Nanocomputers

PAPER PRESENTATION ON

Prepared by : RAVIN RAINA.

Guided by : Mr DHAVAL

4th Semester COMP.

INTRODUCTION The computer has already gone through a dynamic revolution. Thirty years ago, computers were the size of a room and incredibly slow. Few people probably would have imagined supercomputers that can do over a trillion calculations per second. Today, the average person's desktop computer is more powerful than the fastest computers were 30 years ago. The only way this can continue is if a new type of computer is developed. This computer is known as a “NANOCOMPUTER”. It may one day replace the modern computer due to many economic and scientific constraints that will one day halt the modern computer’s advancement.

Nanotechnology  Nanotechnology is exciting emerging science &

technological field.

 It is all about building things atom by atom &

molecule by molecule.

 Goal of this technology is to make tiny devices

called ‘Nanomachines’.

 Manufacturing products made from an atom, the

property of those products depends on how those atoms are arranged.

Some applications of Nanocomputers * Self-assembling consumer goods  * Computers billions of times faster * Extremely novel inventions (impossible today) * Safe and affordable space travel * Medical Nano... virtual end to illness, aging, death

* Access to a superior education for every child on Earth * Reintroduction of many extinct plants and animals * Terra forming here and the Solar System

Types of Nanocomputers  Electronic Nanocomputers  Chemical & Bio-chemical Nanocomputers  Mechanical Nanocomputers  Quantum Nanocomputers

 The main difference is one of physical scale.  More and more transistors are squeezed into silicon chips with each passing year.  To further decrease the size the concept “Nanolithography” will be needed.  Nanolithography is used to create microscopic circuit as is it the art & science of etching,writing or printing at microscopic level where the dim of char are in order of nanometer.

 Chemical and biochemical computers would store and process information in terms of chemical structures and interactions.  Biochemical Nanocomputers already exist in nature that are large uncontrolled by human.  Chemical nanocomputer would proceed to a path similar to genetic – An analogy.  In general temrs chemical computer is one that process info in terms of making and breaking chemical bonds & store resulting info in terms of chemical struture.

 A nanocomputer that uses DNA (deoxyribonucleic acids) to store information and perform complex calculations.  In 1994, University of Southern California computer scientist named Leonard Adelman suggested that DNA could be used to solve complex mathematical problems.

 The goal of the problem is to find the shortest route between a number of cities, going through each city only once.  As you add more cities to the problem, the problem becomes more difficult. Adleman chose to find the shortest route between seven cities. So Adleman provide a solution for problem based on DNA computing.

Some important factors : Strands of DNA represents the cities and

molecules represent code for city.  This molecules are mixed in to the test

tube computer and out of several combination , the shortest route is found.

Drawbacks of DNA Computer  Speed is not up to the mark.  Due to the combination of four molecules

A,T,C,G several possible combinations are found very quickly but it takes days to find the perfect one.

 The most important , is that it requires “

HUMAN ASSISTANCE “ .

 Tiny Machines & computers would be assembled by the Mechanical positioning of atoms or molecular building blocks one atom or molecule at a time ,process is known as “mechanosysthesis”.  Mechanical Nanocomputers would use tiny moving components called Nanogears to encode information.  Once assembled the nano computer would operate a bit like the complex programmable version of mechanical calculator.

Drawbacks Of Mechanical Computers: The fabrication of such nano mechanical

devices requires some hand made parts .  It becomes a tedious job to move few atoms from one place to another, and it is really a difficult task to manufacture a reliable system using this technique.

 A Quantum Nanocomputer would work by storing data in the form of atomic quantum states or spin.  Single-electron memory (SEM) and quantum dots. The energy state of an electron within an atom, theoretically represent one, two, four, eight, or even 16 bits of data. The main problem with this technology is instability.  Instantaneous electron energy states are difficult to predict and even more difficult to control..

Basic terms of Quantum Computing 

Quantum – Computer

 Qubits  Teleportation  Quantum Mechanics

 Applications of Quantum

Computers  Disadvantages of Quantum

Computers

1. Quantum Encryption 2.Securing the Internet 3.Breaking ciphers 4.Statistical analysis 5.Factoring large numbers 6.Solving problems in theoretical physics

 The technology needed to build a quantum computer is currently beyond our reach.  This is due to the fact that the coherent state, fundamental to a quantum computers operation, is destroyed as soon as it is measurably affected by its environment.  Attempts at combatting this problem have had little success, but the hunt for a practical solution continues.

Some Interesting Facts  A Fantasy : Moving Individual Atom at

our will  A Promising Idea : ROD LOGIC

 Each bead is a single molecule of buckminsterfullerene (a buckyball), comprising 60 atoms of carbon linked into a football shape. The beads slide up and down a copper plate, nudged by the tip of an electron microscope.

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NANOSPACE

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CANCEL CANCER

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BIO-NANOTECHNOLOGY

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NANOMETROLOGY

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EARTH STRAIN MEASUREMENT

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AIRBORNE GRAVITY MEASUREMENT

NANOSPACE 3.

SPACE EXPLORATION

4.

SECURE SPACECRAFT LAUNCHING

5.

CONTROLLING OPERATIONS 3.1 PRESSURE CONTROL 3.2 TEMPERATURE CONTROL

4.

NANOROBOTICS 4.1 NANOROBOTS “ SWARMS “ 4.2 SMART CLOTHING 4.3 FIRE FIGHTING ROBOTS “ FOAM SWARMS “

5.

SUPER EXPLORER ( CONCEPT OF A.I. )

CANCEL CANCER 1.

CONCEPT OF ‘ ASSEMBLERS ‘ – COMPUTERIZED ATOMIC MOVEMENTS AND CONTROLLING ROBOTIC LIMBS WITH ABILITY TO REPLICATE

2.

NIE’S EXPERIMENT TO DETECT CANCER USING QUANTUM DOTS

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CANCEL CANCER V/S CHEMOTHERAPY

BIO-NANOTECHNOLOY (AN IMPLICATION FOR EFFECTIVE TISSUE ENGINNERING)

1.

NANOPHASE MATERIALS – (UNIMAGINABLE CONCEPT)

2.

TISSUE REGENERATION APPLICATIONS

3.

DEVELOPED TISSUE ENGG. MATERIALS IN VARIOUS FIELDS

NANOMETROLOGY (HIGH PRECISION MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES)

1.

NANOPOSITIONING

6.

DIFFERENTIAL CAPACITANCE MICROMETRY TECHNOLOGY

8.

PRECISION DEFORMATION MEASUREMENT # TECTONICS # MINING

12. PRECISION DISPLACEMENT MEASUREMENT # GRAVITY GRADIOMETER

EARTH STRAIN MEASUREMENT (A

NANOMETRICS INSTRUMENTATION APPLICATION)

5.

LONG MONITORING OF MINING

6.

ACCURATE STRAIN MEASUREMENTS

9.

4.

#

PIT SLOPE STABILITY

#

SUBSTINANCE

TYPES OF STRAINS #

MINING INDUCED STRAIN

#

TENSOR PLANE STRAIN

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EARTH QUAKE STRAIN

DIRECT REPORT OF CREEP & SLUMP PROCESSES

AIRBORNE GRAVITY MEASUREMENT (A

GEOPHYSICAL SCIENCE APPLICATION)

1.

DETECTION OF SMALL & LENTICULAR MINERAL OREBODIES WITHIN 300mts

2.

OBSERVING SURFACE ANOMALIES

9.

GRADIENT MEASUREMENTS

4.

ROTATING GRAVITY GRADIOMETER #

2-DEGREE OF FREEDOM GYROSCOPES

#

3-DEGREE OF FREEDOM ACCELEROMETERS

A DARK SIDE 3.

INGNITION OF INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

5.

IMPACT ON WORLD’S POPULATION

3.

SCRAMBLING OF PHYSICAL DIMENSIONS

4.

ERRORNEOUS MICROSCOPIC ARRANGEMENT

5.

INACCURACY IN MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES

“ The best way to predict the future

is to invent it.

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