. How he lay gravely wounded in the wreckage of the plane and how he was saved by Crimean Tatarian tribesmen who returned him to life by applying a fat/lard bandage. How in 1946 he returned to Germany as a prisoner of war and began to study engineering. How shortly after that he transferred to the Art Academy in Dusseldorf where he studied sculpture with Joseph Enseling and Ewald Matare. How in 1953 the brothers Van der Grinten organised his first solo exhibition in their house close to Kleve and how they became his devoted followers and collectors of his work. How Beuys, presumably in their honour or for some other mystical reasons, changed his place of birth, so it was not Krefeld anymore but Kleve. How in 1961 he became a professor of monumental sculpture at the Art Academy in Dusseldorf. How in 1962 he became one of the founders of the famous international art movement Fluxus. How in 1963 he began using fat in his actions. How, in the following year, on 20th of June, in Aachen, at the Festival of New Art, an enraged visitor punched him in the face and how Beuys continued with his
performance regardless of the injured nose and the blood dripping from it. The same year he made his famous declaration that “the silence of Marcel Duchamp is overestimated” which was executed on a plywood of 157.8 x 178.2cm with oils, inks, chocolate, greasy stains, paper and photos. Then again how, year in year out he accelerated and increased his multiple activities: How to Explain Pictures to the Dead Hare, action on 26.11.1965 in the gallery Smela during which Beuys sat on a chair holding in his arms a dead hare to whom he softly spoke with his face coated in honey and covered in golden leaves. “Substance for me is a greater issue and includes evolutionary power which leads ultimately to the real meaning of Materia, with it’s roots in MATER ( mother as in “mother earth”), as one pole of spirutuality while the other encompasses the whole process of development”. Euroasia; Twenty Four Hours; Celtic Symphony; Titus/Ifigeny; In us ... Under Us ... Under Earth; Action Mud/Swamp; Coming Home; I Like America and America Likes me. The story further tells how on 26.6.1967 he founded the German Student Party which would later expand into the western Fluxus zone and how on 2.3.1970 he founded the Organisation for Nonvoting and Free Referendum. How on 11.10.1972 during the infamous German “lead time” he was sacked from the Dusseldorf Art Academy. How on 27.4.1973 he founded a club to promote the Free International University for Creativity and Interdisciplinary Research, and how the very next year, in February, together with Heinrich Boll he founded the famous Free International University in Dusseldorf. How he tirelessly traveled around the world, spreading the new revelation and aesthetics of the new mythology through his ritual lectures and how the blackboards on which he drew strange signs and diagrams using chalk during those lectures were as a matter of fact scattered fragments, pages of the big book of the new alchemy. How in the studio of Otto Muehl, on the address 2424 Zurndorf, Friedrichshof, on 26.1.1983, he had a discussion with Muehl and how they together performed significant shamanic incantations. How on 12.1.1986 in Dusseldorf he miraculously, suddenly disappeared. All of these things that we mentioned as well as all the others not mentioned about him are just common myth, a massive, frustrating myth like so many others. What is important to stress is that Beuys was a priest/hunter. He loved to say about himself that he was the “Chief of the Hunters”, “Chief of the Animals” or “Chief of the Raindeer”. For him there was one body, “Megabody of Being” in which one should discover and connect energetic, vital points of harmony. That drew him
closer to the magic, unexplored field of animism of the prehistorical hunters. He wanted to evoke their rituals and shamanic incantations in the new prehistory/posthistory. He used objects and circumstances in their pure energetic form and like the archaic priests he just tried to properly read and direct the strength of the being/body. Following this line also the metaphor of grease/lard/fat which he often used and varied should be stressed. For him, that metaphor was the quintessence of the being, of its bowels. Through its energy one could transcend the dirty energy of cultural entropy. He knew, as a subtle dialectician/mystic, that even the anarchic and immanently dirty energy of chaos also represents the essence of the being, its other face. That is why he stated that “chaos could have healing character. Chaos can be put together with the idea of an open movement which directs the warmth of chaotic energy into order.” Swamps/bogs are another of his obsessive metaphors. He spoke about them as, “the most lively element of the European landscape not just because of their flora and fauna, birds and animals, but also as a sound stronghold of life, mystery and chemistry of change and guardians of ancient history.” For him, that was the womb of the world, link with the bowels and magic of vitality. From that perspective comes also his support for women who he thought should represent 50% of all elected members of parliaments, as should be seen in other governing bodies where decisions are made. Otherwise, his “political” ideas and actions were usually incorrectly seen and understood. Many people see the source of all his ideas and work exclusively in the anthroposophic teachings of Rudolf Steiner. There is no doubt that Beuys carefully studied Steiner’s anthroposophy, but he also studied Paracelsus, Jakob Boem, Swedenborg, modern physics, chemistry and biology, as he also read the mystics of Nazism, Hanns Horbriger, Karl Haushofer and Alfred Rosenberg. Present in his work are gnosticism, philosophy and customs of Tibetan Buddhism, archaic practice of shamans and magic practice of animism of prehistorical hunters’ tribes. Supportive of this claim is the symbolism of his clothes on which he so carefully insisted. Hunter’s hat, hunter’s shirt, hunter’s vest, hunter’s trousers/jeans, hunter’s bag and hunter’s boots. They were his powerful shamanic armour. There are several other, usually disregarded, things with Beuys which should also be stressed. And those are his humour, cynicism and irony. They are understandable if one keeps in mind that humour is one of the most important shamanic powers, and that Dadaism was one of the crucial ingredients in the nucleus of everything that grew after 1945. That humour of his, cynicism and irony possess the archaically sedimentary structure and tectonics.
In the end we are going to quote one of his crucial thoughts, “The most important thing for all of those who watch my projects is my essential thesis: every human being is an artist. That is my sole contribution to the History of Art.” To this cynical statement one should add that everything else from him was a contribution to the great, endless, Mystical Body/A SOCIAL ORGANISM AS A WORK OF ART.
2.2 Rituals of Baroque Ecstasy and Fundamental Excessiveness or Hermann Nitsch
Tales from the Viennese forest
Vienna, that ambivalent city, is perhaps the best metaphor of the 20th century, of its historical part and also of its posthistorical, entropic part. And that is not only because it was the place where Ludwig Boltzmann (1844 1906) lived, worked and died, the physicist who studied the kinetic theory of gases, who discovered the so called “Boltzmann’s distribution” and the so called “Boltzmann’s constant” and came to the formula for calculating entropy, S = K log W. Vienna had many coryphaei of entropy and people who through their work were brilliantly ending the history and announcing the posthistory and everything that it brings. Thereby they were messengers who directly or indirectly prepared the terrain for Actionists and Nitsch. Let’s go for a short stroll through that forest following the odours and the mythology of the body. The first tale from the Viennese forest is Sigmund Freud. His child psychoanalysis and all of its derivations cut deeply into the bourgeois skin destroying in the process every kind of comfortableness and oblivion. Two key dichotomies, mind body and Eros Thanatos, which were contained and cushioned through superstructures as were religion and art, experience their total expansion and opening into the total field of culture as a consequence of the entropic crumbling of the mentioned superstructures. This crumbling, this decomposing of art and religion took place through a long process the starting point of which could be the French revolution and the final Auschwitz. Freud’s teaching was launched by the dialectics of necessity because with the final phases of decomposition, in the context of new paganism, came the need for the old role of witch doctor shaman, although in a new form. As the child of history, psychoanalysis will retain all of its
schizophrenia and will influence and prepare the terrain for the things that are to come after 1945 in the field of posthistory and new mythology. The teaching of Wilhelm Reich, who came out of the orbit of psychoanalysis, would have strong influence over Viennese Actionists as it would over many others who worked in the new ritual of the body. Reich’s teaching, which basically fuses the erotic and the politic, opened the possibility for the body to emerge as the main metaphor and the field of the future. By radicalising his own ideas after 1945 Reich will in many things get very close to the works of Beuys, Fluxus, Nouveau Realisme and others. However, those who will embody him in full glory are most certainly the Viennese Actionists. The second point in the Viennese forest, an extremely important one for our story, is the work of Arnold Schoenberg and Anton Webern. Due to them, music, that most subtle and most persistent creation of history, experienced its great journey into paganism. It was enough to destroy the harmony of the scale and the counterpoint and the music developed into heart beat and rhythm of breathing. And it is not by pure accident that all artists after 1945, including Viennese Actionists, had strong inclination towards music in the new key and with the new sound. The AustroHungarian baroque in architecture like the Secession of Otto Wagner, Joseph Hoffmann, Joseph Olbrich and the ascetic modernism of Adolf Loos does not have direct links with the Viennese actionism’s poetics of the body. But they are certainly in a strange and paradoxical way in the experience and the memory of the Actionists. They grew up and developed in those spaces, in their interiors and exteriors. The aversion towards such spaces, but at the same time also an inclination towards them gave these artists the specific and unique quality that distinguished them from all other protagonists of the nuclear scene. How is it otherwise possible to explain the conscious or unconscious preference of Hermann Nitsch and Arnulf Rainer to place their work in baroque, provincial castles. In the Viennese forest there is also one strange animal. Adolf Hitler, the man who ends history. For some, “the big beast”, for others “Messiah”. However, everyone agrees with the fact that in 1907 he came to Vienna to study painting at the Academy of Fine Arts. Unfortunately, he was not successful. Artificiality that Nazism possessed, the aesthetics of Auschwitz, the desire to fashion the collective and individual body according to proclaimed aesthetical principles represents sculpting the body for the final utopia. With it, art drove its dream to its end. Already in those aesthetics of
Auschwitz, the body is given exposed and alone, and that loneliness of the the condition of being left to itself is the main quality that will characterise the culture of the Magic Mushroom. Nazism was doomed because of the strong historical friction between the ethics and aesthetics, a situation that will be removed after 1945 in the field of posthistory. That attempt to bare the body and the attempt to fuse ethics and aesthetics are the compelling legacies of Hitler the artist. After 1945 Vienna has representative offshoots of the new posthistorical mythological era. Arnulf Rainer (born 1929) is one of them. He enroled at the Viennese Academy of Fine Arts in 1949, but left it shortly after. According to one story he stayed there only four days. His rebellious and innovative nature is best illustrated by an anecdote from that period. One of the professors told him that he should wait just a bit longer, that is until American troops leave Austria, to see how no one would pay any more attention to modern art. Whatever may be the case, Rainer’s understanding of the world and art was different, it was in the spirit of the Bomb, or as it seemed to his old fashioned professor, it was American. To paraphrase Donald Kuspit, his early monochromatic canvases, produced around 1954 anticipate the works of Rothko, Klein and Tapies. Rainer never lost an interest for paintings in any form and in any medium. From that perspective he is more a representative of the historical epoch and the aesthetics of Auschwitz. After all, there were so many artists who after 1945, by inertia, continued to deal with the old and already dead aesthetics, which is quite understandable since no halting happens at once, in a flash. Precisely this quality of being oldfashioned enabled Rainer to become a respected professor of the same Academy of Fine Arts that he renounced in his youth. In Rainer we have an example of an artist who in the depth of his habitus belongs to the aesthetics of the body, to the shamanic spirit, but in the appearance of his works, in articulation and autoreflexion, remains a representative of the historical time, Kant’s ethical imperative and the religiosity of utopias. Sometimes in his statements, for example the one he gave for his exhibition at Venice Biennale in 1978, there is a glimpse of the body. Thinking of the body’s language he said: “I try to arrange this speech form, via the media video, film and paintings...” That statement explains him the best. He is an arranger. Regardless of their dramatics, his cycles Face farces, Body poses, Foot and finger painting, Distortions, Ecstasies and Death masks have the cold taste of the past. On the other hand, the reason why Rainer, in his own paradoxical way and in spite of everything, belongs to the body and the Bomb can be found in the
background of his works. And in the background was the event of the body, intense, fullblooded, ritual, ecstatic and shamanically explosive (as a bomb). This will also generally characterise all of Viennese apostles of the body after 1945. That is why they have a special place in the posthistorical era. At the end of bodily tales from the Viennese forest are the Viennese neodadaists, more often known as the Vienna Group. Its members were Konrad Bayer, Hans Carl Artmann, Gerhard Ruhm, Oswald Wiener and Friedrich Achleitner. They began working at the end of the fifties. Very often they are seen only in connection with radical literature movements. In the current context they are mentioned because of their public shows. In these shows, as in their texts, there was a lot of the heroic work of Dadaists, specially of Tristan Tzara, then Velimir Khlebnikov and his “zaum” (beyond sense speech) and of the effervescent magic of the “commissarial” public reciting of verses by Mayakovsky. However, all that had a special, Viennese gloss that would make them predecessors of Viennese Actionists. That gloss contained an intense and bared exposure of the body’s mechanics, dynamics and physiology. Their happenings were a first rate presentations of the ritual spirit. They also had the enormous depth of the ritual’s healing power and the archetypal catharsis that would later be a prominent characteristic of the Viennese Actionists. Their archive of foetuses and babies with deformations indicates an ingenious reading and transposition of the new condition. Their irony and “laughter of the laughterer” (Khlebnikov) is endless as is the thermodynamic zero. What makes them the preimage of Actionists is the mythical event of death, suicide that became the global metaphor of posthistory. Bayer committed suicide in 1964 when he was 32.
Viennese Actionists or What Happened to the Penis of Rudolf Schwarzkogler
Viennese Actionists are a special phenomenon in art after the Nuclear Bomb. The radicalism and aggressiveness of their public approach placed them apart from the other artists of the period who dealt with Happening and Body Art. They were literally a phenomenon outside every law. For a long time the artistic circles in Europe, and particularly outside Europe, did not accepted them; they were overlooked or seen as a bizarre excess. However, power and consistency in destroying the myths of the bourgeois contentment and carelessness was their exceptional contribution in
illuminating the real condition of the posthistorical spirit. In their work they very thoughtfully reanimated the apparatus of ancient rituals. Through staging of ritual destruction they spoke about catharsis and recovery. Beside the four most prominent artists, Nitsch, Muehl, Brus and Schwarzkogler, other members of the group were Heinz Cibulka, Peter Weibel, Valie Export and the radical film artists Peter Kubelka and Kurt Kren. Due to the latter two we can be thankful that many of the actions from the early, heroic period 1960 1969 were recorded. In that early period the collective spirit was very strong and many actions happened as a result of common energy and participation. When that first period ended in 1970 the development of individual styles began with subsequent gradual acceptance by the artistic and social establishment. Before we go to Nitsch it is necessary to pay brief attention to the other three riders of the Actionist’s Apocalypse so that we can better understand Nitsch and his work. Otto Muehl (born 1952), that Marquis de Sade of Actionists, is the darkest and most complex personality among them. He studied psychology and literature and was an orthodox follower of Reich. Everyone who watched the film Sweet Movie by Dusan Makavejev could see and feel a part of Muehl’s work and aesthetics. His fields were Eros and Thanatos, liberation of sexual energy, liberation of the physiological flow and the overcoming of every constraint of the body. In Muehl’s actions, the commonplaces from sociopsychological theories regarding constraints and repressions that the body and the soul constantly experience and the need for them to be liberated, to be alone in a pure and unalienated manner, assumed an apocalyptic poignancy. Sadomasochistic rituals, free flow and unbound use of blood, sperm, urine, faeces, sweat and saliva. Sexual intercourse with animals and killing of animals as in his famous action from 1963 Leda and Swan when after a real intercourse with a swan, the swan was decapitated in a dramatic way. Through sex, the animal the atavistic field of the body, Muehl’s work epitomises numerous things that belong to the archaic layers of culture: sacred, temple prostitution, sexual intercourse as magical act, castration and selfcastration, various forms of execution resulting from sexual ecstasy, Eros and Thanatos in all of their phenomenal forms, the use of sex and physiological products as an apparatus of salvation, recovery and ecstatic purification. Muehl dealt with the total alchemy of the body. His work was radical even for the most liberally established limits. Among the Actionists he was the one who was most frequently attacked by social hygienists and public defenders of moral
health. He was given the aura of evil and was declared sick. He was perceived as the incarnation of the devil, the perverse, dark pornographer and necrophile. In fact, those who branded him as such had in themselves, deep and hidden, everything that they judged so harshly in Muehl. Muehl was in fact just a mirror, a therapeutic mirror where everyone could spit out his dark anima. He was just trying to expose the body the way it is. The body and the spirit of posthistory had in him an excellent prophet. From all of his actions we shall mention just few: Mama und Papa and O Tannenbaum from 1964, Gymnastics Class in Food and O Sensibility from 1965, Bodybuilding from 1966 and Murder of Sharon Tate from 1969. For his feeling of posthistory perhaps the most exemplary action is Libi from 1969, which I regard as his most poetical and most mystical. Muehl put an egg into the vagina of a menstruating girl who then broke it using her vaginal muscles and then the whole content dripped into Muehl’s open mouth. In 1971 Muehl founded a commune, Actionanalytical Organisation. He did not have live performances any more and moved his work and doctrine into the hermetic setting of the commune. The social establishment continued to severely sanction his work and Muehl was constantly persecuted by the police. He was in police custody and received several convictions. In 1991 he was sentenced to seven years in prison because of alleged sexual abuse of children. From all of the Actionists Gunter Brus (born 1938) was the most destructive, to the limits of selfdestruction and the most poignant in his bodily explosions. With brutal toughness that surgeon witchdoctor, shadowmummy, made cuts into the hypocritical corpse of civility. All of his actions were in fact anatomy classes. We can find in them wrapping of the body with bandages, ritual painting of a body in white, black and red, the use of scissors, scalpels, axes and razors for self wounding and vivisections in vivo of different animals accompanied by obsessive shamanic dance and sounds. In his Shitaction from 1967, the first one in a sequence of similar actions and recorded on film by Kurt Kren, Brus publicly opened his bowels. The cathartic quality of that act had the pagan dimension of purifying the body and the soul. At the same time, these provocative actions were a criticism of the catholic, totalitarian, repressive society model, of its pathological constipation and oblivion. From other of his actions we shall mention Ana from 1964, Selfpainting, Selfmutilation from 1965, September from 1967 and his participation with other Actionists at the symposium Art and Revolution which was held at the Vienna University in 1968. As a result of this
last performance which was ultimately radical and destructive for civil tastes and because of his previous work as well he was forced to leave Austria in 1969 and move to Berlin. In 1971 he published his poignant book Irrwisch. This is a book that can alternatively be called “Brus’ collection of unrealised ideas and actions”. Going through that treasure of his imagination we can only regret that some of his ideas never saw the light of the day. The sketches and descriptions of sadomasochistic machines and devices for torture and destruction of the bodyflesh are pure metaphysics of posthistory. In one part of the book Brus gives a description of a person cutting a piece of meat in a plate and just afterwards, during the drama action, one learns that the person was cutting his own penis in aspic. Perhaps this idea of Brus, along with other shocking rumours regarding the Viennese Actionists, contributed to the creation of the new myth of posthistory the myth of Rudolf Schwarzkogler’s phantom penis. Brus returned from exile in 1979 and today he lives in Graz. He no longer pursues Actionism and the body. He is writing and drawing.
Rudolf Schwarzkogler (1940 1969) is a pure myth and like every other myth it does not
have firm contours, it is exceptionally fluid, inconsistent and most importantly, symbolically it is absolutely open. In interpreting this myth there are two theories. According to the theory of primary evidence, which is told by his girlfriend Edith Adam, his friends, the Actionists, and many others who in this myth want to find and follow only the naturalistic thread, Schwarzkogler was a quiet, introverted person suffering from schizophrenia, the typical illness of introverts. He took part in Actionism, but in a special, feigned way. He would concieve and develop the concept of the project while Heinz Cibulka, who served as his medium alter ego, would perform it in public. Or alternatively, like Arnulf Reiner, everything would be staged in a studio and the final extract, the photos would be made. He used bandages in the manner of Brus, played with Eros and Thanatos like Muehl, used animals for ritual and symbolic staging; in short, he used all of the apparatus of the Actionist’s archipelago. From his actions we shall mention Weddingaction from 1965 performed in collaboration with Brus’ wife Annie. The event was a symbolic and ritual feigned wedding. An orgiastic celebration of primal unity, of the harmony between animus and anima, anuspenis and anusvulva. His favourite animal for the actions was the fish, which is charged with meanings and mythological references as were the other animals used by Actionists. The fish is a lunar animal, the symbol of the first and the last secret. From the
matriarchal sediment it carries the symbolism of uterus, the big primary fluid water. From the patriarchal sediment it carries the phallic symbolism, the symbolism of the powerful ark, Ark of the Covenant. In both cases it is characterised by the transcendent silence. The male divinities it symbolises, like Varuna, Apollo and Christ, are in fact ambivalent gods, hermaphrodites. In that key of mystical, shamanic evocation of ambivalence one can read the famous Schwarzkogler’s way of using a fish, when Cibulka drew on a fish on his penis or when it swallowed his penis. His restless spirit was interested in many things, in alchemy, yoga, kabbalah, meditation and mathematics. For him his own body was the alchemist’s retort. What appeared to his friends as cycles of torturing polluting the body and purificationcatharsis was for Schwarzkogler the great process of Royal Arts. He was some kind of a mystical model and everything looked good on him. His death was in fact caused by unfortunate circumstances. He arose from his bed, approached the window and leaned over as if he wanted to see something or was looking for something. His girlfriend, Edith Adams, watched him from the bed. Everything was as usual. And then, it looked as if he slipped, he dived from the fourth floor into nothing and landed on the ground. It was reminiscent of the famous Klein’s Leap into the Void from 1962 which Schwarzkogler knew very well. But Schwarzkogler’s jump was a real jump and not a Kleinian, artificial simulation. He was 29 and once he wrote the following: “Art is the ritual of life ... Art is a therapy against dependence... a sequence of the basic chain of experience.” The other theory of secondary evidence is promulgated by all those who were shocked by the Actionists and by those who yearned for some new authentic myth of posthistory and the Nuclear Bomb. The one deserving the most credit for the planetary proportions of the myth about Schwarzkogler’s suicide is the art critic of Australian origin, Robert Hughes. He canonised the rumours about alleged Schwarzkogler’s infamous and brutal suicide by selfcastration that were circulating during the exhibition Documenta 5 in Kassel in 1972 and published them in Time. He called Schwarzkogler the Van Gogh of Body Art and described in details the alleged action during which Schwarzkogler masochistically and selfdestructively cut his own penis into pieces and died. That was sufficient to start and create a poignant, aggressive and very sticky myth of the time. Very quickly it became extremely popular and spread throughout the artistic world acquiring on the way different apocryphal interpretations and additions. It became a powerful symbol of the spirit of the
time. Schwarzkogler became the new hermaphrodite of the Happy Apocalypse and his phantom penis wandered around the world as a strong, generic myth of posthistory, similar to the famous myth of history, the myth of the wandering Jew, Ahasuerus. Rituals of Fundamental Excessiveness or Hermann Nitsch
In the field of posthistory the phenomenon of H.Nitsch has a particular meaning and a special power. No one else managed to express with such selfconsciousness and articulation the new, posthistorical context in which the lines of art/creativity and life merge into a medial practice of ritual. The shamanic vigour of his work, the multiplicity of meanings, the beauty of reminiscences and the subtle radiation emanating from his actions work in a truly cathartic and healing way. Born in Vienna, 29.8.1938, he is a real offshoot of the Vienna we described in the previous chapter. His first painting exhibitions in 1960 in the Loyalty Club in Vienna and in 1961 in Galerie Fuchs indicated a strong person with a strange, new sensibility. At these shows Nitsch exhibited canvases on which were glued and arranged used, bloodstained, menstrual pads. With these early works Nitsch anticipated his own shamanic, healing vigour overflowing with reminiscences of archaic rituals and taboos, which would be the dominant characteristic of his overall later work. He met O.Muehl and on 4.6.1962 staged his first lambaction in Muehl’s cellarstudio. For his actions Nitsch used a term taken from psychoanalytic doctrine, “abreaction”, that signifies “the process of releasing a repressed emotion by reliving in imagination the original experience”. Like other Actionists, he qualified his art “direct art”. In his work he used organic materials, the shocking effect of the spectacle and the brutal power of destruction in order to have more direct and suggestive provocation. He proclaimed discontinuation of the classical style of painting. Painting did not have a purpose any more and there was no need for “wall decorations” any longer. He established the Orgies Mysteries Theatre, the overall idea of which, according to his own admission, took shape initially in 1957 while he was a student at the Experimental Graphic School. Already the first manifesto of the O.M.Theatre from 1962 contained Nitsch’s whole doctrine. It proclaimed that the central point of Nitsch’s artistic practice was the ecstatic act of sacrifice which in itself united
both destruction and creation resulting in cathartic purification. “A philosophy of intoxication, ecstasy and delight finally shows that the innermost element of the intensely vital is intoxicated agitation, debauchery which represents a form of existence of the orgiastic in which joy, torment, death and procreation approach and merge with each other.” Sacrifice is the form of that existential delight, “joy of existence, which must develop into pain. Through a complete “livingout” and experience, the feast of the resurrection is reached.” Nitsch restores art to its source seeking to once again make it a powerful ritual/liturgy that should expand into the totality of life. “The pledge to practise art is the priesthood of a new attitude towards existence. ... The ORGY is a sacrament of existence. ... the satisfaction of symbolically sublimated urges.” Through this ritual feast the being creates the ritual of purification and abreaction by which Nitsch wants to “... free humanity from the animal element.” That orgiastic whirlpool provokes and puts in motion in the participants that which Nitsch calls “fundamental excessiveness”, essentially a dialectical play of Eros and Thanatos, life and death. This relationship between two fundamental and conflicting principles has a symbolic framework and archetypal images through which it can be read and which Nitsch cumulatively invokes and integrates through his O.M.Theatre. They are very precisely and selfconsciously given in his manifesto: “I
Transsubstance, the Last Supper (This is my body, this is my blood.)
II
Mount of Olives
III
Crucifixion
IV
Orgiastic rituals of sacrificing Dionysus, his dismembering
V
Killing of Orpheus
VI
Adonis dismembered by glass
VII
Isis and Osiris
VIII
Attis, Agdistis
IX
Blinding of Oedipus (symbol of castration)
X
Ritual castration
XI
Sacrifice of animals in general (Sacrifice of animals as a substitute for sacrifice of humans)
XII
Totem food”
From Freud and psychoanalysis, Nitsch embraced the thesis of parricide, ritual killing and consumption of the totem animal through the orgiastic sadomasochistical excess of taboo breakings. From Aristotle, he took catharsis as a form of purification/emancipation. From Artaud he took the thesis of cruelty as the generic power of ritual redemption and the curative powers of shamanic work. From Nietzsche he took the Dionysian, orgiastic origin of drama/ritual, emancipation from social values and the eternal return of the same through resurrection. From Reich he took the theory about the omnipresence of sexual energy and the need for its healing, unbound expression. All the abovementioned demonstrate that Nitsch, as the pure shaman of posthistory, had from the very beginning an outstanding selfconsciousness about his work and the situation in which he found himself. His writings speak, as do his actions, of the need for the ontological founding of art/ritual. In them, together with prophetic exaltation, one also encounters a powerful analytic insight that can help us to understand the ways in which the shaman functions in the entropic field of posthistory. In June 1963 the Actionists organised in Muehl’s studio a Festival of Psychophysical Naturalism. The police stopped the meeting and marched Nitsch, stained with lamb’s blood from his action, through the streets of Vienna to the police station. Numerous people curiously watched the whole event, confused and shocked by the Actionists who were disturbing their civil/mediocre calm. The Actionists were extremely radical in their attitudes and work. The establishment strongly condemned and harshly reacted to their anarchistic rebellion against all conventions and their call to destroy the institutions of a society steeped in hypocrisy, alienation, repression and lies. Problems with the authorities and the entropic quagmire of the bourgeois society followed Nitsch, as was the case with other Actionists, throughout that early heroic period from 1961 1969. His actions were called sadistic, brutal, barbarian and blasphemous. He was accused of glorifying death and destruction. Simplifications, intentional interpretations and non understanding of the subtlety of his work were very frequent occurrences. In 1968 he married for the second time. His bride was Beate Koning, a psychologist from Bayern who was much older than himself. She significantly helped him financially and in 1971 provided the means for the purchase of an old baroque castle in Prinzendorf where Nitsch later
started his school of O.M.Theatre. In 1969 he published the book Orgies Mysteries Theatre. In 1971, in the periodical Die Schastrommel (the topic was Austrian Government in Exile), Nitsch published an extensive article titled Conquest of Jerusalem. The article was in fact a detailed elaboration, with drawings and maps, of a six day ritual/festival or more precisely of a Dionysian orgy that would take place in 1087 rooms of some subterranean temple. All was orchestrated into a complex interweaving of symbols of the myth of the uterus of the world, of birth death resurrection, Eros and Thanatos, creation and destruction, labyrinth, Osiris and Isis, Mithras, Artemis, oedipal complex, divine fire, dedication to Sun and Moon. It was the blueprint of a grandiose ritual with hypnotic, repetitive, shamanic play and frenzied, bacchanalian ecstasy. Intertwined into the concept and the apparatus of this drama were many ritual sacrifices, blood, wine, singing, eating, vigils, dancing, processions and orgiastic coupling. It was a bomblike project, charged to the core with the most profound religious, mythological and psychological evocations that engage the senses and the physiology of the body. More than just that, it was a project leading to climax, to catharsis in its most profound, ontological sense and to overstepping into transcendence. Sacred space, sacred time, sacred acts, sacred objects were presented in their primordial purity and strength. Unfortunately, Nitsch has never realised this project in the fullness and the glory envisaged in Conquest of Jerusalem. Only pale reflections of it have been executed since 1974 and onwards almost every year in the form of plays performed by the Orgies Mysteries Theatre school in Prinzendorf. Of course, the plays do not take place in 1087 subterranean rooms, but in the exteriors and interiors of an AustroHungarian castle. Regardless of this last fact, Nitsch’s six day celebrations in Prinzendorf have grandiose proportions. He also enriches his rituals by including sounds, a variety of music, singing and speeches. The volume and the cacophony of sounds, movements and odours is reminiscent of archaic pagan festivals and fairs. Nitsch’s role of a witchdoctor and a master of ceremonies is unquestionable. His fame and status are international; he is evident in all leading art institutions and important cultural events. He has become a classic to whom glamorous retrospectives are made, about whom studies are written and symposiums held. The aura of a rebel, anarchist, destroyer of conventions and a wild Messiah is gradually dissolving into the cliche of institutionality. The irony of life made him the “cultural treasure” of the same state and institutions that Nitsch with his friends wanted to destroy. In 1995 Nitsch directed and designed the opera Herodias by Jules Massenet for the Viennese State Opera.
Was this the victory of entropy or the cunning of a shaman who searches for and finds new ways of action? I believe that regardless of everything a shaman always remains a shaman.
2.3 Rituals of Energy or Marina Abramovic
Marina Abramovic is a powerful female shaman, Anima Mundi. Because of the archetypal attributes of vitality, vaginauterusbreasts, this kind of shaman possesses a large container of energy, an outstanding power of transmission, absorption emission, that is almost beyond the reach of male shamans. Like Beuys, Marina is a shaman hunter, Artemis. In contrast to Beuys who was a hunter in the organic field with the metaphysical practice, she is a hunter in the energetic field with the physical practice. Female shamans are in a symbiosis with the vibrant, fluid, chtonic energy of the being. And as was the case in the primal structure of the animistic phase of the being, which was uncorrupted by the dialectical relationism, the conscious the unconscious, the body of the female shaman is fused with the primordial MegaBody of the being, the Great Mother, thus forming the unity of the ProtoUterus. Female shamans do not give birth because birth sublimates the energy of the ProtoUterus and leads it into another, opposite, direction; from the ritual, the magical, the healing towards the procreative (the beginning the end) and the subjective (subject object). There are very few female shamans in the posthistorical field of the Nuclear Bomb. Besides Marina we know of only Carolee Schneemann, Valie Export, Rebecca Horn, Mary Beth Edelson, Gina Pane and Alison Knowles. However, given that the pace of entropy is accelerating and the degree of disorder increasing it is logical to expect emergence of numerous female shamans in the fight for new equilibrium. Marina (30.11.1946) was born in Belgrade, Yugoslavia; she is of Serbian origin which only enriches her shamanic constitution with more specific features since in their most profound being the Serbs are an ancient shamanic tribe/caste. Formally, her work can be divided into three stages: 1970 1975 individual work; 1975 1988 joint work with Ulay and from 1988 again individual work. Essentially, her work shows itself as a consequent development of the shaman hunter in search of the energetic points through which it is possible to reanimate the corroded being of the species. Compared to Nitsch whose work is
ecstatically healing, her work is semantically healing. She follows, deciphers and reads signs through which the being emanates its vital energy. The main sign that should be deciphered and which should be the starting point is herself, with her femaleshamanic container. She has to decipher her own energetic map, she should learn about herself/bodyenergy as the potential and she should be with herself in the authentic condition of shamanic selfconsciousnesspresence. In her early works this condition of being with herself developed from a rebellious affection and an intuitive anticipation as in Rhythm 10 from 1973 and other Rhythms 5, 2, 4 to Rhythm 0 from 1974 and Lips of Thomas from 1975 in which the shamanic selfconsciousness was conceived and in which began the liberation of the energetic points. In the second stage she examined interactivity with the other, male shamanic sex. She mostly worked on projects of a metashamanic level: Relation in Space, 1976; Interruption in Space and Imponderabilia from 1977; Work Relation and Tree from 1978; The Brink, 1979, etc. Besides these projects, the second stage was used as an attempt to produce something really extraordinary, significant and rare, the shaman hermaphrodite. The fruits of that attempt were very important projects/rituals. They were characterised by an outstanding energy of fusion, removal of the relation malefemale and the elevating mythical power of unity. Besides Breathing In Breathing Out from 1977, Rest Energy from 1980, Anima Mundi: Tango from 1981, I would like to single out Relation in Time from 1977 and the monumental Nightsea Crossing from 1981 1986. Nightsea Crossing is an emblematic ritual of posthistory. It is charged with miraculous, mystical energy; it is built from powerful shamanic materials, silence and immobility. During this project a body, a body of the hermaphrodite, started to crystallise and if it were continued ad infinitum that body would have been created in all of its powerful totality. Why that did not come to be and why the ritual was interrupted will remain shrouded in mystery, both for us who were outside and for Marina and Ulay who were inside. My assumption is that the female shaman principle, being the stronger one, ate the male shaman principle, believing for a moment that the consumption of the male is the only possible form of emanating the common energy. After this came the fall. The regressive period of separation took place, The Lovers, 1988 and the male shaman completely disappeared.
The third stage came into being, the stage in which Marina, again alone, but now an experienced hunter enriched by the transsubstance of the male shaman in herself, continued her semantic deciphering of the labyrinth of energy and the prima materiae. Together with the real body, now she starts to increasingly use the Mega Body actualised in objects made of chtonic materials such as crystals, rocks, metals, wood, water ice that have prophylactic and healing powers. Very deliberately she builds her projects as bountiful polyphonic rituals that do not have clear boundaries but are constantly interweaved and varied. All the projects from this stage, White Dragon from 1989, then Departures, Dragon Heads, Waiting for an Idea, Cleaning the Mirror, The Onion, In Between, Cleaning the House, Balkan Baroque to Luminosity from 1998 are in fact one project, mega project/ritual. In the final phase that is titled The Biography, all of the previous, from the very start of Marina’s work is summed up and reanimated in a metacontextual ritual operetta. This baroque and theatrical stage is rendered conspicuous by the presence of humour, irony and selfirony. “Again, humour is a tool for opening the soul and shouldn’t be avoided in art.” Marina brilliantly completes and sums up herself conquering her form of the female shaman hunter focused on the physics of energy and becoming the halfhermaphrodite shaman entertainer concentrated on the first entelechy. Shamanism must be beautiful, Shaman must be beautiful. The female shaman in particular must take care in this regard and continue to constantly use the apotropaic power of the red lipstick and the red nail polish. “I would like to invite shamans as artists. For example one of them could demonstrate that it is possible to spend three days and three nights under water. There is no rational, scientific explanation for this phenomenon. There is no trick involved. Breaks with conventional ‘understanding’ are important to me; I want to produce a ‘mental jump’, want to lead people to a point where rational thinking fails, where the brain has to give up. The confusion which then arises in the brain is also an interval. Another world can open up. I shall point the way, no more. Artists today? They are couriers, they accompany people on the true adventure, a journey into the inner self. There are no firmly established religious structures any longer, the old structures have all been destroyed and new ones have not yet emerged. Artists accompany us on our search for a new order.”
3. POST FESTUM OR POST MORTEM
3.1 Phantom Corpse Necrophilia
From the main title of this last and concluding chapter one can surmise its character and tone. It is some kind of a posthumous speech to art and history as superstructures. The situation that began after 1945, after the Nuclear Bomb/Magic Mushroom is absolutely new and very strange. Because of the destructive work of entropy all superstructures (art, religion, politics, science, education, ethics etc.) are rapidly crumbling, causing a horrible confusion and leaving behind them a enormous vacuum. An intensive reduction of the human field into the basic, primary protostructure that we generally call culture/civilisation and on its closest, operative structures such as symbols and communication, rituals and magic is taking place. The only existing
thing is Culture as a total field and a total vista, as a sublime protostructure that incorporates and sums up all of the previous stages of history and other extinguished/crumbled structures. However, in that total field none of the fundamental categories of the dialectic/dynamic structure exists any more. There is no space, no time, no future, no past, no good, no evil, no life, no death. There is nothing of that massive, choking packaging of dialectics and there is no purpose as yearning for selfconsciousness. The emptiness of the human field, of the human world, that horror vacui, produces in man that primary existential fear similar to the one that Kierkegaard and Nietzsche reflected on in their works. The situation becomes even more entangled if we bear in mind the mystical dialectical shadow of the bygone, which is still mirrored in the field of the new, that produces an even bigger confusion in the position and the field of the human being. This dialectical shadow is reminiscent of and produces the same effect as the cave that Plato described in his Republic. The whole problem of the posthistorical ontological condition is a result of the effect that we can call “Plato’s Cave”. The shadows of the bygone, extinguished body of civilisation/culture seduce the eyes and direct the attention to things that are not here any more. The phantom corpses of the historical condition, similar to phantom limbs after amputation, produce nervesensory and optical illusions. In the majority of those who are exposed to the effects of Plato’s cave, such a situation produces a necrophilic condition and behaviour. Because the illusion is strong they cannot see that they deal with a corpse and that their behaviour and their role become similar to that of worms. On the other hand, those who feel the real charge of the posthistorical condition, who feel the pulse of entropy and who constantly have the splendour of the Bomb before their eyes and in their thoughts, they try to emancipate themselves from being a worm to being a Shaman and they work in that direction. By establishing themselves as Shamans and by working in that spirit they work on revitalising the being sui generis and on establishing the condition of the new equilibrium from which it is possible to open and start new History, new Utopia and new Hope. In the posthistorical field, in Plato’s Cave, the position of the artist is extremely difficult. His personality, his integrity and role are very unclear. In the existing schizophrene condition we still have artists, but no more art. By reintegrating himself and by building the selfconsciousness as his essential dimension, the artist understands that his role is identical to the role of Shaman. He is
the Shaman of the new prehistory. He has to integrate himself into the new condition and defeat eventually the Minotaur of entropy in the labyrinth of decomposition. To achieve this and to be able to work at all in the new surrounding, the artistShaman must have the integral selfconsciousness of the being of the species. This is an ontologically positioned selfconsciousness and only by possesing it can he build new rituals that will stand against decomposition and the abyss of entropy. Only in that way can he penetrate to the archetypal depth of the being and find a new point of support to establish the already mentioned new equilibrium. As can be concluded from the previous, the role of the artistShaman is heroic. In that respect he is similar to almost all ancient and mythical heroes. We hope that the artistShaman, the new Theseus will achieve his goal, as did the ancient one. If that does not happen everything will be irretrivably lost. There will be no human world, it will be the time of new animalism and that will be the final stage prior to the destruction of every biology, every life. A real and full entropic collapse, the thermodynamic zero, death in its real and full form.
3.2 Reductio ad absurdum
LIFE OR DEATH
4. REMAINS OF RITUAL OR NEBOYSHA SIMIC
4.1 The Motive
Remains of Ritual is a project dealing with the posthistorical context. By undertaking it I wanted to make a metaphor regarding the unstable space and position in which artists operate today. Simultaneously it is also a project that attempts to invoke the apparatus and methods of ancient rituals and magical rites. Normally, this invocation is not done in a direct, linear manner by simple and external copying. It is done as a parabolic staging with strongly expressed selfconsciousness about the being of archaic rituals and rites and with the selfconsciousness about today’s post historical context. At the same time I wanted to do a project that would have strong healing function both for me personally and for those who would take part in it or for the public in general. I also wanted to entwine into this project as many references as possible about artists and art of the 20th century, in particular from the period after Auschwitz and the Nuclear Bomb. And finally, this project has been developed as some kind of creative and aesthetic dialogue with the artists Beuys, Nitsch and Marina whose works I view as extremely significant and indicative of the spirit of the posthistorical epoch. The project consists of four parts: Labyrinth Apocalypse, Purification, Dynamics of Symbols Semiology, Ontology and Archaeology, Ritual Table.
The project utilises primary energies given in their strong binary correlations, creation destruction, life death, space sacred space, time sacred time, crystal amorphous, memory oblivion. Materials making the body of the project are mostly used to explain the primary energies and to show their effect. The assortment was as follows: wood, horns, nails, sand, bones, footwear, water, animal flesh and blood, glass, stones, grass, feathers, people, human hair and bodily fluids (blood, sweat, tears, saliva, sperm), a variety of fruits and vegetables, fabrics, clothes, different dishes, numerous tools, paints and odours. These materials orchestrated the project and some parts were static in time and space while others were dynamic. The dynamic parts of the project are Purification and Ritual Table. They are made as a combination of performance and installation. They use intelligible mediums such as time, memory and energies emanating from creation and destruction. Larger part of the remains of these sections of the project includes video and photo documentation. This documentation is present in the final arrangement of the exhibition. It is purposefully given in its raw form without too much technical perfection in order not to disturb the essence of the events it documents. The documentation is in this context only a remain indicating something that is metaphysical intelligible. I regard it as secondary in importance to other remains because of its strong technical illusory and manipulative quality. Static parts of this project, Labyrinth Apocalypse and Dynamics of Symbols use to a lesser degree intelligible mediums and are given with the full physics of the materials. They are in totality composed as installations. Representing remains of an ironic and ritual game with visual stereotypes, they are dominated by narration and humour as two important healing shamanic tools.
4.2 Labyrinth – Apocalypse
This is a project which, in a symbolic manner, tells the story of the artistcreator and the creative selfconsciousness in the apocalyptic posthistorical labyrinth. It is an installation made of three parts: THESEUS /The seventh Angel poured his bowl on the air, MINOTAUR / A Beast out of the earth and THESES ON LABYRINTH. An artist is a polyvalent being. He is simultaneously Theseus and Minotaur and Daedalus. The labyrinth is his creation and the murder of Minotaur is his work. The apocalypse consists of a fatal sequence of circumstances in which the artist has to find the thread of stability and the way to purpose. Apocalypse is entropy. All the elements that make this installation have their place in the story about Theseus, Minotaur and Daedalus. Those familiar with these stories would be able to recognise the medicinal humour in the installation. Theses on Minotaur is the textual part of the installation and it paraphrases Marx’ Theses on Feuerbach. The rationale for that paraphrase and its inclusion in this installationstory lies in the tragic and apocalyptic activism that these theses promote. THESES ON LABYRINTH
1. The Labyrinth is an artist’s creation. The artist is deus ex machina or perhaps he is a dark manipulator, Devil’s student. 2. The Labyrinth in itself contains the reflections of death and the immortal soul. It is the earthly mark of the endless sky. It is the Labrys, the apocalypse of symmetry, of permeation and blending. It is the altar where sacrifices meet themselves. Theseus and Minotaur, the Angel of Salvation and the Beast, are one. 3. Ariadne is the womb and she has the thread. The thread is also the artist’s creation. It is the entropic reflection of the Labyrinth, decoded cartography of the brain. The thread is the Labyrinth of Apocalypse. Secret of secrets pledged to Ariadne the womb by the artist the midwife. Both Theseus and Minotaur are her sacred children and her sacred lovers. She taught Theseus how to unlock the Labyrinth of Bowels and how to kill the Angel of Bowels the twin brother, the shadow. Theseus will become Minotaur of Apocalypse, the angel of tragic sequence and final resolution. 4. As it can be seen, this mythicalritual story puts forward many questions. In this context, however, all those questions are insignificant. This time we are not dealing with structural anthropology, psychoanalysis, semantics and history of mythritual. From this instructive parabolic story we are interested in only two questions. What is the meaning of the artist Daedalus and what is his role in this context? 5. Is he deus ex machina, pure emanation of the Divine Spirit, perhaps even the Divine Spirit Agnus Dei or is he just the Midwife, Devil’s student the engineer commissary of souls, the dark Anima, the Fallen Angel, or perhaps the Satan Socrates himself of this tragic and dark Labyrinth of the world (or for those who prefer stylish euphemisms, of this mythritual ). 6. From the divine, bright and white perspective, the artist is playing the game wisely, as the hidden, deepest essence of things, and will be leading the players towards the orgasm of catharsis. The catharsis in this case is the paradise itself, the endless bliss, an orgasm ad infinitum. If we follow the logic and the principle of teleology then it follows that the artist and his art too are the manifestation of the purest, the most exalted ethics. He redeems and saves the world. He is the Godman, Christ, or if we want to avoid pathetic pretentiousness, we could say that he is somewhat like the Tibetan Bardo priest who safely leads the souls of the departed through the Labyrinth towards the glory of immortality. The Labyrinth in this case represents the quintessence of every art work because the
path towards bliss is in its coordinates. Even the very literal, widely spread representations of the Labyrinth on floors of Gothic cathedrals contain the previously mentioned, transcendent symbolism of the divine seal. At the end of this thesis we should specially emphasise the subtly hidden, but because of that very strong Divine Labyrinths such as: Malevich’s White Square on White Joyce’s Finnegans Wake Cage’s 4’33’’ of Silence Beuys’ Alchemic diagrams made by white chalk
on endless blackboards De Maria’s The Lightning Field Smithson’s Spiral Jetty 7. From the dark, black perspective of the Devil we should ask ourselves firstly why Plato had such negative opinion of artists and their work and secondly why they were banished from his Republic. His Republic is the ideal harmony of divine and eternal principles of Goodness, Beauty and Love. For him, artists are liars dealing with the ephemeral and the insignificant. Due to the nature of their job they are both unsuited to the finer activities of the spirit and incapable of insight into the essential things of the world. Plato was not the only one who had such an unfavourable disposition towards artists and their work. Hegel regarded them as a very primitive phenomenon, an infantile phase in the development of the Absolute Spirit. In this dark context artists are clowns, liars and swindlers. The best and the most principled students of the Devil’s science. From this dark perspective the Labyrinth is a death trap, the path towards Apocalypse. 8. Perhaps this entire entangled archipelago of mythritual, Theseus Minotaur Ariadne Labyrinth Thread Light Darkness Divine Demonic etc., is just a harmless game, a joke. The artist and his work are here to entertain, to charm, to fill endless and indifferent time, to drive away the boredom of the endless monotonous cycle of life and death. Comicality and laughter are Alpha and Omega. Aristotle’s lost book of Poetics is omnipresent. The comfort of laughter spreads into endlessness. 9. Perhaps the artist and his work are a picture of emptiness. The omnipotent entropic zero is the only foothold. Nothing at the front, Nothing in between, Nothing before.
10. Among other things, many believe that the artist is a child of fear. Artistic creation is an existentialist position of the Great Fear. Fear does not choose means. 11. Until the present, artists have only been changing the world, however it is now necessary for them to give due thought to it and begin to interpret it. The world is full of artistic creations that make a horrific confusion, a real Labyrinth leading towards an Apocalypse of hypertrophy. Labyrinth Apocalypse is a static part of Remains of Ritual. It is in its totality a remain of a subtle and humorous ritual. Shamans use these kinds of rituals as medicine for the melancholy and disorientation of travellers in time and space.
Referential context
In this work Beuys is present with his fascination for wood and European myths. Like his student Anselm Kiefer, I have also come to like the miraculous energy of wood through Beuys.
4.3 Purification
1.Archaic stratum: The ritual Purification is an analysis and transcending of chtonic sediments of the being. The phenomenal, the material, the organic, the flesh, all of those are an endless process, the labor of time in structure. The hypnotic, ecstatic repetition and variation of shapes is not just an empty and purposeless piling up. In itself it certainly contains some deep purpose and message. The message is indeed hidden in the monotonous depths of immeasurable time sequences and the whirlpool of varied shapes that incessantly surface and amalgamate with each other. Monotonous labyrinth of a fantastic cobweb. In that context, art for me is a ritual, the artist is a shaman and the creation is a process of transcending; the creation is the energetic point/key that enables unlocking of the message. That is an antipodean situation in which the fullness and the totality of the being is clearly visible. Simultaneously that is a situation that reveals and senses the hidden side of the being, the emptiness in all of its inexpressible fullness.
2.Anthropological stratum: The ritual Purification is also an elaboration of the sociocultural sediments of the being. Culture, social interactions and forms, the totality of that process is one big sarcophagus. The sarcophagus is a subtle metamachine for mincing and manufacturing flesh. The active condition of flesh is the great burden and the curse of processuality. The forms of flesh, its physics and chemistry in space and in time are creating an enormous entropic jamming. Too much flesh at the same time and in the same place is a picture of apocalypse which is inevitable. The brutality of flesh is indescribable. It feeds on itself, it gets born by itself and it has the representation and the
consciousness of itself. In that context the artist is a worm, a primitive form of flesh possessing the enormous power to transform every other flesh into transcendence, to shape the exit towards the emptiness. Art is death and art work is the sarcophagus’ reflection.
3.Technical stratum: The ritual Purification utilises pure, bare and fundamental ingredients and tools. On the face of it the machinery seems simple, however it concentrates and reflects all possible combinations. That ability is based on primary Pythagorean mathematical mysticism: zero is the centre, the numbers going away from it into plus and the numbers going away from it into minus progress infinitely. Zero is the powerful point, the circle. Simultaneously it contains both the microcosm and the macrocosm. In that context the artist is the zero. The art and the art work do not exist. They are simply contained in the Zero.
4.Anamnesis: The ritual Purification is a homage to Marina Abramovic, Hermann Nitsch, Joseph Beuys and Piero Manzoni. In this ritual there is one sarcophagus for each of them.
Marina is east, left, backward.
Hermann is west, right, forward.
Joseph is north, upward.
Piero is south, downward. During the ritual the sarcophagi are placed in the position of a Greek cross. That pays
homage to Malevich and Byzantium. Every sarcophagus has three compartments and that is my reminiscence of Hegel. Everything else is Neboysha Simic or silence as Wittgenstein wrote at the end of his Tractate.
Pre-chronology and Structure of Purification
The ritual Purification begins at 7.30.PM, 14.12.1666. It lasts one year. Its end coincides with the end of this century and millennium. The Great Zero, the year 2000, is the last year of this millenium and this ritual is one of my commentaries regarding that cyclic walk and the Great Zero. The Ritual Purification consists of two parts. The first is external, working-ritualistic, animistic and physical. It begins at the stated time and lasts shortly, about an hour, until the sealing of the sarcophagi. The second is internal, processual-ritualistic, totemic and metaphysical. It begins from the sealing of the sarcophagi and lasts for one year. After that the artefacts of the Purification ritual take up the absolute field of pure self-consciousness in the Hegelian meaning of those concepts. The Anima-Alter Ego for the whole of this project, as she has indeed been for all my projects in the last 1000 years, is Tamara Prosic. The participants in the first part of the ritual Purification are: Four open glass sarcophagi, dimensions L92, W46, D46 cm. Each sarcophagus has three compartments. They are positioned according to the cardinal points. Graphically their position in this variation looks like the following:
N J O S E P H W
E
H
M
E
A
R
R
M
I
A
N
N
A
N S P I E R O
One dead rabbit dedicated to Beuys. One dead lamb dedicated to Nitsch. One dead pig dedicated to Manzoni. One dead hen dedicated to Abramovic. 66 coloured eggs with painted eyes. Several dead, dark, fish dedicated to Malevich and Byzantium. Three dead, whitish, fish dedicated to Hegel. One beam for hanging the meat. One white canvass that will bear the imprints and the diagram of the ritual. One round wooden table on which the material for the sarcophagi will be handled. Variety of knives, blades, scissors, hooks, nails, a hammer and cleaver. Sand, plaster, flour, rice and barley. Water, olive oil, blood and saliva. Grass, branches, rocks and fire. Paints, charcoal, brushes and wiping cloths. Several fruits and vegetables. Several vessels of different shape. Neboysha Simic, alive normally but an artist. Postchronology and Structure of Purification
Purification is a very dramatic project that in a particularly exposed way deals with destruction, decomposition and decay. Like Ritual Table, this project is also very unstable and in its larger part is intelligiblemetaphysical. Initially it was executed as performance and installation at the V.C.A. Gallery from 14 22 December 1999. The performance consisted of ritual cutting and carving of carcasses of four animals, a chicken, rabbit, lamb and a pig. The pieces of the animals and other things such as grass, branches, rocks, fruits, vegetables, water, flour, rice etc. were ceremonially arranged into four glass sarcophagi, each consisting of three compartments. These sarcophagi were arranged as a Greek cross and were precisely orientated towards the cardinal points. The free space in the middle of the cross formed by the sarcophagi was covered with sand, on top of which there was a spiral made of cooked and painted eggs. Eyes in different variations were painted on the eggs. In the centre of the spiral there were four candles that I lit at the beginning of the performance and extinguished at the end. At the end of the performance the sarcophagi were sealed and that was the end of the physical part of Purification. The following day in the gallery, a frontal spatial installation was arranged that marked the beginning of the metaphysical part of Purification. The decay of organic materials in the sarcophagi started, as I supposed, very violently. Because of the high, summer temperatures during those days, the stench that spread throughout the gallery was very pungent and aggressive. The stench was expected and was intended as an important part of the project. It functioned as a ritual, cathartic field in which the fine energy of the being started to purify itself from its dirty and feeble material shell. With that stench the ritual ecstasy and the spiritual foundation of my work began their intelligible dance and music. Very soon the sarcophagi were full of maggots. They were my faithful shamanic assistants. They commenced their dance on the filth of the material world by writing on the steamy sarcophagus covers the miraculous and the Most Ancient Book of Dead. The ornaments of their alphabet were divinely beautiful, mesmerising and elusive. In the glass transparency, toughness and geometry of the sarcophagi, which symbolised the essence and the structure of every possible order, the phantasmagoria of decay and alchemy of transmutation from filthy into pure, from ephemeral into lasting and from final into infinite, took place.
In the gallery there were a lot of flies which was quite understandable given the process that was taking place in the sarcophagi. In this project I had also the role of Beelzebub, the lord of flies. While the sarcophagi were in the gallery and while the gallery door and windows were widely open to allow fresh air in, birds flew in constantly. They flew around making an incredible noise. They were probably attracted by the numerous flies. Standing then in the gallery I felt like some kind of new St. Francis of Assisi. My conversation with the birds was my work Purification. After the exposure in the gallery, the installation was dismantled and the sarcophagi were for hygienic reasons stored far from Melbourne, on the farm of my friend, the writer B.Wongar. During this year and a half since the beginning of Purification I have been to see the sarcophagi several times and made a photo documentation of them. I believed that in one year the process of decay would be complete. However, to my great surprise the process still continues. New generations of my assistants, worms, tirelessly and persistently work and build my shamanic work. The stench is still present as are the flies. Birds still fly onto my work. Because of the forest that surrounds it now, my work is being visited by other animals, snakes, iguanas, dingoes, possums, spiders etc. Somehow, now I feel like Orpheus. My sarcophagus lyre plays its magic music. I can safely move between the world of living and the world of dead and vice versa.
Referential context
There are no referential dilemmas in Purification. The lamb is there, so Nitsch is present. The rabbit is there, so Beuys is present. I am in there as the Balkan, so Abramovic is present. Someone might think that Manzoni does not belong here. What a mistake! He is one of the masters of intelligible art, he worked with smells and since I know his works well, I know that he dreamed about doing a project similar to this one. Manzoni is in Purification something like the ghost of Hamlet’s father in the well known Shakespeare’s drama.
Remains of Purification
From this project remained: one stained canvas, dimensions 540 x 150 cm; video recording of 75 minutes; photo documentation; wooden beam with nails and hooks; various dishes, bottles, knives and other cutting tools; stained clothes, worn during the performance; round wooden slab for cutting, 120 cm in diameter; four sarcophagi in metaphysical condition;
unforgettable odour carried by everyone that came into contact with Purification.
4.5 Dynamics of Symbols Semiology, Archaeology, Ontology
This is a project that deals with the reading of symbols and their remodelling into special ritual installations. Symbols are polyvalent, their being is very intricate and dynamic. They are shaped by the energies of culture/civilisation during extremely long periods. The symbols absorb that energy and emit it in a condensed way whenever they are brought to light. Once they are formed they incessantly float in the field of culture regardless of whether they are in direct use or not. They are the archangels of all structures and superstructures, the first matter of the cultural/civilisation alchemy. They can continue existing even without their immediate source that radiated them. They are permanently open and absorb everything that comes into contact with them. Anthropologically, symbols are great amulets, apotropaic signs whose powerful structure should protect the species’ being. From an ontological perspective they are the “house of being”, to use Heidegger’s syntagm. Heidegger used this syntagm for language but we should not forget that language is just the operative correlation of established symbols. Sociologically, culture/civilisation is communication and there is nothing but communication. Communication with the self and the other, inside and outside. Symbols are the foundation, the skeleton of ritual, religion and everyday life. They are poweful shamanic mantras and on their use and orchestration depend the direction and power of the energy which is weaved into the ritual game and gives us the chance to save and cure ourselves and
the being of the species. Symbols are the final and very powerful defence against entropy. They are the last to decay in its vitriol. The possible salvation, reanimation and resurrection are in them. Shamans of posthistory and the Nuclear Bomb know how to use them very skilfully because the struggle in question is the one between life and death. Dynamics of symbols is a static project in Remains of Ritual or perhaps it would be more correct to say that given its content this project is metastatic. It consists of two parts, two cumulative installations. They are projected and executed as polyptychs with dynamic and changing arrangements. The first installation is metaphysical and unites abstractnonfleshymental symbols. It comprises four parts: SQUARE – THE STORY ABOUT IDEA, HARMONY AND UTOPIA CIRCLE – THE STORY ABOUT CHAOS, LONELINESS AND FORLORNNESS TRIANGLE – THE STORY ABOUT ORDER, WILL AND HOPE SPIRAL – THE STORY ABOUT SPACE, SELFDECEIT AND OPTICAL ILLUSIONS The second installation is physical and it unites actualfleshysocial symbols. It also has four parts: DAWN OF COMMUNISM – HAS ANYONE SEEN THE RED STAR, THE SICKLE AND MALLET DECLINE OF THE WEST I FEEL LIKE CHICKEN TONIGHT WE ARE THE CHOSEN PEOPLE – WORK LIBERATES; BLOOD AND SOIL WE ARE THE CHOSEN PEOPLE – WHERE IS SHEKINAH
The elements that this project uses and manipulates are similar to the elements used in
Labyrinth Apocalypse. The difference is in the metastable orchestration and the tragicomic tale that it wants to convey. Essentially, this work is paraDuchampian. Beuys, Nitsch and Abramovic are here present in their metastable sociopolitical condition. The accentuated presence and the use of nails in this project is not similar to the use of nails by Gunter Uecker, Beuys’ colleague from the Dusseldorf Academy. Nails are here as “the tears of Eros” in the Bataille’s sense of that syntagm.
The making of this project also utilised Plato and Euclid, Kabbalah and Jung and Eliade,
then the works Semiology by Pierre Guiraud, Semiotics by Umberto Eco and Aesthetics by Max Benze.
4.5.Ritual Table – Food – Eating
Ritual Table is a pure Hegelian project. Its structure is tripartite, thesis antithesis – synthesis. It is extremely complex and its arrangement and orchestration are polyphonic. It seeks to objectify the spirit of Hegel’s The Phenomenology of Spirit through the prism of intestines’ phenomenology. It speaks about fundamental structure, the being and the food, physiology and thought. It is cynical/selfcynical, analytic/selfanalytic, summarising and joyful. It includes, as do others, segments of my project Remains of Ritual, the time/times as a medium and as modus operandi, the ritual/pararitual and the myth/paramyth as modus vivendi, and as spiritus movens the second law of thermodynamics and entropy. In the form of thesis, Ritual Table takes place in an interregnum, in emptiness. Art is dead, the past is its modality, there is no future, there is only the infinite certainty of the thermodynamic zero. Due to such a constellation the project is tragic, as are coffins, funerals and graveyards. It speaks about finality; it is an epitaph. At the same time, in the form of dialectic negation, the antithesis, Ritual Table is joyful; it speaks about life, about the endless cyclecircle of food, physiology, laughter and the history of art and spirit. It contains the picture of life’s resilience and guilelessness and of art’s ruinousness and slyness. Finally, in its form of synthesis, the negation of negation, Ritual Table is an indifferent shamanistic event that speaks about eternity as the point of an established equilibrium, which is simultaneously the point of new instability.
This project appears massive and seemingly impenetrable; it has this appearance because it is based on Hegel who is its matrix and who is very well known to be both massive and impenetrable. Hegelian circulus viciosus. Remains from the Ritual Table are also massive, but not as impenetrable, they contain a multitude, a labyrinth of remains: remains of rotting food that is being transformed in the retort of stomachmetabolism and memory, remains of thoughts and ideas, remains of stains and smells on the table cloth, remains of used dishes, remains of audio and video tapes, of time, of punched balloons and of the dark Hegelian base. At the end we can paraphrase Hegel himself who, speaking about the fragments remaining from Heraclitus from Ephesus, said about that which has been lost we cannot say anything, but that which has remained is ingenious.
Chronology and Structure of Ritual Table
Ritual Table – Thesis, took place between 4th and 8th of September 2000 at the exhibition 7>10, Group exhibition of final year VCA Masters students. It was in the form of a table for twelve persons, which was covered with a white cloth. From underneath, the table was pierced with 100 large nails on top of which various fruits and vegetables were placed. The table was set with 12 metal bowls, each containing one olive and one walnut, 12 glasses with red wine, 4 candles in the middle, 3 redblackgolden painted boiled eggs, a pile of fried fatty meaty remains and a pile of paprika relish. At that table there were 12 persons: Artaud, Duchamp, Malevich, Christo, Manzoni, Nitsch, Beuys, Klein, Marina, Spoerri, Smithson and Tatlin. Every one of them had his/her name written and an emblem drawn on the cloth covering the table. Ritual Table – Antithesis took place between 3.12.00 and 2.2.01 in seven successive rituals in seven chosen houses. The rituals had the form of sitting together around a table and consuming food while discussing a particular topic. The Hosts of the Tables, their Houses and their Shamanic Names are as following: 1. Sima, in the Artist’s House Scorpio that picks Amanita 2. Rajko, in the Architect’s House Crystal with a dash of Fire and the splendour of Wind.
3. Koka, in the Psychologist’s House – Dish in which everything is Overflowing and which is constantly Filling. 4. Vanja, in the Philosopher’s House – Scream in the Darkness with a Stone around one’s Neck. 5. Ruki, in the Woman’s House – Mistress of the Beast that Laughs and Weeps. 6. Ljilja, in the Doctor’s House – Foothold on Foothold in the Jaws of Life 7. Peki, in the Writer’s House – Tiger in Whirlpool’s Skin. The project had 11 constant participants; the 12th was a guest who changed on successive occasions. The guest was invited to the host’s house by the host of the previous house. There were rules that had to be honoured and the whole ritualprocess was recorded by a static video camera. During the last ritual, on 2.2.01, my second son Lazar was born. This last table was also a ritual and symbolic celebration of the cumulative time convention of the 1999 change into 2000, of the 20th century into 21st century and the 2nd millennium into the 3rd millennium. At the end of the last session each of the participants chose a fruit and elaborated on his/her choice, showed his/her hands and feet and answered the question “What do you think about modern art?” Ritual Table – Synthesis is a performance from the opening of my Master’s exhibition. Its structure consists of a wooden panel pierced from underneath with nails, which was originally used as a table in the Thesis version. That panel is painted black and placed on the floor. Adjacent to the panel are the cloth covers from the previous two tables, Thesis and Antithesis. There are 99 helium filled white balloons which are tied to the nails and which are floating above the panel. Every balloon bears the name of an artist from the 20th century. The choice is very personal and represents my artistic memory and my creative correlation. On the 100th nail sits an egg. During the performance I take each of these balloons according to a certain order, bringing it close to the nail to which it is tied while uttering the name of the artist represented by that balloon and the sentence “Let’s see how this one blows up.” The performance ends when all the balloons are blown up.
Referential context
This project has a strict and precise correlation with the works and ideas of J.Beuys, H.Nitsch and M.Abramovic.
Beuys is present with his Hegelian soul, his blackboards, his shamanic use of space, time and material, in particular with his works Tables from 1953, Auschwitz from 19561964, Concentration camp=food 1, 2 from 1963, Hare’s grave from 19621967, with his projects in Spoerri’s restaurant in Dusseldorf
and with his most powerful weapon, his magical, ritual and healing humour.
Nitsch is present in totality, with his writings, ideas, bones, flesh, intestines and the whole apparatus of tables, stained covers, wooden beams, ropes, dishes, glasses and barrels, red paint, grapes wine, different fruits and vegetables and with the whole healing whirlpool of sounds that accompanies his projects. M.Abramovic is present with her subtle metaphysical soul, her Serbian obsessiveness with the first and the last questions about essence, meaning, being and in particular with her fascinating, oniric and healing project performed jointly with Ulay, Nightsea Crossing, inspired by the shamanic purity of the Australian desert and performed for the first time in Sydney in 1982. Besides this Triad chosen as the direct object of my analytic attention, this project directly includes and is a variation of the aesthetics of D.Spoerri, that great and pure shaman of physiology, big gluttony and Rabelaisian laughter. Besides the aforementioned, Ritual Table contains also strong symbolic pictures and archetypal rituals: preparing, arranging, eating and social digesting of food; joint sitting at the table with all the sound interactions emanating from it as sensus communis; ritual repetitiveness in a strictly codified/ritualised time and space; symbolic picture of religious rituals of initiations, Passover/The Last Supper; symmetry of numbers 1,2,3,7, and 12 that have strong ritual, magic and symbolic connotations. These numbers have their ritual, hypnotic repetitiveness in time as the primary superstructure created by man. In a theoretical sense, apart from the aforementioned Hegel, this project contains and operationalises a multitude of references. From the Bible, Talmud and a variety of writings from archaic religions, mythologies, occult sciences, philosophy and literature to psychoanalysis (Freud, Lacan), Jung, anthropology (L.Morgan. LevyBruhl, M.Mauss, Levi Strauss), sociology and theory of religion (M.Eliade, J.Allegro, T.Prosic), G.Bataille, R.Bart, G.Bachelard and their postmodern reflections, FoucaultDeleuzeGuatarriBaudrillard, L.Lippard and a multitude of food manuals and guides for digestive tract exertions.
Remains of Ritual Table
From this project remained: Two stained cloth covers, dimensions 150 x 350 cm; One wooden panel, dimensions 120 x 240 cm, pierced with 100 nails; Seven texts with seven topical sequences of Ritual Table Antithesis; Multihourly video recording from Ritual Table Antithesis edited as a film of 120 minutes; Various pieces of crockery and dishes; Certain things settled in memories and guts.
APPENDIX
RITUAL TABLE BEING AND FOOD Things that participants should know: 1. General information about the project: This project is part of my conceptual work Ritual Table. Compared to its first part, this part is its antithesis, its shadow and reflection. Consequently, this project is part of my Master’s work and exhibition titled Remains of Ritual. Documentation, written and recorded, will be used for my final exhibition and the written work that is part of my Master’s. The project deals with processuality, time and symbolic weavings and interactions in a strictly ritualised, artificial and transcendent time and space. Sacred space Sacred time Sacred acts as primary principle and the womb of creation. The project uses and varies different cyclic pararitual and paramythological hierarchies. Among other things it intends to bind food and thought, conversation and mastication as correlational metaphores. The project consists of seven Tables prepared by seven Hosts Shamans in seven Houses. At the Table there will be 11 persons plus a changing Guest. The guest is invited according to strictly regulated scheme. A cloth that will not be washed will be moved around from Table to Table and will be a cover for the real tables or will represent the table. The project has to be completed in the period between 3.12.2000 and 2.2.2001. The first and the last Tables must take place on these two dates while the other five according to the agreed schedule. The first Table is in the House of the Artist whose shamanic name is Scorpio that Picks Amanita (Amanita Muscaria). 2. Participants’ Responsibilities:
Presence of all 11 persons during the seven Tables. Everyone has to agree with the dates for the Tables. The space has to be private. The Table can take place in the closed or the open part of that space (backyard). The Host has to ensure that the space provides for recording of the event by a static camera. The Host has to provide the table and the chairs for the participants or can use the cloth as a symbolic table. The Host has to provide a video tape of 180 minutes By writing and reading a text and the food that is served to the participants the Host declares the topic for the conversation during the Table. - The Host reads the text at the beginning of the Table, after which conversation about the topic takes place. The conversation has to be strictly about the topic announced by the text and nothing else can be discussed. Participants take part in the conversation according to their own need to say or ask something. While someone is speaking others should not interfere. During the conversation eating takes place. The text has to be at least 200 words. Food and drinks must be on the table. Everyone has to taste the served food and drinks. The Host has the role of moderator or shaman during the Table. During the Table it is forbidden to leave the table unless absolutely necessary. Tamara is the only one excepted from this rule or taboo because in the whole project she has the role of the Dancing Shadow. During the Table no music or similar distractions are allowed. Children can be in another room. Every participant in the project has to speak Serbian. Every Table is to last at least one hour. It is forbidden to talk about this project to anyone who is not part of the circle taking part in it. It is forbidden to reveal the name of the Guest before the Table. It is also not permitted to reveal any information about the project to the Guest. Every Host decides at liberty about: 1) the date of his/her Table with the exception of the last date which had already been determined; 2) the topic for his/her Table, text and conversation; 3) the choice, quantity and arrangement of food on the table; 4) the time when the Table will take place, morning, afternoon or evening. 3. Desirable, but not absolutely necessary: Participants in this project can, as preparation, use certain spiritual and bodily exercises: 1) for spiritual exercises it is recommended to read books ranging from Cookbooks (every possible), Plato’s Symposium, Petronius’ Trimalchio’s Dinner, Rabelais’ Gargantua and Pantagruel, de Sade’s 120 Days of Sodom, to Hamsun’s Hunger and Burroughs’ The Naked Lunch, as well as all other serious philosophical works, works from religion, anthropology, psychology, mysticism and modern art with special consideration for Conceptual and Happening Performance art. From movies it is desirable to watch The Holy Mountain by Jodorowsky. Of course, meditation and yoga exercises are welcome. Music, only minimalist and if possible Serbian. 2) for bodily exercises it is recommended to eat, sleep and fast before each Table, sex according to need and opportunities. Hygiene before everything!
4. Participants of the project and dates of the Tables Participants: Tamara Sima Rajko Koka Vanja Ruska Jela Ljilja Milan Shadow Peki Duplex/Duplum in Fabula Sevenfaced Guest Hosts of the Tables, their Houses and Their Shamanic names: 1. Sima, in the Artist’s House Scorpio that picks Amanita 2. Rajko, in the Architect’s House Crystal with a dash of Fire and the splendour of Wind. 3. Koka, in the Psychologist’s House – Dish in which everything is Overflowing and which is constantly Filling. 4. Vanja, in the Philosopher’s House – Scream in the Darkness with a Stone around one’s Neck. 5. Ruki, in the Woman’s House – Mistress of the Beast that Laughs and Weeps. 6. Ljilja, in the Doctor’s House – Foothold on Foothold in the Jaws of Life 7. Peki, in the Writer’s House – Tiger in Whirlpool’s Skin. Dates of Tables, Houses of Tables and People who bring the Guest: 1) 3.12.2000 at 6 pm at Sima’s, Artist’s House, the guest is brought by Peki. 2) 10.12.2000 at 7 pm at Rajko’s, Architect’s House, the guest is brought by Sima. 3) 17.12.2000 at 9 pm at Koka’s, Psychologist’s House, the guest is brought by Rajko. 4) 23.12.2000 at 8:30 pm at Ruska’s, Woman’s House, the guest is brought by Koka. 5) 5.1.2001 at 9 pm at Vanja’s, Philosopher’s House, the guest is brought by Ruska. 6) 27.1.2001 at 9 pm at Ljilja’s, Doctor’s House, the guest is brought by Vanja. 7) 2.2.2001 at 8:30 pm at Peki’s, Writer’s House, the guest is brought by Ljilja. 29.11.2000 BOUNDLESS AND PROFOUND STORY ABOUT EGGS AND ESSENCE It is generally known that Eggs are very nourishing, but beside that what is even more interesting is that they are very mystical and enigmatic. Have you ever asked yourself, holding them in your hand before you break them, where they come from and what are they? Looking at them, either whole and rounded or broken, have you ever imagined that it is the picture of God, that it is the God himself?
For this Table 100 Eggs have been used, those common, iconic, hen’s eggs. Some experienced housewife and a housewife that wants to maintain her good reputation would proudly stress that fact: “ This is a Table of 100 Eggs.” However, we who misuse cooking for other purposes, whether higher or lower is of no importance, we very humbly stress that for this Table all possible eggs have been used. In every religion and tradition the Egg has almost unreservedly a firstborn function, it is the symbol of embryo, the essence of birth, renewal, reincarnation. We have to admit, though, that the doubt of the chicken is also present, the doubt that remains one of the archetypal and primary tautologies. “What is older, the chicken or the egg?” Symbolically, mythologically, religiously, mystically and contemplatively the glory of the Egg is unsurpassed. It is interesting to note that whoever talks about the Egg, essentially says the same. That demonstrates the picture of its ontological allinclusiveness. The most ideal Eggs are those that are the tiniest, the invisible, mystical Eggs of thought. They give birth to everything. Their physical insignificance is equal to nonexistence, to pure energy, to entelechy, to the first monad of God. That physical insignificance only underlines their strength, their allinclusiveness. Eggs of thought, thought of Eggs. In the beginning there was Egg and God was Egg and Egg was God. There is nothing else but Eggs. There are only the Egg and the nonEgg, and this nonEgg is not otherness but only reflexion in the delusional dialectic of the Egg itself, as Fichte wisely put it. Eggs stand nicely everywhere and everything goes nicely with Eggs, both thought and life, and art and nonsense. It is the ideal structure of the being. And it is not by chance that the Egg is among the best bonding materials, glues. Old mortar was made with Eggs. Primer for frescoes was made with Eggs. The paint that was used was made with Eggs. Even Christ’s soul was glued with Eggs. Actually that powerful armature holds the world together. For their beauty Eggs can be only compared with pearls. But pearls are too much hidden by the big layer of water in the womb of the shell and actually they are the Eggs of fruitlessness. The world will come to its end or will begin to end at the moment when Eggs of fruitlessness become disproportionately more worthy than the Eggs of essence. As potentiality, Eggs are given to everybody. As actuality, Eggs are possessed only by those who comprehend their infinite worthiness. And as Agrippa of Nettesheim says wisely in his occult philosophy “who did not acquire Eggs through the primary principle cannot acquire them in his whole lifetime.” At the end dear friends, we invite you to open your guts for Eggs, to devour what is offered on this table, to help the Eggs in their divine, alchemic transmutation and to make in the retorts of your own guts the gold of new Eggs, your Eggs. Cheers and bon appetit. I and Mrs I wish you that. 3.12.2000 Preston
WORKS
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