Nanotechnology

The Future of Nanotechnology Jason Montesanto February 27, 2001

Outline „

What is Nanotechnology? „ „ „ „ „

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Materials and Manufacturing Health and Medicine Energy and Environment National Security Nanoelectronics and Computing

Carbon Nanotubes National Nanotechnology Initiative Summary

What is Nanotechnology?

How important is Nanotechnology? „ „

National Nanotechnology Initiative Neal Lane, Assistant to the President for Science and Technology

Nanostructures „

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New behavior at the nanoscale is not necessarily predictable from what we know at the macroscale Dominance of interfacial phenomena „

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Van Der Waals forces, Coulombic forces

Quantum mechanics

Examples of Nanostructures „ „ „ „

Carbon Nanotubes Thin films Proteins, DNA Single electron transistors

Nano beginnings „

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Richard Feynman, 1959 Emergence of instruments in the 1980’s AFM, STM

The AFM „

Works by “dragging” a cantilever with an extremely sharp tip over a surface or sample

AFM Image „

Two DNA strands

AFM Image „

IBM written with single xenon atoms on nickel

AFM Image „

Nanolithographic techniques used to create an image on a substrate

Scanning Thermal Microscopy „

Measures thermal conductivities, or temperatures of surfaces

Scanning Thermal Microscopy „

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Temperature contrast mode Conductivity contrast mode

Impact on Manufacturing and Materials „ „ „ „

Lighter, Stronger Materials Bio-inspired materials Adaptive, or self-healing materials Manufacturing to exact shapes without machining

Health and Medicine „

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Improving ability to sequence genetic codes More effective, less expensive health care New drug formulations, delivery methods Sensors for early detection, prevention

Energy and Environment „

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Ordered mesoporous material by Mobil Oil to remove ultrafine contaminants Nanoparticle reinforced polymers to replace metals in automobiles

National Defense „ „

Chemical/biological/nuclear sensing Increased use of automation and robotics

Computing „ „

Biomimetic Modeling after biological systems „

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One gram of DNA could possibly store all the data in the Library of Congress The human brain contains 1014 interconnects and operates at 1016 ops/sec using very low power and imprecise information Human immune system is ‘self-repairing’

Computing „

Carbon nanotube transistor by IBM and Delft University

Carbon nanotubes „

CNT is a tubular form of carbon with diameters as small as 1nm, and lengths of over 130 microns

Carbon nanotubes „

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CNT’s exhibit extraordinary mechanical properties Young’s Modulus over 1 TPa Tensile strength approximately 200 GPa

CNT Thermal Properties „

Thermal Conductivity „

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Comparable to diamond

Changes with temperature and current

CNT Synthesis „

Grown by laser ablation, carbon arc process, and chemical vapor deposition

CNT Synthesis „

Chemical Vapor Deposition

CNT in microscopy „

CNT tip is strong, and offers better resolution

CNT Applications „

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CNT’s as interconnects AFM imaging NEMS Flat Panel Displays High Strength, light weight composites, cables

National Nanotechnology Initiative „

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Multi-agency initiative in nanotechnology starting in FY01 “Leading to the next industrial revolution” Information: www.nano.gov

National Nanotechnology Initiative „

$495 million dollars in funding „ „ „ „ „ „

NSF - $217M DoD - $110M DOE - $94M NASA - $20M DOC - $18M NIH - $36M

Foreign Nanotechnology Research „ „

U.S. does not dominate 1997 Government expenditures „ „ „ „

U.S. - $118M Japan - $120M Europe - $122M Others - $65M

Summary „ „

“A technological revolution” The National Nanotechnology Initiative is in place to combine the efforts of the United States in pushing Nanotechnology

QUESTIONS?