Natural History Illustrations

'»«(

'U

'Jc

--r^ .t^ i

^^

W

'~\

m^-.a, T

r

vl^ll^lii

w,-^

^ \

,«f

>~v Jr

''A

Kr

^4n

l»'^#

'

ky^. !'

\,

/'

<

jiv*

1,

^^

7

-^

^^/'l

^

,-

C^

PH.i,^^'

®0t:«rtl UtttetJSiitg

Jitanjg

THE GIFT OF ^^rX\/L

J^j\y\XC^^

A-\.\3A^(o

I

± (foip..

Cornell University Library

QL 377 .C7A26 Natura

history Illustrations.

3 1924 024 780 516

.i,«,.,.2

ii».\

K

The

Cornell University Library

original of this

book

is in

the Cornell University Library.

There are no known copyright

restrictions in

the United States on the use of the

text.

http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924024780516

671

NATURAL HISTORY ILLUSTRATIONS. PREPARED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF LOUIS AGASSIZ.

1849,

DEC 1 189L

THE ANATOMY OF

ASTEANGIA DAN^. SIX LITHOGRAPHS

FROM DRAWINGS BY

EXPLANATION OF PLATES BY

J.

A.

SONREL.

WALTER FEWKES.

CITY OF WASHINGTON: PUBLISHED BY THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. 1889.

B71

NATURAL HISTOEY ILLUSTRATIONS. PREPARED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF LOUIS AGASSIZ.

1849.

THE ANATOMY OF

ASTEANG-IA DAN^. SIX LITHOGRAPHS

FROM DRAWINGS BY

EXPLANATION OF PLATES BY

J.

A.

SONREL.

WALTER EEWKES.

CITY OF WASHINGTON: PUBLISHED BY THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. '

1889.

4

.

a^c)

2^

ADYERTISEMENT. The present

publication, though the

mere fragment of a memoir many

years ago undertaken by the eminent naturalist, Professor Agassiz,

in its imperfect state, in the belief that even in this form,

oflfered to biologists

and

at last

is

at this late day,

it

will be

welcomed by many students who would be

reluct-

ant to have the fruit of worthy labor wholly lost to the world.

The scope unusual delay in

of the brief abstract,

and the circumstances occasioning the

appearance, will be sufficiently explained by the following

its

statement received from Mr. Alexander Agassiz:

"The

were drawn by Mr. Sonrel, under Professor Agassiz's direction, as far back as 1849. The material was collected during the first dredging trip undertaken by Professor Agassiz under the auspices of plates of Astrangia

the United States Coast Survey.

Professor A. D. Bache, then Superintendent

of the Coast Survey, invited Professor Agassiz to join the

United States Coast

Survey steamer Bibb,' commanded by Lieutenant Charles H. Davis, afterwards Rear Admiral, and to undertake a dredging trip in the vicinity of Nantucket. Among other material, numerous bunches of Asti'angia were Bibb.' These were kept alive at Cambridge for nearly a collected by the During that time some drawings were made towards illustrating the ye£i.r. anatomy of the genus. The completion of the memoir was delayed in the hopes '

'

of adding the developmental history of the genus, but after the first year of

preparation Professor Agassiz never again had the opportunity of taking up the subject.

The

plates therefore remained unpublished

in the

hands of the

The last year of his life Mr. Louis F. Pourtales underthe work at the Newport Marine Laboratory, but he only

Smithsonian Institution. took the completion of

brought together the necessary materials, and left neither notes nor drawings At the request of Professor Spencer F. Baird, Secretary of the for publication.

Walter Fewkes has written an explanation of the plates make them available to students of marine invertebrates."

Smithsonian, Mr. to

J.

S.

P.

LANGLEY,

Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution.

Smithsonian Institution,

Washington, D. C, February,

1889. (3)

;

PREFACE. The

drawn on stone several years ago under the direction of Prof. Louis Agassiz. At the request of Mr. Alexander Agassiz explanations of the figures have been written out for the accompanying plates. In order to fit myself for a better understanding of the anatomy of Astrangia, live

plates of this atlas were

animals have been used in conjunction with the plates in the preparation of

the explanations.

Laboratory.

This part of the work has been done at the Newport Marine

Since the

work came

delayed in the hope of adding but, although I

to it

have succeeded

in

my

hands the publication has been something on the development of Astrangia getting the ova of this coral, I have thus far into

add anything to the much-needed embryology of this animal. Lest the plates should become antiquated, it has seemed best to delay no longer their publication, but to print them in the form originally prepared by Prof. Agassiz. The reader is reminded that there has been a great advance in histological methods since the figures were drawn. In that advance, however, little has been added to the knowledge of the minute anatomy of genera of Madreporaria allied failed to

to Astrangia. J.

Museum Compaeative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.

WALTER FEWKES.

INTRODUCTORY NOTICE. The is

sole representative of the

the genus Astrangia.

One

New England waters been found in New Eng-

Madreporaria in shallow

species of Astrangia has

and has been mentioned or described by Louis Agassiz, Leidy, Alexander Agassiz, Verrill, and others. It is referred to by Leidy as A. astrceformis, M. E. & H., by L. Agassiz, A. Agassiz, and Verrill as A. Dance. Astrangia is found along the eastern coast of the United States and occurs It occurs in the southern limits of the New England fauna, south of Cape Cod. in shallow waters of Long Island Sound, Narragansett Bay, Buzzard's Bay, and Vineyard Sound. Its northern limits are the waters adjoining the southern end of Cape Cod. The genus is often found in crevices of the rocks and on the sides of cliffs, just below low tide, from which places it ranges into shallow-water dredgings, and is apparently found in great numbers in its favorite haunts. Astrangia seems to prefer a rocky to a sandy bottom. While it is generally found in the form of incrustations on the rocks and dead shells, it sometimes rises in low, club-shaped branches. In aquaria it is hardy and easily kept alive in pure water. It devours greedily small Crustacea, fishes, fragments of beef, and other forms of meat, and is far from fastidious in its preferences. Small live animals, as fishes, are easily killed by its nematocysts, provided the prey be held in the land,

neighborhood of the tentacles.

The specimens which

I

have studied were found on Price's Neck, a small

peninsula on the southern extremity of the island of Rhode Island, not far from the

Newport Laboratory.

Clumps

of colonies are easily

broken from the rocks

where these animals live in company with a rich littoral life. expanded Astrangia is white, almost transparent, resembling an Edwardsia or small white actinia. When contracted the color shows a green or bluish tinge. The motion in contraction is less rapid than in at

low

tide,

The

color of the

Edwardsia, and traction,

The

is

often sluggish.

When

overfed

it

will not

respond by con-

even when touched or stroked with a foreign body. live

Astrangia from

New England was

first

observed by Prof. Louis

*Proc. Amer. Assoc, 1849.

(7)

INTRODUCTOEY NOTICE.

8

who dredged

Agassiz,*

Agassiz referred

which were known up

The polypidom

in nine fathoms

A. Dance, M. E.

to

it

it

&

o&

Gray Head, Vineyard Sound.

H., a coral, the hard parts only of

to that time.

of A. Dance,

M.

E.

& H.,

New England

is

held by Prof. Joseph Leidy to be

and more like the A. astrce{i)formis of the same authors. The present plates were made from the coral which Agassiz designated as A. Dance, and the specific name which he used

different

is

from that of our

species of Astrangia

here adopted.

determine from the description of A. Dance given by Milne Edwards and Haime whether our species differs from that which they It is not possible to

describe under that

The following

name

or not.

description of A. Dance

is

" Polypierites tres-courts, unis entre

faiblement

given by Milne Edwards

eux par une expansion tres-mince

striee.

grande

umelle tres-developpee, a papilles crepues

et

et granulees,

un peu debordantes, a bord fortement arque en haut, a et tres-saillants,

Hauteur des

columelle.

4 ou 5

3 cycles complets

profundeur des

;

ayant leurs dents

polypierites, 3

quel-

;

voit des cloisons d'un 4" cycle

quefois dans une des moities d'un systeme, ou

de grains pointus

et

un peu plus fortes et plus mediocrement profonde. Col-

Cotes tres-larges, alternativement

petites, distinctes des la base, a fossette

cloisons

:*

faces couvertes

plus fortes pres de la

les

ou 4 millimetres

;

diameter des

calicos,

fossettes, 2.

" Patrie inconne."

Of A.

astrceiformis the last-mentioned author gives the following description

" Polypierites tres-rapproches et sondes entre

eux pas

tret.

Muraille a peine costulee et seulement pres du

quand

ils

;

les autres.

;

les

tres-etroites

Les grains des faces laterales sont tres-peu

4 millimetres

E. "

oti ils

sont serres 3.

;

diametre des

calicos, 4.

&

Habite

H., and gives the following description

Polypidom encrusting

flat

en Naut, a bord

dents inferieurs a peine plus fortes saillants.

same

as A. astrceformis,

:f

or lobed, or pedicled and lobed

short, approximate, fused together at their bases, cylindrical *Histoire Naturelle des Corallaires ou Polypes proprement \Journ. Acad. Nat.

Sci. Phil.,' -vol. Ill,

second

Hauteur,

des Etats-Unis."

les cotes

Prof. Joseph Leidy regards the A. Dance, Ag., as the

M.

recou-

Columelle peu developpe.

peu debordantes,

oblique et regulierement dente en scie

3 ou

ils

sou vent des cloisons d'un quatrieme cycle se moutretet dans une des

moities des systemes cloisons

que

ou

Calicos circulaires

calice.

sont libres, subpol^'^gonaux dans les points du polypier

a fossette grande, profonde et infundibuliforme. cycles

les points

dits.

Tome

series, 1855, pp. 7, 8.

;

polype

when

II, p. 612.

free,

cells

sub-

9

INTKODUCTORY NOTICE. polygonal when crowded, externally slightly costate

;

calicos infundibular

;

col-

umlella slightly developed; partitions up to thirty-five in number, slightly

margin oblique and serrated and their sides denticulated; polypes cylindrical, projecting up to half an inch in length, translucent white, brown, red, or green; tentaculse colorless, twenty-four in number, elon-

exserted, narrow, with their

gated conical, with rounded situated at the

diameter."

summit

tips, situated in

of a conical proboscis

an alternating ;

coral masses

circle;

up

to

mouth

oval,

two inches in

ANATOMY OF ASTRANGIA.

PLATE

11

I.

EXTERNAL FORM. Figa.

1-

— Colonies showing the animal expanded and contracted.

Club-shaped

cluster.

/3.

Life

Coenenchyma between two animals.

;'.

size.

Animal expanded.

/?.

En-

crusting colony.

—Similar colonies from another Club-shaped colony. —Basal calcareous Live parts wanting. Colony attached a Pecten —Colonies in which the individual animals are somewhat and the basal

Fig.

2.

Fig.

3.

Fig. 4. ess

cluster,

deposit.

shell.

to

5.

many

specimens of ^. Dance,

— Calcareous radial

a,

Two

/?.

colonies.

of interseptal mesenteries and chambers. Fig.

6.

a, b, c.

septa

Position

8 diameters.

—Appearance of the calcareous

deposits (cycles)

when

first

secreted, arranged in concentric

3 diameters.

Fig;

7.

Fig.

8.

— Several animals, retracted, —Several animals

a,

13.

Lateral buds.

3 diameters.

in different attitudes of expansion or contraction.

maximum amount of contraction,

shows the

wall of the periphery of the animal the tentacles are a.

The

deposits of the basal region of three contiguous animals.

are of different lengths (cycles?), extending from the periphery towards the center,

rings.

deposit

isolated

polygonal than in Fig.

p.

Mouth,

drawn a'.

in,

lie in

the soft parts being so withdrawn that

approximately the same plane.

In

The

central animal

mouth and bounding

all the

but the conical form of the columnar portion of the body

other polypites

is still

retained.

Peristoma, a conical region of the disk between the mouth and the ring of tentacles

infolded in the animal, centrally placed and hidden under the soft parts of the columnar region,

Junction of basal and columnar region, Fig. a.

tacles,

9.

;S.

Buds which

it

Mouth,

d.

Columnar

region.

g.

8 diameters.

form new animals.

These

last structures are possibly

Fig. 12. Fig. 13.

ten-

in the

were a bud destined to become a new individual.

single animal with the tentacles beginning to form.

closed

(a).

(a) in

Chamber of the column.

—The same as —

slit.

oral

i.

last

with reniform mouth

Body wall of a radial chamber. The extended columnar region with

Fig. 15.

new

lies

mouth —The same with the form of an elongated —The same with mouth —Apex of the prominence, with the mesenteric septa showing through the body walls

Mouth,

Fig. 14.

if it

/S

External peripheral wall.

Fig. 11.

i.

later

would naturally have

—Lateral view of a

Fig. 10.

a.

i.

Structures which arise in a position homologous to that of a tentacle, while

position which

a.

Basal region,

—Single animal isolated from a colony.

Mouth. a.

h.

(a).

half-protruded tentacles (d).

ANATOMY OF ASTBANGIA,

12 Fig. 16.

—Attitude assumed when the oral prominence and tentacles are drawn into the columnar

region of the animal. d.

Tentacles half retracted,

animal and

its

a.

—

Same as Fig. midway in height.

Fig. 17. stricted

basal region,

Mouth.

Fig. 18.

Other

g.

Basal chamber of the

h.

16, with the

flat

region of the body.

12 diameters.

columnar region partially retracted and the column con-

letters as in Fig. 16.

—Diagram showing

Compare with

Point of division between the base of the columnar region of the

Fig. 5 (lettering

the relative positions of large and small tentacles and the mouth. a, b, c)

for relation of the tentacles to the calcareous septa.

The

oblong central opening represents the mouth. a.

Eight large tentacles

to determine

(first

what was intended

to

formed?),

b.

these bodies.

it is

second

series,

c.

A

be represented by the above diagram.

represents chambers between calcareous deposits.

of the tentacles,

A

third series.

The same

As such chambers correspond

It

is

difficult

lettering in Fig. 5

in position with that

supposed that the peripheral ring in Fig. 18 represents the relative positions of

ANATOMY OF ASTRANGIA.

13

1

PLATE

II.

EXTERNAL FORM. Fig. a.

1.

—Single animal from the

Mouth,

Fig.

2.

oral side.

Peristoma or oral prominence,

a'.

—The same turned

one

to

d. Tentacle,

side, so that it is

Basal region.

h.

5 diameters.

The

seen from the oral and lateral region.

tentacles are retracted. d. Tentacle,

h.

Retracted columnar region,

g.

Region of junction of columnar and basal

region, basal chambers.

Fig.

3.

—Animal

from oral

side,

Mouth

with the tentacles partially withdrawn.

(a) assumes a

sinuous form. d.

Tentacle,

Fig.

4.

g.

—The

Chambers, basal region.

oral prominence,

mouth

(a),

and tentacles

The

(d).

other soft parts of the body

are not represented. Fig.

5.

—The

opening (a)

lettering of this figure

a mouth, through which

is

is

There seems no doubt that the central

not wholly evident.

may

be seen

unknown

structures which

may

be the tips of

tentacles. g.

Chambers of column,

Figs. 6-10.

h. Centrifugal

— Various forms

traction of the lips

centripetal ends of the chambers.

assumed by the mouth or oral

slit

(a) in different condition of con-

and peristoma.

—Side view of the oral

Fig. IJ.

and

protuberance, or peristome, and tentacles.

The mouth

is

repre-

sented as open. a.

Mouth,

Fig. 12.

d, d. Tentacles.

—Side view of a retracted animal.

The mouth and oral prominence is partially drawn by the inner wall of the columnar region. The tentacles are so d) are seen. At h the outer wall of the chambers in the basal region

into the central region enclosed

retracted that their tips only (d, is

indicated.

Fig. 13.

very

tips.

—View of the

g.

Fig. 14.

base of a single animal.

Columnar chambers,

— Lateral

and

h.

Mouth

(a)

showing the tentacles (d) at their

Chambers of the peripheral

oral view of the oral region,

region.

showing an oral prominence slightly pro-

truding. d.

The mouth

Tentacle.

(a)

is

at the

apex of the peristoma,

g.

Chambers of the column show-

ing septa.

—Septal and radial mesenterial

Fig. 16. a.

Mouth,

Fig. 16.

g.

—The

Basal region, chambers,

divisions of the body, h. Peripheral region.

peristoma retracted and mouth open.

The

tentacles are hidden

the column, although the tips of two of these organs are seen just above the in Fig. 15.

mouth

by the

(a), g,

lobes of

and

h, as

ANATOMY OF ASTEANGIA.

14 Fig. 17. a.

—Inflated condition of the chambers, by which the mouth

Position of mouth,

and appear spherical or Fig. 18.

— Animal

Inflated chamber,

a'.

is

hidden,

Alternate tentacles are foreshortened

d. Tentacle.

circular.

The

half contracted, seen from a latero-oral view.

tips of the tentacles (d)

project beyond the inner rim of the contracted column, g.

Basal chamber,

Figs. 19, 20. a.

a.

—Oral view showing

Mouth,

Fig. 21.

Basal mesenteries.

h.

Basal region,

g.

h.

folds of the

column

in contraction,

Peripheral region.

—Profile view of the peristoma and mouth.

Mouth,

Fig. 22.

Peristoma.

a'.

The dotted

end at two intermesenteric chambers.

lines

— Mouth and tentacles in relative position each other. — Mouth and tentacles with inflated intermesenteric chambers. —Junction of the columnar and basal regions. Animal retracted. to

Fig. 23.

Fig. 24.

Tentacles (d) simply

indicated. a.

Mouth,

Point of junction of the columnar and basal region.

g.

— Oral view of an expanded animal, showing the relation of the bases of the tentacles to

Fig. 25.

the interseptal chambers. a.

Mouth,

a'.

Peristoma,

—Enlarged

Fig. 26.

d. Tentacles,

Bases of tentacles and junction with chambers.

e.

view of a contracted animal with inflated peristoma.

hidden between the wall of the oral prominence and the inner rim of the column.

The tentacles are The tips of a few

of these structures (tentacles) can be seen on the left-hand side in the ring-formed fossa. a.

Mouth,

a'.

g.

Chambers,

h.

Septum.

— A mesenteric filament (f) showing through the mouth opening,

Fig. 27.

d. Tentacle,

Fig. 28.

Peristoma,

g.

Column,

—Peristoma and

h.

Peripheral region.

tentacles,

a'.

Peristoma.

Two

of the tentacles are bent to

show

their

shape, while others appear in perspective. Fig. 29. a.

—Contracted animal with tentacles removed or hidden by

Fig. 30.

—A contracted

cluster of coral animals,

viduals in the two lower members. a.

Mouth,

Fig. 31. a.

inflated walls of the chambers,

Mouth.

—A

Mouth,

g.

Columnar

cluster of d.

showing the fusion of the chambers in two

All contracted.

region,

h.

Peripheral chambers.

expanded animals.

Tentacles,

g.

Basal region,

h.

Coenosarc and basal fusion of two animals.

indi-

15

ANATOMY OF ASTKANGIA,

PLATE

III.

EXTERNAL FORM. Fig.

—Lateral view of the upper part of an animal showing expanded

1.

Mouth,

a.

Constricted region of the digestive tract,

b.

—Expanded animal from oral

2.

Mouth,

a.

d.

Stomach,

d. Tentacles.

1.

Junc-

and radial chambers.

tion of the tentacles

Fig.

c.

tentacles.

Tentacle

e.

(?).

side.

Communication between the cavity of a tentacle and a radial

chamber.

—Two

Junction of the base of the tentacle with the body wall and chamber.

Fig.

3.

Fig.

4.

— Oral view, similar to that shown in Fig.

Fig.

5.

—Lateral view of the column, upper extremity.

6.

—Lateral view of an animal with partially extended

tentacles,

e.

with same lettering.

2,

Tentacles (d) drawn together about the

mouth. Fig.

Mouth,

a.

Fig.

Fig.

8.

b.

Oral constriction,

9.

Basal region.

g, h.

tentacles (d) are turned in towards the

Fig. 10.

g, h.

(d).

Basal region.

—Column of an expanded animal from one

Mouth,

Fig. 11.

Cavity,

c.

mouth

columnar and basal regions.

— Expanded animal with contracted tentacles

b. Constriction,

a.

Cavity,

c.

—Attitude assumed by animal in which the

constriction separates

Fig.

tentacles.

d. Tentacles.

— Column.

Mouth,

a.

and a

7.

b. Constriction of stomach,

side,

d. Tentacles.

—Partially contracted animal

in

which the tentacles are represented as being withdrawn

into the cylinder of the column.

f Mesenteric filament,

—The

Fig. 12. a.

Mouth,

b.

oral

g, h.

Basal region,

i.

Chamber.

prominence (peristoma) from one

Oral constriction,

c.

side.

Stomach or external

should suppose e was used to designate the stomach.

wall.

From

In Fig. 14, however,

the letters a and it

may

b I

be simply the

external wall of the column. Fig. 13. a.

—Expanded animal with tentacles (d) half protruded, but with peristoma

Mouth,

b.

Oral constriction,

c.

Cavity,

f Mesenteric filament,

animal. Fig. 14. a.

—The upper part of the column of a fully expanded animal.

Mouth,

c.

Body

wall of the column,

d. Tentacle.

g,

h.

retracted.

Basal region

of

ANATOMY OF ASTKANGIA.

16

PLATE

ly.

INTERNAL ANATOMY. Fig.

1.

—Section (horizontal) showing the tentacles retracted but not withdrawn from Tentacles,

a, b, c.

d. Septa,

e,

necting the axial ends of the septa,

f.

Wall separating the

h. Ciliated passage

bases of the tentacles,

g.

sight.

Wall

con-

from stomach into the lower cavity of the

body, in which mesenteries are found. Fig.

—An extremity of a tentacle showing

2.

clusters (b).

Fig. a.

3.

—Lateral view of a tentacle.

Terminal cluster of nematocysts.

which move the Fig. 4.

the terminal cluster of nematocysts (a) and lateral

Tentacle somewhat retracted.

tentacles,

d. Septa.

Lateral clusters,

b.

1 (?), f.

The

—A similar —A view of a

Fig.

5.

Fig.

6.

tentacle

is

contracted

tentacle elongated.

7.

the cluster of terminal nematocysts (a) and the

Lettering as in Fig.

section (horizontal) in

—Distal extremity of a contracted

fibres

?

4.

which the opening (h)

in Fig. 1.

Fig.

Muscular (longitudinal)

Superficial epiblastic cells.

—An enlarged end of a tentacle showing

lateral clusters (b).

c.

tentacle.

is

contracted.

Lettering as

ANATOMY OF ASTRANGIA.

PLATE

17

Y.

HISTOLO&Y OF THE TENTACLE. Fig. a.

1.

— Distal

(free)

end of a

tentacle.

Terminal cluster of nematocysts.

Fig.

— The

2.

b.

Lateral clusters.

same showing the threads extended from the nematocysts

in both terminal

and

lateral clusters.

Terminal and lateral clusters of nematocysts.

a, b.

layer,

e.

Fig.

Extended threads,

d. Superficial ciliated

Hypoblast.

3.

—Distal

Fig. 4. Fig.

c.

cluster of nematocysts.

— A tentacle with discoidal tip.

5.

—Abnormal

tentacle.

The

tip

is

bifurcated and there are two

nematocysts. Fig.

6.

Fig.

7.

of nematocysts. —A tentacle with disk-shaped —A cluster of nematocysts from an unknown region of the body. —I am unable interpret these

Figs. 8, 9.

cluster

to

figures.

termimal clusters of

ANATOMY OF ASTEANGIA.

18

PLATE

VI.

NEMATOCYSTS. The following quotations from

may

Prof. J. Leidy, op. cit,

the figures here given of the nematocysts found in Astrangia. "

The

filiferous capsules

serve as an introduction to a study of

He

says

The

(nematocysts) of A. astrceformis are of two principal varieties.

first

mm. long by .0155 mm. broad, containing a spirally-wound The second variety consists of smaller cells, those of the tentaculse measuring about .045 mm. by .0067 mm. and those of the white cords .03 mm. by .0112 mm. and they contain besides variety consists of oval or ovoidal cells .05

thread.

.

.

.

;

a spirally-wound thread a style extending from one pole to about the centre of the

Both kinds of

filiferous capsules,

under certain circumstances not readily explained,

cells.

.

.

.

eject their con-

tained thread with an astonishing degree of rapidity, and in so doing the threads are absolutely turned inside out, as

emptied

was

cells as

first

noticed by Agassiz and subsequently by Gosse, and remain attached to the

From

long-extended tubes.

the smaller cells the style

appears as a more expanded portion of the thread, with which the capsule at the other.

.

.

An

.

it

is

also

extruded and then

continuous at one end and with

is

attentive examination of the extended thread exhibits a

complicated structure than would have been suspected, and, as remarked by Agassiz, detected the peculiar arrangement,

its

exact character

the utmost power of the microscope to analyze.

ment

is

is

exceedingly

difficult to ascertain

me

to

it

appeared

to

me

depend on minute

cilise,

as if the thread during

a spiral course within the portion preceding with non-vibrating

cilise

.

.

This arrange-

which project at right angles from

its

.

.

.

eversion from the capsule assumed

and that the thread externally at regular intervals

it,

.

" In the case of the smaller capsules the extruded style appears as a tube its

first

and requires

the thread and apparently pursue a spiral course, as described by Agassiz and as represented

but in other instances

more

In the case of the larger capsules a spiral arrange-

readily distinguishable, extending the entire length of the extruded thread.

ment, in some instances, appeared to

who

original calibre, narrowed at the extremities

appears to have been folded within

itself

and longer than the

From

cell

much

dilated

which contained

it,

beyond

so that it

the distal extremity of the stylous tube projects the

everted thread, which at times appeared simple but at other times appeared to possess a spiral arrange-

ment, like the coarser thread of the larger capsules. spiral

arrangement apparently dependent upon long

figure 16, or

The tube derived from ciJise

upon a twisting in the tube, as represented in

The above

description, the

the style also presents a

pursuing a spiral course, as represented in figure 15."

most complete which we have of the structure of the different kinds of is from Dr. Leidy's well-known paper on the marine

thread-cells, or nematocysts, found in Astrangia,

invertebrate fauna of the coasts of

Rhode Island and New

Jersey.*

1855, before histological study had attained the development which

New

This description was published in it

has in the present time.f

* Contributions towards a Knowledge of the Marine Invertebrate Fauna of the Coasts of Rhode Island and By Joseph Leidy, M. D. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., Vol. Ill (second series). Jersey.

f As Mosely has well said in his report on the hydroid, aloyonarian, and madreporarian corals of the Challenger expedition, "It would seem that a classification and nomenclature of the various forms of thread-cells is

much

needed, since these forms appear to be of classificatory value in the Coelenterata."

Challenger.

The Voyage of H. M. S. Report on certain Hydroid, Alcyonarian, and Madreporarian Corals procured during the Challenger in the years 1873-1876, p. 29, note.

Zoology.

voyage of H. M.

S.

ANATOMY OF ASTRANGIA.

19

HISTOLOGY OF THE NEMATOCYST. Fig.

1.

—Stroma

from the

The nematocysts

growth.

epiblast, with large

and small nematocysts in various conditions of

of the hydrocorallinas, according to Moseley, " appear to be developed out

of the nucleus of the ectodermic

cells,

together with the cavity around

cell,

it.

The nucleolus has

but not at

The nucleus

grown and

all it

in the

same proportion, the

cell in

coil

cell

always appearing as a wide

enlarges has a rounded nucleolus developed at one end of

large granules developed within

In the next stage one large fully

as

much enlarged and forming a The ovoid nucleus becomes enlarged,

the ectodermal cell becoming

wide chamber in which the process of development takes place.

it,

it.

whilst the nucleus becomes finely granular.

of the thread appears in the nucleus."

From

the similarity of the

Astrangia and some of the nematocysts of the hj'drozoan hydrocorallinse

it is

thought that a similar development occurs in Astrangia. a.

Oval nematocyst.

Fig. a.

2.

3.

Nuclei.

b. Style,

c.

Thread.

— Oval nematocyst.

Figs. 4, Fig. 6.

c, d.

— Club-shaped nematocyst.

Cell wall.

Fig.

Club-shaped nematocyst.

b.

5.

—Club-shaped nematocyst.

— Inflated oval nematocyst with coiled thread. —Two nematocysts with fully and partially protruded threads.

Fig.

7.

Fig.

9.— Nematocyst with

coiled thread retracted in cell.

— Distal end of the thread coiled into a conical — Elongated oval nematocyst with thread coiled internally,

Fig. 10.

spiral.

Fig. 11.

—Nematocyst with

Fig. 12.

partially extruded thread

a.

Cell wall.

and with the retained portion irregularly

coiled. a.

Cell wall.

Fig. 13. Fig. 14. Fig. 15.

b. Inflated

region with

"stifi" cilia,"

— Nematocyst with retracted thread.

or "spines."

Lettering as above.

—Elongated oval nematocyst. —Nematocyst with thread protruded but cut

off just

beyond the

inflation

which bears the

"stiff cilia."

—The same Figs. 17-21. — Different Fig. 16.

as last figure.

figures of the inflation of the thread, with spiral lines

upon which the

" stiff cilia " are borne.

Fig.

22.—

Fig. 23.

Fig. 24. Fig. 25. a.

— Small elongated

cell

with protruded thread.

in the —Nematocyst with thread partially — Pyriform shape assumed by a nematocyst.

Cell wall.

coiled

cell

and partially protruded.

ANATOMY OF ASTRANGIA.

20 Fig.

26.— Nematocyst with thread

partially coiled in the

cell.

base of the thread. —Nematocyst with of a nematocyst with thread coiled within, Figs. 28-31. — Different forms of the Fig. 27.

inflated

cell

a.

Cell wall.

b. Style,

c.

Thread.

Fig. 32.

—Small club-shaped nematocysts with nucleated

a, a, a.

Nematocysts.

Fig. 33.

—Large nematocyst with thread withdrawn into the

a.

Cell wall.

a.

Cell wall.

Fig. 35.

c.

b.

Basal

cell,

Thread.

inflation,

—A portion of the basal

c.

to its full length,

Thread.

inflation of the thread of a

nematocyst highly magnified.

— The same more extended.

Fig. 36. Fig. 37. Fig. 38.

Fig. 39. a.

b. Style,

—Nematocyst with thread protruded

Fig. 34.

cells,

d. Cell nuclei.

—Nematocyst with thread partially protruded. —Nematocyst with thread tightly coiled in the —Nematocyst with thread half protruded.

Cell wall.

b.

Basal

inflation,

c.

cavity.

Thread.

—Nematocyst with the larger part of the thread protruded. 41-50. — forms of the nematocyst. —Nematocyst with thickened

Fig. 40. Figs.

DiflTerent

Fig. 61. a.

superficial layer,

Thick

Fig. 52.

layer,

c.

Coiled thread.

—A similar with thread protruded. —Sam.e with thread contracted into the cell

Fig. 53. a.

Cell wall.

Fig. 54.

b. Style,

c.

No

basal inflation

shown and thread very

long,

cell.

Coiled thread.

—Nematocyst with thread partially retracted. —Nematocyst with thread protruded.

Fig. 55. Fig. 56.

— Basal inflation with spiral row of "

Fig. 57.

— A nematocyst and portion of the

a.

b. Inflated

Cell.

stiff cilia."

inflated base of the thread of the same,

base of the thread.

" on the basal —The same with —A portion of the coiled thread. " from the of the basel of the wall of the thread —Row of " —Nematocyst with partially coiled thread in —Nematocyst with the thread protruded. —Fully developed nematocysts with the thread retracted, showing them crowded together

Fig. 58.

" stiff cilia

inflation.

Fig. 59. Fig. 60.

Fig. 61. Fig. 62. Fig. 63.

stiff cilia

Taken from an unknown region of the body.

spiral line

inflation

its

interior.

PI,

J

"^ /^ .'A^ r^^

:'^V

^

A

"^mt^

^

,^^2::^'^'34';«^3S

v^-

it;^'

->-

% .

^"W-

4

wj

7

m^

•«^^l^ '^i^m?

fMn^-,

SS a

%s.

c i<

a.

X?M 18

a

©c IS

.sF'?'

-IK

y

W\\

>-

/

rf..

lit

/t/W-'/_

/v.

^m>t

1

1

,

PrinLed by Tappart

tm sLon« from nd

i^^ib^,... ....

01

'i

Bradford..

}

PL 2.

9

1-

I

(

10.

Af>j

'J

13 16 a? rf

14 /..€

-'-S''

/.^

^%^

A^

^".-^fll^^: IR

t/

17

19.

a.

20

Vlfei

-

f/

21

.1 ifc. -l^^^i^Nt

f

\/

22

/,

'.S,« ,/

25. ^)i

?6

E3

y 3o

27

29 lr<5!

If

#Vs l-'.t

Pll

%:

A. ^nn^t•l

on stone from,

naf

*

* i

PriruCed'by Tappan.

Be

Bradford,

2

4

—

,•

..^

«^

d.

iJ

f

I

It'

1?

/.

/i.

A.Soxirel.

on sLone froraiiat.

Printed "by Tappacn.

&-

Bradford

P1.5

i f

^

^'

jj-

'^

^,

P]

A

'\.,r.,A,

..I

.'..n>:

1

s.

PI. 6

Prii\ted'by K

Sonvpl

Tappan

fltBradfoid.

672

NATURAL HISTORY ILLUSTRATIONS. PREPARED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF LOUIS AGASSIZ AND SPENCER

DEC 1

F.

BAIRD.

1891

SIX SPECIES OF

NORTH AMERICAN FRESH-WATER SIX LITHOGRAPHS

FROM DRAWINGS BY

A.

FISHES.

SONREL.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES BY DAVID STARR JORDAN.

CITY OF WASHINGTON: PUBLISHED BY THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. 1889.

^672

NATURAL HISTORY ILLUSTRATIONS. PREPARED UNDER-THE DIRECTION OF LOUIS AGASSIZ AND SPENCER

F.

BAIRD.

1849.

SIX SPECIES OF

NORTH AMERICAN FRESH-WATER SIX LITHOGRAPHS

FROM DRAWINGS BY

A.

FISHES.

SONREL.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES BY DAVID STARR JORDAN.

CITY OF WASHINGTON: PUBLISHED BY THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. 1889.

^

ADVERTISEMENT.

The

six

plates of

American fresh-water Fishes herewith presented,

like

the plates of Astrangia Dance recently issued by the Smithsonian Institution, are published, not primarily on account of any

new knowledge which they

supposed to convey, but as a memorial of a project undertaken early history of

American

science,

by two

of the

most eminent naturalists

are

in the

this coun-

try has ever possessed.

They

will

not be included in the series of Contributions of Knowledge,

but are intended for distribution among those Avho will prize them on account of their historical associations. S. P.

LANGLEY, Secretary.

Smithsonian Institution,

Washington, D. C, March

22, 1889.

(3)

INTRODUCTORY NOTE.

The accompanying

plates of fresh-water fishes were

drawn by Mr. Sonrel

under the direction of Professor Agassiz and Professor Baird as early as 1849,

and were intended

for use in a

Monograph

America projected by the Swiss

naturalist

of the fresh-water Fishes of

and the young Assistant Secretary

of the Smithsonian Institution, to be prepared under their joint

The work was never completed, been diverted

to other

was printed, and, distribute acter,

them

subjects.

and the accompanying

authorship.

the attention of each of the partners having

An

edition of 1,000 copies of these plates

after the lapse of nearly forty years,

to the libraries.

North

Their interest

text,

is

it

seems desirable to

mainly of a

historical char-

prepared by President Jordan,

is

limited

to a brief explanation of the figures. G.

BEOWN GOODE.

Smithsonian Institution, March

22, 1889.

(5)

.

NORTH AMERICAN FRESH-WATER

CYPRINID^. Plate

NOTROPIS MEGALOPS

1.

{Rafinesque)

HYPSOLEPIS PLARGYRUS. The Common Shiner

;

PISHES.

Red-fin

Baird.

;

Roach.

(Female.)

Fig.

1.

Side view of skull.

2.

View of

3.

View

4.

View of

5.

Lower pharyngeals with

6.

Right lower pharyngeal bone.

7.

Outline of section of body at dorsal

8.

Scale from the lateral line.

9.

Scale from above lateral line.

10. Scale

11.

skull from above.

of skull from below. skull from behind.

from below

The Shiner

Maine is

is

to Dakota,

Young example. from above.

Female example, nearly

adult.

one of our commonest brook

and southward

of no value as food,

predatory

fishes, like

fin.

lateral line.

12. Outline of adult seen 13.

teeth.

though

it

to

fishes, its

range extending from

North Carolina, Georgia, and Arkansas.

It

furnishes a large share of the subsistence of

the Black Bass and Perch.

NORTH AMERICAN FRESH-WATER

CYPRINIDiE.

Plate

NOTROPIS MEGALOPS

2.

{Rafinesque)

HYPSOLEPIS PACHYSOMUS. The Common

Shiner.

(Male.)

1.

Side view of skull.

2.

Top view

3.

Lower view of

4.

Rear view of

5.

Outline of section of body at dorsal

6.

Scale from the lateral line.

7.

Scale from above the lateral line.

8.

Scale from below the lateral

9.

Lower pharyngeal

10.

11. Outline of 12.

of skull. skull.

skull.

Male

fish,

line.

bones, with teeth.

Right lower pharyngeal.

body from above, nearly adult.

FISHES.

fin.

Baird.

.

NORTH AMERICAN FRESH-WATER

CYPRINID^. Plate

FISHES.

3.

HYBOPSIS KENTUCKIENSIS

{Bafinesque)

GERATICHTHYS BLENNIOIDES. The Common Horny-head

Fig.

southward

to

small brooks.

2.

Top view

8.

Lower view of

4.

Rear view of

5.

Outline of section of body at dorsal

6.

Scale from the lateral

7.

Scale from above the lateral line.

8.

Scale from below the lateral

9.

Young example.

Bass.

;

Jerker.

of skull. skull.

skull.

line.

body seen from above.

Male example, not

12.

Lower pharyngeal bones and

13.

Right lower pharyngeal.

or River

fin.

line.

11.

Chub

abounding in almost

quite full grown.

is

all

no economic

teeth.

the most widely diffused of

waters from

South Carolina and Texas. It has

Indian Chub

;

Side view of skull.

The Horny-head fishes,

Chub

1.

10. Outline of

water

or Kiver

Baird.

-N'alue,

New York

It frequents rivers

but

is

to

all

our fresh-

Montana, and

and creeks rather

often used as bait for the Black

NORTH AMERICAN FRESH-WATER

10

CYPRINIDiE.

Plate

SEMOTILUS BULLARIS

FISHES.

4.

{Bafinesque).

CHILONEMUS CATARRH ACTUS. The

Fig.

Roach.

Fall-fish, or

1.

Side view of skull.

2.

Top view

3.

Lower view of

4.

Rear view of

5.

Lower pharyDgeal bones and

6.

Right lower pharyngeal bone.

7.

Outline of section of body before dorsal.

8.

Scale from the lateral line.

9.

Scale from above the lateral line.

10. Scale 11.

of skull.

13.

skull.

skull.

from below the

teeth.

lateral line.

Young example.

12. Outline seen

The

Baird.

from above.

Female example, nearly

adult.

Fall-fish frequents deep places in clear, cold streams

southward

to the

James River,

its

range not extending west of the Alleghanies.

It is especially partial to the pool at the foot of a cascade. size

from Quebec

It reaches

a larger

than any other of the Cyprinidoe, east of the Rocky Mountains specimens

of from 16 to 18 inches long being sometimes taken.

Thoreau

says,

"The Chub

is

a soft fish;

it

tastes like

It is little

valued as food.

brown paper

salted."

NORTH AMERICAN >RESH- WATER

CYPRINID^. Plate

FISHES.

5.

SEMOTILUS ATROMACULATUS CHILONEMUS CEPHALUS. The Horned Dace,

Fig.

1.

Side view of skull.

2.

Top view

Lower view of Rear view of

5.

Lower pharyngeal bones and

6.

Right lower pharyngeal.

7.

Outline of section of the body.

8.

Scale from the lateral

9.

Scale from above the lateral

line.

from below the lateral

line.

ward

is

teeth.

line.

body seen from above. example, probably a female.

one of the commonest of our fresh-water

all suitable localities

to

skull.

A partly grown

The Horned Dace ing in

skull.

Young example.

12. Outline of 13.

Baird.

of skull.

3.

11.

{MitcUlT).

or Creek Chub.

4.

10. Scale

11

from the Housatonic River

South Carolina, Tennessee, and Arkansas.

brooks and " spring-runs," in which streams It reaches a length of 8 to 10 inches.

it is

to

fishes,

abound-

Montana, and south-

It especially frequents

small

often the largest inhabitant.

NORTH AMERICAN FRESH-WATER

12

ESOCIDiE.

Plate

LUCIUS RETICULATUS ESOX CLATHRATUS.

1.

{Le

Sceur).

Baird.

The Common Pickerel; Eastern

Fig.

FISHES.

Pickerel.

mouth from below, showing vomerine and palatine

1.

View

2.

Scale from the rudimentary lateral

3.

Scale from above the lateral

4.

Scale from below the lateral line.

5.

Outline of section of body near the middle of the length.

6.

Outline of body seen from above.

7.

A young example.

The Pickerel

of roof of

is

found in

line.

line.

all lakes,

ponds, and quiet waters east of the

mountains, from Maine southward to Florida and Mississippi. stately,

and ruminant

bask in

its

family,

it is

broad

fish,"

extremely voracious toward the

company among the

flakes.

excellent as food,

lily pads. its

teeth.

It is a " solemn, little fishes

which

Like the other members of the Pike

white flesh breaking up,

when

cooked, into

^CYPR. Pl.l,

'$ *&.,

^

Tappan & Bradford's

A .S onrel on ston e ftom nat

HYPSOLEPIS PLARGYRUS.

Baird

litK

CYPR,

A

PI. 2.

Tappan.

Sonrel nn sTOne,

HYPSOLEPIS PACHY50MUS Baird

St.

BradTord's

lithJ"

CYPR.

PL 3.

^W

<5

3^

y

'>J oct'

11

L -'"^iTWWU!*^'--"

.

A

Tappaj^fr Bradford's

Sonrel oTiscoixe JromTviit-

CERATICHTHYS BLENNIOIDES

Baird

1

—

,

CYPR.

PL

5.

^^i

^

—'-Siki^^-'^^n'i'

>^»

A

Tap^liaa 8t BradFor^'s IkK.

Soiu-el an.sc.OTLe froTOH-at' bostovL

CHILONEMUS CEPHALUS

Baird

Ph

•t;

#

j1

rfP"*

Ff*:-

^^<

>.i^>.

-#

D; ,

CO pa