Muthalalitham_matham_marxism

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Fw.Fw. AIv_¿

ap-X-em-fn-Øw- a-Xw- am¿-Iv-kn-kw-

\n®v Hm^v {SqØv

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muthalalitham madam marxism (malayalam) author: m.m. akbar first edition: july 1992 second edition: november 2002 publishers: niche of truth, kalabhavan road, kochi-18. cover page: yoonus.k.k type setting: creative media printing: screen offset, cochin-18

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Cu- tem-IØn-s\m-cp- {kjv-Sm-hp-≠v ˛ Po-h≥- \¬-Inhmbp-hpw- sh≈hpw- ku-Icy-s∏Sp-Øn- `q-an-sb Po-hn-XtbmKyam-°n-b ]caIm-cp-Wn-I\m-b {kjv-Sm-hv- ˛\mw- Chn-sS Fßs\ Po-hn-°Wsa∂pw- Cu- Po-hn-XØn-s≥-d ]cae£ywFs¥∂pw- Zq-X∑m¿- ap-tJ\ {kjvS- m-hv- \sΩ ]Tn-∏n-®p.- \ΩpsS Po-hn-XØn-s≥-d IW°v- acWtijw- \mw- {kjvS- m-hn-s≥d ap-ºn¬- t_m-[n-∏n-t°≠n-hcpw.- A∂v- ]p-Wyw- sNbv-Xh\v\∑bpw- ]m-]w- sNbv-Xh\v- Xn-∑bpw- {]Xn-^ew- In-´pw.- AXn\m¬- {kjv-Sm-hv- Xs≥-d Zq-Xcn-eq-sS \¬-In-b \n¿-tZia\p kcn-®v- Po-hn-°p-Ibm-Wv- a\p-jy-s≥-d c£m-am¿-Kw.\Ωp-sS tem-I {kjvS- m-hv- \¬-In-b \n¿-tZi kw-ln-Xbm Wv- Jp¿-B≥.- ap-lΩZv- \_n-bn-eq-sS Ah≥- B ktµiwa\p-jy¿-s°Øn-®p-sIm-Sp-Øp.- CXdn-™hcpw- Adn-bm-Ø hcpw- \ap-°n-Sbn¬- D≠v.- tem-Isc ap-gp-h≥- {kjv-Sm-hn-s≥d ktµiadn-bn-°¬- AXdn-™hcp-sS _m-[y-Xbm-Wv.- AXn \m-bn- cq-]o-Ir-Xam-b Hcp- {]kv-Ym-\am-Wv- \n-®v- Hm-^v- {SqØv.\m-Ym-...- kXy-aX ktµi {]Nm-cWØn-\p- th≠n-bp≈ hn-\o-Xam-sbm-cp- kw-cw-`am-Wn-Xv.- \o- G¬-]n-® DØchmZnØØn-s≥-d \n¿-hlWØn-\p-th≠n-bp-≈ Ffn-b {iaw.CsXm- c p- {]Xn- ^ em¿- l am- b {]h¿- Ø \am- b n kzo- I cn t°Wta (Bao≥).-

Rs: 60 UbdIv-S¿-

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XmfpIfn¬... 1. hntam-N\w-: BXv-am-hn-s≥-d hn-fn-

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2. am¿IvknkØns≥d- ]-cm-P-bw

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3. ap-X-em-fn-Ø-Øn-s≥-d- ]cmPbw

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4. "a-X'-ß-fp-sS- ]-cm-P-bw

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5. a-\p-jy-s≥-d- k-hn-ti-jm-kv-Xn-Xzw

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6. hn-tam-N-\-sa-∂m¬.......-

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7. a-\p-jy-\m-hp-I-!-

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8. tam-N-\-Øns≥-d- am¿-Kw

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H-∂vhntam-N\w-: BXv-am-hn-s≥-d hn-fn1516em-Wv- "Dt´m-]n-b'- BZy-am-bn- {]kn-≤o-Icn-°s∏´Xv.- k¿tXm-akv- aq¿- F∂ Cw-•o-jv- cm-Py-X{¥Pv-Rs≥-d kr-jv-Sn-bm-b {]kv-Xp-X t\m-h¬- "G‰hpw- \√ tIm-a¨-sh¬-Øv- cm-jv-{SsØ kw-_\v-[n-® H∂m-asØ {K\v-Yw'- F∂m-Wv- Adn-bs∏´n-cp-∂Xv.Iºn- f n- \q¬- \ q¬- ∏ n- s ≥- d hn- I m- k w- Cw- • ≠n- s e Ir- j n°fßsf ta®n¬- kv-Yeßfm-°n- am-‰p-Ibpw- I¿-jI¿- Ir-jn-`qan-bn¬-\n-∂v- B´n-tbm-Sn-°s∏Sp-∂ A-hkvY - kw-Pm-Xam-°p-IbpwsNbv-Xp.- ]m-∏cm-b I¿-jIcp-sS D]Po-h\am¿-Kw- tXSn-bp-≈ Ae™p-Xn-cn-ben-s≥-d thZ\m-P\Iam-b km-lNcy-Øn-em-Wv"Dt´m-∏n-b'-sb∂ kz-]v-\hp-am-bn- tXm-akv- aq¿- IS∂p-h∂Xv.kaXz-kp-µcam-b Hcp- tem-Isa∂ a\p-jy-[n-jWbp-sS tX´Øns≥-d km^ey-am-Wv- t\m-hen-s≥-d CXn-hr-Øw.- "Dt´m-∏n-b'-sb∂ {Ko-°p-]ZØn-s≥-d A¿-∞w- "\n-ehn-en-√m-Ø Hcp- kv-Yew'- F∂mbn-cp-∂-n-´p-t]m-epw- aq-dn-s≥-d t\m-hen¬- ]dbp-∂ co-Xn-bn-ep-≈ Hcp- {]tZiw- \n-e\n¬-°p-∂p-s≠∂v- A°m-eØv- ]ecpw- hn-izkn-®p-sh∂ hkv-Xp-X,- t\m-hen-kv-‰n-s≥-d cN\m-]m-ShsØ am{X a√,- \o-Xn-bp-IvX - am-b Hcp- tem-Isa∂ a\p-jy-s≥-d kz-]v\ - w- F{X tØm-fw- cq-Vaq-e-am-sW∂ hkv-Xp-Xsb°q-Sn- hy-Iv-Xam-°p-∂p.d^m-tb¬- ln-Xv-tem-Usb∂ k©m-cn- ]dbp-∂ bm-{Xm-hnhcWØn-s≥-d cq-]Øn-em-Wv- tXm-akv-aq¿- "Dt´m-∏n-b'-sb∂

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km¶¬-]n-IZzo-]n-s≥-d IY ]dbp-∂Xv.- Xn-∑bp-sS Ddhn-Ssa∂vaq¿- Icp-Xn-b kz-Im-cy-kz-Øv- k{ºZm-bw- Xo-scbn-s√∂Xm-WvDt´m-∏n-b≥- kaq-lØn-s≥-d khn-tijX.- km¿-∆{Xn-IkaXz-amWv- B Zzo-]n¬- \n-e\n¬-°p-∂Xv.- s]m-Xp-Im-cy\SØn-∏n-\m-bnsXcs™Sp-°s∏Sp-∂hcpw ]WvU - n-X∑m-cp-sam-gn-®v- _m-°n-sb√m]u-c∑m-cpw- ITn-\m-[zm-\w- sNøWahn-sS.- kap-Zm-bØn-se kmº Øn-Ibq-\n-‰m-b Hm-tcm- Ip-Spw-_hpw- GsX¶n-epw- Hcp- ssIsØmgn-en¬- hym]r-Xcm-Wv-.- CXp-Iq-Sm-sX H∂n-Shn-´ h¿-jßfn¬Ah¿- `q-an-bn¬- Ir-jn-bn-d°p-Ibpw- sNøp-∂p.- F√m- D¬-]∂ ßfpw- s]m-Xp-kw-`cWim-ebn¬- sIm-≠p-h∂v- cPn-kv-‰¿- sNø s∏Sp-∂p.- CXn-\p-tijw- Hm-tcm-cp-Øcp-sSbpw- Bhiy-Øn-\\pkcn-®v- Ah hn-XcWw- sNøs∏Sp-∂p.- BUw-_chpw- Zp¿-hy-bhpwCjv-Ss∏Sm-Ø Dt´m-]y≥- P\Xbp-sS \ym-bam-b Bhiy-߃\n¿-∆ln-°s∏Sm≥- Cßs\ hn-XcWw- sNøs∏Sp-∂ D¬-]∂ ߃- Xs∂ [m-cm-fam-bn-cp-∂p.hn-in-jv-Sam-b Cu- kap-Zm-bØn-s≥-d \n-e\n¬-∏n-\v- Im-cWw"Dt´m-∏kv'- cm-Pm-hv- \S∏n-em-°n-b \n-baßfm-Wv.- Cu- t\m-h¬hm-bn-® ]Xn-\m-dmw- \q-‰m-≠n-se ]ecpw- CØcsam-cp- Zzo-]v- \ne\n¬-°p-∂p-s≠∂v- hn-iz-kn-®p.- "Xßfp-sS \m-´n-\pw- Hcp- Dt´m∏kv- cm-Pm-hn-s\ In-´n-sb¶n¬'- F∂ Bi tXm-akv-aq¿- P\ßfnep-≠m-°n.- F¶n-epw- Dt´m-∏n-bm-Zzo-]v- shdpw- km-¶¬-]n-Iw- am{Xam-sW∂v- Gsd Xm-akn-bm-sX P\߃-°v- a\ n-em-bn.Hcn-°epw- bm-Ym¿-∞y-am-°m≥- Ign-bm-Ø Hcp- kpµckz-]v\Øn-s≥-d ]cym-bam-bn- "Dt´m-∏n-b'-sb∂ ]Zw- C∂pw- D]tbmKn-°s∏Sp-∂p.A{Iahpw- A\o-Xn-bp-an-√m-Ø Hcp- tem-Isa∂ a\p-jy-s≥-d ASßm-Ø B{KlØn-s≥-d Bhn-jv° - m-cam-bn-cp-∂p- aq¿- Xs≥d t\m-hen-bq-sS \n¿-∆ln-®Xv.- Cu- t\m-hen-\p-tijw- kaXz-kpµcam-b tem-IsØ°p-dn-® cN\Iƒ Ht´sdbp-≠m-bn.- CXn¬{][m-\s∏´ H∂m-Wv- tXm-at m- Iw-s]\√m-bp-sS "Z kn-‰n- Hm^vZn- k¨'- AYhm- "kq-cy-s≥-d \Kcw'.- C‰m-en-b≥- XXz-Nn-¥I\mbn-cp-∂ Iw-]\√m-bp-sS Ir-Xn- shfn-®w- I≠Xv- 1623em-bn-cp-∂p.tem-Iw- ap-gp-h≥- Np‰n-k©cn-°p-∂Xn-\n-Sbn¬- C¥ym- kap{Z

hntam-N\w-: BXv- -am-hn-s≥-d hn-fn-

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Øn¬- Is≠Øn-b X]vt- dm-_m-s\ F∂ km-¶¬-∏n-IZzo-]v- kµ¿in-°m≥- Ahkcw- e`n-® Hcp- k©m-cn-bp-sS Ip-dn-∏p-IfmWv- Cut\m-hen-s≥-d CXn-hr-Øw.X]v-tdm-_m-\Zzo-]n-em-Wv- at\m-lcam-b kq-cy-s≥-d \KcwkvYnXnsNøp-∂Xv.- Ahn-sSbp-≈h¿-°v- kz-Im-cy-kz-sØ¥msW∂v- Adn-bp-It]m-ep-an-√.- kv-t\lkº∂cpw- k¬-kz-`m-hnIfpw- kZv-hr-Øcp-am-Wv- kq-cy-\Kc\n-hm-kn-Iƒ.- `£y-]Zm¿∞߃- kp-e`w.- A[zm-\w- Hcp- ISabm-bn- Icp-Xp-∂ a\p-jy¿.F√m- sXm-gn-ep-Isfbpw- BZcn-°p-∂ kaq-lw.- kzm-`m-hn-Iam-bpw`m-cw- Ip-d™ tPm-en-Iƒ- sNøp-∂ kv-{Xo-Iƒ-t]m-epw- AhImißfp-sS Im-cy-Øn¬- Xp-ey-X A\p-`hn-°p-∂p.- F¥p-sIm-≠pwam-Xr-Im-]cam-b kaq-lw-! CØcsam-cp- kaq-lw- \n-ehn-en-√t√m-sb∂ hy-k\tØm-SpIq-Sn- Xs≥-d cN\ D]kw-lcn-°p-∂ Imw-s]\√m-bp-sS ]cntZh\Øn¬- \Ωfpw- ]¶p-tNcp-I.- a\p-jy-sc∂ \n-ebv-°vAØcsam-cp- tem-Isa∂ kz-]v-\w- \Ωp-sSsb√mw- lr-Zbßfnepw- Ip-Sn-sIm-≈p-∂p-≠t√m.- GsXm-cp- tkz-Om-[n-]Xn-bp-sSbpwBXv-am-hn-s≥-d ASn-Ø´n-se¶n-epw- Hfn-™n-cn-°p-∂,- kaq-lØnse kIecp-am-bpw- kº¿-°w- ]p-e¿-Øm-\p-≈ "lr-ZbØn-s≥-d hn-fn'- ({]tbm-KØn-\v- Imw-s]\√tbm-Sv- IS∏m-Sv)- tIƒ-°mØhcmbn- \Ωfn¬- Bsc¶n-ep-ap-tWm?'"C√'-sb∂ kXyw- \Ωsf√mw- Aw-Ko-Icn-t® aXn-bm-Iq.As√¶n¬- \Ωp-sS a\kp-Xs∂ "\o- Ifhv- ]dbp-∂p'-sh∂v- \sΩ Ip-‰s∏Sp-Øpw,- Xo¿-®! Cu- "BXv-am-hn-s≥-d hn-fn'-bm-Wv- kaXz-kp-µcam-b Hcp- temIsa∂ kz-]\ v- Øn-s≥-d km-£m-X° v- m-cØn-\p-th≠n- kz-bw- _en bm-Sp-Ifm-hm≥- Bbn-c°W°n-\v- a\p-jy¿-°v- t{]cW \¬-In bXv.- CXm-Wv- am¿-Iv-kn-s\bpw- Gw-K¬-kn-s\bpw- se\n-s\bpwF¥n-\[n-Iw,- Iøq-cn-sebpw- hbem-dn-sebpw- cIv-Xkm-£nIsft∏m-epw- kr-jv-Sn-®sX∂v- \mw- a\ n-em-°Ww.- Xßsf Xßfm-°n-b Cu- BXv-am-hn-s\ Is≠Øm≥- Ign-bm-ØXm-bncp-∂p- Ahcp-sSsb√mw- G‰hp-w- hen-b sX‰pw- Ah¿- F¥n-\p-

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th≠n- ]cn- { ian- ® p- t hm- AsX√mw- hr- Y - m - h n- e m- I p- h m- \ p- ≈ ImcWhp-sa∂p-Iq-Sn- a\ n-em-°p-tºm-tg \Ωp-sS ]T\w- ]q¿ÆXbp-sS BZy-]Sn-bn-se¶n-epw- FØn-sb∂v- ]dbm≥- Ign-bq.Ccp-]Xmw- \q-‰m-≠n-s≥-d BZy-]Ip-Xn- `u-Xn-I{]Xy-bim-kv{Xßfp-sS A`q-X]q¿-∆am-b FÆw- s]cp-Ien-\pw- hf¿-®°p-amWv- km-£yw- hln-®sX¶n-¬- Ahkm-\sØ ]Ip-Xn- Ahb-psSsb√mw- XI¿-®°pw- Xf¿-®°p-am-Wv- km-£yw- hln-®p-sIm≠n-cn-°p-∂Xv.- im-kv-{Xcw-KØpw- {]Xy-bim-kv-{XØn-\p-≠m-b Cu- KXn-]cn-Wm-aw- kw-`hn-®n-´p-s≠∂Xm-Wv- hkv-Xp-X.- "]Zm¿∞w- Xcq.....- AXn¬-\n-∂v- {]]©w- Fßs\bp-≠m-bn-sb∂vRm≥- ]d™p-Xcmw-'- F∂v- s\©p-b¿-Øn- {]Jym-]n-® sI≥-dns≥-d A\¥n-ch∑m¿- "]Zm¿-∞sØ \ap-s°m-cn-°epw- a\ nem-°m≥- Ign-bn-√'-sb∂ kn-≤m-¥Øn-\p-≈n¬- A`bw- tXSp-IbmWn-∂v.-"Pew,- cm-k]Zm¿-∞߃,- kabw- F∂n-h e`n-®m¬- a\pjys\ kr-jv-Sn-°mw'- F∂v- ]d™hcp-sS ]n≥-Km-an-Iƒ- "Hcpt{Im-tam-tkm-an-s\ ]q¿-Æam-bn- a\kn-em-°m≥-t]m-epw- a\p-jy\m-hp-∂n-√t√m'- F∂ thhem-Xn-bn-em-Wv.- `u-Xn-IØn¬- tUmIv-Std‰v- t\Sn-bh¿- Xs∂ "`u-Xn-IØn-s≥-d {]Xn-k\v-[n'- (The crisis in Physics) sb°p-dn-® \o-≠ teJ\ßsfgp-Xm-\pw- `u-XnItem-Iw- Xs∂ an-Yy-bm-sW∂ an-kv-‰n-°v-hm-ZØn-s≥-d {]t_m[I-cm-Im-\pw- Xp-Sßn-bn-cn-°p-∂p.- sF≥-kv-‰bn-\n-s≥-d Bt]£nIXm-kn-≤m-¥Øn-t\m- am-{Xm-kn-≤m-¥Øn-t\m- {]]©sØ ]q¿Æam-bn- hn-iZo-Icn-°m-\m-hn-s√∂v- im-kv-{XPv-R∑m¿- kΩXn-®pIgn-™n-cn-°p-∂p.- ]cn-Wm-ahm-ZØn-\v- Np-cp-ßn-bXv- a\p-jy-s≥d kmw-kv-°m-cn-Ihpw- [m¿-Ωn-Ihp-am-b ]p-tcm-KXn-sbsb-¶n-epwhniZo-Icn-°m≥- Ign-bn-s√∂v- C∂v- Hcp- hn[sa√m- ]cn-Wm-ahmZn-Ifpw- kΩXn-°p-∂p-s≠∂Xm-Wv- hkvX - p-X;-- Ahcn¬- ]e¿-°pwAXv- ]p-dØv- ]dbm≥- ssha\ky-ap-s≠¶n-epw.im-kv-{XZ¿-i\cw-KØp-≠m-b Cu- At[m-KXn-bpw- {]Xybimkv-{Xcw-KsØ {]Xn-k\v-[n-bpw- XΩn¬- Fßs\ _\v-[s∏Sp∂p-sh∂v- kw-ibn-°p-∂hcp-≠m-Imw.- AXn-s\°p-dn-®v- \mw- N¿® sNøm-\n-cn-°p-∂tXbp-≈q.- Ct∏mƒ- C{Xbpw- a\kn-em-°p-I:-- imkv{- XZ¿-i\Øn-s≥-d e£yw- ]Zm¿-∞sØbpw- a\p-jy-\pw- AXpw-

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XΩn-ep-≈ _\v-[sØbpw- Ip-dn-®dn-bp-Isb∂Xm-Wv.- {]Xy-bimkv-{Xw- Xs≥-d "Akw-kv-Ir-X]Zm¿-∞'-am-b a\p-jy-s\ a\knem-°m≥- im-kv-{XZ¿-i\sØbm-Wv- kao-]n-®Xv.- a\p-jy-s\¥msW∂ tNm-Zy-Øn-\v- im-kv-{Xw- C∂se sIm-Sp-Ø DØc߃Np-cp-ßn-bXv- ]cn-an-Xßsf¶n-ep-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v- im-kv{- XZm¿-i\nI∑m-cn¬- F√m-hcp-w- C--∂v- kΩXn-°p-∂p-≠v.- ]cn-an-Xam-b As√¶n¬- ]cam-_≤am-b Hcp- a\p-jy-]cn-I¬-]\bn¬- \n-∂psIm-≠v- a\p-jy-s≥-d {]iv-\߃-°v- ]cn-lm-cw- Im-Wm≥- {ian°p-tºmƒ- A_≤ßfp-≠m-hp-I kzm-`m-hn-Iam-Wt√m-; sX‰v- ASnkv-Ym-\]cam-sW∂Xp-sIm-≠v- ap-Ifn-segp-Xn-b hm-NIØn-s≥-d hm¬-°jWw- Cßs\ Xn-cp-Øn-hm-bn-t°≠n-hcp-sa∂v- tXm-∂p∂p;-- "AXn¬- kp-_≤ßfp-≠m-hm-\p-≈ km-[y-X hn-cfam-Wt√m!'`u-Xn-I{]Xy-bim-kv-{Xßfp-sS XI¿-®,- bYm¿-∞Øn¬- kzm`m-hn-Ihpw- \n¿-_\v[ - nXhp-am-b ]cn-WXn- am-{Xam-Ip-∂p.- Cu- \q‰m≠n¬- kzm-[o-\w- t\Sn-b `u-Xn-I{]Xy-bimkv-{Xßfn¬- {]YaK W\o-bam-b am¿-Iv-kn-kØn-\p-≠m-b ]X\tØmS\p-_\v-[n-®vB {]Xy-bim-kv{- XsØbpw- AXn-s≥-d {]m-tbm-Kn-Ihpw- ssk≤m¥n-Ihp-am-b D∞m-\]X\ßsfbpw- kw-_\v-[n-® H´\h[n- N¿®Iƒ- _p-≤n-Po-hn-aWv-Uew- ap-X¬- ASn-kvm-Y\h¿-§w- hscbp≈hcn¬- \S∂p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂p-≠n-∂v.- Cu- XI¿-®sb°ppdn® N¿-®Ifn¬- \n-∂v- Dcp-Øn-cn-bp-∂Xv- hy-Xy-kv-Xhpw- hn-cp-≤hpam-b A`n-{]m-bßfm-hmw.- ]s£,- ]et∏m-gpw- Ch "]X\w- F¥psIm-≠v'?'- F∂pw- "Bbn-c°W°n-\v- a\p-jy-cp-sS cIv-Xw- F¥n\p-th≠n-bh¿- kz-bw- ka¿-∏n-®p?'-sh∂p-ap-≈ tNm-Zy-߃-°vDØcw- Is≠Øm-sX AXn-s≥-d ]X\sØ°p-dn-®v- am-{Xw- hmNm-tSm-]w- \SØp-∂Xv- cm-jv-{So-b°m-cs≥-d Ihet°m-em-leß ƒ-°v- am-{Xw- tN¿-∂Xm-sW∂v- kq-Nn-∏n-°s´.Hcp- \m-WbsØ°p-dn-®v- ]Tn-°p-tºmƒ- AXn-s≥-d c≠v- hiß sfbpw- I-p-dn-®v- a\kn-em-°Wsa¶n¬- Hcp- XXz-im-kv-{XsØ°pdn-®v- ]Tn-°p-tºmƒ- AXn-s≥-d hf¿-®sbbpw- Xf¿-®sbbpwIpdn®v- a\kn-em-°¬- \n¿-_\v-[am-Wv.am¿-Iv-kn-ksa∂√,- hn-tam-N\sa∂ kz-]v-\hp-am-bn- h∂ GsXm-cp- {]Xy-bim-kv-{XØn-s≥-dbpw- D∞m-\Øn-\v- ]n-∂n¬-

ap-X-em-fn-Øw- a-Xw- am¿-Iv-kn-kw-

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t\csØ ]d™ "BXva - m-hn-s≥-d hn-fn'-bm-sW∂v- Im-Wm≥- {]bmkan-√.- kaXz-kp-µcam-b tem-Isa∂ a\p-jym-kvXn-Xz-Øn-s≥d kzm-`m-hn-Iam-b kz-]v-\Øn-s≥-d km-£m-Xv-°m-cØn-\p-th≠nsNehgn-°s∏´ kºØv- F{X?- km-lk߃- F{X?- Du¿-PwF{X?- Nn-¥n-b tNm-cbpw- Hgp-°n-b hn-b¿-∏pw- F{X?am¿-Iv-kn-\p-ap-ºv-:am¿-Iv-kn-\pw- \q-‰m-≠p-Iƒ-°v- ap-ºp-Xs∂ Cu- kz-]v-\Øn-s≥d km-£m-Xv-°m-cØn-\p-th≠n- a\p-jy-[n-jW At\z-jWam-cw-`n®n-´p-≠v.- \q-‰m-≠p-Iƒ-°v- ap-sº∂p-]d™m¬- Gsd \q-‰m-≠p-Iƒ°v- ap-ºv.......- skan-‰n-Iv- {]hm-NI∑m-cp-sS Im-ew- (ss__n-fn¬t]cp-]d™ {]hm-NI∑m¿- F∂v- hn-h£)- sXm-´p-Xs∂....- A√,AXn-\pw-ap-ºv....- a\pjykr-jv-Sn-bp-sS Bcw-`w-ap-X¬- Xs∂ CuAt\z-jWw- Bcw-`n®n-´p-≠v.- a\p-jy-s\ a\p-jy-\m-°n-bXp-Xs∂ Cu- At\z-jWam-Wt√m-.- Cu- At\z-jWØn-s≥-d IYm-cq-]amWv - tXm- a kv - a q- d n- s ≥- d bpw- tXm- a t m- Iw- s ]s\√bp- s SbpwcN\Ifn¬- \mw- Im-Wp-∂Xv.- CXv- Fßs\ {]tbm-Kh¬-°cn°m-sa∂Xn-s\°p-dn-® Nn-¥Ifpw- kn-≤m-¥ßfp-am-Wv- am¿-Iv-kns≥-dbpw- Gw-K¬-kn-s≥-dbpw- Ir-Xn-Ifn¬- \ap-°v- Z¿-in-°m-\mhp-∂sX¶n¬- AXv- {]tbm-Kh¬-°cn-°p-hm-\p-≈ {iaßfp-sS IYbm-Wv- HIv-tSm-_¿- hn-πhØn¬- apX¬-°n-tßm-´v- tIcfØnse I¿-jI kacßfn¬-hsc acn-®p-ho-Whcp-sS Hm-tcm- tNmcØp-≈n-Iƒ-°pw- ]dbm-\p-≈Xv.- Ahkm-\w,- Sn-bm-s\≥-sa≥kvIz-bdn¬- ]n-S™p-ho-W Bbn-cßfpw- "kzX{¥am-sbm-cptemIw'- F∂ a\p-jym-Xa v- m-hn-s≥-d Zm-lw- Xo¿-°p-hm-\m-Wv- {ian®v]cm-Pbs∏´Xv.]Xn-t\gmw- \q-‰m-≠n¬- "Zv- tem- Hm-^v- {^o-Uw'- F∂ ]p-kvXI Øn-eq-sS sKdmƒ-Uv- hn≥-kv-‰¨-en,- kz-Im-cy-kz-Øpw- I®hS ßfpw- Itºm-fßfp-an-√m-Ø Hcp- tem-IsØ°p-dn-® k¶¬-]wAhXcn-∏n-°p-Ibpw- AXn-\p-th≠n- "Un-t§gv-kv'- F∂ HcpkwLap-≠m-°n- AØcsam-cp- tem-IØn-s≥-d kr-jv-Sn-°p-th≠n]cn-{ian-°p-Ibpw- sNbvX - p-sh¶n-epw- B kn-≤m-¥hpw- {]tbmKhpsa√mw- shdpw- "t\ctºm-°p-Iƒ' am-{Xam-bn- Ahtijn-°p-Ibm-

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Wv- sNbvX - Xv.- kaq-lØn-se kIecpw- A[zm-\n-°p-Ibpw- s]mXpDSakv-YXm- k{ºZm-bw- \n-e\n¬-°p-Ibpw- sNøp-∂ Hcp- km-aqly- hy-hkv-Yn-Xn-bn¬- bYm¿-∞ kzm-X{¥y-hpw- kaXz-hp-ap-≠mhp-sa∂v- ]Xn-s\´mw- \q-‰m-≠n¬- Po-hn-®n-cp-∂ Po≥- safn-b¿,Xs≥d "em- sSkv-‰sa≥-dv'- F∂ {K\v-YØn-eq-sS kv-Ym-]n-°m≥{ian-®n-´p-≠v.- At±lØn-s≥-d {iahpw- shdpw- PetcJbm-bn- ]cnWan-®p-sh∂m-Wv- \ap-°v- a\ n-em-hp-∂Xv.]Xn- s \´mw- \ q- ‰ m- ≠ n- s ≥- d Ahkm- \ Øn¬- \S∂ {^©v hnπhhpw- hym-hkm-bn-Ihn-πhhhpw- km-[m-cW°m-cp-sS Po-hn X \n-ehm-csØ At[m-KXn-bn-te°m-Wv- \bn-®Xv.- Im¿-jn-IhrØn-bn-te¿-s∏´n-cp-∂hsc Ah c≠pw- ]m-∏cm-°n.- Ah¿- sXmgn¬- tXSn- \Kcßfn-te°v- {]hln-°p-∂ AhkvY - bp-≠m-bn.- ^mIv-Sdn-Ifn-epw- πm≥-dp-Ifn-epw- F√p-ap-dn-sb ]Wn-sbSp-Ø Ah¿hn-hn-[ßfm-b Nq-jW߃-°v- hn-t[bcm-bn.- sXm-gn-en-√m-bv-abpwAXn-s≥-d k¥Xn-Ifm-b Zm-cn-{Zy-hpw- ]´n-Wn-bpw- kaqlØn-emsI ]S¿-∂p-. sNdn-b Ip-´n-Iƒ-t]m-epw- Ip-d™ thX\Øn-\pth≠n- `q-K¿-`J\n-Ifn¬- ]Øpw- ]{¥≠pw- aWn°q¿- tPm-ensNøp-∂ kvY - n-Xn-kw-Pm-Xam-bn.- Hcp- `m-KØv- ap-Xem-fn-am¿- ho≠pwho-≠pw- ap-Xem-fn-am-cm-bn- am-dn-bt∏mƒ- adphiØv- ]mhs∏´h s≥d ]´n-Wn-°v- bm-sXm-cp- ]cn-lm-chp-ap-≠m-bn-√.Cu- Ahkv-Ybp-sS ap-gp-h≥- DØchm-Zn-Xz-hpw- "DZm-cap-XemfnØ'-Øn-s≥-d (liberal capitalism) Np-aen¬- Np-aØp-∂ {]hWX F{Xam-{Xw- icn-bm-sW∂v- ]cn-tim-[n-°s∏SWw.- 1776¬- {]kn≤oIcn-°s∏´ BUw- kv-an-Øn-s≥-d "tZißfp-sS kºØv'- (wealth of nations) F∂ {K\v-Yam-Wv- ap-Xem-fn-ØØn-s≥-d ASn-kv-Ym\ tcJbm- b n- Adn- b s∏Sp- ∂ Xv . - kz- I m- c y- k z- Ø v - AhIm- i w,A\¥cm-hIm-iw,- km-ºØn-I kzm-X{¥yw,- kz-X{¥Itºm-f hyhkv-Y,- bm-tYNv-On-Im-cn-Xm- kn-≤m-¥w- (laissez-faire) F∂nhbm-Wv- Im-∏n-‰en-kØn-s≥-d A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-X-Xz-߃.- C-h-bn¬G-‰h - p-a[ - n-Iw- hn-a¿-in-°s - ∏-Sp-∂X - pw- Im-∏n-‰e - n-kØ - n-s≥-d- G‰hpwhen-b {Iq-cX-b-m-bn- AhXcn-∏n-°s∏Sp-∂Xpw- bmtYNv-On-Im-cnXm- kn-≤m-¥am-Wv.- \n-bakam-[m-\w- \n-e\n¿-Øp-I,-- sshtZinIm-{IaWØn¬-\n-∂v- tZisØ c£n-°p-I,- Icm-dp-Iƒ- \S∏m-

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°p-I Xp-Sßn-b Np-aXeIfn¬- am-{Xw- HXp-ßn-\n¬-t°≠ k¿°m¿- Hcp-Im-cWhim-epw- km-ºØn-IIm-cy-ßfn¬- CSs]Sm≥]m-Sn-s√∂m-Wv- Cu- kn-≤m-¥w- \n-jv-I¿-jn-°p-∂Xv.Cu- kn-≤m-¥Øn-\p-]n-∂n-epw- a\p-jy-cp-sS ]p-tcm-KXn-sb∂ e£y-a√m-sX as‰m-∂pw- AXn-s≥-d {kjv-Sm-°ƒ-°p-≠m-bn-cp-∂psh∂v- tXm-∂p-∂n-√.- a\p-jy-\n-se kzm¿-∞Xsb D±o-]n-∏n-°p∂Xn-eq-sS kaq-lØn¬- D¬-]m-Z\w- h¿-≤n-°psa∂ hkv-Xp-X a\ n-em-°n-bhcm-bn-cp-∂p- DZm-cap-Xem-fn-ØØn-s≥-d hIv-Xm°ƒ.- kaq-lØn-se D¬-]m-Z\h¿-≤\hv- sas√ sas√sb¶n-epw]´n-Wn-sbbpw- a-‰v- {]-bm-kß - s - f-bpw-- \n-jI v- m-k\w- sNøp-sa∂h¿IW°p-Iq-´n.- Cu- hkvX - p-Xbm-Wv- BUw- kva - n-Øn-s≥-d cN\bn¬\ap-°v- Im-Wm≥- Ign-bp-∂Xv.- "\ap-°v- amw-khpw- sdm-´n-bpw- ho≠pwe`n-°p-∂Xv- Cd®n-hn¬-]\°m-cs≥-dtbm- t_°dn-°m-cs≥-dtbmhm-‰p-Im-cs≥-dtbm- alm-a\kv-IXbn¬-\n-∂√; {]Xyp-X,- AhcpsS kzm¿-∞Xbn¬\n-∂m-Wv'-- Fs∂gp-Xn-b At±lw- am¿-Iv-knt\°m-f[n-Iw- a\p-jy-s\°p-dn®v- a\knem-°n-b hy-Iv-Xn-bm-bncp-∂p-sh∂v- kΩXn-°m-Xn-cn-°m≥- Ign-bn-√.- a\p-jy-s≥-d Po-hnXØn-\m-hiy-am-b hcp-am-\kºm-Z\Øn-\v- Ahs\ kz-X{¥ambn- A\p-hZn-°Wsa∂v- BUw-kv-an-Øv- ]d™t∏mƒ- At±lwDt±in-®Xv- Aßs\ sNbv-Xm¬- Hm-tcm-cp-Øcpw- Ah\h∂v- tbmPn-® D¬-]m-Z\-tkh\{]h¿-Ø\ßfn-te¿-s∏Sp-sa∂pw- AXvAh\v- hcp-am-\hpw- a‰p-≈h¿-°v- {]tbm-P\ßfpw- e`n-°m≥- ImcWam-hp-Ibpw- AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ kaq-lØn-s≥-d kw-X-p-enXam-b ]p-tcm-KXn-°v- AXv- \n-Zm-\am-hp-Ibpw- sNøp-sa∂p-am-bncp-∂p.k¿-°m-cn-s≥-d \n-b{¥Wan-√m-Ø Itºm-fhy-hkvY - bn¬- sIm≈em-`hpw- Nq-jWhpw- \S°p-Ibn-t√sb∂ tNm-Zy-Øn-\pw- kvanØn-s≥-dbSp-Øv- DØcap-≠v.- kz-X{¥hn-]Wn-bn¬- iIv-Xam-b In-SaXv-kcw- \S°p-∂Xn-\m¬- Aan-Xhnebpw- Iq-en-bpw- Cu-Sm°m≥- Ign-bp-Ibn-s√∂pw- AXn-\m¬- D¬-]m-ZI\pw- D]t`m-Iv-Xmhn-\pw- sXm-gn-em-fn-°p-sa√mw- kzo-Im-cy-am-b Iq-en-bpw- hn-ebpw\n-e\n¬-°p-sa∂pw- At±lw- IW°p-Iq-´n.- Cu- IW°p-Iq-´epIsf√mw- ]n-g°p-sa∂pw- ap-Xem-fn-am¿- kw-LSn-°p-Ibpw- ss]im-

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Nn-Iam-b Nq-jW߃-°v- km-[m-c-W-°m-sc- hn-t[bam-°p-IbpwsNøp-∂ Ahkv-Ybn-te°v- Xs≥-d kn-≤m-¥Øn-s≥-d {]m-tbmKn-I ]cn-WXn- sNs∂Øp-sa∂pw- Zo¿-LZ¿-i\w- sNøm≥- kv-anØn-\v- Ign-™n-s√∂ Im-cy-Øn¬- \ap-°t±lsØ thWsa¶n¬Ip-‰s∏Sp-Ømw.- ]s£,- At±lØn-s≥-d kn-≤m-¥cq-]o-IcWØn\v- ]n-∂n-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂ a\p-jy-kv-t\lØn-s≥-d Aw-iw- Im-WmXn-cn-°p-∂Xv- icn-b√.a\p-jy-hn-tam-N\sa∂ BXva - m-hn-s≥-d hn-fn-°p-≈ DØcw- \¬Im-\m-bn-cp-∂p- DZm-cap-Xem-fn-ØØn-s≥-d hIv-Xm-°ƒ- {ian-®Xv.\tS kq-Nn-∏n-®Xp-t]m-se,- ap-Xem-fn-Øhy-hkv-Yn-Xn- Nqj WØn-\p-≈ D]IcWam-bn- am-dn-bt∏mƒ- AXn-s\Xn-sc i_v-Zn°m≥- klPo-hn-Ifp-am-bn- \-√- co-Xn-bn-ep≈- k-l-h¿-Øn-Ø-sa∂- a\p-jym-Xv-am-hn-s≥-d tX´w- tI´hcn¬- Nn-e¿- k∂≤cm-bn.Ahcn¬- ]ecpw- kn-≤m-¥ßfm-hn-jv° - cn-®p.- Nn-esc√mw- {]mtbmKn-Iam-bn- ]co-£n-°m≥- {ian-®p.- ]s£,- Chsb√mw- BXy-¥nIam-bn- ]cm-Pbw- am-{Xam-bn-cp-∂p.sl≥-{Sn-˛Un-˛skbn≥-dv- sska¨,- Nmƒ-kv ^u-cn-b¿,- tdm_¿-´v- Hm-sh≥,- FØn-sbsW Im-s_.....- Cßs\ t]m-Ip-∂p- am¿Iv-kn-\p-ap-ºv- ap-Xem-fn-ØsØ hn-a¿-in-°p-Ibpw- tkm-jy-en-kv‰vkz¿-Kw- kv-Ym-]n-°m-\m-bn- ]m-Sp-s]´v- ]cm-Pbs∏Sp-Ibpw- sNbvXhcp-sS ]´n-I.- CXn¬- Nn-e¿- Xßfp-sS kz-]v\ - Øn-s≥-d km£mXv-°m-cØn-\p-th≠n- F{Xbm-Wv- ]m-Sp-s]´sX∂v- Ahcp-sS ]co£W߃- ]Tn-®m-te a\ n-em-Iq.1324¬- Atacn-°≥- sFIy-\m-Sp-Ifn-se C≥-Uym-\bn¬- tdm_¿-´v- Hm-sh≥- kv-Ym-]n-® "Zv- \yq- lm¿-aWn- tIm-f\n'- Fs¥¥v{]Xo-£Ifm-Wv- DW¿-Øn-bXv?- Hm-ln-tbm-\Zn-bp-sS t]m-jI\Zn bm-b hm-_m-jn-s≥-d Icbn¬- ap-∏Xn-\m-bn-cw- G°¿- ^e`q-bnjvS `q-an-bm-bn-cp-∂p- B tIm-f\n-°p-≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv.- ]gtØm-´ßfpwh¿-°v-tjm-∏p-Ifp-ap-≈ Hcp- hen-b {]tZiw- Hm-sh≥- hn-e°vhmßn.- P\ßsf FÆq-dv- ap-X¬- Bbn-cØn-Ccp-\q-dv- hsc AwKßfp-≈ tkm-jy-en-kv-‰v- kaq-lßfm-bn- Xn-cn-®p.- 1825 sabvH∂mw- Xo-bXn- Hm-sh≥- \n¿-t±in-® {]m-Yan-Ikaq-l{]am-Ww- Zv-

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\yq- lm¿-aWn- tIm-f\n- Aw-Ko-Icn-°p-Ibpw- D¬-]m-Zt\m-]m-[nIfp-sS s]m-Xp-DSakv-YX,- the°\p-kcn-®p-≈ hn-XcWw- F∂oXXz-߃- {]tbm-KØn¬- hcp-Øp-sa∂v- {]Jym-]n-°p-Ibpw- sNbvXp.- `£Ww,- ]m¿-∏n-Sw,- hkv-{Xw,- hn-Zym-`ym-kw Xp-Sßn-b Im-cy ßfn¬- kºq¿-Æ kaXz-sa∂ kn-≤m-¥w- Aw-Ko-Icn-®-p.- in £Ifpw- ]m-cn-tXm-jn-Ißfpw- d±m-°n.- \n-ba\n¿-Ωm-Wm-[n-Im-cw,sXcs™Sp-°s∏´ Iu¨-kn-en-\m¬- `cn-°s∏Sp-∂ Akw-ªn°vG¬-]n-®p-sIm-Sp-Øp.- ]s£,- Chsbm-∂pw- Gsd \mƒ- \n-e\n∂n-√.- tIm-f\n-°IØp-≠m-bn-cp-∂ kaq-lßfn¬- On-{ZX hf¿∂p.- ]e kaq-lßfpw- ]n-cn-™p-t]m-bn.- shdpw- \m-ev- h¿-jØn\p-≈n¬,-- 1828¬- Xs≥-d kw-cw-`w- ]cm-Pbs∏´p-sh∂v- kΩXn°m≥- Hmsh≥- \n¿-_\v-[n-X\m-bn.1840¬- "thm-tbPv- C≥- C°m-dn'-sb∂ km-ap-ly- t\m-h¬- {]kn≤o- I cn- ® p- s Im- ≠ v - s]m- X p- k z- Ø pw- Bhiy- a \p- k cn- ® p- ≈ hnXcWhpw- \n-e\n¬-°p-∂ ]dp-Zo-kbm-b C°m-dn-bm-bn-te°vt]m-Iq-sh-∂v- P\ßsf Blzm-\w- sNbvX - FØn-sbsW Ims_ Hm-hs≥-dXn-t\°mƒ- A¬-]w-Iq-Sn- ]cn-lm-ky-am-b ]X\Øn-emWv- Ahkm-\w- F-Øn-t®¿-∂Xv.- At±lw- kv-Ym-]n-® "C°m-dnbm'-bn¬- B`y-¥cIelw- aq-Øv- kz-bw-Xs∂ AXn¬-\n-∂v]pdØm-°s∏Sp-∂ Ahkv-YhscsbØp-Ibp-≠m-bn.Cu- kn-≤m-¥ßfpw- {]tbm-Kßfp-sa√mw- ]cm-PbØn¬- Iemin-®p-sh∂v- \mw- a\kn-em-°p-∂tXm-sSm-∏w- Xs∂ Chbv-°p-]n∂n-epw- {]h¿-Øn-®Xv- a\p-jy-tam-N\sa∂ kz-]v-\am-bn-cp-∂psh∂v- kΩXn-t® aXn-bm-Iq.am¿-Iv-kv-:tkm-jy-en-kv-‰v- kz¿-KØn-s≥-d km-£m-Xv-°m-cØn-\p-th≠nPo-hn-Xw- Dgn-™p-sh® Xs≥-d ap≥-Km-an-Isfsb√mw- "Dt´m-]y≥tkm-jy-en-kv-‰p-Iƒ-'- F∂v- hn-fn-®p-sIm-≠m-Wv- am¿-Iv-kv- cwK {]thiw- sNbv-XXv.- kz-¥w- kap-Zm-bØn¬- au-en-Iam-b am-‰ap≠m-°p-Isb∂Xv- kz-Xz-Øn-s≥-d Ncn-{X]cam-b Zu-Xy-am-bnImWm≥- sI¬-∏p-≈ Hcp- sXm-gn-em-fn-h¿-KsØ kr-jv-Sn-°m-t\mAXn-\\p-kcn-® co-Xn-bn-ep-≈ kn-≤m-¥ßƒ- Bhn-jv-°cn-°m-

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t\m- Ign-™n-s√∂Xm-Wv- Dt´m-]y≥- tkm-jy-en-kv‰ - p-Iƒ-°v- ]‰nb ]m-fn-®Iƒ-°v- Im-cWsa∂m-Wv- am¿-Iv-kn-kv-‰v- Zm¿-i\n-I∑m-cp-sS hn-ebn-cp-ج.- {]ap-J am¿-Iv-kn-kv-‰v- Nn-¥I\m-b sjm-tfmw- sK¿am≥- Fgp-Xn- "]e Dt´m-]y-∑m-cp-sSbpw- A\p-`m-hw- sXm-gn-em-fnh¿-Kapƒ-s∏sSbp-≈ km-[m-cW P\ßtfm-Sm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂Xvt\cm-Wv.- ]s£,- Nq-jWØn-\v- hn-t[bcm-b Hcp- hn-`m-Kw- F∂ \n-ebv-°p-am-{Xsa sXm-gn-em-fn-h¿-KsØ Ah¿-°v- Im-Wm≥- Ign™p-≈q.- Ncn-{Xw- kr-jv-Sn-°p-∂ h¿-Ksa∂\n-e-bn¬- AXn-s\ Im-Wm≥- Ign-™n-√'.1 1818 sabv- A©mw- Xo-bXn- P¿-Ω\n-bn-se dn-\o-jv- {]hn-iy-bn se {Sb¿- ]´WØn-em-Wv- Im-d¬- am¿-Iv-kv- P\n-®Xv.- t_m¨,_¿-en≥- F∂o- k¿-∆Iem-im-eIfn¬-\n-∂v- At±lw- \n-baw,Ncn-{Xw,- XXz-im-kv-{Xw- Xp-Sßn-b hn-jb߃- ]Tn-®v- _n-cp-ZsaSpØp.- 1841¬- {In-kv-Xp-hn-\v- aq-∂v \q-‰m-≠p-Iƒ-°v- ap-ºv- Po-hn-®n-cp∂ {Ko- ° v - XXz- N n- ¥ I\m- b F∏n- I yq- d kn- s ≥- d `u- X n- I hmZsØ°p-dn-® KthjtWm-]\ym-kw- Xs≥-d tUm-Iv-Std‰n-\vth≠n- ka¿-∏n-®p-sIm-≠v- At±lw- Xs≥-d k¿-∆Iem-im-em- hnZym-`ym-kw- ]q¿-Øn-bm-°n.- sNdp-∏w- ap-X¬-t° hn-πhho-cy-hpwA[n-Im-ckv-Ym-\ßtfm-Sv- A\m-Zchpw- {]ISn-∏n-® am¿-Iv-kn-\vt_m¨- k¿-∆Iem-im-ebn¬- tPm-en- \n-tj[n-°s∏´p.- 1842 HIvtSm-_dn¬- "ssd\n-jv-sN ko-‰p-ßv'- F∂ {]Xn-]£ ]{XØns≥-d ap-Jy-]{Xm-[n-]cm-bn- .- hn-πhNn-¥m-KXn-Iƒ- {]Ncn-∏n-® {]kvXp-X ]{XØn-\v- Kh¨-sa≥-dv- sk≥-k¿-jn-∏v- G¿-s∏Sp-Øn.- F∂n´pw- am¿-Iv-kv- \n¿-Øp-∂n-s√∂v- I≠ k¿-°m¿,- 1843 P\p-hcnH∂n-\v- {]kv-Xp-X ]{Xw- \n-tcm-[n-°m≥- Xo-cp-am-\n-®p.- B h¿jw-Xs∂ At±lw- ]m-co-kn¬- t]m-bn,- B¿-t\mƒ-Uv- dq-jp-am-bntN¿-∂v- "tUm-bvs - N {^m≥-kv- skz-kn-jvs - N bm-l¿- _q-°¿'- F∂ Hcp- ]{Xw- Xp-Sßn-sb¶n-epw- H‰ e°w- am-{Xsa AXv- shfn-®wI≠p-≈q.- 1844 sk]v-Xw-_dn-em-Wv- At±lw- s{^Udn-Iv- Gw-K¬kp-am-bn- ]cn-Nbs∏´Xv.- AXv- am¿-Ivk - n-s≥-d hn-πhPo-hn-XØnse Hcp- hgn-Øn-cn-hm-bn-cp-∂p.- ]m-co-kn-se hn-πhIm-cn-Itfm-Sv- klI cn-®p-sIm-≠v- Ah¿- c≠p-t]cpw- Ahn-sS Ip-d®p-Im-ew- \n-∂p.- hnπ -am-bn- ]cn-N

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hØn-ep-≈ kPo-h ]¶m-fn-Øw,- Ahn-sS\n-∂v- At±lsØ \mSpISØp-∂Xn¬- Iem-in-®p.- hfsc A]ISIm-cn-bm-b hn-πhImcnsb∂ Ip-‰w- Np-aØn-s°m-≠v- 1845¬- ]m-co-kn¬-\n-∂pw- At±lw\m-Sp-ISØs∏´p.- {_k¬-kn-te°m-Wv- At±lw- t]m-bXv.- 1847¬am¿-Iv-kpw- Gw-K¬-kpw- Iayq-Wn-kv-‰v- eo-Kv- F∂ clky- kwLS \bn¬- tN¿-∂p.- AXn s≥d c≠mw- tIm¨-{Kkn-s≥-d \n¿-t±i {]Im-cam-Wv- "Iayq-Wnkv-‰v- am-\n-s^kv-t‰m'- F∂ {]kn-≤{K\vYwBZy-am-bn- {]kn-≤oIcn-°s∏´Xv.- CtX am-kw- Xs∂ ]m-co-knte °pw- Ahn-sS\n-∂v- ASp Øam-kw-Xs∂ P¿-Ω\n-bn-se sIm-tfm Wn-te°pw- At±lw- t]mbn.- sIm-tfm-Wn¬- \n-∂m-Wv,- 1843 Pq¨H∂mw- Xo-bXn- "t\m-bv- ssd\o-jv- sNko-‰p-ßv-'- F∂ Zn-\]{XØns≥-d {]kn-≤o-IcWw- Xp-Sßn-bXv.- Cu- ]{Xw- 1849 sabv- 19hsc ]p-dØp-h∂p.- At±lØn-s\Xn-sc tIm-SXn- \S]Sn-IsfSp-°phm ≥- {]Xn-hn-πhIm-cn-Iƒ- Hcp-ßn.- Ahkm-\w- At±lw- P¿-Ω\nbn ¬-\n-∂v- \m-Sv- ISØs∏´p.- Aßs\bt±lw- ]m-co-kn-te°v- t]mbn.- {^m≥-kn-se AwKo-Icn-°s∏´ `cWLS\m- ]cn-j° v- m-c \nb aßsf {]kn-U≥dpw- h≥-In-S _q¿-jzm-kn-bpw- ew-Ln-®Xn-s\Xncm-bn- 1848 Pq¨- 13\v- \S∂ {]IS\sØ t]m-eo-kv- a¿-±\ßgn®p-hn-´v- ]cm-Pbs∏Sp-Øn.- CXn-t\m-S\p-_\v-[n-®v- ]m-co-kn¬- \n∂v-\m-Sp-ISØs∏´ am¿-Iv-kv- t\sc e≠\n-te°v- t]m-bn.- AhnsS sh®m-Wv- At±lw- Xs≥-d {K\vY - ßfn-e[n-Ihpw- Fgp-Xn-bXv.- 1883 am¿-®v- 14\v- Xs≥d Nm-cp-Itkcbn¬- In-S∂p-sIm-≠v- \n-cym-X\mIp-∂Xp-hsc e≠\n-em-Wt±lw- Ign-®p-Iq-´n-bXv.\mw- am¿-Ik v- n-s≥-d Po-hn-XØn-te°v- t\m-°p-I.- A[zm-\n-°p∂ sXm-gn-em-fn-h¿-KsØ Nq-jWw- sNbv-Xv- Po-hn-®n-cp-∂ ap-Xem-fnØØn-\pw- `cWIq-SØn-\p-saXn-sc ssk≤m-¥n-Ihpw- {]m-tbmKnIhp-am-b kacw- Agn-®p-hn-´ At±lØn-\v- G¬-t°≠n-h∂ IjvS∏m-Sp-Isf{X?- Pbn-edIfpw- tIm-SXn- hcm-¥Ifpw- A-t±-lw- Ibdn-bn-dt- ß-≠n- h-∂p.-- \m-Sp-ISØepIfpw- Bt£]ich¿-jßfpwBtcm-]Wßf-pw- At±lØn\v- t\cn-tS≠n-h∂p.- Hcp- cm-jv-{Sob hn-{]hm-kn-sb∂ \n-ebn¬- hfsc t¢i]q¿-Wam-b Po-hn-Xw- \bn ®n-cp-∂ At±lhpw- Ip-Spw_hpw- Gw-K¬-kn-s≥-d BXva - m¿-∞amb km-ºØn-I klIcWan√m-bn-cp-∂p-sh¶n¬- sdm-´n- In-´m-sX ]´n

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Wn- In-St°≠ AhkvYbn-em-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v- am¿-Iv-kpw- Gw-K¬ kpw- XΩn¬- \SØn-b IØn-S]m-Sp-Iƒ- hm-bn-°p-∂ Gh¿-°pwt_m-[y-am-Ipw.- alØm-b a\pjy-kvt- \lØn-s≥-d Zo-]w- sXfnbn°m≥- am¿-Iv-kn-s\ t{]cn-∏n-® iIv-Xn-sb¥m-bn-cp-∂p?- AXv- \mw\tS kq-Nn-∏n-® "BXva - m-hn-s≥-d hn-fn'- am-{Xam-bn-cp-∂p.- As√¶n¬"\Sp-\n-h¿-∂ arKw'- am-{Xam-b a\p-jy-s\¥n-\m-Wv- Xs≥-d klPo hn-Ifp-sS Zpx-J \n-hm-cWØn-\p-th≠n- kz-¥sØXs∂ _enbmSm-°p-∂Xv?- BXv-am-hn-s≥-d Cu- hn-fn- tI´- am¿-Iv-kn-\v- Bcm-WvX∂n-se a\p-jy-s\ DW¿-Øn-bsX∂v- a\kn-em-bns√∂Xm-WvAt±lØn-\v- ]‰n-b G‰hpw- hen-b sX‰v.se-\n≥-:"th≠{X \o-fap≈ Xp-em-b{¥hpw- AXv- Xm-ßphm≥- Hcp- Ip‰nbpw- F\n-°p-X∂m¬- Rm≥- `q-an-sbXs∂ FSp-Øp-b¿-Ømw'F∂v- ]d™ B¿-°an-Uo-kn-s\ A\p-Icn-®p-sIm-≠v- "hn-πhØn\m-bn- Po-hn-Xw Dgn-™p-sh®hcpw- sk≥-{S¬- IΩn-‰n-bp-sS I¬]\Iƒ-°v- ]q¿-Æ hn-t[bXz-hpw- ]´m-f®n-´bp-≈hcpw- ASßnb Hcp- ]m¿-´n-bp-s≠¶n¬- djy-sb Io-gv-ta¬- adn-°m≥- F\n-°v- Ign bpw'- F∂p-]d™ se\n-\m-Wv- Iayq-Wn-kv‰ - v- am-\n-s^kvt- ‰m-bpsS cN\°v- Fgp-]Xv- h¿-j߃-°p-tijw- am¿-Iv-kn-s≥-d kz-]v-\wkm-£m-Xv-°cn-°p-hm-\p-≈ {]m-tbm-Kn-I]cn-]m-Sn-bp-sS {]Ya]Snsb∂v- hn-tijn-∏n-°s∏´ HIv-tSm-_¿- hn-πhØn-\v- ISn-™m¨]n-Sn-®Xv.- F≥.- se\n≥- F∂Xv- 1870¬- thmƒ-Km- \Zo-Xo-cØp≈ knw-{_n-kv-In¬- P\n-® hv-fm-Zn-ao¿- C√n-®v- D¬-bm-t\m-hv(Vladmir Ilyich Ulyanov) F∂ sNdp-∏°m-cs≥-d Xq-en-Im- \m-aambn-cp-∂p.- ]n-∂o-SXv- tem-IØn-se BZy-sØ tkm-jy-en-kv-‰v- cmjv-{SØn-s≥-d \m-bIs≥-d t]-cm-b-n-Øo¿-∂p.- hn-Zym¿-∞n-bm-bn-cn°p-tºmƒ- Xs∂ am¿-Iv-kn-kv-‰v- kn-≤m-¥Øn¬- BIr-jv-S\mb At±lØn-\v- A°m-cWØm¬- Xs∂ bq-Wn-thgv-kn-‰n-bn¬-\n∂v- _ln-jv-Ir-X\m-tI≠n-h∂p.- ss{]h‰m-bn- ]Tn-®v- \n-ba_ncp-Zw- t\Sn-sbSp-Ø At±lw- Xs≥-d bp-hXzw- ap-gp-h≥,- GItZiwCcp-]Øn-b©v- h¿-jtØm-fw- Im-ew- djy≥- km-{am-Py-Øn-s≥-d hn-hn-[ `m-Kßfn-epw- P¿-Ω\n,- kzn-‰vk - ¿-em≥-Uv,- Bkv{- Sn-b,- {^m≥-

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kv,- Cw-•≠v,- kzo-U≥,- -^n≥-em≥-Uv- F∂o- cm-Py-ßfn-epw- ]ckyam-bpw- clky-am-bpw- k©cn-®p-sIm-≠v- hn-πhm-ibw- {]Ncn-∏n°m-\pw- A\p-bm-bn-Isf kw-LSn-∏n-°m-\pw- {ian-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°m\m-Wv- sNehgn-®Xv.- am¿-Iv-kn-kv-‰v- Bibßfp-sS {]tbm-KØn\p-th≠n- kw-LSn-∏n-°s∏´ "tkm-jy¬- sUtam-{Im-‰n-Iv- ]m¿´n'- 1903¬- c≠m-bn- ]n-f¿-∂t∏mƒ- (t_mƒ-tjm-hn-Iv,- sa≥-jhnIv)- t_mƒ-jhn-Iv- ]m¿-´n- se\n-s≥-d t\Xr-Xz-Øn-\p-Io-gn¬- h∂p.]m-¿-´n-bp-sS D∂Xio¿-jcm-b t\Xm-°∑m¿- ]ecpw- \m-SpISØs∏´v- hn-tZiØv- Ign-bp-tºm-gm-Wv- H∂mw-tem-Ialm-bp≤Øn-s≥-d adhn¬- djy≥- N{Ih¿-Øn-bm-bn-cp-∂ k¿- \n-t°mfm-kv- c≠m-a≥- kv-Ym-\{`jv-S\m-°s∏´Xv.- Hcp- dn-∏ªn-°m-bn{]Jym-]n-°s∏´ djy-bn¬- em-thm^n-s≥-d t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬- HcpXm¬-°m-en-I k¿-°m¿- `cWtas‰Sp-°p-Ibpw- P¿-Ω\n-s°Xnscbp-≈ bp-≤w- Xp-Scp-Ibpw- sNbv-Xp.- 1917 Pq-sse am-kØn¬Cu- Kh¨-sa≥-dv- cm-Pn- sh®Xn-s\ Xp-S¿-∂v,- AeIvk - m-≠¿- Ic≥kv-In-bp-sS t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬- as‰m-cp- Kh¨-sa≥-dv djy-bp-sS `cW®p-aXetbs‰Sp-Øp.- X߃-s°Xn-sc bp-≤w- sNøp-∂ djybn-se `cWIq-SsØ XI¿-°p-Isb∂ e£y-tØm-Sp-Iq-Sn,- kzn‰v-k¿-e≠n¬- Ign-™n-cp-∂ se\n-s\ P¿Ω\n- kz-tZitØ°vXn-cn-°m≥- klm-bn-®p.- Aßs\ 1917 \hw-_¿- Bdmw-Xo-bXncm-{Xn Hcp- ssk\n-I hn-πhØn-eq-sS se\n≥- djy-bp-sS An-Im cw- ]n-Sn-s®Sp-Øp.- tem-IØn-se BZy-sØ Iayq-Wn-kv-‰v- cm-jv{Ssa∂v- hn-fn-°s∏´ djy-bp-sS \m-aw "bq-\n-b≥- Hm-^v- tkm-hnb‰v- tkm-jy-en-kv-‰v- dn-∏ªn-Iv'- F∂m-°n-bXv- 1922em-Wv.se\n-s\ Cu- {]h¿-Ø\߃-°v- t{]cn-∏n-® kw-KXn-sb¥mbn-cp-∂p?- km¿- `cWIq-SØn-s≥-d sIm-≈cp-Xm-bv-aIfn¬-\n-∂pwcm- P ysØ c£n- ° p- I sb∂Xm- b n- c p- ∂ nt√ At±lØn- s ≥- d e£yw?- ]m-hs∏´ sXm-gn-em-fn-Isf ho¿-∏p-ap-´n-®v- ]Wn-sbSp-∏n°p-Ibpw- B hn-b¿-∏p-Ifn¬-\n-∂v- am-fn-IIƒ- ]Wn-bp-Ibpw- sNbvXn-cp-∂ P∑n-Xz-Øn-\pw- ap-Xem-fn-ØØn-\p-saXn-sc iIv-Xam-bnB™Sn-°p-Ibm-bn-cp-∂p- se\n-≥- sN-bv-X-Xv-.- Cu- e£y-Øn-\pap-∂n¬- I≠ {]Xn-_\v-[ßtfm-Sv- A-t±-lw- {Iq-cam-bn- {]Xn-Icn®p-sh∂Xv- kXy-am-Wv.- AXv- am¿-Iv-kn-kv-‰v- XXz-im-kv-{Xw- {]tbm-

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Kn-°p-tºmƒ- A\n-hm-cy-am-bn-cp-∂p-Xm-\pw.- a\p-jy-tam-N\Øn-s≥d a{¥ßfq-Xp-∂,- Xm≥- I≠ GIXXz-im-kv-{Xw- At±lsØ ]Tn∏n-®Xv- "e£yw- am¿-KsØ \ym-bo-Icn-°p-∂p'-sh∂m-bn-cp-∂p.AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ tam-N\sa∂ e£y-Øn-\v- At±lw- D]tbmKn-® am¿-Kßsf√mw-˛AsX{XXs∂ {Iq-cam-bn-cp-∂p-sh¶n-epw-˛ {]Xy-bim-kv-{XØn-s≥-d Zr-jv-Sn-bn¬- ]cn-]m-h\ßfm-bn-cp-∂p.-A[n-Im-cØn¬-\n-s∂m-gn-™v- Bbm-kØn-em-bn-cp-∂ \n-t°m-fmkv- c≠m-as\bpw- Ip-Spw-_sØbpw- {Iq-cam-bn- sIm-e sNbv-X se\n≥,- Ahcp-sS ar-Xico-c߃- kv-sh¿-Uv-tem-hv-kv-In-\v- kao]w- sIm-≠p-h∂v- sh´n- hn-Ir-Xam-°n- kƒ-^yq-cn-Iv- Bkn-UpwHgn-®v- Ip-gn-®p-aq-Sp-Ibm-Wp-≠m-bsX∂v- "•m-kv-t\m-kv-‰n'-\p-tijw\S∂ KthjW߃- hy-Iv-Xam-°n-bn-cn-°p-∂p.-1 \Ωp-sS `mjbn¬- {Iq-cXsb∂v- hn-fn-°m-hp-∂ Cu- sNbv-Xn-Isf√mw- Xs∂ am¿-Iv-kn-b≥- hn-tam-N\ XXz-im-kv-{XØn-\p-ap-∂n¬- "tam-£'-Ønte°p-≈ am¿-Kßfm-bn-cp-∂p.- 1918se djy≥- tkm-hn-b‰v- tIm¨{Kkn-\v- ap-∂n¬- ka¿-∏n-°s∏´ dn-t∏m¿-´n¬- se\n≥- ]d™XpwAXp-Xs∂bm-bn-cp-∂p.- "A{Iaw- Iq-Sm-sX h¿-KkacØn-s≥-d Hscm-‰ {]iv-\w-t]m-epw- Ncn-{XØn¬- ]cn-lcn-°s∏´n-´n-√'.tKm¿-_-t®-hv-:Iq-Sp-X¬- cIv-Xw- sNm-cn-bm-sX am¿-Iv-kn-s\ {]Xn-jvTn-°m≥Ign-™ djy-bn¬,- A[n-Iw- tNm-c Nn-¥m-sX Xs∂ am¿-Iv-kns\ \n-jv-Im-k\w- sNøm-\pw- km-[n-®p-sh∂Xv- Ncn-{XØn-s≥-d Xam-ibm-bn-cn-°mw.- D¬-]m-Z\hn-XcWßfp-am-bn- bm-sXm-cp- _\v[hp-an-√m-Xn-cp-∂ djy≥- I¿-jIcp-sSbpw- H∂p- \n-h¿-∂p-\n-∂viz-kn-°m≥- sIm-Xn-® km-[m-cW°m-cp-sSbpw- \n-izm-k߃a\kn-em-°n- "•m-kv-t\m-kv-‰n'-eq-sSbpw- "s]kvv-t{Sm-bn-°'-bn-eqsSbpw- Ah¿-°v- kzm-X{¥y-Øn-s≥-d a[p-cw- a\kn-em-°n-s°mSp-Ø tKm¿-_t®hn-s≥-d km-lkØn-epw- \ap-°v- Im-Wm≥-- Ignbp∂Xv- hn-tam-N\Øn-\p-th≠n-bp-≈ a\p-jym-Xva - m-hn-s≥-d Zm-la√msX as‰¥m-Wv?- tKm¿-_n-bp-sS ]n≥-Km-an-Iƒ- ap-Xem-fn-ØØns≥-d Ccp-≠ CS\m-gn-II-fn-eq-sSbm-Wv- djy≥- P\Xsb \bn1. Moscow News 16/1989.

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°p∂-sX-¶n¬- Ah¿- XSn-°p-sa∂Xv- icn-bm-bn-cn-°mw.- ]s£,AhcpsS ico-chpw- a\kpw- B CS\m-gn-IIfn-se Icn-]n-Sn-®vIdp-°pw.- ]n-s∂ B ]m-Sp-Iƒ- am-‰m≥- Hcp-]s£,- as‰m-cp- am¿-Iv kv- cw-K{]thiw- sNtø≠n-ht∂°mw.am¿-Iv-kpw- Gw-K¬-kpw- se\n-\pw- am-thm-bpw- Im-kv-t{Sm-bpsa √mw- a\p-jy-tam-N\Øn-\p-th≠n-bm-Wv- ]cn-{ian-®sX¶n¬- tKm¿_t®hpw- sb¬-Xv-kn-\pw- seI-v-htekbp-sa√mw- {ian-®Xpw- a\pjy-tam-N\Øn-\p-th≠n-bm-Wv.- Iayq-Wn-kØn-\p-th≠n- tNm-c sIm-Sp-Ø Bbn-cßfp-sS e£yw- hn-tam-N\am-bn-cp-∂p-sh¶n¬Iayq-Wn-ksØ sI´p-sI´n-°p-hm-\m-bn- cIvX - w- Nn-¥n-bhcp-sSbpwe£yw- hn-tam-N\w- Xs∂bm-bn-cp-∂p.- c≠p-Iq-´cpw- kz-]v-\wI≠Xv- kzm-X{¥y-Øn-epw- kaXz-Øn-ep-a[n-jv-Tn-Xam-b Hcp- hyh kv-Yn-Xn-bm-bn-cp-∂p.- Xßfp-sS tNm-c Nn-¥n-bpw- klPo-hn-Isf c£n-°Wsa∂ a\p-jym-Xv-am-hn-s≥-d hn-fn-bm-Wh¿- tI´Xv.]sØm≥-]Xmw- \q-‰m-≠n-s≥-d HSp-°Øn-epw- Ccp-]Xmw- \q‰m≠n-s≥-d Xp-S°Øn-ep-am-bn- \S∂ am-\htam-N\ kw-cw-`ßsf GItZiam-bn- \mw- ]cnNbs∏´p-Ign-™p.- Ccp-]Xmw- \q-‰m-≠n s≥d HSp-°Øn¬- \S∂ "{]Xy-bim-kv{- X'-sØ XI¿-Øp-sIm≠p≈ am-\htam-N\ kw-cw-`ßfn-tes°m-∂v- ItÆm-Sn-®p-t\m-°q.....Sn-bm-s\sa≥- kv-Iz-b¿:1989 Pq¨- 4˛ A`n-{]m-b kzm-X{¥yw- A\p-hZn-°Wsa∂ Bhiy-hp-am-bn- ssN\bn-se e£°W°n-\v- hn-Zym¿-∞n-IƒSnbm-s\≥-sa≥- kv-Iz-bdn¬- XSn-®p-Iq-Sn.- Hcp- Xp-≠v- P\m-[n-]XyØn-\p-th≠n- tIWp-sIm-≠v- kXy-{Klw- \SØn-b Ah¿-°pt\sc sUßv- kn-bm-thm-s]ßn-s≥-d \n¿-t±i{]Im-cw- ]´m-fwshSn-bp-≠h¿-jw- Xs∂ \SØn.- Bbn-c°W°n-\v- hn-Zym¿-∞n Iƒ- ]n-S™p-ho-Wv- acn-®p.- Sn-bm-s\≥-sa≥- kv-Iz-bdn¬- XSn-®p IqSn-bXv- kn.-sF.-Fbp-sS HØm-itbm-Sp-Iq-Sn- GXm-\pw- {]Xn-hnπhIm-cn-Ifm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂ IayqWn-kv-‰v- hn-iZo-IcWw- lr-Zbap≈h¿s°m-∂pw- Zln-®n-´n-√.- kn.- ANyp-Xtat\m≥-t]m-epw- FgpXn"C∂sØ kacw- Atacn-°≥- Nm-ckw-LS\Ifp-sS t{]cWbn¬D≠m-bn-´p-≈Xm-sW∂v- Nn-e¿- ]dbp-∂p.- F\n-°Xv- hn-iz-kn-°m≥-

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Ign-bp-∂n-√......- A`n-{]m-b߃- Xp-d∂p-]dbm-\pw- AXn-\pth≠nkw-LSn-Xam-bn- {]IS\w- \SØm-\p-w- a‰p-ap-≈ kzm-X{¥y-Øns≥-d Im-cyw.- AXm-Wv- hn-Zym¿-∞n-Iƒ- C∂m-hiy-s∏Sp-∂Xv'.-1 AsX,- kzm-X{¥y-sa∂ a\p-jym-Xv-am-hn-s≥-d Zm-lw- Xo¿-°m\m-Wv- ssN\bn¬- ]n-S™p-ho-W hn-Zym¿-∞n-Iƒ- Ahcp-sS cIvXwsIm-Sp-ØXv.- ASn-aØØn-s\Xn-scbp-≈ B alm-kacsØ ASn®a¿-Øm≥- ssN\o-kv- Kh¨-sa≥-dn-\v- X¬-°m-ew- Ign-™n-´ps≠∂Xv- icn-Xs∂! ]s£,- kz-X{¥am-b Akv-Xn-Xz-tØm-SpwBXv-am-thm-Spw-Iq-Sn- ]n-d∂p-ho-gp-∂ a\p-jy-s≥-d Im-en-\pw- Iøn\pw- \m-°n-\pw- Nßebn-Sm≥- {ian-°p-∂ Hcp- XXz-im-kv-{XØn\pw- \n-e\n¬-°m-\m-hn-√.- kz-¥w- tNm-csIm-s≠¶n-epw- B Nße a\p-jy¿- s]m-´n-°pw.- As√¶n¬- ]cn-Wm-aØn-s≥-d hn-]coXN{IsØ (reverse cycle) DtØPn-∏n-°m-\p-≈ h√ sSIv-t\m-fPnbpw- `u-Xn-Ihm-ZØn-s≥-d KthjWim-ebn¬- Bhn-jv-°cn®vAXv- a\p-jy-\n¬- {]tbm-Kn-®v- Ahs\ Bƒ-°p-ctßm,- Hdm-ßvH´m-tßm- B°n- am-t‰≠n-hcpw.- F¶n¬- Ahs≥-d BXv-am-hv- \jvSs∏Sp-Ibpw- ASn-aØw- Ahs≥-d Akv-Xn-Xz-Øn-s≥-d A\n-hmcy-Xbm-bn- am-dp-Ibpw- sNøpw.- A√m-sX,- a\p-jy-\m-bn- \n-esIm≈p-hm≥- A\p-hZn-®p-sIm-≠v- Ahs\s°m-≠v- ]m-cXz-¥y-Øn-s≥d \p-Iw- t]dn-°m-sa∂v- Icp-Xp-∂Xv- XXz-im-kv-{Xam-bm-epw- hy-IvXn-bm-bm-epw- Ah¿- I\Ø Xn-cn-®Sn-Xs∂ t\cn-tS≠n-hcpw,Xo¿®.In-g-°≥- bq-td-]y≥- c-m-Py-߃1989 \hw-_¿- 17˛1946se sXcs™Sp-∏n¬- ap-∏sØ´v- iXam\w2 am-{Xw- thm-´p-Iƒ- t\Sn- A[n-Im-cØn-seØn-b sNt°m-kv-emhmIy≥- Iayq-Wn-kv-‰v- ]m¿-´n-s°Xn-sc,- \m-ev- ]Xn-‰m-≠p-Im-esØ ASn-aØw- kln-® P\ßfp-sS iIvX - am-b {]Xn-tj[am-Wv- {]mKn 1- am-Xr-`q-an- Bgv-N∏Xn-∏v- 1˛7˛1989.2.- sNt°m-kv-em-hm-Iy-bn¬- Ahkm-\am-bn- sXcs™Sp-∏v- \S∂Xv- 1946em-bn-cp-∂p.B sXcs™Sp-∏n¬- B¿-°pw- `q-cn-]£an-√m-bn-cp-∂p-sh¶n-epw- G‰hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬thm-´v- t\Sn-bXv- (38 %)- Iayq-Wn-kv-‰v- ]m¿-´n-bm-Wv.- Xp-S¿-∂v- Iq-´p-I£n- Kh¨sa ≥-dp-≠m-bn.- ]s£,- Xßfp-sS `cW]¶m-fn-Ifp-am-bn- Iq-Sp-X¬-Im-ew- tbm-Pn-®p t]m-Im≥- Iayq-Wn-kv-‰p-Iƒ-°v- Ign-™n-√.- 1948 Bbt∏m-tg°pw- Xn-I®pw- GIm[n]Xy-ambn- Iayq-Wn-kv-‰p-Iƒ- `cWw- ]n-Sn-s®Sp-Øp.-

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se sh≥-kn-ekvv- kv-Iz-bdn¬- tem-Iw- I≠Xv.- {]Xn-Iq-eam-b Imem-hkvv-Ysb hIsh°m-sX kv-Iz-bdn¬- XºSn-® ]Xn-\m-bn c߃-°p-ap-ºn¬- an-tem-kv- tP°vk - n-s≥-d t\Xr-Xz-Øn-ep-≈ Iayq Wn-kv‰ - v- `cWIq-Sw- ap-´p-aS°p-IXs∂ sNbvX - p.- \o-≠ \m¬-]Ønaq-∂v- h¿-j߃-°p-tijw,- 1990 Pq¨- 8,- 9 Xo-bXn-Ifn¬- \S∂ sNt°m-kv-em-hm-Iy-bn-se sXcs™Sp-∏n¬- Ahn-SsØ Iayq-Wn kv-‰v- ]m¿-´n-bp-sS A[n-Im-c°p-ØI XI¿-∂p.1989 Un-kw-_¿- 25, dp-ta\n-b≥- {]kn-U≥-dv- \n-t°m-fm-kvsNsjkv-Iyp-hpw- ]Xv-\n-bpw- h[n-°s∏´p.- \o-≠ Ccp-]Øn-\mevh¿-jsØ Iayq-Wn-kv-‰v- GIm-[n-]Xy-`cWØn-\v- Aßs\ Xnc »o-e ho-Wp.- ap-ºp-≠m-b 1977se J\n- sXm-gn-em-fn-Ifp-sS ]Wnap-S°n-s\bpw- '-87se {_tkm-bn- Iem-]sØbpw- ASn-®a¿-Ønb At±lw,- _p-°m-dkv-‰n-se Xs≥-d sIm-´m-cØn-\v- ap-∂n¬- kzmX {¥y-Øn-\p-th≠n- Hcp-an-®p-Iq-Sn-b P\e£ßfp-sS Iem]sØ bpw- ASn-®a¿-Øm≥- {ian-®p-t\m-°n.- ]m¿-´n-°pw- {]kn-U≥-dn-\psa Xn-sc AXyp-®Øn¬- ap-{Zm-hm-Iyw- ap-g°n-s°m-≠v- ap-t∂dn-b a\p jy- almkap-{ZØn-\v- t\sc shSn-sh°m≥- Fen-\m-sNjkv-Iyp]´m-ftØm-Sv- BPv-Rm-]n-®p.- F¨-]Xn-\m-bn-cw- a\p-jy-a°ƒ_p°m-dkv-‰n-se sIm-´m-cØn-\v- ap-ºn¬- acn-®p-ho-Wp.- ]n≥-am-dmsX kacw- sNbv-Xv- ap-t∂dn-b P\e£ßƒ-°v- ap-∂n¬- ]´m-f Øn-\v- ASn-bdhv- ]dtb≠n-h∂p.- ssk\yw- tXm-°v- Xn-cn-®p-]n-Sn®p.- sNjkvI - yq-hn-s\bpw- `m-cy-sbbpw- ]n-Sn-®p-sI´n- sIm-´m-cØn\vXo- sIm-fp-Øp-Ibm-Wv- P\w- sNbv-XXv.- \m¬-]Øn-aq-∂v- h¿j sØ Iayq-Wn-kv-‰v- In-cm-X `cWØn-\v- ih°p-gn- ]Wn-bm≥- dpta \n-b°v- \¬-tI≠n-h∂Xv- F¨-]Xn-\m-bn-cw- a\p-jy-Po-h\m-Wv.1990 am¿-®v- 25, \m-ec Zim-_v-Z°m-ew- \o-≠p-\n-∂ Iayq-Wn-kv ‰v- GII£n-`cWam-cw-`n-® tijw- BZy-am-bn- lw-Kdn-bn¬sXcs™Sp-∏v- \S∂p.- Cu- sXcs™Sp-∏n¬- Xn-I™ Iayq-Wnkv-‰v- hn-cp-≤\m-b tPm-k^v- A\t‰m-fn-s≥-d t\Xr-Xz-Øn-ep-≈ "I¨-k¿-th‰o-hv- sUtam-{Im-‰n-Iv- t^m-dw- (kn.-Un.-F^v)'- 386¬165 ko-‰p-Iƒ- t\Sn-s°m-≠v- A[n-Im-cØn-tedn.- Iayq-Wn-kv-‰vkwLS\bm-b "lw-tKdn-b≥- tkm-jy-en-kv-‰v- ]m¿-´n'-°v- shdpw33 ko-‰p-Iƒ- t\Sn- \m-emw- kvY - m-\sØØm-t\ Ign-™p-≈q.- lwK

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dn-bn-epw- Iayq-Wn-kv-‰p-Im¿- `cWcw-KtØ°p-b¿-∂Xv- Hcp- NXn{]tbm-KØn-eq-sSbm-bn-cp-∂p.- tkm-hn-b‰v- ssk\n-Ikm-∂n-≤yhpwIayq-Wn-kv-‰v- ]m¿-´n-bp-sS ISp-Ø \n-b{¥Whp-sa√m-ap-≠m-bn-´pw1947¬- \S∂ sXcs™Sp-∏n¬- lw-Kdn-b≥- Iayq-Wn-kv-‰v- ]m¿-´n °v- hy-Iv-Xam-b `q-cn-]£w- Ickv-Yam-°m≥- Ign-™n-√.- ]s£,tkm-hn-b‰v-ssk\y-Øn-s≥-d Dcp-°p-ap-jvSn-bp-sS klm-btØm-SpIq-Sn- Iayq-Wn-kv-‰p-Im¿- `cWcw-Kw- ssI°em-°n.- CXn-\p-tijw1956¬- lw-Kdn-bn¬- P\m-[n-]Xy-Øn-\p-th≠n- ap-t∂‰w- \S∂psh¶n-epw- AXv- Zb\o-bam-bn- ASn-®a¿-Øs∏´p.- Iayq-Wn-kv-‰v]m¿-´n-bp-sS H∂mw- sk{I´dn-bm-bn-cp-∂ aØn-bm-kv- dtIm-kn-bpsS GIm-[n-]Xy-]cam-b {]h¿-Ø\߃-s°Xn-sc _p-Um-s]kv ‰n-se sXcp-ho-Yn-Ifn¬- ap-{Zm-hm-Iy-ßfp-b¿-∂p.- kv-Ym-\{`jv-S\m°s∏´ ap≥- {][m-\a{¥n- Cavs - c \m-Kn- Hcn-°¬-Iq-Sn- {][m-\a{¥nbm-bn- kv-Ym-\tas‰Sp-°p-Ibpw- P\Io-bhn-Im-capƒ-s°m-≠p-sIm ≠v- ]cn-jv° - cW{]h¿-Ø\߃- \SØm≥- Xødm-hp-Ibpw- sNbvXp.- A∂sØ ap-t∂‰Øn-\v- adp-]Sn- ]dbm-s\Øn-bXv,- tkm-hnb‰v- Iq-en-]´m-fhpw- Bbp-[ßfp-am-bn-cp-∂p.- Bbn-c°W°n\vlw-Kdn-°m¿- tkm-hn-b‰v- ssk\y-Øn-s≥-d Xo- Xp-∏p-∂ tXm-°pI ƒ-°v- ap-∂n¬- Po-h≥- shSn-™p.- c≠p-e£tØm-fam-fp-Iƒ- kzcmPy-ap-t]£n-®v- ]m-em-b\w- sNbv-Xp.- {][m-\a{¥n- Cw-sd \m-Knh[in-£°v- hn-[n-°s∏´p.- B ASn-®a¿-Øen-\v- Im¬-\q-‰m-≠vXn-Ibp-∂Xn-\p-ap-ºv,- 1983 sabv- am-kØn-em-Wv- lw-Kdn-sb sXcs™Sp-∏n-te°v- \bn-® kw-`hhn-Im-k߃- Actßdn-bXv._p-Um-s]kv-‰n-se sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ- Ccp-ºp-Np-‰n-Ibp-am-bn- sXcphn-te°n-dßn.- Iayq-Wn-kv-‰v- t\Xm-°fp-sS {]Xn-aIƒ- X√n-bpS®pw- Np-h∂ \£{X߃- X√n-ØI¿-Øpw- Xßsf ]m-cX{¥yØn¬- Xf® {]Xy-bim-kv{- XtØm-Sp-≈ Aa¿-jw- Ah¿- {]ISam °n.- Pt\m-kv-Im-Z¿- F∂ Iayq-Wn-kv-‰v- GIm-[n-]Xn-bp-sS \n-jvIm-k\am-Wv- ]p-Xn-b sXcs™Sp-∏v- A\n-hm-cy-am-°n-bXpw- AXneq-sS am¿-Iv-kn-kØn-s≥-d acWØn-\v- \n-Zm-\am-bXpw.1990 HIvtSm-_¿- aq-∂v-˛\m-ec ]Xn-‰m-≠p-Im-ew- hn-`Pn-°s∏´p\n-∂n-cp-∂ In-g°≥- P¿-Ω\n-bpw- ]Sn-™m-d≥- P¿-Ω\n-bpwHutZym-Kn-Iam-bn- sFIy-s∏´p.- c≠mw- tem-Ialm-bp-≤Øn-s≥d

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kzm-`m-hn-I_en-bm-Sm-b P¿-Ω\n-sb ]¶n-s´Sp-°p-hm-\m-Wv- kJyI£n-Iƒ- BZyw- Xo-cp-am-\n-®Xv.- CXp-{]Im-cw- Atacn-°,- {_n´≥,{^m≥-kv,- djy- F∂o- cm-Py-߃- P¿-Ω\n-bp-sS Hm-tcm- {]tZiß fp-sS `cWtas‰Sp-Øp.- djy-bp-sS ssIhiap-≠m-bn-cp-∂ P¿-a\nbn¬- Iayq-Wn-kw- \S∏m-°m≥- Xo-cp-am-\n-°s∏´ km-lNcy-Ønem-Wv- a‰v- aq-∂v- I£n-Ifpw- Iq-Sn-t®¿-∂v- Xßfp-sS A[n-\n-thi {]tZi߃- Iq-´n-t®¿-Øv- Hcp- P\m-[n-]Xy- P¿-Ω\n-bp-≠m-°phm≥- Xo-cp-am-\n-®Xv.- 1949 sabv- am-kØn¬- "s^Ud¬- dn-∏ªn-IvHm-^v- P¿-Ω\n'- \n-ehn¬-h∂p.- In-g°≥- P¿-Ω\n-bn¬- "tkm-jyen-kv-‰v- bq-Wn-‰n- ]m¿-´n'-bp-sS t\Xm-hm-b hmƒ-´¿- Dƒ-{_n-®n-s≥d t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬- djy≥- am-Xr-Ibn¬- Iayq-Wn-kw- {]tbm-Kh¬°cn-°m-\p-≈ {ia߃- \SØp-Ibpw- "P¿-Ω≥- sUtam-{Im-‰n-Ivdn-∏ªn-Iv- F∂v- AXn-\v- t]cn-Sp-Ibpw- sNbv-Xp.- Iayq-Wn-kv-‰v- P¿a\n,- ap-Xem-fn-Ø P¿Ω\n-bp-am-bp-≈ I®hSw,- bm-{X,- hm¿-Ømhn\n-abw- Xp-Sßn-b F√m- _\v-[ßfpw- hn-tOZn-®p.- ap-Xem-fn-Ø P¿-a\n-bn-se P\ßfp-sS Po-hn-X\n-ehm-cw- Dbcp-∂Xpw- Ahn-SpsØ kp-Jku-Icy-߃- h¿-≤n-°p-∂Xpw- I≠ Iayq-Wn-kv-‰v- P¿a\n-bn-se P\߃- Hfn-™pw- sXfn-™p-sa√mw- ]Sn-™m-d≥- P¿Ω\n-bn-te°v- ]em-b\w- sNøm≥- Xp-Sßn.- CXn-s\m-cp- ]cn-lmcsa∂ \n-ebv°m-Wv- hmƒ-´¿- Dƒ-{_n-®v- s_¿-en≥- aXn¬- \n¿-an®Xv.- \m-ev- ao-‰¿- Dbchpw- 167 In-tem-ao-‰¿- \o-fhp-ap-≈ "_¿-en≥aXn¬'- Aßs\ Iayq-Wn-kv-‰v- "kz¿-K'-sØbpw- ap-Xem-fn-Ø "\cI'-sØbpw- th¿-Xn-cn-®p.- ]Xn-\m-bn-cØn-tesd AXn¿-ØnKm¿-Up-Ifpw- Adp\q-tdm-fw- th´∏´n-Ifpw,- aXn¬-Nm-Sn-°S°m≥{ian-°p-∂hsc DS≥-Xs∂ shSn-sh®p-sIm-√m≥- \n-baßfp-sa√map-≠m-bn-´pw- _¿-en≥- aXn¬- Nm-Sn-°S°m≥- ]ecpw- k∂≤cmbn.Ahcn¬- ]ecpw- sIm-√s∏´p.- \o-≠ Ccp-]sØ´p-h¿-j°mewXßfp-sS ktlm-Zc∑m-sc°p-dn-®v- H∂p-adn-bm≥- km-[n-°msX B `o-IcaXn-en-\v ]pdØv Ccp-]Xp-e£w- a\p-jy-a°ƒ-izmkwap-´n.- Ahkm-\w- kw-`hn-t°≠Xv- kw-`hn-®p.- 1989 \hw-_¿- H≥]Xn-\v- _¿-en≥- aXn-en-\v- BZy-sØ Xp-f ho-Wp.- sNt°m-kv-emhm-Iy,- Xßfp-sS cm-Py-Øn-s≥-d AXn¿-Øn- Xp-d∂p-sIm-Sp-ØpsIm-≠v- kzm-X{¥yw- sIm-Xn-°p-∂ Iayq-Wn-kv-‰v- P¿-a\n-°m¿-°v-

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]Sn-™m-d≥- P¿-a\n-bn-te°v- ]em-b\w- sNøm≥- ku-Icy-ap-≠m°n-s°m-Sp-Øp.- Xßfp-sS k¿-∆kºm-Zy-ßfpw- hn-‰p-s]dp-°n- Im dp-Ifn¬- P\w- ]Sn-™m-d≥- P¿-Ω\n-bn-tes°m-gp-In.- "sUØv- SpIayq-Wn-kw'- F∂v- hn-fn-®´lkn-®p-sIm-≠v- Km-\߃- Be]n®pw\r-Øw- Nhn-´n-bpw- Ah¿- ap-t∂m-´v- \o-ßn.- Iayq-Wn-kØn-s≥-d Im-h¬-°m-c\m-bn-cp-∂ Fdn-°v- tlm-t\°¿- 1989 HIv-tSm-_¿- 18\vkv-Ym-\{`jv-S\m-bn-; FtKm¨- s{I≥-kv- ]p-Xn-b t\Xm-hm-bn.- \mWt°Sn-s≥-d aXn¬- F∂v- hn-fn-°s∏´ s_¿-en≥- aXn¬- _pƒ tUm-kdp-Iƒ- sIm-≠v- CSn-®p-s]m-fn-®p.- AXv- Hcp- kw-`hw-Xs∂bmbn-cp-∂p.- aXn¬- XI¿-∂t∏mƒ- a\p-jy¿- H∂m-bn.- a\p-jy¿- H∂mbt∏mƒ- cm-jv-{S߃- H∂m-bn- am-dn.- Aßs\ Hscm-‰ P¿-Ω\nsb∂ kz-]v-\w- km-£m-Xv-°cn-°s∏´p.a\p-jy¿- kr-jv-Sn-°p-∂ aXn¬-s°´p-Iƒ- F{XXs∂ _eh Øm-sW¶n-epw- kv-t\lw,- km-tlm-Zcyw,- kzm-X{¥yw- Xp-Sßn-b BXv-am-hn-s≥-d Bhiy-ßsf XI¿-°p-hm-t\m- ]n-f¿-°p-hm-t\mAh°v- km-[y-as√∂Xn-s≥-d {]Xo-Iam-bn- _¿-en≥- aXn¬- Ncn{X Øn¬- kv-acn-°s∏Spw. F-¥p-sIm-≠v?a\p-jy¿- tam-N\w- sIm-Xn-°p-∂p.- Xßsf th¿-Xn-cn-®v- \n¿Ønbn-cn-°p-∂ iIv-Xn-Isf Ah¿- shdp-°p-∂p.- F√m-hscbpw- H∂mbn-°m-WWsa∂v- Ah¿- B{Kln-°p-∂p.- ASn-aØØn-s≥-d Nßes°´p-Iƒ- Ah¿-°n-jv-San-√.- Xm≥- P\n-®Xv- kz-X{¥\mbn-´m-sW¶n¬- acn-°p-∂Xpw- kz-X{¥\m-bn-´m-IWsa∂v- a\p-jy≥sIm-Xn-°p-∂p.- A∏w- Ahs≥-d BXv-am-hn-s≥-d Zm-lw- Xo¿-°pIbn-√.- kIecpw- km-tlm-Zcy-tØm-sS h¿-Øn-°p-∂ Hcp- temIwAh\m-in-°p-∂p.- aq¿- ap-X¬- am¿-Ivk - v- hscbp-≈hcp-sS cN\Ifnepw- se\n≥- ap-X¬- tKm¿-_t®m-hv- hscbp-≈hcp-sS sNbv-XnIfn-epw- Cu- Bibm-bn-cp-∂p- ap-‰n-\n-∂n-cp-∂Xv.- Ahcn¬- ]ecpw\n¿-an-® ]cn-lm-c߃- G‰hpw- hen-b Nßes°´m-bn- am-dn sb∂Xv- thsd {]iv-\w.tam-N\w- sIm-Xn-°p-∂ a\p-jym-Xv-am-hn-s\ kw-Xr-]v-Xam-°m≥B¿-°v- Ign-bpw?- kaXz-kp-µcam-sbm-cp- tem-Isa∂ kz-]v-\w-

ap-X-em-fn-Øw- a-Xw- am¿-Iv-kn-kw-

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shdpw- kz-]v-\am-bn- Ahtijn-°p-tam?- km-tlm-Zcy-sa∂ k¶¬ ]w- shdpw- ISem-kn¬- am-{Xw- HXp-ßp-tam?BXva - m-hn-s≥-d tam-N\w- ap-{Zm-hm-Iy-am-°n-b "aX'-߃- NqjW Øn-s≥-d N´p-Ißfm-bn- am-dn-bt∏m-gm-Wt√m- a\p-jy¿- `u-Xn-I {]Xy-bim-kv-{Xßfp-sS ]n-∂m-se ]c°w- ]m-™Xv?- "aX'-߃°pw- `u-Xn-I- {]-Xy-b-im-kv-{X-߃-°p-sam-∂pw- a\p-jy-s≥-d tamN\w- km-[y-as√∂p-h∂m¬- ]n-s∂ hn-tamN\sa∂ a\p-jym-Xvam-hn-s≥-d Zm-lw- Hcn-°epw- am-dp-Ibn-s√t∂m?- At∏mƒ- ]n-s∂ a\p-jym-kv-Xn-Xz-Øn-\v- F¥p-hn-e?"Fhn-sSbm-Wv- sX‰v- ]‰n-bXv?- B¿-°m-Wv- sX‰v- ]‰n-bXv?'- - F∂ At\z-jWØn-s≥-d {]kIv-Xn- \mw- a\kn-em-°p-∂Xv- Chn-sSbm Wv.- B At\z-jWw- tam-N\Øn-s≥-d am¿-Kw- Xp-d∂p-Xt∂°mw.\ap-°t\z-jn-°p-I˛

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c-≠-v am¿IvknkØns≥d- ]-cm-P-bw ì "I-Ωyq-Wn-kv-‰v- hn-π-hw- I-≠v- `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-h¿-§-߃- InSnew- sIm-≈-s´.- sXm-gn-em-fn-Iƒ-°v- kz-¥w- N-ß-e-b-√m-sX- a-s‰m ∂pw- \-jv-S-s∏-Sm-\n-√.- t\-Sm-t\m- H-cp- tem-I-hpw'."F-√m- cm-Py-ß-fn-se-bpw- sXm-gn-em-fn-I-tf- kw-L-Sn-°p-hn≥'.am¿-Ik v- n-k‰ v- v- hn-πh - Ø - n-s≥-d- co-Xn-im-k{v- X-{K-\Y v- a - m-b- I-ΩyqWnkv-‰v- am-\n-s^-kv-t‰m-b-n-se- A-h-km-\-sØ- h-cn-I-fm-Wn-h.- Cu- hm Iy-ß-fm-Wv- I-gn-™- H-cp- \q-‰m-≠p-Im-e-am-bn- I-Ωyq-Wn-kv-‰v- hn-πh-Im-cn-Iƒ-°v- B-th-iw- \¬-In-b-Xv.- \-s√m-cp- tem-Iw- t\-Sm-\pw\n-e-hn-ep-≈- N-´-߃- s]m-´n-s®-dn-bm-\pw- A-h¿- ]m-´p-]m-Sn.- ap{Zmhm-Iy-߃- apg-°n.- tNm-c- Nn-¥n.- tNm-c-bn¬- ap-°n-b- sIm-Sn-bpam-bn- \m-Sp-\o-sf- \-S-∂-p.- A-h¿- B-th-itØ--m-sS- B-lzm-\wsNbvXp."k¿-∆- cm-Py-sØm-gn-em-fn-I-tf- kw-L-Sn-°p-hn-≥'.F-°m-e-sØ-bpw- am¿-Iv-kn-kv-‰p-I-fp-sS- B-th-i-am-bn-cp-∂- Cuh-N-\-am-bn-cp-∂p,- tam-kv-t°m- \-K-c-Øn¬- kv-Ym-]n-°-s∏-´- am¿Iv-kn-s≥-d- {]-Xn-a-°p-Xm-sg- F-gp-X-s∏-´n-cp-∂-Xv.- ]p-Xn-b- hn-π-h߃- \-S-∂p-sIm-≠n-cn-s°- G-tXm- "Kp-cp-Xzw- sI-´-h≥'- A-Xn-ß-s\- am-‰n-sb-gp-Xn-bn-cn-°p-∂p."k¿-∆-cm-Py-sØm-gn-em-fn-I-tf.....- F-\n-°v- am-∏v'.-

ap-X-em-fn-Øw- a-Xw- am¿-Iv-kn-kw-

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X-Xz-߃- c-N-n-®- B-Nm-cy-\v- am-∏p-sIm-Sp-°m≥- kzm-X-{¥y-Øns≥-d- ]p-Xn-b- tem-I-tØ-°v- k-©-cn-°p-∂- I-ΩyqWn-kv-‰v- cm-Pyß-fn-se- P-\-߃- k-∂-≤-cm-Wv.- ]-t£,- A-h- {]-tbm-K-h¬-°-cn°m≥- {i-an-®- t\-Xm-°ƒ-°v- am-∏p-sIm-Sp-°m≥- A-h¿- X-øm-d-√.1988¬- _pUms]--kv-‰n-se- a-\p-jy¿- kzm-X-{¥y-Øn-\p-th-≠n- sXcphn-en-d-ßn-b-t∏mƒ- A-h-cp-sS- Np-‰n-I-sIm-≠v- B-Zyw- X-√n-bp-S-®Xv- a-lm-\m-b- se-\n-s≥-d- {]-Xn-a-bm-bn-cp-∂p.- sI.-Pn.-_n.- X-e-h\mbn-cp-∂- sk¿-jn≥-kv-In-bp-sS- {]-Xn-a- h-en-®p-Xm-sg-bn-´v- A-Xn¬\n-∂v- D-fn-bpw- Np-‰n-I-bp-ap-]-tbm-Kn-®-v I¬-°-jv-W-߃- kv-am-c-I am-bn- kq-£n-°m≥- X-√n-s∏m-fns®-Sp-°p-∂- tU-hn-Uv-eym-t\m-hvC¥ybn¬\n∂v sN∂ ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-I-tcm-Sv- ]-d-™p-h-s{X- "CuI-√p-Iƒ- sIm-≠p-t]mbn- C-¥y≥- IΩyq-Wn-kv-‰p-I-sf- F-dn-t™mSn-°p-I.- A-s√-¶n¬,- \nß-fpw- R-ß-sf-t∏m-se-bm-Ipw.- a-\p-jy¿I-jv-S-s∏-Sp-∂n-S-Øm-Wv- IΩyq-Wn-kv-‰p-Iƒ- X-g-®p-h-f-cp-I-sb-∂v\n-߃-°-dn-bn-t√'. F-hn-sS-bm-Wv- am¿-Iv-kn-kØn-\v- sX-‰p-]-‰n-b-Xv?- A-Xn-s≥-dkn≤m-¥-Øn-em-tWm?- {]-tbm-K-Øn-em-tWm?- A-X-√,- am¿-Iv-knk-Øn-\v- sX-s‰m-∂pw- ]-‰n-bn-´n-s√-∂v- h-cp-tam?- sX-‰p-]‰ - n-bX - v- tKm¿_-t®-hn-\pw- sb¬-‰vk - n-\p-am-tWm?- d-jy-bn-se-bpw- In-g° - ≥- bqtdm]-y≥- cm-Py-ß-fn-se-bpw- am-‰-ß-sf-°p-dn-®- N¿-®-Iƒ- A-ß-s\\o≠p-t]m-hp-I-bm-Wv."am¿-Ik v- n-ks - Ø-∏‰ - n'-sb-∂- skz-Xe v- m-\- am¿-´n≥- Np-°v- t{ImUoI-cn-®- se-\n-s≥-d- te-J-\-k-am-lm-c-Øn-s≥-d- ]-Xn-aq-∂mw- t]Pn¬h-en-b- A-£-c-Øn¬- C-ß-s\- F-gp-Xn-bn-cn-°p-∂p:- ""am¿-Iv-kn-kv‰vkn-≤m-¥w- k¿-∆-i-Iv-X-am-Wv-;- Im-c-Ww- A-Xv- k-Xy-am-Wv''.C-∂v- \-ap-°-dn-bmw,- am¿-Iv-kn-kv-‰v- kn-≤m-¥w- k¿-∆-i-Iv-X-a-s√∂v.- A-Xv- a-\p-jy-cp-sS- {]-iv-\-߃- ]-cn-l-cn-°p-∂-Xn¬- ]-cm-P-bs∏-´n-cn-°p-I-bm-sW-∂v.- ]Xn-‰m-≠p-Iƒ-X-s∂- A-Xn-s≥-d- {]-tbmK-h¬-°-c-W-Øn-\v- sN-e-h-gn-®n-´pw- tkm-jy-en-k-Øn-se-Øm≥t]m-epw- cm-jv-{S-߃-°v- I-gn-™n-´n-s√-∂v.- am¿-Iv-kn-kw- h-∂m¬kz¿§-am-Ip-sa-∂- k-¶¬-]ß - f - n¬- Ip-cp-ßn-°n-S∂ - h - ¿- X-s∂- ]pXn b- am-‰ß - f - p-sS- sh-fn-®Ø - n¬- F-t¥m- F-hn-sS-tbm- X-Ic - m-dps≠∂vk-Ω-Xn-°m≥- Xp-S-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂p-sh-∂v.-

am¿IvknkØns≥d]-cm-P-bw

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-"am¿-Iv-kn-kv-‰v- kn-≤m-¥w- k¿-∆-i-Iv-X-am-Wv-;- Im-c-Ww- A-Xvk-Xy-am-Wv.'- F-∂v- ]-d-™- se-\n-\n¬- \n-∂p-X-s∂- F-¥p-sIm≠vam¿-Iv-kn-kw- ]-cm-P-b-s∏-Sp-∂-p-sh-∂-Xn-s≥-d- D-Ø-cw- \-ap-°v- e`n°p-∂p.- am¿-Iv-kn-kv-‰v- kn-≤m-¥w- k¿-∆-i-Iv-X-a-s√-¶n¬- A-Xv- Ak-Xy-am-sW-∂- [z-\n- se-\n-s≥-d- hm-N-I-Øn¬- X-s∂-bp-≠-t√m.am¿-I-vkn-kv-‰v- kn-≤m-¥w- k¿-∆-i-Iv-X-a-s√-∂v- C-s∂-√m-h¿-°p-a`n-{]m-b-ap-≠v.- C-¥y-bp-sS- k-m-l-N-cy-߃-°-\p-kr-X-am-b- co-Xnbn¬- am¿-Iv-kn-b≥- kn-≤m-¥-Øn-s≥-d- ]p-\x-krjv-Sn- \-S-Øp-sa∂C-¥y≥- IΩyq-Wn-kv-‰p-I-fp-sS- \-b-hn-i-Zo-I-c-W-Øn-\v- ]n-∂n-epwB- kn-≤m-¥w- k¿-∆-i-Iv-X-a-s√-∂- h-kv-Xp-X-b-√m-sX- a-s‰-¥m Wp≈-Xv?- A-t∏mƒ- C-∂v- \-ap-°v- C-ßs - \- ]-db - m-sa-∂v- tXm-∂p∂p:"- am¿-Ivk - n-kw- k¿-∆i - I - vX - a - √ - ;- - Im-cW - w- A-Xv- A-kX - y-am-Wv'.- CXmWv- h-kv-Xp-X-bpw.- Cu- A-k-Xy-Øn-\p-th-≠n- hn-π-hw- \-S-Øn-bXvse-\n-\v- ]-‰n-b- sX-‰v.- Xn-I-®pw- ]-c-am-_-≤-am-b- H-cp- kn-≤m-¥w{]-tbm-K-h¬-°-cn-°m-\m-Wv- ]-Xn-‰m-≠p-I-tfm-fw- d-jy-b-S-°-ap-≈cm-jv-{S-߃- {i-an-®-Xv.- A-Xp-sIm-≠p-X-s∂- ]-cm-P-bw- A-\n-hmcyam-bn-cp-∂p.- A-kX - y-Øn-s≥-d- kn-≤m-¥ß - ƒ-°v- H-cn-°epw- a\pjys\- a-\- n-em-hn-√.- A-Xp-sIm-≠p-X-s∂- k-aq-l-sØ- ]-cn-h¿-Øn∏n-°m-\pam-h-n-√.am¿-Iv-kn-kv-‰v- kn-≤m-¥-Øn-s≥-d- ]-cm-P-b-a-√-;- {]-Xy-p-X- AXns≥d- {]-tbm-K-h¬-°-c-W-Øn¬- h-∂- ]m-I-∏n-g-hp-I-fm-Wv- C∂sØ- {]-Xn-k-\v-[n-°v- Im-c-W-sa-∂v- ]-d-bp-∂-h-cp-≠v.- ap-X-em-fn-ØØn-s≥-d- N-c-Sp-h-en-I-ƒ-s°m-Øv- Xp-≈p-I-bm-Wv- tKm¿-_-t®-hpwsb¬-Xv-kn-\p-sa-√mw- sN-bv-X-sX-∂pw- A-Xp-sIm-≠p-X-s∂- ap-Xemfn-Ø-Ip-X-{¥-Øn-s≥-d- Xm¬-°m-en-I-hn-P-bw- am-{X-am-Wv- In-g°≥bq-tdm-]y≥- cm-Py-ß-fn-epw- tkm-hn-b-‰v- bq-Wn-b-\n-ep-sa-√mw- D-≠mbn-´p-≈-sX-∂pw- I-ayq-Wn-kw- ]-cm-P-b-s∏-Sp-I-bn-s√-∂pw- hn-iz-kn°m≥- {i-an-°p-∂-h-cp-ap-≠v.- tkm-hn-b-‰v- bq-Wn-b≥ t\cn´- {]-Xnk\v-[n-bpw XI¿®bpwt]m-epw- kv-‰m-en-s≥-d- Im-e-Øp-≈- \-b-sshI-ey-Øn¬- \n-∂v- D-S-se-Sp-Ø-Xm-sW-∂pw- X-I¿-∂-Xv- I-Ωyq-Wnka-√-;- k-v-‰m-en-\n-k-am-sW-∂pw- ]-d-™v- k-am-[m-\-s∏-Sp-∂- Nn-ecpap ≠v.- k¿-∆i - I - vX - h - pw- kXy-kº - q¿-Æh - p-sa-∂v- I-cp-Xp-Ib - pw- D-cphn´vsIm-≠n-cn-°p-I-bpw- sN-bv-X- kn-≤m-¥-Øn-s≥-d- X-I¿-®- kr-jvSn®-

ap-X-em-fn-Øw- a-Xw- am¿-Iv-kn-kw-

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B-Lm-X-Øn¬-\n-∂v- A¬-]-sa-¶n-epw- B-izm-kw- e-`n-°m≥- Cuk-am-[m-\s - ∏-Sp-Øe - p-Iƒ- k-lm-bI - a - m-hp-sa-¶n¬- A-ßs - \- Bbns°m-≈-s´.- ]-t£,- h-kv-XpX-Iƒ- C-Xn¬-\n-s∂-√mw- h-fsc-tbsdA-I-se-bm-sW-∂p-am-{Xw.I-ayq-Wn-kw- \-S-∏m-°m≥- {i-an-®-Xv- G-sX-¶n-epw- H-cp- cm-Py-a s√-∂v- \-ap-°-dn-bmw.- ]-{¥-≠v- cm-jv-{S-ß-fn-epw- ]-{¥-≠v- co-Xn-bnem-Wv- A-Xv- \-S-∏m-°m≥- {i-an-®-Xv.- B- ]-{¥-≠v- co-Xn-I-fpw- sX‰msW-∂v- h-∂m¬- a-t‰-Xv- co-Xn-bm-Wv- C-\n- am¿-I-vkn-kw- {]-tbm-K h¬-°-cn-°m≥- A-\p-tbm-Py-am-bn-Øo-cp-I?- am¿-Iv-kn-k-Øns≥d {]tbmKh¬°cWØn\v- se-\n≥- ap-X¬- Im-kv-t{Sm-h-sc- \¬Inb- co-Xn-im-kv-{X-ß-f-√m-sX- a-t‰-Xv- co-Xn-bm-Wv,-- "am¿-Iv-kn-k-Øns≥-d- ]-cm-Pbw- ssk-≤m- ¥ - n-Ia - √ - ;- {]-tbm-Kn-Ia - m-Wv- F-∂v- ]-dbp∂h¿-°v- \n¿-t±-in-°m-\p-≈-Xv?- C-√-˛ H-cp- co-Xnbpw- \n¿-t±-in-°m\n-√.- km-[n-°p-∂- F-√m- co-Xn-I-fpw- ]-co-£n-®p-t\m-°n- ]-cm-P-b s∏-´v- Ncn{X-Øn-s≥-d- N-h-‰p-sIm-´-bn¬- F-dn-bm≥- am-{Xw- sIm≈mhp-∂- H-cp- kn-≤m-¥-am-bn- a-m-dn-bn-cn-°p-∂p am¿-Iv-kn-kw'-.tkmjyen-kv-‰v- kz¿-§-Øn¬- ]-Xn-‰m-≠p-I-tfm-fw- Po-hn-®- a-\p jy-sc- ap-X-emfn-Ø-Øn-\v- H-‰n-s°m-Sp-°m≥- H-cp- tKm¿-_-t®-hn\pwsb¬-Xk v- n-\pw- km-[n-®p-sh-t∂m?- k-Xy-Øn¬- I-ayq-Wn-kØ - n-s≥da-cW - a - m-tLm-jn-®- cm-Py-ßf - n-sem-∂pw- X-s∂- B- B-tLm-jØ - n\vIm¿-Ωn-I-Xzw- h-ln-®-Xv- `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-fm-bn-cp-∂n-√,- {]-Xy-p-XA-hn-Sß - f - n-se- e-£° - W - ° - n-\v- a-\p-jy-cm-bn- c - p-∂p.- an-tem-ks v- P°vap-X¬- sN-j-kv-Iyp-h-sc-bp-≈- I-ayp-Wn-kv-‰v- G-Im-[n-]-Xn-Iƒ-s°Xn-sc- k-a-cw- \-bn-®-Xv- km-[m-c-W-°m-cm-b P-\-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p.Pt\m-kv-I-Z-sd-bpw-,- F-dn-°v- slm-tW-°-sd-bpw- \n-jv-Im-k-\wsNbv-X-Xv- sXm-gn-em-fn-I-f-S-ßp-∂- km-[m-c-W- ]u-c-∑m-cm-bn-cp-∂p.C-hn-sS-sbm-∂pw- ap-X-em-fn-Ø-Øn¬- H-cp- ]-¶p-amtcm-]n-°m≥ ]gpXp-I-fn-√.- tkm-hn-b-‰v- bq-Wn-b-\n-se- kv-Yn-Xn-bpw- X-ssY-h.- tamN\w- sIm-Xn-°p-∂- a-\p-jy-a-°-fp-sS- a-\- v- Im-Wm-\p-≈- a-\x-kvYnXn- {]-ISn-∏n-°p-Ib - m-Wv- tKm¿-_t®-hv- sN-bX v- X - v.- A-Xp-sIm-≠mWt√m- tKm¿-_t®-hn-s\- A-´n-a-dn-°m≥- {i-an-®-h¿-°v- sh-dpw- F-gp]-Øn-c-≠v- a-Wn-°qdn-\n-S-°v- kv-Y-ew- Im-en-bm-t°-≠n- h-∂-Xv.- \o ≠- F-gp-]-Øn-aq-∂v- h¿-j-°m-ew- "kz¿-Kw'- \¬-In- X-ßsf- `cn®p

am¿IvknkØns≥d]-cm-P-bw

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-h-f¿-Øn-b- I-Ωyq-Wn-kv-‰v- ]m¿-´n-sb- \n-tcm-[n-°m≥- kp-{]ow- tkm hn-b-‰v- Xo-cp-am-\n-®-t∏mƒ- {]-Xn-tj[n-°m≥- A-hn-sS- B-cp-an-√msX-bn-cp-∂-Xn-s≥-d- Im-c-W-hpw- a-s‰m-∂-√.- X-ß-sf- A-S-°n- hmWncp-∂- H-cp- hy-h-kv-Y-sb- kz-¥w- Po-h≥- _-en-b¿-∏n-®pw- X-I¿-°m≥H-cp- \m-´n-se- P-\ß - s - f-√mw- H-cp-ßn-∏p-ds - ∏-´m¬- A-Xn-s≥-d- A¿∞sa-¥m-Wv?- P-\-ß-fp-sS- {]-iv-\-߃- ]-cn-l-cn-°m≥- B- X-Xz-imkv-{X-Øn-\v- I-gn-bn-s√-∂p-X-s∂.- ap-X-em-fn-Ø-Øn-s≥-d- ap-Xp-I-Øvtem-I-Øn-s≥-d- F-√m- sIm-≈-cp-Xm-bv-a-I-fpw- sI-´n-sh-®v- io-en-®h¿,- kz-¥w- {]-Xn-k-\v-[n-bp-sS-bpw- Im-c-Ww- ap-X-em-fn-Ø-Øn¬B-tcm-]n-°p-∂p-sh-∂-Xv- kzm-`m-hn-Iw- am-{Xw.- "sNm-´-bn-se- ioewNp-S-e-h-sc'- F-∂m-W-t√m!H-cp-Im-eØ - v- I-ayq-Wn-kv‰ - p-If - p-sS- B-th-iam-bn-cp-∂p- kv‰ - m-en≥.am¿-Iv-kv,- Fw-K¬-kv,- se-\n≥,- kv-‰m-en≥,- F-∂n-h-cp-sS- t^m-t´mIƒ- H-∂n-®m-bn-cp-∂p- tI-cf - Ø - n-se- k-Jm-°f - p-sS- ho-Sp-If - n-¬t]mepw- Xq-ßn-°n-S-∂n-cp-∂-Xv.- C-∂v- F-√m-h-cpw- ]-d-bp-∂p,- kv-‰m-en≥{Iq-c-\m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂v-.- Z-i-e-£-°-W-°n-\v- a-\p-jy-sc- sIm-s∂mSp-°n-b- kv-‰m-en≥- {Iq-c-\m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂- kXyw- Aw-Ko-I-cn-°s∏Sm≥- A-t±-l-Øn-\v- ti-jw- ]-Xn-‰m-≠p-I-ƒ-X-s∂- I-gn-tb-≠n-h∂p.- kv-‰m-en-\n-k-am-Wv- am¿-Iv-kn-k-Øn-s≥-d- {]-Xn-k-\v-[n-°v- Imc-W-sa-∂v- ]-d-bp-∂-h-tcm-Sv- H-∂v- tNm-Zn°--s´.- tkm-h-n-b-‰v- bq-Wnb-s≥-d- C-∂v- Im-Wp-∂- ]p-tcm-K-Xn-I-fn¬- `q-cn-`m-K-Øn-s≥-d-bpwA-Sn-Ø-d- \n¿-Ωn-®Xm-cm-bn-cp-∂p?- H-∂mw- tem-I-a-lm-bp-≤-tØmsS- X-I¿-∂v- X-cn-∏-W-am-bn-cp-∂- d-jy-sb- c-≠mw-tem-I-a-lm-bp≤w- I-gn-™t- ∏m-tg-°pw- im-IX v- n-It- ®-cn-If - p-sS- Iq-´Ø - n-te-°v- ssI]n-Sn-®m-\-bn-®-Xv- B-cm-b-n-cp-∂p?- im-kv-{X-km-t¶-Xn-I-cw-K-ß-fn¬d-jy-sb- A-ta-cn-°-s°m-∏w- \n¬-°m≥- ]-cym-]v-X-am-°n-b-Xm-cmbn-cp-∂p?- Cu- tNm-Zy-߃-°p-Ø-cw- tPm-k-^v- kv-‰m-en≥- F-∂msW-¶n¬- kv-‰m-en-\n-kw- I-Ωyq-Wn-k-sØ- X-I¿-°p-I-bm-tWm,- AX-√- I-Ωyq-Wn-kw- kv-‰m-en-\n-k-sØ- h-f¿-Øp-I-bm-tWm- sN-bvX-sX-∂- hn-Nn-¥-\-Øn-\v- I-Ωyq-Wn-kv-‰p-Iƒ- X-ømdm-tI-≠n-h-cpw.kv-‰m-en≥- I-Ωyq-Wn-kw- tI-Sp-h-cp-Øn-sb-∂v- ]-d-bp-∂-Xn-t\-°mƒD-Nn-Xw- I-Ωy- q-Wn-kw- kv‰ - m-en-s\- {Iq-c\ - m-°n-sb-∂v- ]-db - p-∂X - mWv.H-cp- I-Ωyq-Wn-kv-‰v- cm-jv-{S-Øn-s≥-d- kw-kv-Ym-]-Øn-\pw- ]p-tcm-K-

ap-X-em-fn-Øw- a-Xw- am¿-Iv-kn-kw-

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Xn-°p-sa-√mw-,- kv-‰m-en≥- sN-bv-X- {Iq-c-X-Iƒ- A-\n-hm-cy-am-bn-cp∂psh-∂p-th-Ww- I-cp-Xm≥.H-cp- Im-cy- hy-Iv-Xw-˛ I-Ωyq-Wn-k-Øn-s≥-d- {]-Xn-k-\v-[n- shdpwcm-jv{- So-ba - √ - .- bq-tdm-∏n-se- ]n-t∂m-°- cm-jv{- S-ßf - n-sem-∂m- b - n-cp∂km-dn-kv‰ - v- d-jy-sb- tem-IØ - n-se- a-lm-iI - vX - n-If - n-sem∂m-°n- am‰nb-Xpw,- im-kv{- X-km-t¶-Xn-Ic - w-Kß - f - n¬- A-ta-cn-°tbm-sSm-∏w- \n¬ °m≥- A-h-sc- ]-cym-]v-X-am-°n-b-Xpw,- B-W-h-cw-K-sØ- a-lm-iIvXn-bm-bpw- _-ln-cm-Imi-K-th-j-W-cw-K-sØ- ap-Sn-Nq-Sm- a-∂≥-amcmbpw- A-h-sc- ]-cn-h¿-Øn-∏n-®-Xp-sa-√mw- I-Ωyq-Wn-k-am-bn-cp-∂p.F-∂n-´pw- d-j-y≥-P-\-X- H-cp- ]m-ºn-s\- X-√n-s°m-∂v- Ipgn-®n-Sp-∂Xpt]m-se,- I-Ωyq-Wn-k-sØ- sIm-∂v- Ip-gn-®p-aq-Sn.- X-ß-fp-sS- cm-jv{SsØ- im-IX v- n-It- ®-cn-If - n-sem-∂m-°n- am-‰n-b- am¿-Ik v- n-k‰ v- v- kn-≤m¥tØm-Sv- C-{X-bpw- {Iq-ca - m-bn- s]-cp-am-dm≥- Ah-sc- t{]-cn-∏n-®s - X¥mbn-cp-∂p-?- X-ß-fp-sS- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\m-h-iy-߃- t]m-epw- I-Ωyq-WnkØn-\v- Im-Wm≥- I-gn-bp∂n-s√-∂-Xm-Wv- d-jy≥- P-\-X-bp-sSthhemXn.A-t∏mƒ- am¿-Iv-kn-k-Øn-\v- ]-‰n-b- sX-‰v- ssk-≤m-¥-n-I-am-Wv.{]-Xy-b-im-kv-{X-]-c-am-Wv.- A-Xp-sIm-≠p-X-s∂- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-]-c-hp am-Wv.- I-ayq-Wn-kv-‰v- kn-≤m-¥-ß-sf-∏-‰n- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-]-c-am-bn- a\  n-em-°p-∂- G-sXm-cp- km-[m-c-W-°m-c-\pw- a-\- n-em-hpw,- kv-‰men\n-kw- ap-X¬- C-∂p-≠m-b- {]-X-n-k-\v-[nh-sc- I-Ωyq-Wn-kv-‰v- kn≤m¥-Øn-s≥-d- A-\n-hm-cy-X-I-fm-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂v.Xm-Xzn-I- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-߃: am¿-Iv-kn-k-Øn-\v- aq-∂v- X-e-ß-fm-Wp-≈-Xv.- A-Xn-s≥-d- {]-]©ho-£-W-am-Wv- H-∂m-a-tØ-Xv.- Ncn-{X-sØ-°p-dn-®- A-Xn-s≥-d- ImgvN-∏m-Spw- km-º-Øn-I- hn-i-I-e-\-hp-am-Wv- a-‰v- c-≠p-X-e-߃.- am¿Ivkn-s≥-d-bpw- Gw-K¬-kn-s≥-d-bpw- Ir-Xn-I-fn¬- Cu- te-J-I-\vImWm≥- I-gn-™n-´p-≈- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- ku-µ-cyw- Cu- aq-∂v- Xeß-sf-bpw- _-\v[ - n-∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂- co-Xn-bm-Wv.- h-fs - c- `w-Kn-bm-bn- Ahc-Xv- \n¿-∆l - n-®n-cn-°p-∂p-sh-∂v- ]-db - m-Xn-cn-°m≥- h-ø.- H∂n¬-\n∂va-s‰m-∂n-s\- th¿-s∏-Sp-Øm≥- I-gn-bm-Ø-h-Æw- Cu- aq-∂v- X-e-ßsf-bpw- H-∂n-®p- tN¿-Øm-Wv- A-h¿- hn-π-h- {]-Xy-b-im-kv-{Xw ]Wn-

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Xn-cn-°p-∂X - v.- "am¿-Ivkn-kØ - n-s≥-d- tem-I- ho-£W - t- Øm-Sv- hntbmPn-∏v- {]-I-Sn-∏n-®p-sIm-≠p-X-s∂- A-Xn-s≥-d- km-º-Øn-I- kn-≤m¥sØ- Aw-Ko-I-cn-°p-∂-h-cm-Wv- R-߃-'- F-∂- hn-tam-N-\- ssZ-him kv{- X-Øn-s≥-d- hm-Zw- A-Xp-sIm-≠p-Xs - ∂- ip-≤I - m-]S- y-am-Wv.- am¿Iv kn-kØ - n-s≥-d- km-ºØ - n-I- kn-≤m¥sØ- A-Xn-s≥-d- temI ho£W-Øn¬-\n-∂v- th¿-s∏-Sp-Øn- hn-i-I-e-\w- sN-øp-I- km-≤y-a-√.am¿-Iv-kn-k-Øn-s≥-d- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\w- "N-cn-{X-]-c-hpw- ssh-cp-≤ymXv-a-I-hp-am-b- `u-Xn-I-hm-Zw'- B-Ip-∂p.- sl-K-en-s≥-d- B-i-b-hm-ZØn-s≥-d-bpw- t^m-b¿-_m-°n-s≥-d- `u-Xn-I-hm-Z-Øn-s≥-d-bpw- kΩn{i-Øn¬- \n-∂m-Wv- N-cn-{X-]-c-hpw- ssh-cp-≤ym-Xv-a-I-hp-am-b- `uXnI-hm-Zw- cq-]w-sIm-≠n-´p-≈-Xv.- A-\m-Zn-bnte- \n-e-hn-ep-f-f- A-hn`mPy-]-c-am-Wp-°-fp-sS- hn-hn-[- co-Xn-I-fn-ep-≈- k-Ωn-{i-am-Wv- {]-] ©-Øn-se- hn-hn-[- h-kv-Xp-°-fp-sS-bpw- {]-]-©-Øn-s≥-d- X-s∂bpwD¬-∏-Øn-°v- \n-Zm-\-am-b-sX-∂- ¢m-kn-°¬- `u-Xn-I-hm-Zn-I-fm-bF-∏n-Iyq-d-kn-s≥-d-bpw- sU-tam-{Im-‰n-kn-s≥-d-bp-sa-√mw- Nn-¥-I-fpwam¿-Iv-kn-s\- kzm-[o-\n-®n-´p-≠v.sl-Ken-s≥-d- B-ih - m-Zs - Ø- C-ßs - \- kw-{K-ln-°mw:-- Nn-¥- Ne\m-Xv-a-I-hpw- ssh-cp-≤ym-Xv-a-I-hp-am-Wv.- H-cp- h-kv-Xp-hn-s\-°pdn®v- H-cm-fp-sS- a-\- n-ep-≠m-Ip-∂- B-i-bw- hy-Iv-X-am-bn- a-\- n-em Ip∂--Xv- B- B-i-b-Øn-s≥-d- a-dp-h-iw-Iq-Sn- A-bm-fp-sS- Nn-¥-°vhn-j-bo-`-hn-°p-tºm-gm-Wv.- N-e-\m-Xv-a-Iam-b- Nn-¥-bp-sS- ]p-tcm-KXn-bnte-°p-≈- B-tcm-l-Ww- \-S-°p-∂-Xv- ssh-cp-≤ym-Xv-a-I-am-bB-i-b-ß-fp-sS- kw-L-´-\-ß-fn-eq-sS-bm-Wv.- Cu- {]-]-©-Øn-s≥dD¬-∏-Øn-°v- ap-ºv- tI-h-e-am-b- B-i-bw- (absolute idea) am-{X-amWp-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv.- Cu- tI-h-e-am-b- B-i-b-Øn-s≥-d- \n-c-¥-c-ambN-e-\-am-Wv- {]-]-©-Øn-s≥-d- D¬-∏-Øn-°v- Im-c-W-am-b-Xv.- B-ibØn-s≥-d- Cu- N-e-\w- ssh-cp-≤ym-Xv-a-I-am-Wv.- F-∂pw- \ne-\n¬°p∂- `u-Xn-I-h-kv-Xp- kz-bw- ]-cn-Wm-a-Øn-\v- hn-t[-b-am-bn-´m-Wv- {]]-©w- D-≠m-b-sX-∂v- kn-≤m-¥n-°p-∂- ¢m-kn-°¬- `uXn-I-hmZØn¬-\n-∂v- hy-Xy-kv-X-am-bn,- B-Zn-am-h-kv-Y-bn¬- B-i-b-cq-]-Ønem-bn-cp-∂- tI-he - k-Ø- A-Xn-s≥-d- hn-cp-≤- kz-`m-hß - fp-sS- kwL´-\-ß-fn-eq-sS- {]-]-©-am-bn- am-dn-sb-∂- kn-≤m-¥-am-Wv- B-i-bhm-Zw- (idealism) F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.- Cu- B-i-b-hm-Z-Øns≥-d-

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B-Nm-cy-\m-Wv- tKm¿-Kv-hn-eyw- {^o-Uv- dn-°v- sl-K¬.t^m-b¿-_m-°v- X-s≥-d- "{In-kv-Xp-a-X-Øn-s≥-d- k-Ø'-1 -F-∂]p-kv-X-I-Øn¬- slK-en-s≥-d- B-i-b-hm-Z-sØ- hn-a¿-in°p-∂p-≠v.sl-K-en-b≥-Nn-¥bn¬- ssZ-h-Øn-\v- I-S-∂p-h-cm≥- ]-gp-Xp-I-fp-s≠∂-Xm-Wv- A-t±-l-Øn-s≥-d- hn-a¿-i-\-Øn-s≥-d- k-Ø.- \-Ωp-sS-sb√mw- Nn-¥-°v- ap-ºv- \-Ω-fp-≠m-bn-´p-≠v.- \mw- Nn-¥-bp-sS- kr-jv-Snb-√.- Nn-¥- \Ωp-sS- kr-jv-Sn-bm-Wv.- \mw- {]-]-©-Øn-s≥-d- `m-K-am Wv.- {]-]-©-Øn-s≥-d- `m-K-am-b- a-\p-jy-cp-sS- a-kv-Xn-jv-I-Øn-s≥-d{]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fp-sS- ^-e-am-bn-´m-Wv- B-i-bw- cq-]w-sIm-f-fp-∂-Xv.A-t∏mƒ- Bi-ba - m-tWm- akvXn-jvI - a - m-tWm- B-Zy-ap-≠m-bX - v? akvXn-jv-Iw.- F¥m-Wv- a-kv-Xn-jv-Iw?- ]-Zm¿-∞-Øn-s≥-d- cq-]t`-Zwam{Xw.- F¶n¬- B-i-b-ß-fm-Wv- B-Zy-ap-≠m-b-sX-∂v- ]-d-bp-∂sX-ßn-s\?- B-i-b-ß-fpw- Nn-¥-bpw- _p-≤n-bp-sa√mw- `u-Xn-I-hkvXp-hn-s≥-d- krjv-Sn-I-fs{X.- C-ß-s\-bm-Wv- t^mb¿-_m-°v- k-a¿∞n-°p-∂-Xv.am¿-I-vkpw- Gw-K¬-kp-sa-√mw- B-Zyw- "t^m-b¿-_m-°n-b≥'-amcm-bn-cp-∂p.- C-°m-cyw- Gw-K¬-kv- X-s≥-d- "ep-Uv-hnw-Kv- t^m-b¿ _m-°v'2- F-∂- ]p-kv-X-I-Øn¬- ]-d-bp-∂p-≠v.- ]n-∂o-Sv- ¢mkn-°¬`u-Xn-I-hm-Z-Øn-s≥-d-Xp-t]m-se-X-s∂- t^m-b¿-_m-°n-b≥- `u-XnI-hm-Z-Øn-\pw- A-Xn-t≥-d-Xm-b- ]-cn-an-Xn-I-fp-s≠-∂v- A-h¿- a-\ nem-°n.- {]-Ir-Xn-bp-sS- {]-{In-b- X-s∂- bm-{¥n-Ia - m-sW-∂- k-¶¬]wt^m-b¿-_m-°n-s≥-d- kn-≤m-¥-Øn-s≥-d-bpw- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-am-bn- h¿Øn-°p-∂p-sh-∂m-bn-cp-∂p- H-cp- \yq-\-X.- a-\p-jy-s\- aq¿-Ø-am-bpwN-cn-{X-]-c-am-bpw- \n¿-Wb -- n-°-s∏-´- km-aq-ln-I-- _-\v-[-ß-fp-sS-sb√mw- H-cp- km-I-ey-am-bn- Im-Wp-∂-Xn¬- A-Xv- ]-cm-P-b-s∏-´p-sh-∂Xm-bn-cp-∂p- a-s‰m-cp- XI-cm-dv.- tem-I-sØ- hy-Jym-\n-°m≥- {i-an-®t^mb¿-_m-°n-\-v temI-sØ- am-‰p-∂-sX-ß-s\-sb-∂v- hn-i-Zo-Icn°m≥- km-[n-®n-s√-∂-XmWv- A-t±-l-Øn-s≥-d- ]-cn-an-Xn.- sl-K-en s≥-d- B-i-b-hm-Z-sØ-bpw- t^mb¿-_m-°n-s≥-d- `u-Xn-I-hm-Z-sØ bpw- k-a\ - z-bn-∏n-®p-sIm-≠v,- N-cn-{X-]c - h - pw- ssh-cp-≤ym-Xva - I - h - p-amb`u-Xn-I-hm-Z-Øn-\v- am¿-Ivkpw- Gw-K-¬-kpw- A-Sn-Ø-d- ]-Wn-bp-∂Xv1. Ludwing Feuerbach: Essence of Christianity 2. Engels; Ludwing Feuer Bach

am¿IvknkØns≥d]-cm-P-bw

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"P¿-Ω≥- {]-Xy-b-im-kv-{Xw'-1 F-∂- {K-\v-Y-Øn-eq-sS-bm-Wv.- GwK¬kn-s≥-d- "t^m-b¿-_m-°pw- ¢m-kn-°¬- P¿-Ω≥- X-Xz-Nn-¥-bp-sSA-¥y-hpw'-2 F-∂- ]p-kv-X-I-Øn-epw- ap-ºp-≠m-b- `u-Xn-I-hm-Zkn≤m¥-ß-fp-sS- ]-cn-an-Xn-bpw- sshcp-≤ym-Xv-a-I- `u-Xn-I-hm-Z-Øns≥-d- {]-k-Iv-Xn-bpw- hn-i-Z-am-bn- hn-h-cn-°p-∂p-≠v.Cu- {]-]-©-Øn-s≥-d- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-am-bn- A-\m-Zn-Im-ew- ap-Xte\n-e-\n¬-°p-∂-Xv- `u-Xn-I-h-kv-Xp- am-{X-am-Wv.- N-e-\-am-Wv- `u-XnI-h-kv-Xp-hn-s≥-d- kz-`m-hw.- `u-Xn-I-h-kv-Xp-hn-s\- Iq-Sm-sX-bp-≈N-e-\-tam- N-e-\w- Iq-Sm-sX-bp-≈- `u-Xn-I-h-kv-Xp-thm- C-√.- N-en®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂- `u-Xn-I-h-kv-Xp-hn-s≥-d- ssh-cp-≤ym-Xv-a-Ikz`m-hw -aq-e-am-Wv- {]-]-©-Øn¬- ]cn-Wm-a-ap-≠m-Ip-∂-Xv.- hn-cp-≤-iIv-Xn-I-fp-sS- kw-L-´-\-am-Wv- ]-p-tcm-K-Xn-°v- \n-Zm-\w.- C-Xn-\p-≈sX-fn-hv- {]-Ir-Xn-X-s∂-bm-Wv.- s\¬-s®-Sn- h-f¿-∂p-h-cp-∂-Xv- AXn-s≥-d- hn-Øm-bn-cn-°p-∂- A-h-kv-Y-sb- \n-tj-[n-®p-sIm-≠m-Wv.Cu- \n-tj-[-am-Wv- ssh-cp-≤ym-Xv-a-IX-- (dialectics). Cu- ssh-cp≤ym-Xv-a-I-X- C-√m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶n¬ {]-]-©w-X-s∂- D-≠m-Ip-ambn-cp-∂n-√.- Zzµm-Xv-a-I-am-b- Cu- A-h-kv-Y-I-fp-sS- kw-L-´-\-am-Wv{]-]-©-Øn-s≥-d-bpw- {]-Ir-Xn-bp-sS-bpw- ]p-tcm-K-Xn-°v- \n-Zm-\w.- C Xm-Wv- ssh-cp-≤ym-Xv-a-I- `u-Xn-I-hm-Z-Øn-s≥-d- {]-]-©- ho-£-Ww.N-en-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂- `u-Xn-I- h-kv-Xp-hn-s≥-d3- ssh-cp-≤ymXv-a-I- kz-`m-hw- aq-e-am-Wv- {]-]-©-Øn-se- Hm-tcm- h-kv-Xp-°-fp-ap≠m-Ip-∂-Xv.- \-£-{X-k©-b-ß-fpw- {K-l-ß-fp-sa-√mw- Cu- Zz-µmXv-a-I-X-bp-sS- k-¥-Xn-I-f-s{X.-- {]-]-©-Øn-se- H-scm-‰- h-kv-Xp-hn\pw- A-Xn-s≥-d- kz-¥-am-b- A-kv-Xn-Xz-a-h-Im-i-s∏-Sm≥- I-gn-bn-√.A-\-¥-am-b- \-£-{Xkaq-l-ß-fn-sem-∂m-b- £o-c-]-Y-Øn-se- Hcw-K-am-Wv- kq-cy-s\-∂v- \ap-°-dn-bmw.- \-£-{X-k-aq-l-Øn¬-\n∂vhy-Xy-kv-X-am-b- H-cp- A-kv-Xn-Xzw- kq-cy-\p-t≠m?- C-√- X-s∂-;- kqcys≥-d- hn-em-kw- \n¿-Æ-bn-°p-∂-Xv- AXpƒ-s°m-≈p-∂- \-£-{Xk-aq-l-am-Wv.- kq-cy-s\- ]-cn-{I-a-Ww- sN-øp-∂- A-t\-Iw- {K-l-ßfn 1. Marx, Engels: The German Ideology 2. Engels: Feurbach and the end of the Classical German Philosophy

3. am-Iv-kv- X-s‚-- IrXn-I-fn¬- ]-d-bp-∂- ]-Zm¿-∞- k-¶¬-]-hpw- B[p-\n-I- ]-Zm¿-∞k¶¬-]h - pw- X-Ωn-¬- A-\¬-∏a - m-b- A-¥c - ß - f - p-≈X - n-\m-em-Wv- am¿-Ik v- n-s≥-d- matter -\v- `u-Xn-I-h-kv-Xp-sh-∂- ]-cn-`m-j- Cu- teJ-I≥- \¬-Ip-∂-Xv.

ap-X-em-fn-Øw- a-Xw- am¿-Iv-kn-kw-

42

sem-∂m-b- `q-an-bp-sS- A-kv-Xn-Xzw- X-s∂- ku-c-bq-Y-Øn-se- H-cpAw-K-sa-∂-Xm-Wv.- A-t∏mƒ- `q-an-bn-se- h-kv-Xp-°fpsS- hn-em-ktam?- A-\-¥- hn-im-e-am-b- Cu- {]-]-©-Øn-se- A-t\-Im-bn-cw- \£-{Xk-aq-l-ß-fn-sem-∂n-se- H-cw-Kw- am-{X-am-b- kq-cy-\p-Np-‰pw]-cn-{I-a-Ww- sN-bv-Xp-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂- A-\-h-[n- {K-l-ß-fn-sem∂n-se- h-kv-Xp-°ƒ- F∂- hn-em-kw- am-{Xw.- A-t∏mƒ- `q-an-bn-seh-kv-Xp-°ƒ-°v- {]-]-©-Øn-s≥-d- s]m-Xp-hm-b- \n-b-aw- _m-[-I-as√-∂p-h-cp-tam?- H-cn-°-ep-an-√.- {]-]-©-Øn-s≥-d- hn-Im-k-]-cnWma-߃-°v- \n-Zm-\-am-b- \n-b-aw- ssh-cp-≤y-ß-fp-sS- kw-L-´-\-ßfm-sW-¶n¬- `q-an-bn-epw- A-tX- \n-b-a-߃- X-s∂-bm-bn-cn-°-Ww\ne-\n¬-°p-∂-Xv.A-t∏mƒ- Po-h-Pm-e-ß-fp-sS- A-h-kv-Y-tbm?- Po-hn-Iƒ-°v- ]-Zm¿∞-Øn-∂-Xo-X-am-b- A-kv-Yn-Xz-ap-t≠m?- F-ß-s\- D-≠m-Im-\m-Wv?]-Zm¿-∞-Øn-s≥-d- ssh-cp-≤ym-Xv-a-I-X-bn¬- \n-∂v- GtXm- H-cp- \nanj-Øn¬- D-cp-Øn-cn-™,- ]-mZ- m¿-∞n- I - a - m-b- kz-`m-hß - ƒ- am-{X-ap≈H-cp- D-Wv-a-bm-Wv- Po-h≥.- Pohn-I-fn-ep-≠m-b- ]-cn-Wm-a-Øn-s≥-dbpw- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-\n-b-aw- ssh-cp-≤ym-Xv-a-I-X- X-s∂-bm-bn-cp-∂p.C-ßs - \bp≈- ]-Xn-\m-bn-c° - W - ° - n-\v- Po-hP - m-eß - f - n¬- H-∂p-am{Xam-Wv- a-\p-jy≥.a-\p-jy-s≥-d- ta¬-hn-em-kw- C-{X-am-{X-am-Wv: ssh-cp-≤y-ß-fpsS- kw-L-´-\-ß-fn-eq-sS-bp-≈- ]-c-kv-]-c-_-\v-[-Øn¬- \n-e\n¬°p-∂- {]-]© - Ø - n-se- A¬-]w- ]p-tcm-Ka - n-®- L-S\ - b - p-≈- H-cp- ]Zm¿∞-cq-]w.- A-t∏mƒ-]n-s∂- ]-Zm¿-∞-Øn-s≥-d- s]m-Xp-hm-b- \n-b-a߃- a-\p-jy-\p-am-{Xw- _m-[-I-am-Im-Xn-cn-°p-∂-sX-ß-s\?- a-\pjy-k-aq-l-Øns≥-d- ]p-tcm-K-Xn-bpw- h-f¿-®-bp-sa-√mw- ]-Zm¿-∞-Øns≥-d- ssh-cp-≤ym-Xva - I - X - b - p-sS- hn-iZ- o-Ic - W - Ø - n-\v- h-gß - p-∂X - mWv.a-\p-jy-s≥-d- kmw-kv-°m-cn-I- ]p-tcm-K-Xn-°v- \n-Zm-\-am-b- \n-b-a-ßtf-Xm-tWm- A-Xp-X-s∂-bm-Wv- {]-]-©-Øn-s≥-d- D¬-∏-Øn-°pwPoh-Pm-e-ß-fp-sS- ]-cn-Wm-a-Øn-\p-sa-√mw- \n-an-Ø-am-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.C-hn-sS-\n-∂m-Wv- am¿-Iv-kn-s≥-d- kn-≤m-¥w- N-cn-{X-Øn-te-°vI-S-°p-∂-Xv.- ""tem-I-N-cn-{Xw- h¿-§-k-a-c-Øn-s≥-d- N-cn-{X-am-Wv'' F ∂v- ]-d-™p-sIm-≠v- XpS-ßp-∂- I-Ωyq-Wn-kv-‰v- am-\n-s^-kv-t‰m-sbsXm-gn-em-fn- h¿-§-{]-kv-Ym-\-Øn-s≥-d- C-∂-sØ- co-Xn-bn-ep-≈- ]p-

am¿IvknkØns≥d]-cm-P-bw

43

tcm-K-a-\-Øn-s≥-d-bpw,- sIm-tfm-Wn-b-en-kv-‰v- \p-Iw- h-en-s®-dn-™P-\X - I - f - p-sS- k-at- cm¬-km-lØ - n-s≥-db - pw- \n-an-Øa - m-bn-´m-Wv- t_m dn-kv- ]p¿-´n-s≥-d- "cm-jv-{So-b- kw-Pv-Rm-tIm-iw'- ]-cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp∂-Xv.- Cu- ]-Z-߃- ]-d-bp-tºmƒ- am¿-Iv-kv- hn-h-£n-°p-∂-Xv- ]Zm¿∞-Øn-s≥-d- ]p-tcm-K-a-\-Øn¬- A-t±-lw- I-s≠-Øn-b- ssh-cp-≤y ß-fp-sS- kw-L-´-\w-X-s∂-bm-Wv- N-cn-{X-sØ-bpw- \-bn-°p-∂- \nba-hp-sa-∂m-Wv.a-\p-jy-s≥-d- _-\v-[-ß-sf-°p-dn-®- ]-T-\-am-Wv- N-cn-{Xw.- h¿-§k-a-c-ß-fm-Wv- N-cn-{X-Øn-s≥-d- K-Xn-I-fpw- K-Xn-am-‰-ß-fpw- \n-b-{¥n°p-∂-Xv.- h¿-§-k-a-c-Øn-s≥-d- Nm-e-I-i-Iv-Xn- D¬-]m-Z-\- _-\v-[-ßfn-ep-≈- am-‰-ß-fm-Wv.- {]-Ir-Xn-bp-am-bp-≈- a-\p-jy-s≥-d- _-\v-[wA-h-s≥-d- B-Zn-Im-ew- ap-X¬-°p-X-s∂-bp-≠v.- A-X-v Ahs≥-d- \ne-\n¬-∏n-\v- A-\n-hm-cy-am-Wv.- {]-Ir-Xn-bp-am-bn- a-\p-jy≥- _-\v-[s∏-Sp-∂- co-Xn-°v- (forces of production) am-‰-ß-fp-≠m-bn-s°m-≠ncn-°p-∂p.- co-Xn-If - n-ep-≠m-hp-∂- ]-cn-h¿-Ø\ - ß - ƒ-°\ - p-kc - n-®v- kaql-Øn-s≥-d- D-¬-∏m-Z-\m-h-kv-Y-I-fn¬- (modes of production) -am‰ßfp-≠m-hp-∂-p.- Cu- c-≠v- am-‰-ß-fpw- hy-Iv-Xn-I-fpw- k-aq-l-hpw- XΩnep-≈- _-\v-[-ß-fn¬- am-‰-ß-fp-≠m-°n.- A-Xv- N-cn-{X-sØ- ]cn-h¿Øn-∏n-®p.- D¬-]m-Z-\-i-Iv-Xn-I-fpw- D¬-]m-Z-\-_-\v-[\-ß-fpamWvD¬-]-m-Z-\- co-Xn-sb- \n¿-Æ-bn-°p-∂-Xv.- Cu- D¬]m-Z-\-co-Xn- (mode of production) -bm-Wv- N-cn-{X-sØ- ap-t∂m-´v- \-bn-°p-∂-Xv.- D¬]mZ-\-co-Xn-bn-ep-≠m-Ip-∂- am-‰-߃-°p-≈- Im-c-Ww- {]-Ir-Xn-bp-sSA-Sn-kv-Ym-\-\n-b-a-am-b- ssh-cp-≤ym-Xv-a-I-X- X-s∂-bm-Wv.- C-Xm-WvN-cn-{X-]-c-am-b- `u-Xn-I-hm-Z-Øn-s≥-d- Np-cp-°w.N-cn-{X-K-Xn-°v- A-©v- L-´-ß-fm-Wp-≈-Xv.- {]m-Ir-X- I-Ωyq-Wnkw,- A-Sn-aØ - w,- ^yq-Ue - n-kw,- ap-Xe - m-fn-Øw,- tkm-jy-en-kw- F∂nß-s\- A-©v- L-´-߃.- {]m-Ir-X- I-Ωyq-Wn-kw- ar-K-Øn¬-\n-∂p≈- a-\p-jy- ]-cn-Wm-aØ - n-\v- ti-ja - p-≈- {]-Ya - L - ´- a - m-bn-cp-∂p.- A∂vA-h-\pw- {]-Ir-Xn-bp-sS- `-m-K-am-bn-cp-∂p.- hy-Iv-Xn-sb-∂- \n-e-bv-°p≈- \n-e-\n¬-t∏m- A-kv-Xn-Xz-tam- A-h-\p-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√.- a-\p-jyk-aq-lw- am-{X-am-bn-cp-∂p- \ne-\n-∂n-cp-∂-Xv.- B- A-h-kv-Y-bn¬Ip-Spw-_t- am- kz-Im-cy-kz-tØm- a-Xt- am- k-Zm-Nm-ca - q-ey-ßt- fm- H∂pap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√.- D-]P - o-h\ - Ø - n-\v- th-≠n-bp-≈- am¿-§w- tX-Sn- bm{X-

ap-X-em-fn-Øw- a-Xw- am¿-Iv-kn-kw-

44

bm-bn-cp-∂-Xv- k-aq-l-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p.- A-ß-s\- B-Zy-am-bn- Ah≥`-£-W-k-ºm-Z-\w- F-fp-∏-am-°m-\p-≈- D-]-I-c-W-߃- I-≠p-]n-Sn®p.- A-Xv- I-≠p-]n-Sn-®- hy-Iv-Xn-Iƒ- Iq-Sp-X¬- k-ºm-Zn°m≥- Xp-Sßn.- D-Zm-l-c-W-Øn-\v,- th-´-bm-Sn-s°m-≠n-cp-∂- a-\p-jy-k-aq-lØn¬- H-cp- hy-Iv-Xn- bm-Zr-NvOn-I-am-bn- H-cp- am≥-t]-S- Ip-gn-bn¬ho-Wp--In-S-°p-∂-Xm-bn- Im-Wp-∂p.- a-r-K-Øn-s≥-d- ]n-∂m-se- Hm-Sn∏n-Sn-®v- A-hs - b- `-£n-°p-∂X - n-t\-°mƒ- F-fp-∏w- Ip-gn-Ip-gn-®v- AXn ¬- Nm-Sp-∂- ar-K-ß-sf- sIm-∂v- `-£n-°-p-I-bm-sW-∂v- A-h≥- I≠p]n-Sn-°p-∂p.- ]p-Xn-b- am¿-§-Øn-eq-sS- th-´-bm-Sm-\m-cw-`n-°p-∂- Ah∂v- k-aq-l-Øn-se- a-‰v- Aw-K-߃-°v- e-`n°p-∂-Xn-t\-°m-f-[n-IwD¬-∏m-Z-\w- e-`n-®p-Xp-S-ßp-∂p.- D¬-∏m-Z-\- D-]-I-c-W-Øn-ep-≠m-bCu- sN-dn-b- am-‰w- k-aq-l-Øn-s≥-d- k-¥p-en-Xm-h-kv-Y-sb- sX-‰n°p-∂p.- A-Xv- Nn-e- hy-Iv-Xn-Iƒ-°-v A-h¿-°v- B-h-iy-ap-≈-Xn-e-[n Iw- D¬-∏-∂w- e-`n-°m≥- Im-c-W-am-°n.- A-t∏mƒ- A-hn-sS- D¬-∏ ∂w- an-®w -h-cp-∂- A-h-kv-Y-bp-≠m-bn.- an-®w- h-∂-h¿- an-®w- h-cm Ø-h-cp-sS- sXm-gn¬- hn-e-°p-hm-ßn.- A-ß-s\- ]-Wn-bpw- Iq-enbpw- D-≠m-bn.- sXm-gn¬- hn-e-°v- hm-ßn-b-h¿- D-S-a-I-fpw- hn-‰-h¿A-Sn-a-I-fp-am-bn- am-dn.- {]m-Ir-X- I-Ωyq-Wn-kv-‰v- hy-h-kv-Yn-Xn-bp-sSC-Øc - w- B-¥c - n-I- ssh-cp-≤y-ßf - p-sS- kw-L´- \ - Ø - n¬-\n-∂v- ASpØ- h-yh-kv-Yn-Xn- \n-e-hn¬-h-∂p-˛A-Sn-a-Øw.A-Sn-a-Ø- Im-e-L-´-Øn¬- b-P-am-\-s≥-d- D-t±-iyw- X-s≥-d- an-®ap-f-f- D¬-∏-∂w- sIm-Sp-Øv- A-Sn-a-bp-sS- A-Sp-Øp-\n-∂v- ]-c-am-h-[nsXm-gn¬- Nq-j-Ww- sN-øp-I-bpw- D¬-∏m-Z-\w- h¿-≤n-∏n-°p-I-bp-amWv.- A-Sn-a-bp-sS- e-£y-am-I-s´,- X-s≥-d- sXm-gn¬- hn-‰v- ]-c-am-h-[nth-X-\w- e-`y-am-°-W-sa-∂Xpw.- ]-c-am-h-[n- em-`n-°-W-sa-∂- D-t±iy-tØmsS- sN-øp-∂- c-≠p-t]-c-p-sS-bpw- {]-h¿-Ø-\-߃- ]-c-kv]-c-hn-cp-≤-ß-fm-Wv.- C-Xv- A-Sn-a-˛D-S-a- kw-L-´-\-Øn-te-°v- \-bn°p-∂p.- C-Xm-Wv- h¿-§-k-a-c-Øn-s≥-d- {]-Y-a-L-´w.- kw-L-´-\w- apdpIp-tºmƒ- b-P-am-\≥- X-s≥-d- Nq-j-Ww- \n-e-\n¿-Øm≥ k-aq-lØn-se- I-¶m-Wn-am-cp-tS-Xm-b- H-cp- kw-L-ap-≠m-°pw.- C-Xm-Wv- `cW-Iq-S-Øn-s≥-d- {]m-Y-an-I-cq-]w.- `-c-W-Iq-S-ap-]-tbm-Kn-®v- A-Sn-a-Isf- A-Sn-®a - ¿-Øm-s\m-cp-ßp-∂- D-Sa - I - ƒ-s°-Xn-sc- A-Sn-aI - ƒ- kwLSn-®p.- A-h¿- b-P-am-\-s\-Xn-sc- k-a-cw- sN-øm≥- H-cp-ßp-tºmƒ-

am¿IvknkØns≥d]-cm-P-bw

45

A-Xn¬-\n-∂v- A-h-sc- ]n≥-Xn-cn-∏n-°p-∂- hn-hn-[- L-S-I-ß-fm-Wva-Xw,- k-Zm-Nm-cw- Xp-S-ßn-b-h.- C-h- A-Sn-a-°v- A-an-X-hm-Kv-Zm-\߃\¬-In- A-h-s\- N-ß-e-s°-´p-I-fn¬-\n-∂v- ap-Iv-Xn- t\-Sp-∂-Xn¬\n-∂v- X-S-™p-\n¿-Ø-p-I-bm-Wv- sN-bv-X-Xv.- k-aq-l-Øn-se- ssh-cp≤y-ß-fp-sS- kw-L-´\tØm-sSm-∏w-X-s∂- D¬-]m-Z-\- D-]-I-c-W-ßfn-epw- am-‰-ß-fp≠m-bn.- Ir-jn-kv-Y-e-ß-fp-sS-bpw- A-Sn-a-I-fp-sS-bpwF-Æw- h¿-≤n-®p.- H-cp- b-P-am-\-\v- X-s∂- H-´-\-h-[n- A-Sn-a-I-sfkq-£n-°p-I- Zp-jv-°-c-am-bn-Øo¿-∂-p.- A-Sn-a-I-fp-sS- ap-t∂-‰w- X-S bm≥- A-h-sc- `n-∂n-∏n-°-p-I-bpw- b-P-am-\-∑m-cp-sS- B-h-iy-am-bncp-∂p.- ta-®n¬- kv-Y-e-ß-fp-sS- hym-]v-Xn-bn-ep-≈- h¿-≤-\-hv- `-c-WIq-S-Øn-\v- ap-∂n-epw- {]-iv-\-am-bn- am-dn.- C-Xm-Wv- P-∑n-˛Ip-Sn-bm≥hy-hk - Y v- b - ° v- v- \n-Zm-\a - m-bX - v.- Cu- hy-hk - Y v- n-Xn-bm-Wv- ^yq-Ue - nkw.{]-`p-hpw- Ip-Sn-bm-\pw- X-Ωn-ep-≈- kw-L´- \ - w- ^yq-Ue - n-kv‰ - v- ImeL-´-Øn-epw- Xp-S-cp-I-bm-Wv.- Ip-Sn-bm-∑m-cp-sS- I-øn¬-\n-∂v- ]-c-amh-[n- D¬-]m-Z-\w- e-`y-am-°-W-sa-∂v- I-cp-Xp-∂- P-∑n-Xz-a-t\m-`m-hhpw- {]-`p-hn-s≥-d- I-øn¬- \n-∂v- Iq-Sp-X¬- Iq-en- hm-ß-W-sa-∂-IpSn-bm-s≥-d- hn-Nm-c-hp-am-Wv- Cu- L-´-Øn¬- kw-L-´-\-Øn-te¿s∏-Sp-∂- hn-cp-≤`- m-hß - ƒ.- Hm-tcm- {]-`p-hn-s≥-db - pw- tIm-´I - ƒ- kzbw]-cy-m-]v-X-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p.- A-h¿-°m-h-iy-ap-≈- h-kv-Xp-°-sf-√mwtIm-´-°p-≈n¬-sh-®p-X-s∂- D¬]m-Zn-∏n-°-s∏-´n-cp-∂p.- b-{¥ß-fpsS- B-K-a-\w- Cu- A-h-kv-Y-sb- am-‰n-a-dn-®p.- D¬]m-Z-\-Øn-ep-≈h¿-≤-\-hpw- A-tXm-S-\p-_-\v-[n-®p-≠m-b- D¬-]-∂-ß-fp-sS- hn-e-bnSn-hpw- tIm-´-I-sf- ]p-Xn-b- H-cp- {]-Xn-k-\v-[n-bn-te-°v- \-bn-®p.- D¬∏--∂ß - ƒ,- tIm-´b - n-se- B-hi - y-Øn-e[ - n-Ia - m-bt- ∏mƒ- A-Sp-Ø- tIm´-bn¬- sIm-≠p-sN-∂v- hn¬-°m≥- {]-`p-°ƒ- \n-¿-_-\v-[n-X-cm-bn.C-Xv- Nn-e- tIm-´-I-fn¬- sXm-gn¬- am-µyw- kr-jv-Sn-®p.- C-Xv- {]-`p°ƒX-Ωn-ep-≈- kw-L-´-\-Øn-te°v- \-bn-®p.- Cu- kw-L-´-\-Øn¬\n-∂v- a-s‰m-cp- ]p-Xn-b- h¿-§w- cq-]w-sIm-≠p.- b-{¥-߃- ssI-h-iap-≈-h-cp-sS- h¿-§w-˛A-tXm-sSm-∏w- X-s∂- a-s‰m-cp- h¿-§-hpw- P-∑wsIm-≠p.- b-{¥-߃- ssI-h-i-an-√m-Ø,- sXm-gn¬-am-{Xw- hn¬-°m≥I-gn-bp-∂-h-cp-sS- h¿-§w-˛A-hn-sS- ]p-Xn-b- H-cp- hy-h-kv-Yn-Xn- cq-]wsIm-≈p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p-˛ ap-X-em-fn-Øw.X-߃- D¬]m-Zn-∏n-®-Xv- ]-cn-]q¿-Æ-am-bpw- X-߃-°p-X-s∂-- In´-

ap-X-em-fn-Øw- a-Xw- am¿-Iv-kn-kw-

46

W-sa-∂- sXm-gn-em-fn-I-fp-sS- B-{K-l-hpw- sXm-gn-em-fn-I-sf- ]-c-amh-[n- Nq-jW - w- sN-øW - s - a-∂- ap-Xe - m-fn-bp-sS- e-£y-hpw- X-Ωn-ep≈kw-L-´-\-am-Wv- ap-X-em-fn-Ø-L-´-Øn¬- \-S-°p-∂-Xv.- ap-X-em-fn-Øhy-h-kv-Y-Xn-bn¬- H-scm-‰- ^m-Iv-S-dn-°v- Io-gn¬- X-s∂- B-bn-c-°W-°n-\v- sXm-gn-e-m-fn-Iƒ- ]-Wn-sb-Sp-°p-∂- A-h-kv-Y- kw-Pm-X-ambn-´p-≠v.- B-i-b-hn-\n-a-b-Øn-\pw- kw-L-Sn-X-i-Iv-Xn-bp-sS- cq-]o-Ic-W-Øn-\pw- C-Xv- Im-c-W-am-Ipw.- D¬-∏-m-Z-t\m-]-I-c-W-ß-fp-sS- am‰-Øn-\-\-p-kr-X-am-bn-,- I-tºm-f-Øn¬- ]n-Sn-®p-\n¬-°-W-sa-¶n¬hnhn-[-ß-fm-b- X-{¥-߃- ]-b-‰-W-sa-∂v- ap-X-em-fn-am¿- a-\- nem°p-∂p.- ]p-Xn-b- b-{¥-ß-fp-sS- I-≠p-]n-Sp-Øw- "sXm-gn-en-√m-bva'- kr-jvS- n-°p-∂p.- \n-eh - n-ep-≈- sXm-gn-em-fn-Iƒ-°p-Xs - ∂- th-X\wIp-d-°m≥- ap-X-em-fn- ap-Xn-cpw.- sX-m-gn-en-√m-bv-a-bpw- Ip-d-bp-∂- Iqenbpw- \n-an-Øw- I-jv-S-∏m-Sn-s≥-d- A-tß-b-‰-sØ-Øp-∂- sXm-gn-emfn-Iƒ- kw-L-Sn-®v- hym-h-km-bn-I- k-∂-≤-tk-\-°v- (industrial reserve army) cq-]w- \¬-Ipw.- sXm-gn-em-fn- ap-X-em-fn-˛kw-L-´-\-߃\-S-°-pw.- A-tXm-sSm-∏w-X-s∂- ap-X-em-fn-Ø- ta-J-e-bn¬- a-s‰m-cp{]-Xn-k\v-[n-Iq-Sn- cq-]w-sIm-≈pw.- sXm-gn-em-fn-°v- Iq-en- Ip-d-hm-bXn-\m¬- ^m-Iv-S-dn-I-fn¬- D¬-]m-Zn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-∂- D¬-]-∂-߃ hmßm≥- A-h¿-°v- km-[y-a√ - m-Xm-hp-Ib - pw- A-Xp-sIm-≠p-Xs - ∂- D¬]∂-߃- sI-´n-°n-S-°p-∂- A-h-kv-Y- kw-Pm-X-am-hp-I-bpw- sN-øpw.C-Xv- ap-X-em-fn-am-cp-sS- em-`w- Ip-d-bv-°p-I-bpw- hy-h-kv-Yn-Xn-bp-sSZp¿-∫-e-m-h-kv-Y-°v- Im-c-W-am-hp-I-bpw- sN-øpw.- C-Xv- sXm-gn-em-fnhn-π-h-Øn-\v- A-\p-Iq-e-am-b- A-h-kv-Y- kr-jv-Sn-°pw.- A-h¿- _ew{]tbm-Kn-®v- `-c-W-Iq-S-sØ- A-´n-a-dn-®v- sXm-gn-em-fn-I-fp-tS-Xm-b- `cW-Iq-Sw- kv-Ym-]n-°pw.- AXv- a-s‰m-cp- hy-h-kv-Yn-Xn-bp-sS- Xp-S-°am-Wv-˛ tkm-jy-en-kw.sXm-gn-em-fn-h¿-§- {]-Xn-\n-[n-Iƒ- sXm-gn-em-fn-h¿-§-Øn-\p-th-≠nA-[n-Im-cw- ]n-Sn-®-S-°p-∂-tXm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bm-Wv- tkm-jy-en-kv-‰v- hy-hkv-Yn-Xn- B-cw-`n-°p-∂-Xv.- kv-t‰-‰v- F-√m- D¬]m-Z-\- D-]-I-c-W-ßfp-sS-bpw- D-S-a-kv-Ym-h-Im-iw- G-s‰-Sp-°pw.- Cu- A-h-kv-Y-bn¬- D¬]m-Z-\- D-]-I-c-W-ß-fp-sS- A-h-Im-in-Iƒ- {]-Xn-tj[-Øn-\v- ap-Xn¿∂m¬- A-h-sc- sXm-gn-em-fn-h¿-§- `-c-W-Iq-Sw- A-Sn-®-a¿-Øpw.- Irjn`q-an-If - pw- D¬]m-Zt- \m-]I - c - W - ß - f - pw- hm¿-Øm-am-[y-aß - f - pw- ^mIv-

am¿IvknkØns≥d]-cm-P-bw

47

S-dn-I-fpw- _m-¶p-I-fpw- hn-Zym-`ym-k- kv-Ym-]-\-ß-fp-sa√mw- sXm-gnem-fn- h¿-§m-[n-]-Xy-Øn-\v- Io-gn¬-h-cpw.- Cu am¿-§-Øn¬- X-S-kam-bn- \n¬-°p-∂-h-sc- k-aq-l-Øn-\p-th-≠n- kv-t‰-‰v- \-in-∏n-°pw.sXm-gn-em-fn-°v- A-h-\v- Po-hn-°p-hm≥- B-h-iy-a-p-≈- Iq-en-am-{XwsIm-Sp-°pw.- A-h-\v- sXm-gn-em-fn-sb-∂- \n-e-bv°v- Po-hn-°m≥- Bhiy-am-bXpIngn®v- _m-°n-sb-√mw- K-h¨-sa≥-dv- ]n-Sn-s®-Sp-Øv- sXmgn-em-fn- cm-jv{- S-Øn-\p-th-≠n- hn-\n-tbm-Kn-°pw.- kz-Im-cy-kz-Øv- ]q¿Æ-am-bn- C-√m-Xm-Ip-∂-tXm-sS- a-\p-jy-\n-se- kzm¿-∞-X- A-h-km\n-°pw.- A-ß-s\- kzm¿-∞-X-bp-sS- D¬]-∂-ß-fm-b- Ip-‰-Ir-Xyß-fpw- Nq-jW - ß - f - pw- A-hk - m-\n-°pw.- A-t∏mƒ- `-cW - I - q-Sw- Xms\s]m-gn-™p--t]m-Ipw.- A-s√-¶n¬,- `-cW - I - q-SØ - n-s≥-d- {]-kI - vX - n- \jvS-s∏-Spw.- Im-c-Ww,- P-\-߃- D-b¿∂- [m¿-Ωn-I-\n-e-hm-c-hpw D¬_p-≤-X-bp-ap≈-h-cm-b-n-Øo-cpw.- km-aq-ln-I-am-b- D¬-]m-Z-\w- \-S °pw.- A-Xn-s≥-d- hn-Im-k-\n-e-hm-cw- \n-an-Øw- Hm-tcm-cp-Ø-cn¬-\n∂pw- A-h-c-h-cp-sS- I-gn-hn-∂-\p-k-cn-®v,- Hm-tcm-cp-Ø¿-°pw- A-h-cpsS- B-h-iy-߃-°-\p-k-cn-®v,- F-∂- I-Ωyq-Wn-k-Øn-s≥-d- a-u-enI{]-am-Ww- cq-]w- sIm-≈pw.- am-\-h- kw-kv-Im-c-Øn-s≥-d- G-‰-hpwD∂-Xamb- cq-]-Øn¬- a-\p-jy¿- A-∂v- F-Øn-t®-cpw.- kp-µ-c-am-b]p-Xn-b- hy-h-kv-YnXn.- `-cn-°p∂-h-cpw- `-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-h-cp-an-√m-Øhyh-kv-Yn-Xn-˛A-Xm-Wv- I-Ωyq-Wn-kw.C-Xm-Wv- N-cn-{X-]c - a - m-b- `u-Xn-Ih - m-ZØ - n-s≥-d- kw-£n-]vX - - cq]w.I-Ωyq-Wn-k-Øn-\v- ti-jw- F-¥m-sW-∂- tNm-Zy-Øn-\v- am¿-Iv-tkmGw-K¬-tkm- a-dp-]-Sn-sbm-∂pw- ]-d-bp-∂n-√.- am-\-h-N-cn-{Xw- sshcp-≤y-ß-fp-sS- kw-L-´-\-ß-fn-eq-sS- ]p-tcm-K-an-°p-∂p-sh¶n¬IΩyqWn-kØ - n-\v- ti-jh - pw- N-cn-{X-Øn-s≥-d- sshcp-≤ym-Xva - I - - kz`m-hw- \n-e-\n¬-°p-I-bpw- ]p-Xn-b- am-‰-߃-°v- A-h- \n-an-Ø-amhp-I-bpw- sN-ø-W-a-t√m.- am¿-Iv-kn-kv-‰v- N-cn-{Xhy--Jy-m-\-{]-Im-c-apffN-cn-{X-L-´-߃- ho≠pw- B-h¿-Øn-°-s∏-Sp-tam,- A-X-√- N-cn{XØn-s≥-d- hn-Im-kw-X-s∂- \n-∂-p-t]m-Ip-tam- A-Xp-a-√- {]-]-©wXs∂- am-‰-Øn-\v- kz-bw- hn-t[-b-am-Ip-tam- F-s∂m-∂pw- X-s∂am¿-Ivk - n-kv‰ - v- ssk≤m¥- n-- I - ¿- ]-d™p-sh-®n-´n-√.- B-[p-\n-I- Nn¥I-cm-b- sjm-tfmw sK¿-ta-s\-t∏m-se-bp-≈-h¿,- cm-jv-{S-o-b- hn-π-hß-fp-sS- A-\n-hm-cy-X-bn-√m-sX-bm-hp-∂- I-Ωyq-Wn-kv-‰v- k-ap-Zm-b-

ap-X-em-fn-Øw- a-Xw- am¿-Iv-kn-kw-

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Øn¬- cm-jv-{So-b-Øn-tem- hy-h-kv-Y-I-fn-tem- am-‰-ß-sfm-∂p-ap-≠mhp-Ib - n-s√-¶n-epw- km-aq-ln-I- hn-Im-kh - pw- h-f¿-®b - p-ap-≠m-hp-sa∂vhn-iZ- o-Ic - n-°p-∂p-≠v.- A-t±-lØ - n-s≥-d- hn-iZ- o-Ic - W - w- A-t±-ls - Øt∏m-epw- kw-Xr-]v-X-\m-°p-∂-X-s√-∂-Xm-Wv- hm-kv-X-hw.ssk≤m¥nI ssh-I-ey-߃: I-Ωyq-Wn-kØ - n-s≥-d- H-∂m-as - Ø- sX-‰v- A-Xn-s≥-d- tem-Iho£W-am-Wv-.- hn-cp-≤-`m-h-ß-fp-sS- kw-L-´-\-ß-fn-em-Wv- ]-Zm¿-∞-Øns≥-d- \n-e\ - n¬-s∏-∂v- hm-Zn-®- am¿-Ivk - v- {]-]© - Ø - n-s≥-d- \n-ba - ߃°p-]n-∂n¬- ]-Zm¿-∞m-Xo-X-am-b- H-cp- i-Iv-Xn-bp≠m-bn-cn-°m-\p-≈km-[y-X-sb- ]q¿-Æ-am-bpw- \n-tj-[n-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p.{k-jv-Sm-hn-s\- \n-tj-[n-°m-\m-bn- kn≤m-¥-߃- ]-Wn-X- am¿Iv-kv- "ssZ-h-tØ-°mƒ- _p-≤n'-bp-≈- h-kv-Xp-hm-bn- ]-Zm¿-∞-sØ k¶¬-∏n-®p.- ]-Zm¿-∞-Øn-\v- A-Xn-s≥-d- ssh-cp≤y-ß-fn-eq-sS- kz bw- ]p-tcm-K-an-°m-\m-Ip-sa-∂v- A-t±-lw- hn-i-Zo-I-cn-®p.- Xn-I-®pwA-\v[ - a - m-bn,- _p-≤n-bn-√m-Ø- ]-Zm¿-∞Ø - n¬- ssZ-hØ - n-s≥-d- KpW߃- B-tcm]n-®p.ssZ-h-Øn-\v- ]-I-cw- \n¬-°m-\m-bn- ]-Zm¿-∞-sØ- k-Pv-P-am°m ≥-- th-≠n- ]-S-s®-Sp-Ø- ssh-cp-≤ym-Xv-a-I- `u-Xn-I-hm-Zw- b-Ym¿-∞ Øn¬- ]-c-am-_-≤-am-Wv.- {]-]-©-Øn-s≥-d- \n-e-\n¬-∏v- X-s∂- ssh cp-≤y-ß-fp-sS- kw-L-´-\-Øn-em-sW-∂- hm-Zw- am¿-Iv-kv- D-]-tbmKn-®n-cn°p-∂- D-Zm-l-c-Wß-fp-sS- sh-fn-®-Øn¬- X-s∂- J-W-vUn°m-\m-I-pw.- _m¿-en- hnØv- A-Xn-s≥-d- kz-bw- \n-tj-[-Øn-eq-sS_m¿-en- sN-Sn-bm-bn- am-dp-tºmƒ- sshcp-≤y-ß-fp-sS- kw-L-´-\-a √- \-S-°p-∂-Xv;- {]-Xyp-X- _m¿en- hn-Øn-s≥-d- ]q¿-Æ-X-bn-te-°p≈- {]-bm-W-am-Ip-∂p.- C-hn-sS- _m¿-en- hn-Øv- kz-bw- \n-tj-[n-°s∏-S-m-\pw- _m¿-en- hn-Øm-bn- \n-e-\n¬-°m-\p-ap-≈- hn-cp-≤- Xm¬]cy-ßf - p-sS- kw-L´- \ - wX - s - ∂- \-S° - p-∂n-√.- a-s‰m-cp- D-Zm-lc - W - amb ]q-hn-s≥-db - pw- Im-bb - p-sS-bpw- A-hk - vY - b - pw- C-Xp-Xs - ∂-bm-Wv.- B‰Øn-s≥-d- B-¥-c-n-I- L-S-\-sb-Ip-dn-®- kn-≤m-¥-߃- B-hn-jv-°cn-°-s∏-´-t∏mƒ,- am¿-Iv-kn-kv-‰v- X-X-z-im-kv-{X-Øn-\p-≈- Aw-Ko-Imc-am-bn- A-Wp-hn\p-≈n-se- C-e-Iv-t{Sm¨-˛t{]m-t´m¨- hn-\ym-kwhn-i-Zo-I-cn-°-s∏-Sp-I-bp-≠m-bn.- ]-t£,- Ce-Iv-t{Sm-Wpw- t{]m-t´m-

am¿IvknkØns≥d]-cm-P-bw

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Wpw- hn-cp-≤- `m-h-ß-fp≈ I-Wn-I-I-sf-∂- hn-ti-j-W-sØ-°mf[n-Iw- C-W-I-sf-∂- hn-ti-j-W-am-Wv- A¿ln-°p-∂-sX-∂v C-∂v\-ap°-dn-bmw.- {]-]©-Øn-se- sN-dp-I-Wn-I -ap-X¬- \-£-{X-Pm-e߃- h-sc-bp-≈-h-bp-sS- \n-e-\n-¬-]v- ]-c-kv-]-c-ap-≈- kw-L-´-\-Øneq-sS-b-√,- {]-Xyp-X- A-h- X-Ωn-ep-≈- ]m-c-kv-]-cy-Øn-eq-sS-bmsW∂v- tPym-Xn-im-kv-{X-Øn-s≥-d- _m-e-]m-T-sa¶n-epw- ]-Tn-®m¬- a-\ nem-Ipw.- b-Ym¿-∞-Øn¬- am-¿-Ivkn-\-v ]-‰n-b- {]-[m-\- sX-‰v- C-Xp-Xs∂-bm-bn-cp-∂p.- h¿-§k - w-L´- \-Øn-e[ - n-jvT - n-Xa - m-b- cm-jv{- So-b- tam N-\- kn-≤m-¥-Øn-s≥-d- \n¿-Ωn-Xn-°p-th-≠n- N-cn-{X-Øn-ep-S-\o-fwh¿-§- kw-L-´-\-߃- I-s≠-Øp-I-bpw- C-Xv- {]-Ir-Xn-bp-sS- s]mXpkz-`m-h-am-sW-∂v- h-cp-Øn-Øo¿-°p-I-bpw- sN-øm≥- {i-an-®p-sh-∂sX-‰v.kq-£v-a-{]-]-©w- ap-X¬- kv-Yq-e-{]-]-©w- hsc-bpf-f- F-√m-‰nepw- I-s≠Øn-b- A-tX- ssh-cp-≤yw-Xs - ∂- Ncn-{X-Øn-epw- {]-tbmKn°m≥- {i-an-®Xm-Wv- am¿-Iv-kn-\v- ]-‰n-b- c-≠m-a-sØ- sX-‰v.- N-cn{Xwkr-jv-Sn-°p-∂-h-\m-Wv- a-\p-jy≥- F-∂v- ]-d-™p-sh-®- am¿-Iv-kn\vF-¥p-sIm-≠h - ≥ - - N-cn{Xw- kr-jvS- n-°p-∂p-sh-∂v- ]-db - m≥- k-m[ - n®n√.- C-hn-sS- am¿-Iv-kn-\v- c-≠p-X-cw- A-_-≤-ß-fm-Wv- ]n-W-™-Xv.H-∂v,- a-\p-jy-s\- ]-Zm¿-∞Ø - n¬-\n-∂v- hy-Xy-kvX - a - m-b- G-sX-¶nepwcq-]-Øn-ep-≈- H-cp- A-kv-Xn-Xz-ap-≈-h-\m-bn- Im-Wm-≥- I-gn-™n-√.c-≠v-,- N-cn-{X-sØ- A-Xn-\n-√m-Ø- H-cp- K-W-\m-{I-aw- A-\p-k-cn-®vhym-Jym-\n-®p.- A-Xp-sIm-≠p-X-s∂- A-Xn-\n-√m-Ø- "I-Ωyq-Wn-kw'F-∂- H-cp- `m-hn- hy-h-kv-Y-sb- A-t±-lw- {]-h-Nn-®p.- `p-an-bn-¬ H-cn°-epw- D-≠m≥- km-[y-a-√m-Ø- H-cp- "D-t´m-∏n-b'- am-{X-am-Wv- I-ΩyqWn-kv-‰v- hy-h-kv-Yn-Xn-sb-∂v- C-∂v- F√m-h¿-°p-a-dn-bmw.ssh-cp-≤ym-Xv-a-I- N-cn-{Xhn-i-I-e-\w- A-_-≤-am-sW-∂-Xn-\v- djy-bn¬- \-S-∂- H-IvtSm-_¿- hn-π-hw- X-s∂- sX-fn-hm-Wv.- ^yq-U en-kv-‰v- hy-h-kv-Yn-Xn-bn¬- I-gn-™n-cp-∂ kmdnkv-‰v- d-jy-bn¬- apX-em-fn-Ø-Øn-s≥-d- B-K-a-\-Øn-\v- ap-ºm-Wv- se-\n-≥- tkm-jyenkw- kv-Ym-]n-®-Xv.- N-cn-{X-]-c-am-b- `u-Xn-I-hm-Zw- im-kv-{Xo-b-hpwk-Xy-k-\v-[-hp-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶n¬,- ap-X-em-fn-Øw- d-jy-bn-epw- IS∂p-h-∂-ti-jw- A-Xn-se- B-¥-cn-I- ssh-cp-≤y-ß-fpw- sXm-gn-emfn- hn-π-h-hpw-sIm-≠v- d-jy≥- K-h-¨-sa≥-dv- X-I¿-∂p-ho-tg-≠-Xm-

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bn-cp-∂p.- C-Xv- c-≠pw- d-jy-bn-ep-≠m-bn-√.- am¿-Iv-kn-b≥- k-¶¬-]{]-Im-cw- N-cn-{X-Øn¬- A-\n-hm-cy-am-bpw- D≠m-bn-cn-t°-≠- ap-Xem-fn-Ø-sa-∂ h-y-h-kv-Yn-Xn- d-jy-bn¬- I-S-∂p-h-∂ns√-¶n¬- Npcpßn-bX - v- d-jy-bp-sS- Im-cy-Øn-se-¶n-epw- am¿-Ik v- n-b≥- Ncn-{X- ho£Ww- sX-‰m-sW-∂v- k-Ω-Xn-t°-≠n-h-cpw.- hn-I-kn-Xcm-Py-ß-fn-se√mw -X-s∂- ap-X-em-fn-I-fpw- sXm-gn-em-fn-I-fpw- X-Ωn¬- C-∂v- k-lI-c-W-hpw- \n-e\n¬-°p-∂p-≠v.- sXm-gn-em-fn-Iƒ- X-s∂- Hm-l-cnDS-a-I-fm-hp-I-bpw- A-h¿-°v- hy-h-km-b- em-`-Øn-s≥-d- hn-ln-Xwe`n-°p-I-bpw- sN-øp-∂- ]p-Xn-b- km-º-Øn-I- kw-kv-°m-cw- ap-Xem-fn-˛sXm-gn-em-fn- kw-L´- \ - Ø - n-te-°√ - ,- {]-Xyp-X- k-lI - c - W - Ø - nte-°pw- ]m-c-kv-]-cy-Øn-te-°p-am-Wv- \-bn-°p-∂-Xv.- ap-X-em-fn-bpwsXm-gn-em-fn-bpw- X-Ωn-ep-≈- ssh-cp-≤y-ß-fn-eq-sS- \m-sf-sbm-cp- hnπhw- \-S-°p-sa-∂v- I-W-°p-Iq-´p-∂-Xp-X-s∂- ]p-Xn-b- km-º-ØnIkm-l-N-cy-ß-fp-sS- sh-fn-®-Øn¬- A-_-≤w- am-{X-am-Wv-. `q-XIm-esØ hkv-Xp-\n-jv-Tam-bn- hym-Jym-\n-°p-Ibpw- `m-hnsb hy-Iv-Xam-bn- \n¿-hNn-°p-Ibpw- sNøp-∂ Z¿-i\am-bm-Wv- am¿Iv-kn-kv-‰v- ss[jWn-I∑m¿- Ncn-{X]camb `u-Xn-Ihm-ZsØ AhXcn-∏n-°m-dp-≈Xv.- am¿-Iv-kn-kØn-s≥-d XI¿-®°v- ap-ºpXs∂ Ncn-{X]cam-b `u-Xn-Ihm-Zw- XI¿-∂n-´p-≠v.- Ip-sd A_≤ k¶¬-]ßfp-sS Hcp- kam-lm-cw- am-{Xam-Wv- Ncn-{X]cam-b `uXnIhm-Zsa∂ hkvX - p-X Ac°n-´p-d∏n-°p-Ibm-Wv- tkmhn-b‰v- bqWnbs≥-dbpw- In-g°≥- bq-tdm-]y≥- cm-Py-ßfp-sSbpw- ]X\w- sNbvXXv.- am¿-Iv-kn-b≥- Ncn-{Xhn-iIe\w- A_≤ßfpƒ-s°m-≈p∂Xm-sW∂v- ]dbm≥- \n-ch[n- Im-cWßfp-≠v.- Ahbn¬- Nneh Chn-sS D≤cn-°mw. (1)- {]m-Ir-X Iayq-Wn-kØn¬-\n-∂- v- ASn-aØØnte-°-pwAXn¬-\n-∂v- ^yqUen-kØn-te°pw- ]n-∂o-Sv- ap-Xem-fn-ØØn te°pw- AXn¬-\n-∂v- tkm-jy-enkØn-te°pw- Ahkm-\w- IayqWn-kØn-te°p-am-Wv- a\p-jy-kaq-lØn-s≥-d ]cn-Wm-asa∂ k¶¬-]Øn-\v- \q-dp-iXam-\w- A\p-Kp-Wam-b Hcp- kaq-lsØ t]mepw- Im-Wp-hm≥- Ign-™n-´n-√.- ]e kaq-lßfp-sSbpw- Ncn{X sØ Xßfp-sS kn≤m¥ßƒ-°\p-kr-Xam-b co-Xn-bn¬- AhXcn ∏n-°p-I am-{Xam-Wv- am¿-Iv-kpw- GwK¬-kpw- sNbv-XXv.-

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(2) Hm-tcm- kaq-lØn-t≥-dXp-am-b am¿-Ivk - v- hn-tijn-∏n-® khntijXIfn¬- ]eXpw- a‰p- kaq-lßfn¬- \n-e\n-∂n-cp-∂p.- DZml cWØn-\v- ASn-aØw- ^yq-Uen-kv-‰v- kaq-lßfn-epw- apXem-fnØ kaq-lßfn-¬t- ]m-epw- \n-e\n-∂n-cp-∂p-sh∂Xn\v- sXfn-hp-Ifp-≠v.C¥y-bn¬- C∂pw- ASn-aØw- \n-e\n¬-°p-∂p-sh∂m-Wt√msI.]m-\q¿- Fgp-Xn-bXv.(3)- ap-Xem-fn-ØØn¬-\n-∂m-Wv- tkm-jy-en-kap-≠m-hp-Isb∂ am¿-Iv-kn-b≥- XXz-Øn-\v- hn-cp-≤am-bn- ^yq-Uen-kv-‰v- djy-bm-WvBZy-am-bn- tkm-jy-en-kØn-seØn-t®¿-∂ cm-jv-{Sw.(4)- Ncn-{Xw- ap-t∂m-´v- am-{Xsa Nen-°q-sh∂ XXz-im-kv{- XØn\vhn-cp-≤am-bn- tkm-jy-en-kv-‰v- cm-jv-{S߃- Xn-cn-®v- ap-Xem-fn-ØØnte°v- t]m-bn.(5)- am¿-Iv-kv- ]d™ B¥cn-I sshcp-≤y-ßtfm-sS \n-e\n¬°p-∂ \n-ch[n- ap-Xem-fn-Ø kaq-lßfp-≠m-bn-´pw- Ahn-sSsbm ∂pw- tkm-jy-en-kw- h∂n-√; hcp-∂ e£Wßsfm-∂pw- Im-Wp∂p-an-√. ]-Zm¿-∞-Øn¬-\n-∂v- Xp-S-ßn- a-\p-jy-\n-se-Øp-∂- am¿-Iv-kv]Zm¿-∞-Øn-s≥-d- am-{Xw- kz-`m-h-߃- a-\pjy-\n¬- B-tcm-]n°p∂p.- `u-Xn-I- h-kv-Xp-hn¬-\n-∂v- hy-Xy-kv-X-am-b- H-cp- hy-Iv-XnXztam- A-kv-Xn-Xz-tam- a-\p-jy-\v- I¬-]n-°p-∂-Xn-s\- At±-lw- hn-e°p-∂p.- a-X-hp-am-bp-≈- A-t±-l-Øn-s≥-d- hn-tbm-Pn-∏v- {]-[m-\-ambp-w- {]-IS- a - m-Ip-∂X - v- C-hn-sS-bm-Wv.- ]-Zm¿-∞Ø - n-s≥-d- am-{Xw- ImcyØn¬-X-s∂- A-t±-lw- B-tcm-]n-®- \n-b-a-߃- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-c-lnX-ßf - m-sW-∂v- \mw- I-≠p.- `u-Xn-Ih - k - vX - p-hn¬-\n-∂v- D-b¿-∂p-\n¬°p-∂- D-¨a - t- bm-Sp-Iq-Sn-b- a-\p-jy-\n¬- B- \n-ba - ß - ƒ- A{]mtbmKn-I-am-bn-cn-°p-sa-∂v- ]n-s∂- ]-d-tb-≠-Xp-t≠m?- {]-Ir-Xn-bnep-≠mIp-∂- am-‰-߃- Po-hn-bp-sS- L-S-\-bn¬- am-‰p-≠m-°p-sa-∂v- Um¿hn≥ kn-≤m-¥n-®-t∏mƒ,- am¿-Iv-kv- A-¬-]w- Iq-Sn- ap-t∂m-´v- I-S-∂vD¬-∏m-Z-\-_-\v-[-ß-fn-ep-≠m-hp-∂- am-‰-ß-fpw- k-aq-l-Øn¬- \n-e\n¬-°p-∂- km-º-Øn-I-hy-h-kv-Yn-Xn-bpw- am{X-am-Wv- a-\p-jy-s‚-kmw-kv° - m-cn-Ih - pw- [m¿-Ωn-Ih - p-am-b- L-S\ - - \n¿-Æb - n-°p-∂s - X∂vhm-Zn-®p.- A-hn-sS-bm-Wv- hy-Iv-Xn-sb-∂- \n-e-bv-°p-≈- a-\p-jy-s≥d-

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A-kv-Xn-X-z-sØ-Ø-s∂- am-¿-Iv-kn-kw- tNm-Zyw- sN-øp-∂-Xv.- am¿-Ivkn-kv-‰v- ho-£-W-Øn¬- [m¿-Ωn-I-hpw- k-Zm-Nm-c-]-c-hp-am-b- \n-ba-ß-fpw- hy-Iv-Xn-bpw- X-Ωn¬- H--cp- _-\v-[-hp-an-√.- k-aq-l-Øn-sehy-h-kv-Yn-Xn-°-\p-k-cn-®m-Wv- A-h- \n¿-Æ-bn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.tem-I-Øn-se- k-I-e-hn-[- {]-i-v\-߃-°p-ap-≈- Im-c-Ww- kzIm cy-kz-Øv- k-{º-Zm-ba - m-sW-∂m-Wv- am¿-Ivk - n-kw- kn-≤m-¥n-°p-∂Xv.{]m-No-\- I-Ωyq¨-hy-hk - vY - - X-Ic - p-Ib - pw- A-Sn-ah - y- h - kvY - - \n-ehn¬h-cn-Ib - pw- sN-øp-∂- {]-{In-bb - n-em-Wv- kz-Im-cy-DS- a - k - vY - X - m- k-{ºZmbw- cq-]w- sIm-≠-Xv.- k-aq-l-sØ- Z-cn-{Z-cpw- [-\nI-cp-am-°n- h¿-§oI-cn-®-Xpw- Nq-j-I-cpw- Nq-jn-X-cp-am-°n- hn-`-Pn-®-Xpw- Cu- k-{º-Zm b-am-Wv.- kz-Im-cy--kz-Øv- k-{º-Zm-bw- ]-cn-W-an-®v- ap-X-em-fn-Ø-Z-ibn-se-Øn-b-t∏mƒ- A-Xv- Xn-∑-bp-sS- aq¿-Ø-cq-]-am-bn- am-dn.- ap-Xem-fn-Ø- Im-e-L-´-Øn-se- A-cm-P-I-X-z-߃-°pw- sXm-gn-en-√m-bv-a °pw- km-º-Øn-I- {]-Xn-k-\v-[n-Iƒ-°pw- A-{I-a-߃-°p-w- Nq-jW߃-°pw- Ip-‰I - r-Xy-߃-°pw- am-\k - n-I- ]n-cn-ap-dp-°Ø - n-\p-sa-√mwIm-cW - w- - kz-Im-cy-kz-Øv- \n-e\ - n¬-°p-∂X - m-Wv.- ap-Xem-fn-ØØ - n¬\n-∂v- tkm-jy-enkv-‰v- hy-h-kv-Yn-Xn-bn-te-°v- k-aq-lw- ]-cn-h¿-ØnX-am-bm¬- ]n-s∂- {]-Y-a-am-bn- \-S-°p-∂-Xv- kz-Im-cy-kz-Øn-s≥-d\n-jvI - m-k\ - a - m-bn-cn-°pw.- ""hn-πhm-\¥ - c - - Im-eL - ´- Ø - n¬- sXm-gnemfn-h¿-§- {]-Xn-\n-[n-Iƒ- sXm-gn-em-fn-h¿-§-Øn-\p-th-≠n- A-[n-Im-cwap-gp-h≥- ]n-Sn-®-S-°p-I-bp-w- F√m- D¬-∏m-Z-t\m-]-I-c-W-ß-fp-sS-bpwA-h-Im-iw- cm-jv-{S-Øn-s≥d- Iøn¬- tI-{µo-I-cn-®- ti-jw- s]m-Xp hm-bn- D¬-]m--Z-\w- \-S-Øp-I-bpw- sN-øpw''1 F-∂m-Wv- Gw-K¬-kv]-db - p-∂X - v.- kz-Im-cy- k - z-Øn-s≥-d- \n-jv° - m-k\Øn-\v- {]-Xn_\v[wkr-jv-Sn-°p-∂- i-Iv-Xn-I-sf-bpw- h-yIv-Xn-I-sf-bpw- D-∑q-e\w- sNøpI-X-s∂- th-Ww.- Im-c-Ww- A-h¿- kaq-l-Øn-s≥-d- i-{Xp-°-fm-Wv.Cu- D-∑q-e-\am-Wv- tkm-jy-en-kv-‰v- L´-Øn-se- `-c-W-Iq-S-Øn-s≥d{]-[m-\- Np-a-X-e. C-hn-sS-bm-Wv- kv-‰m-en-\n-k-Øn-\v- am¿-Iv-kn-k-Øn-s≥-d- ssk≤m-¥n-I-am-b- Aw-Ko-Im-cw- e-`n-°p-∂-Xv.- am¿-Iv-kn-k-a-√-;- kv-‰m-en\n-k-am-Wv- A-]-I-S-sa-∂v- ]m-Sn- \-S-°p-∂-h¿- am¿-Iv-kpw- Gw-K-¬1. Engels: Socialism; Scientific and Utopian. Page 34

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kpw- tN¿-s∂-gp-Xn-b- "tKm-Ym- t{]m-{Km-an-\p-≈- hn-a¿-i-\w'- F-∂]p-kv-X-Iw- H-cm-h¿-Øn- hm-bn-®p-t\m-°s´.- tkm-jy-en-kv-‰v- L-´Øn-se- `-c-W-{I-aw- F-ß-s\-bm-bn-cn-°Wsa-∂- N¿-®- s]m-ßn-h∂-t∏mƒ- "sXm-gn-em-fn- h¿-§- k¿-∆m-[n-]X - y- w'- A-Yh - m "]m¿-´n-bpsSk¿-∆m-[n-]-Xy'-am-Wv- B- A-h-kv-Y-bn¬- D-≠m-hp-I-sb-∂v- am¿-Ivkpw- Gw-K¬-kpw- i-Iv-X-am-bn- hm-Zn-®p.- tKmYm- bq-Wnth-gv-kn-‰nbn¬ tN¿-∂- P¿-Ω≥- I-Ωyq-Wn-kv-‰v- ]m¿-´n-bp-sS- H-cp- tbm-Kw]m¿-´n-bp-sS- tkz-NvOm-[n-]-Xy-a-√,- {]-Xyp-X- s]m-Xp-sX-c-s™-Sp∏n-eq-sS- sX-c-s™-Sp-°-s∏-Sp-∂-h¿- `-cn-°p-∂- kw-hn-[m-\-am-Wvth-≠-sX-∂ A-`n-{]m-bw- ap-t∂m-´p-sh-®p.- C-Xn-\v- am¿-Iv-kpwGwK¬-kp-sa-gp-Xn-b- a-dp-]-Sn-bm-Wv- ta¬- kq-Nn-∏n-°-s∏-´- ]p-kvX-Iw-.- {]-kv-Xp-X- ]p-kv-X-I-Øn¬- A-h¿- F-gp-Xn.- ""\-ap-°v- H-cp`c-WI - q-SØ - n-s≥-d- B-hi - yw-Xs - ∂-bn-√.- ]-t£,- ap-Xe - m-fn-Ø- hyhkv-Yn-Xn-bn¬-\n-∂v- tkm-jy-en-kv-‰v- hy-h-kv-Yn-Xn-bn-eq-sS- I-Ωyq-Wnkv-‰v- hy-h-kv-Yn-Xn- cq-]m-¥-cw- {]m-]n-°p-∂-Xn-\n-S-bn¬ Xm¬-°men-I-am-b- kv-t‰-‰v- D-s≠-¶n¬- B- kvt‰-‰n-s≥-d- B-h-iyw- ]-cn-]q¿Æam-bpw- a¿-±-\-w-X-s∂-bm-Wv.- X-ß-fp-sS- F-Xn-cm-fn-I-sf- X-®p-S-°m\p-≈- B-bp-[-am-Wv- `-c-W-Iq-Sw.- A-hn-sS- kzm-X-{¥y-Øn-\v- {]-kIvXn-bn-√''. I-Ωyq-Wn-kv-‰v- {I-q-c-X-Iƒ-s°-√mw- ssk-≤m-¥n-I-am-b- Aw-KoIm-cw- \¬-Ip-I-bm-Wv- C-hn-sS- B-Nm-cy-∑m¿- sN-øp-∂-Xv.- i-co-cØn-s≥-d- \n-e-\n¬-∏n-\pw- ]p-tcm-K-Xn°pw- hn-Lm-X-am-bn- \n¬-°p ∂- tIm-i-ß-sf- \-in-∏n-®v- i-co-c-sØ- \n-e-\n¿-Øm≥- {i-an-°p-∂Xp-t]m-se- k-aq-l-Øn-s≥-d- G-‰-hpw- ]p-tcm-K-an-®- A-h-kv-Y-bm-bI-Ωyq-Wn-kv-‰v- hy-h-kv-Yn-Xn-bn-te-°p-≈- {]-bm-W-Øn-s≥-d- am¿-KØn¬- X-S- w- \n¬-°p-∂- A¿-_p-Z-ß-sf- \o-°w- sN-bv-Xv- Bhy-h-kv-Yn-Xn-bn-te-°p-≈- {]-bm-Ww- Xp-S-c-Ww.- A¿-_p-Z-tIm-i-ßsf- \o-°w- sN-øm≥- Nn-et- ∏mƒ- "B≥-dn-_tbm-´n-°p-Iƒ-" {]tbmKn®m¬- a-Xn-bm-Ipw.- a-‰p- Nn-e-t∏mƒ- td-Untb-j-\pw- Hm-∏-td-j-\pwth-≠n-h-cpw.- F-¥m-bn-cp-∂m-epw- A-h-sb- \-in-∏n-°p-I- "sXm-gnemfn- h¿-§- k¿-∆m-[-n-]-Xy'-Øn-s≥-d- Np-a-X-e-bm-Wv.-kv-‰m-en≥- `-c-Wta-s‰-Sp-Ø- d-jy- tkm-jy-en-kØn-s≥-d- {]-Ya- L-´-Øn-em-bn-cp∂p.- I-Ωyq-Wn-k-sa-∂- kp-µ-c-tem-I-Øn-s≥-d- kr-jv-Sn-°v- tkm-

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jy-en-kv-‰v- tem-I-sØ- `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ- tk-z-Nv-Om-[n-]-Xn-I-fmtI-≠n-h-cp-sa-∂v- kv-‰m-en≥- a-\- n-em-°n.- A-t±-lw- A-`n-{]m-bs∏-´p ""sXm-gn-em-fn- h¿-§- k¿-∆m-[n-]-Xyw- F-∂-Xp-sIm-≠v- am¿-Ivkv- {]-[m-\-am-bpw- D-t±-in-°p-∂-Xv- ]m¿-´n-bp-sS- G-Im-[n-]-Xy-amWv''-1 Cu- G-Im-[n-]-Xyw- \-S-∏n-em-°n-b-Xn-\v- kv-‰m-en-s\- Ip‰w-]-d™n-´v- Im-cy-ap-t≠m?- A-t±-lw- hn-iz-kn-®- {]-Xy-b-im-kv-{X-am-WvCu- {Iq-c-X-Iƒ-s°-√w- Im-c-Ww. \o-≠- C-cp-]-sØm≥-]-Xv- h¿-j-°m-ew- `-c-W-Øn-en-cp-∂- kv‰men≥- tkm-jy-en-kv-‰v- kz¿-§-Øn-s≥-d- kr-jv-Sn-°m-bn-- sNbv-X- {IqcX-Iƒ-°v- I-øpw- I-W-°p-an-√.- kv-‰m-en-s≥-d- a-c-W-ti-jw,- 1956˛¬tN¿-∂- C-cp-]-Xmw- ]m¿-´n- tIm¨-{K- n¬-sh-®v- {Iq-jv-tN-hv- BWvkv-‰m-en-s≥-d- {Iq-c-X-I-sf-°p-dn-®- I-Y-I-fp-sS- Np-cp-f-gn-®-Xv.- C-∂se,- C-cp-ºv- a-d- t`-Zn-®v- kv-‰m-en-s\-°p-dn-®- Nn-e- I-Y-Iƒ- ]p-d-Øph-∂-t∏mƒ- A-Xv- km-{am-P-y-Xz-{]-N-c-W-am-sW-∂v- ]-d-™v- ]p-NvOn-®p-X-≈n-b- C-¥y≥- am¿-Iv-kn-kv-‰p-Iƒ- C-∂v,- kv-‰m-en≥- {Iq-c\m-sW-∂v- k-Ω-Xn-°m-\pw- kv-‰m-en-\n-k-sØ- ]p-I-gv-Øn-b- C-∂se-bp-sS- \n-e-]m-Sn¬- Ip-º-k-cn-°m-\pw- Xp-S-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂p-sh∂-Xv- \-√- Im-cyw.- kv-‰m-en-\n-kw- am-¿-Iv-kn-k-Øn-s≥-d- Zp-cp-]tbmK-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂v- ]m-Sn- \-S-°p-∂- A-h-¿- am¿-Iv-kn-s≥-d-bp-wGwK¬-kn-s≥-d-bpw- se-\n-s≥-d-bpw- cN-\-Iƒ- a-\- n-cp-Øn- hmbn®p-t\m-°-s´. 1924˛em-Wv- kv‰ - m-en-≥- A-[n-Im-cØ - n¬-h∂ - X - v.- 1928¬- hy-hk - mbhn-I-k-\-Øn-\p-w- Im¿-jn-I- hn-I-k-\-Øn-\pw- th-≠n- A-t±-l-Øn s≥-d- K-h-¨-sa-≥-dv- B-kq-{X-W- hn-I-k-\- ]-≤-Xn-Iƒ- B-c-w-`n-®p.cm-Py-Øp-≠m-bn-cp-∂- c-≠-c-t°m-Sn- I¿-j-I-cp-sS- Ir-jn-`q-an- Iq´pIr-jn- k-{º-Zm-b-Øn-\v- Io-gn¬- sIm-≠p-h-cm-≥- th-≠- ]-≤-Xn-Iƒ1933 B-b-t∏m-tg-°pw- ]q¿-Øn-bm-°-s∏-´p.Ir-jn-`q-an- k¿-°m-cn-\v- hn-´p-sIm-Sp-°p-I-bpw- I¿-j-I¿- kvt‰‰ns≥-d- ]-Wn-°m-cm-bn- \n-e-\n¬-°p-I-bpw- sN-øp-I-sb-∂-Xm-bn-cp∂pkv-‰m-en-s≥-d- I¬-∏-\.- hn-b-¿-s∏m-gp-°n- A-≤zm-\n-®- a-Æn¬-\n-∂v-hn-f-sh-Sp-°m-\p-≈- Im-e-am-b-t∏m-g-°pw- k¿-°m-cp-tZy-m-K-kv-Y-sc-

am¿IvknkØns≥d]-cm-P-bw

Øn.- Cu- k-{º-Zm-b-Øn-s\-Xn-sc- I¿-j-I¿- \n- -l-I-c-W-]-cn-]mSn-Iƒ- B-cw-`n-°p-I-bp-w- h-b¬- sIm-øm≥- hn-k-Ω-Xn-°p-I-bpw- sNbv-Xp.- X-ß-fp-sS- \n- -l-I-c-W-w- k¿-°m-cn-s\- ]p-\¿hn-Nn-¥-\Øn-\v- t{]-cn-∏n-°p-sa-∂v- I-cp-Xn-b- I¿-j-I¿°-v- sX-‰p-]-‰n.- kv-‰mens≥-d- Iq-en-]-´m-fw- h-∂v- h-b-se-√mw- sIm-bv-sX-Sp-Øv- sIm-≠pt]mbn.- H-cp- a-Wn- [m-\yw- t]m-epw- I¿-j-I¿-°v- \¬-In-bn-√.- BP-\-X-sb- ap-gp-h≥- kv-‰m-en≥- ]-´n-Wn-°n-´p.- tem-IØn-se- [m-\-yA-d-I-fm-b- {]-tZ-i-ß-fn-se- P-\-X- ]-´n-Wn- In-S-∂v- ]nS-™v- a-cn°p∂Xv- I-≠n-´p-w- kv-‰m-en-s≥-d- a-\- n-f-In-bn-√.- I-Ωyq-Wn-kv-‰v- kz¿§Øn-te-°p-≈- {]-bm-WØ - n-s≥-d- {]-[m-\- ]-Sn-bm-b- kz-Im-cy- kzØv\n-tj-[Ø - n-\v- ap-∂n¬- hn-eß - p-XS- n-bm-bn- \n¬-°p-∂h - ¿- a-\p-jycpsS- i-{Xp-°-fm-sW-∂pw- A-h-sc- D-∑q-e-\w- sNøp-I- "sXm-gn-em-fnh¿-§- k¿-∆m-[n-]Xy-Øn-s≥-d'- I-S-a-bm-sW-∂p-am-bn-cp-∂p- Xm≥{]-am-Z-ap-Iv-Xsa--∂v- a-\- n-em-°n-b- kn-≤m-¥w- A-t±-l-sØ- ]-Tn∏n®-Xv.- tkm-jy-en-kv-‰v- kz¿-§-Øn-s≥-d Cu- \S-]-Sn-bn¬- ]n-S-™pho-Wv- a-cn-®-Xv- sh-dp-w- F-¨-]-Xv- e-£w a-\pjy-cm-bn-cp-∂p!kv-‰m-en-s≥-d- Im-e-sØ- {Iq-c-X-I-sf-°p-dn-®v- C-∂m¿-°pw- ]d ™p -sIm-Sp-t°-≠-Xn-√.- 1968˛¬- {]-kn-≤o-I-cn-°-s∏-´- tdm-_¿-´vtIm-¨s-- P-kv-‰n-s≥-d- "sIm-Spw- `o-I-c-X'-1 sb-∂- ]p-kv-X-I-Øn¬- ]d™- Im-cy-߃- ]m-ivNm-Xy- tem-I2- -Øn-s≥-d- I-≈{]-N-c-W-amsW-∂v- ]-d-™v- X-≈n-°f-™-h¿-t]m-epw- tam-kv-tIm-\yq-kn-s≥d]p-Xn-b- I-W-°p-Iƒ-°v- ap-∂n-¬- aq-°-Ø-v hn-c¬-sh-®p-t]m-Ip-∂p.kv-‰m-en-s≥-d- ip-≤o-I-c-W- {]-{In-b-bn¬- a-cn-®-h-cp-sS- F-Æ-w- 1.-10 tIm-Sn-tbm-fa - m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂m-Wv- tIm-¨P - k - ‰ v- ns≥-d- I-Ws - °-¶n¬]p-Xn-b- tkm-hnb‰v {- ]-kn-≤o-Ic - W - ß - f - p-sS- I-W° - v- {]-Im-cw-3 AXvc-≠v- tIm-Sn-bn-e-[n-I-am-Wv.- F-{X-sb-{X- km-ln-Xy-Im-c-∑m¿- sImesN-ø-s∏-´p.- F-{X-sb-{X- I¿-j-I¿- ]-´n-Wn-bm¬- a-cn-®p-ho-Wp.- F ¥n-\-[n-Iw,- ]m¿-´n-bp-sS- D-∂-X-X-e- t\Xm-°ƒ-h-sc- h-[n-°-s∏´p.C-Xn-s≥-d-sb-√mw- e-£y-sa-¥m-bn-cp-∂p?- Ckv-sh-kv-Xn-b-bp-sSteJ-I-\m-b- A-e-Iv-km-≠¿- h-k≥-kv-In- F-gp-Xp-∂p- ""a\p-jy-sc1. Robert Congest: The Great Terror

2. tdm-_¿-´v- tIm¨-sP-kv-‰v- ]-m-iv-Nm-Xy- tkm-hn-bt‰m-f-Pn-kv-‰m-Wv1.- D-≤-c-Wn-:- am¿-Iv-kn-kw- X-I-cptam.- s{]m-^.- sI.-F-w.- {^m-≥-kn-kv

55

3. Moscow News 10/1989

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tem-l-hpw- s]m-Sn-a-Æpw-t]m-se- aq-i-bn-en-´v- X-s≥-d- C-O°-\p-kcn-®v- hm¿-sØ-Sp-°p-I-sb-∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂p- At±-l-Øn-s≥-d- XXzw.A-h¿- cm-jv{- S-tØm-Sv- Iq-dpw- k-Xy-k\ - v[ - X - b - p-ap-≈h - c - m-bn-cn-°W - w.A-h-cp-sS- _-\v-[p-°tfm-Sv- \o-Xn- ]p-e-¿-Ø-W-sa-∂n√.- A-h¿- a-c W-`-b-an-√m-Ø-h-cpw- k-t¥m-j-hm-∑m-cp-am-bn-cn-°-W-w.- A-h¿- kzmX-{¥y-sØ- sh-dp-°-Ww.- kzm-X-{¥y-Øn-s≥-d- `m-c-tØ-°mƒ- IqSnb- a-s‰m-cp- `m-c-hp-an-√.- Cu- `m-cØn¬-\n-∂v- P-\-ß-sf- ap-Iv-X-cm°p∂- hy-Iv-Xn-sb- A-h¿- ]p-I-gv-Øn-s°m-≠n-cn-°-Ww.''-1 "e-£yw- am¿-§s - Ø- \ym-bo-Ic - n-°p-∂p'-sh-∂v- ]-Tn-∏n-®- B-Nmcys≥-d-bpw- ""A-{I-aw- Iq-Sm-sX- h¿-§-k-a-c-Øn-s≥-d- H-scm-‰- {]-iv-\-wt]m-epw- N-cn-{X-Øn¬- ]-cn-l-cn-°-s]-´n-´n-√''-2 F∂v- {]-kv-Xm-hn-®hn-πh - t- \-Xm-hn-s≥-db - pw- ]m-X- ]n-¥p-S¿-∂- kv‰ - m-en-≥- {Iq-c\ - m-bnt∏mb-Xn¬- AZv-`p-X-s∏-Sm-\n-√.- B- {Iq-c-X- tkm-jy-en-kv-‰v- cm-jv-{SØns≥-d- \m-bI - \ - v- th-≠- ssk-≤m-¥n-Ia - m-b- A-\n-hm-cy-Xb - m-bn-cp∂p.Cu- {Iq-c-X-I-sf-√mw- F-¥n-\p-th-≠nbm-bn-cp-∂p? kz-Im-cykzØv- F-∂- "k-aq-l-Øn-se- k-I-e- {]-iv-\-߃-°p-ap-≈- Im-cW'sØ- C-√m-bv-a- sN-øm≥- A-ß-s\- I-Ωyq-Wn-kv-‰v- hy-h-kv-Yn-Xnsb∂ ]-dp-Zo-k-bn-te-°v- tem-I-P-\-X-sb- B-\-bn-°p-hm-\m-h-iy-ambh-gn-bp-≠m-°phm≥......- F-∂n-s´-¥v- kw-`-hn-®p?- \o-≠- B-dc- ]Xn‰m-≠p-Im-e-sØ- kz-Im-cy kz-Øv- \n-tj-[-Øn-\v- ti-j-hpw- I-Ωyq Wn-kv-‰v- kz¿-§-Øn-s≥-d- kq-tcym-Z-bw- Im-Wm≥- d-jy-°v- I-gn™n√. ]n-s∂-sb-¥m-Wv- kw-`-hn-®-Xv?- cm-jv-{Sw km-º-Øn-I-am-bn ]nt∂m-°w- t]m-bn.- D¬-]m-Z-\-cw-Kw- h-f-sc-b-[n-Iw- aµ-K-Xn-bnembn.- P-\ß - ƒ- [m¿-Ωn-Ia - m-bn- A-[x-]X - n-®p.-- Ip-‰I - r- X - y-߃- s]cp In.- `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ- tkz-Nv-Om-[n-]-Xn-I-fm-bn- am-dn.- bq-tdm-∏nse- H-cp- {]-[m-\- I-b-‰p-a-Xn- cm-Py-am-bn-cp-∂- d-jy- hn-π-hw- I-gn™vF-gp-]X - p-h¿-jw- I-gn-™t- ∏m-tg-°pw- ]-Ip-Xn-bn-e[ - n-Iw- `£y-]Zm¿∞-߃- A-\y-tZ-i-ß-fn¬-\n-∂v- C-d-°p-a-Xn- sN-tø-≠- KXn-tISnse-Øn.- P-\-ß-fp-sS- ]´n-Wn-bpw- ]-cn-h-´-hpw- am-dn-bn-√.- Ah¿kwXr-]v-Xn-bn-√m-Ø- H-cp- P-\-X-bm-bn-Øo¿-∂p. 1. Moscow News 10/1989

2.1918se- d-jy≥- tkm-hn-b-‰v- tIm¨-{K-k-n-\v- se-\n≥- k-a¿-∏n-®- dn-t∏m¿-´n¬-\n-∂v-

am¿IvknkØns≥d]-cm-P-bw

57

]p-Xn-b- d-jy-bp-sS- kv-Ym-]-I≥- tKm¿-_-t®-hv- X-s∂- kw-kmcn-°s - ´.- ""h-f¿-®b - p-sS- tXm-Xv- Ip-Øs - \- C-Sn-bp-Ib - m-sW-∂pw- KpW\n-b-{¥-W-Øn-s≥-d- kw-hn-[m-\-am-sI- i-cn-bm-bn- {]-h-¿-Øn-°p-∂ns√-∂pw- G-sXm-cmƒ-°pw- hy-Iv-X-am-bn-cp-∂p.- im-kv-{X-Øn-se-bpwkm-t¶-Xn-I- hn-Zy-bn-se-bpw- t\-´-ß-sf- kzo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn-epw- ssha-\ky-ap-≠m-bn.- Po-hn-X- \n-e-hm-c-Øn-se- A-`n-hr-≤n- a-µ-K-Xn-bnem-bn.- `-£y-]-Zm¿-∞-ß-fp-sS- e-`y-X-bn-epw- ]m¿-∏n-S- ku-I-cy-ßfn-epw- D-]t`m-Iv-X- km-[-\-ß-fn-epw- tk-h-\- Xp-d-I-fn-epw- hn-j-a߃- h¿-≤n-®p-h∂ - p''-1 ""ap-Jk - vX - p-Xn- ]-db - e - pw- Zm-kya-t\m-`m-hhpwt{]mXv-km-ln-∏n-°-s∏-´p.- ]-Wn-sb-Sp-°p-∂- km-[-m-c-W-°m-cp-sS,s]m-Xp-P-\-ß-fp-sS,- B-h-iy-ß-fpw- A-`n-{]m-b-ß-fpw- A-h-K-Wn°s∏-´p''2 ""a-Zy-]m-\m-k-Iv-Xn-bpw- a-b-°p-a-cp-∂n-t\m-Sp-≈- hn-t[-b-Xz-hpwIp-‰-Ir-Xy-ß-fpw- h¿-≤n-°p-hm-≥- Xp-S-ßn''-3 ""hn-izm-k-hpw- D-Ø-c-hm-ZnØ--hpw- t\-Sn-bn-cp-∂- B-fp-Iƒ- A[n-Im-c- Zp¿-hn-\n-tbmKw- \-S-Øn.- hn-a¿-i-\-ß-sf- A-Sn-®-a¿-ØnA-hn-ln-X-am-bn- h-en-b- kz-Øv- k-ºm-Zn-®p.- Nn-e- tI-kp-I-fn¬{In-an-\¬- Ip-‰-IrXy-ß-fn¬- ]-¶m-fn-I-fm-hp-I-bpw- sN-bv-Xp-.-4 ""km-aq-ln-I- Im-cy-ß-fn¬- B-fp-Iƒ-°p-≈- Xm¬-]-cyw- \-jv-Ss∏-Sp-I-bm-sW-∂pw- A-≤zm-\-Øn-\v- ]-g-b- am-\y-am-b- ]-Z-hn- C-√mXm-bn-´p-s≠-∂pw- B-fp-Iƒ,- {]-tXy-In-®pw- sN-dp-∏-°m¿- F-¥v- sNbv-Xpw- em-`-ap-≠m-°m≥- ]-c-°w- ]m-bp-I-bm-sW-∂pw- t\-cpw- s\dn-bp-ap-≈- F-√m-h-cpw- I-Sp-Ø- hn-Im-c-tØm-sS- I-≠p''-5 ]p-Xn-b tem-I{Iahpw- ]p-Xn-b `m-hØn-ep-≈ km-{am-Py-Xzhpsam-∂pw- am¿-Iv-kn-kØn-s≥-d ¢m-kn-°¬- hn-iIe\co-Xn-°vhgßp-∂Xs√∂Xm-Wv- kXyw.- ap-Xem-fn-˛sXm-gn-em-fn- k¶¬1. an-Jmbn¬- tKm¿-_t®-hv-:- s]-cn-kv-t{Sm-bv-°-- t]-Pv- 14 2. Ibid t]-Pv- 15 3. Ibid t]-Pv- 16 4. Ibid t]-Pv- 17 5. Ibid t]-Pv- 19,- t_m-dn-kv- sb¬-‰v-kn-s≥-d- `Resurrecting to be Stepped up' F-∂Ir-Xn-bpw- an-Jm-bo¬- tKm¿-_t®-hn-s≥-d- -- `October and Peristroika: The Revolu tion, Continues, Time for Action, Time for Practical Work' F-∂o- Ir-Xn-I-fpwC∆n-j-b-I-am-bn- Iq-Sp-X¬- sh-fn-®w- ]-I-cpw.

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]ßfn¬-t]m-epw- KWy-am-b hy-Xym-kßfp-≠m-bn-´p-≠v.- [njW bm-Wv- C∂v- {][m-\am-bpw- hn-]W\w- sNøs∏Sp-∂Xv.- t]‰≥-dp Ifp-sSbpw- ]cky-tIm-em-leßfp-sSbpw- tem-IØv- an-®aq-ey kn-≤m-¥Øn-s\¥v- {]kIv-Xn?-. sXm-gn-em-fn- Xs∂ ap-Xem-fn-bmIp-∂ sjb¿- k{ºZm-bØn-s≥-dbpw- kvt‰m-°v- FIv-kv-tN©p Ifp-sSbpw- tem-I{IaØn¬- sXm-gn-em-fn-˛apXem-fn- h¿-KkwL ´\߃- {]Xo-£n-°p-∂Xv- F¥p-am-{Xw- hy¿-∞am-Wv?.- hy-hkmb hn-πhØn-s≥d BZy-\m-fp-Ifn¬- cq-]saSp-Ø Hcp- kn-≤m-¥w{]Zm-\w- sNbv-X kz-]v-\tem-Iw- Cu- ]p-Xn-b tem-I{IaØn¬Im-Øn-cn-°p-∂Xv- `u-Xn-Iho-£WXn-eq-sS am-{Xw- t\m-°n-bm¬t]m-epw- Xo¿-Øpw- t`m-jv-°m-sW∂Xt√ kXyw?1991 sk-]v-Xw-_¿- 6\v- t_m-dn-kv- sb¬-kn-\pw- tKm¿-_t®-hpwtN¿-∂v- A-`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-®- F.-_n.-kn.-Sn.-hn.- A-`n-ap-J-Øn-¬- sb¬kn≥- ]-d-™p.- ""kp-µ-c-am-b- H-cm-i-b-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶n-epw- H-cpDt´m-]y≥- B-i-b-am-bn-cp-∂p- I-Ω-yq-Wn-kw''.a-\p-jym-Xv-am-hn-s≥d- kzm-X-{¥y- Zm-lw- Im-Wm≥- I-gn-™psh-∂-Xm-Wv- am¿-Iv-kn-k-Øn-s≥d- ku-µ-cyw.- a-\p-jy-\n¬- kzmX{¥y-Zm-lw- A-¶p-cn-∏n-°p-∂- B-Xv-am-hn-s\- Im-Wm≥- I-gn-™ns√∂-Xm-Wv- A-Xn-∂v- ]-‰n-b- sX-‰v.- Cu- sX-‰v- a-\- n-em°m-sX-bp≈]-cn-jv-°-c-W- {]-h¿-Ø-\-ßfpw- _-Z¬- \n¿-t±-i-ß-fpw- A-Xp-sIm ≠p-X-s∂- hy¿-∞-am-Wv.

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aq-∂vap-X-em-fn-Ø-Øn-s≥-d- ]cmPbw am¿-Ivk - n-kØ - n- s - ≥-d- ]cm-Pb - w- D-Zm-ca - p-Xe - m-fn-ØØ - n-s≥-d- hnPb-am-bn- sIm-´n-tLm-jn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p-≠v.- A-ta-cn-°≥- Nn-¥-I-\m-b{^m-≥-kn-kv- ^yp-°n-bm-a- F-gp-Xn-b- "N-cn-{X-Øn-s≥-d- A-¥yw-'1 F∂- te-J-\-Øn-epw- hm-jn-w-Kv-S-Wn-se- A-ta-cn-°≥- F≥-d¿ss{]k-v- C≥-kv-‰n-‰yq-´n-se- tPm-jp-h-ap-dm-hv- Nn-°n-s≥-d- "P-\m-[n]Xy-Øn-s≥-d- I-b-‰p-aXn-:- A-tacn-°≥- `m-Kt[-bw- \n¿-∆-ln-°-s∏Sp-∂p2 F-∂- ]p-kv-X-I Øn-epw- {]-[m-\-am-bpw- hm-Zn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-XvA-Xm-Wv.- Z¿-i-\-߃- X-Ωn-ep-≈- kw-L-´-\-Øn-s≥-d- A-¥y-amWvam¿-Iv-kn-kv‰v- kn-≤m-¥-Øn-s≥-d- ]-cm-P-b-Øn-eq-sS- kw-`-hn-®n-´p≈-sX-∂pw- km-t¶-XnI- hn-Im-k-Øn-s≥-d- Im-e-L-´-am-Wv- C-\nh-cm-\n-cn-°p-∂s - X-∂pw- Ata-cn-°≥- P-\m-[n-]X - y-k¶ - ¬-∏Ø - n-s≥dhn-P-b-amWv- Cu- kw`-h- hn-Im-k-ß-fn-eq-sS- {]-Jym-]n-°-s∏-Sp-∂sX-∂p-am-Wv- hm-Zn-°s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. ap-Xe - m-fn-Øw,- b-Ym¿-∞Ø - n¬- am¿-Ik v- n-kØ - n-\v- ]-Ic - w-sh°m ≥- ]-‰p-∂- H-cp- {]-Xy-b-im-kv{Xta- A-√.- am-¿-Iv-kn-kw- A-Xn-∂vsX-‰p-Iƒ- G-sd- ]-‰n-bn-´p-s≠-¶n-epw,- ]-c-am-Wp ap-X¬ ]-ctemIwh-sc-bp-≈- h-kv-Xp-\n-jv-T-hpw- A-√m-Ø-Xp-am-b- F-√m- Im-cy-ßsf°p-dn-®pw- hn-i-I-e-\w- sN-øp-I-bpw- H-cp-- ho-£-Ww- A-h-X-cn-∏n°p1. Francis Fukiama: The End of History 2. Joshua Muravchik: Exporting Democracy: Fulfilling America's Destiny

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I-bpw- sN-øp-∂- X-Xz- i - m-kv{- X-am-Wv.- B- X-Xz-im-kv{- X-Øn-\v- ]Icwsh-°m≥- \n¿-t±-in-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv- G-‰-hpw- Np-cp-ßn-b-Xv- H-cp- temIho-£-W-sa-¶n-ep-ap-≈- Z¿-i-\-am-h-Ww.- tem-I-ho-£-Ww- t]m-bn´vhy-Iv-X-hpw- k-a-{K-hp-am-b- H-cp- km-º-Øn-I- Z¿-i\w -t]m-epw- AhXcn∏n-°m-≥- I-gn-bm-Ø- D-Zm-c- ap-X-em-fn-Ø-Øn-s≥d- hn-P-b-am-WvI-Ωyq-Wn-k-Øn-s≥-d- ]-c-m-P-b-Øn-eq-sS- hy-Iv-X-am-hp∂-sX-∂v- ]dbp-∂-Xv- A-Xp-sIm-≠p-X-s∂- ip-≤-t`m-jv-°m-Wv. ap-Xe - m-fn-Øw- hn-Pb - n-®p-sh-∂v- ]-db - p-∂s - X-hn-sS-bm-Wv?- a-\pjyk-l-P-am-b- "kzm¿-∞-X'-sb-∂- hn-Im-c-sØ- a-\-kn-em-°n-sb-∂Xm-Wv- ap-X-em-fn-Ø-Øn-s≥-d- hn-P-bw.- k-ºm-Zn-°-m-\pw- D-b-cm-\pap≈- Xn-I-®pw- am-\-hn-I-am-b- hy-{K-X-sb- A-Xv- I-W-°n-se-Sp-Øp.DZm-c-ap-X-em-fn-Ø-Øn-s≥-d- ]n-Xm-hm-b- B-Uw-kv-an-Øv- hn-i-Zo-I c-n-°p-∂-Xn-ß-s\-bm-Wv-:- ""km-º-Øn-I- Im-cy-ß-fn-ep-≈- k¿-°mcns≥-d- A-an-X-am-b- C-S-s]-S¬- D¬-]m-Z-\-cw-K-sØ- ]p-d-In-te-°v\-bn-°pw.- A-Xp-sIm-≠v- k¿-°m¿- cm-Py-c£ - ,- cm-jv{- S-ßf - p-am-bp≈_-\v-[w- Xp-S-ßn-b- Im-cy߃- {i-≤n-®m¬- a-Xn.- C-ß-s\- sNbvXm ¬- D¬-]m-Z-\-cw-Kw- k-Po-h-a-m-Ipw.- C-Xv- km-º-Øn-I-cw-K-sØ-aXvk-c-Øn-te-°v- \-bn-°pw.- A-Xn-\m¬- am¿-°-‰n¬- Nq-j-Ww- \ne\n¬-°p-I-bn-√.- hn-e-bpw- th-X-\-hpw- em-`-hp-sa-√mw- an-X-am-Ipw.A-ß-s\- Nq-j-W-an-√m-Ø- I-tºm-f-߃- \n-e-hn¬- h-cpw.- cmPy sØ- D¬]-m-Z-\w- h-f-sc- X-Ir-Xn-bm-bn-Ø-s∂- \-S-°p-I-bpwsNøpw''1. kva - n-Øv- ]-d™ X - p-t]m-se-bp-≈- ap-Xe - m-fn-Øw-- C-∂v- tem-IsØhn-sS-bpw- \n-e\ - n¬-°p-∂n-s√-∂X - m-Wv- h-kvX - p-X.- kvt- ‰-‰n-s≥d- \nb{¥-W-߃-°pw- \n¿-t±-i-߃-°pw- hn-t[-b-am-Wv- A-`n-\-h- ap-Xemfn-Ø- cm-jv-{S-ß-fn-se- I-tºm-f-߃.- tZ-io-b- h-cp-am-\-Øn-s≥-dIm¬`-m-KtØm-fw- k¿-°m¿- \n-b-{¥-WØ-n¬-X-s∂-bm-Wv,- F-√map-X-em-fn-Ø- cm-jv-{S-ß-fn-epw.ap-Xe - m-fn-Øw- a-\p-jy-s≥-d- kzm¿-∞X - s - b-∂ hn-Im-cw- a-\  - nem°n-sb-∂-Xv- t\-cv.- ]-t£,- B- kzm¿-∞-X-sb- F-ß-s\- Kp-W-I-cam-bn- ]-cn-h¿-Øn-∏n-°-W-sa-∂v- ]-d-bm≥- A-Xn-∂v- I-gn-™n-√.- aX˛ [m¿-Ωn-I˛- k-Zm-Nm-c- aq-ey-߃-s°m-∂pw- {]-Xy-£Ø - n¬- ap-Xe - mfn1. Adam Smith: Wealth of Nations

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Øw- F-Xn-c-s√-¶n-epw,- `u-Xn-I-hn-P-bw- am-{X-am-Wv- a-\p-jy-Po-hnXØn-s≥-d- e-£y-sa-∂v- h-cp-Øn-Øo-¿-°p-I-h-gn- [-m¿-Ωn-Im-[x-]-X\Øn-s≥-d- ]m-Xb - n-te-°p-Xs - ∂-bm-Wv- A-Xv- a\p-jy-sc- \-bn°p-∂Xv. D-Zm-cap-X-em-fn-Ø-Øn-s≥-d- ho-£-WØn¬- H-cp- km-º-Øn-IPo-hn- am-{X-am-Ip-∂p- a-\p-jy≥.- hn¬-°p-I-bpw- hm-ßp-I-bpw- kºmZn-°p-Ib - pw- am-{X-am-Wh - s - ≥-d- e-£yw.- A-ßs - \- h-cp-tºmƒ- Itºmf-߃- k-Po-h-am-Ip-∂p-sh-∂Xv i-cn.- ]-t£,- A-hn-sS- a-\p-jyXzwa-cn-®p-ho-gp-∂n-t√?- A-¥m-cm-jv-{S-cw-K-߃- ap-X¬- ap-X-em-fn-Øcm-Py-ß-fp-sS- A-IØp-h-sc- \-S-°p-∂-Xv- F-¥m-Wv?- em-`w- h¿-≤n ∏n-°m-≥- F-¥v- s\-dn-tI-Spw- sN-øm-sa-∂- Nn-¥b - m-Wv- ap-Xe - m-fnØwh-f¿-Øn-sb-Sp-Øn-cn-°p-∂X - v.- X-Ωn-eS- n-°p-∂- cm-jv{- S-߃-°v- c≠n\pw- B-bp-[-߃- \¬-In- A-Xn¬-\n-∂v- ]-Ww- sIm-øp-∂- A-¥mcmjv-{S- \n-e-]m-Sn-\p-]n-∂n¬- sN-∂m-b-bp-sS- tNm-c-∏q-Xn-b-√m-sX- as‰¥m-Wp-≈-Xv?- B-Sp-Iƒ- X-Ωn¬- Ip-Øn- NØm-epw- X-\n-°v- tNmcIn-´p-a-t√m-sb-∂- kzm¿-∞-X- X-s∂-b-t√- P-\-e-£-Mƒ- a-cn-®p-hoWm-epw- R߃-°v- ]-W-ap-≠m-°m-a-t√m-sb-∂- Nn-¥-bpw?- C-Xvc-≠pw- H-∂p-X-s∂-sb-∂v- a-\p-jy-cm-bn-∏n-d-∂-h¿-°v- tXm-∂p-∂ps≠-¶n¬- kw-i-b-te-i-a-t\y- \-ap-°v- ]-d-bmw,- ap-X-em-fnØw- a-\p jy-sc- sN-∂m-bv-°-fm-°n- am-‰p-I- am-{X-am-Wv- sN-øp-∂-sX-∂v.A-ta-cn-°s - b-∂- ap-Xe - m-fn-ØØ - n-s≥-d- ]-dp-Zo-k- X-s∂-sb-Sp°pI.- 1964¬- \-S-∂- tPm¨- sI-∂-Un-bp-sS- h-[-tØm-S-\p-_-\v-[n-®vsIm-e-]m-X-I-ß-fp-sS- H-cp- i-rw-J-e -X-s∂- A-hn-sS- \-S-°p-I-bp≠m-bn.- P-\-߃- kz-Im-cym-bp-[߃- \n-tcm-[n-°-W-sa-∂- B-hiy-ap-∂-bn-°p-∂- A-h-kv-Y- h-sc- A-hn-sS-bp-≠m-bn.- ""cm-hn-se- Xebp-am-bn- ]p-d-Øn-d-ßp-∂-h≥-- cm-{Xn- D-S-ep-am-{X-am-bn- Xn-cn-®p-h-cp∂- A-h-kv-Y''-sb-∂v- ]-©m-_n-s\-°p-dn-®v- Im¿-´q-Wn-kv-‰v- ]-d-™Xn-t\-°mƒ- `o-I-c-am-b- A-h-kv-Y- kw-Pm-X-am-bn.- ]t£,- B-bp-[\n¿-Ωm-Xm-°f - p-sS- i-IvX - a - m-b- k-Ω¿-±w- aq-ew- K-h¨ - s - a-≥d - n-\v- hyIvX-am-b- H-cp- Xo-cp-am-\-hp-sa-Sp-°m-≥- I-gn-™n-√.- ""B-bp-[-°-®-h-Shpw- I-®-h-S-am-Wv-;- A-Xn-¬- K-h-¨-sa≥-dv- \n-b{¥-Ww- sIm-≠phcp-∂-Xv- A-\o-Xn-bm-Wv''- F-∂m-bn-cp-∂p- Bbp-[-hy-h-km-bn-IfpsS- hm-Zw.- hn-e-°p-I-fn-√m-sX- B-bp-[߃- ssI-h-iw- sh-°m≥A-[n-Im-ca - p-≈h - c - m-Wv- A-ta-cn-°≥ - - ]u-c∑ - m¿.- A-Xp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂-

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sX-cp-hv-bp-≤-߃- A-hn-sS- km-[m-c-W-am-Wv.- a-\p-jy-s≥-d- Po-ht\°mƒ- hn-e- k-º-Øn-\m-W-t√m. ap-X-em-fn-Øw- a-\pjy-sc- F-ß-s\- \-in-∏n-°p∂p--sh-∂v- a-\ nem-°m≥- B-tKm-f- ]-cn-kv-Yn-Xn- hn-h-c-W- I-W-°p-Iƒ- ]-cn-tim[n®m¬- a-Xn.- 1950˛I-fn¬- P-∏m-\n-ep-≠m-b- "C-Øm-b˛v- C-Øm-bv'- tcmKwap-X-em-fn-Ø-Øn-s≥-d- F-ß-s\-bpw- ]-Ww- k-ºm-Zn-°-W-sa-∂Nn¥-bp-sS- D-t]m¬-∏-∂-am-bn-cp-∂n-t√?- Pn≥-kv- \-Zn-bp-sS- D¬-`-hkv-Ym-\-Øv- kv-Yn-Xn-sN-bv-Xn-cp-∂- \m-I- (zinc) J-\n-bn¬-\n-∂v- \Znbn-te-°v- H-gp-°n-hn-´n-cp-∂- Im-Uv-an-bw- I-e¿-∂- a-en-\-P-ew- e`n®ph-f¿-∂- s\¬-s®-Sn-bn¬-\n-∂v- F-Sp-Ø- A-cn- `-£n-®-Xn\m¬- P\߃-°p-≠m-b- A-Xn-`-b-¶-cm-b- A-kvYn-th-Z-\-bpw- £-X-ß-fpam-Wv- "C-Øm-bv-˛C-Øm-bv'- F-∂v- A-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv.- X-hn-Sn¬-\n-∂v- F Æ-sb-Sp-Øn-cp-∂- I-\n-an- I-º-\n-bn¬,- F-Æ-bp¬-]m-Z-\- {]-{In-b bn¬- D-]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂- ]n.-kn.-_n- (Poly Chloro Biphesyl) sb-∂cm-k-]-Zm¿-∞w- F-Æ-bn¬- I-e¿-∂-Xn-\m¬- 1968˛¬- P-∏m-\n-ep≠m-b- `o-I-c- tcm-K-hpw- F-ß-s\-bpw- ]-Ww- t\-S-W-sa-∂- ap-X-emfn-Ø- X-Xz-im-kv-{X-Øn-s≥-d- kr-jv-Sn-X-s∂.- I¨-t]m-f- ho¿-°pI,ssI-Im-ep-Iƒ- \o-cp-h-∂v- ho¿-°p-I,- k-\v-[n-I-fn¬- th-Z-\,- B¿Ø-h- X-I-cm-dp-Iƒ,- {]-Xyp-¬-∏m-Z-\-ti-jn- \-in-°p-I- F-∂n-h-bmbn-cp-∂p- {]-kv-Xp-X tcm-K-Øn-s≥-d- e-£-W-߃.- c-kw- (mercury) D¬t{]-c-I- (catalyst) am-bn- D-]-tbm-Kn-®- v- hn-∂m-Kn-cn- (acetic acid) D¬-∏m-Zn-∏n-®n-cp-∂- Nn-tkm- sI-an-°¬- I-º-\n-bn¬-\n∂v-]p-d-Øp-h-∂- a-m-en-\y-߃- P-∏m-\n-se- ao-\-am-Xm- Z-zo-]p- \n-hm-knI-fn¬- Nn-es - cbpw- P-¥p-°s - f-bpw- k-ky-ßs - f-bp-sa-√mw- sIms∂m Sp-°n- b - - kw-`h - w- \-S∂ - X - v- 1950˛I-fn-em-Wv.- "ao-\a - m-Xm- tcm-Kw'- F∂vt]-cv- hn-fn-°-s∏-´- Cu- APv-Rm-X-tcm-K-Øn-s≥-d-bpw- Im-c-Ww- em`a-√m-sX- a-s‰m-∂n-s\-bpw -Ip-dn-®v- Nn-¥n-°m≥- X-øm-dn-√m-Ø-- Pm∏\o-kv- ap-X-em-fn-Ø- `-c-W-Iq-S-Øn-s≥-d- \-b-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p.em-`s - °m-Xn-bn¬- am-{Xw- A-[n-jvT - n-Xa - m-b- ap-Xe - m-fn-Ø- k-{ºZmbw- a-\p-jy-s\-∂- Po-hn-sb X - s - ∂- \-in-∏n-°m≥- am-{Xw- "h-f¿∂ncn'°p-∂p.- a-Æn-s\-bpw- sh-≈s - Ø-bpw- hm-bp-hn-s\-bpw- \-in-∏n-®mepwX-s≥-d- J-P-\m-hn¬- ]-Ww- Ip-∂p-Iq-Sp-sa-∂- Nn-¥-,- a-\p-jy-s\A-\v-[-\m-°n-bn-cn-°p-∂p-;- X-s≥-d- \m-sf-sb-°p-dn-®v- Nn-¥n-°m≥-

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t]m-epw- A-h-\v- t\-c-a-n-√.- A-Wp-hm-bp-[-ß-fpw- cm-km-bp[-ß-fpwsNe-h-gn-°m≥-th-≠n- aq-∂mwtem-I-cm-jv-{S-ß-sf- X-Ωn-e-S-n-∏n-°p∂-Xn-\n-S-bn¬- s]m-´n-sØ-dn-°p-∂- ]-Zm¿-∞-߃- A-¥-co-£-sØa-en-\-am-°p-I- am-{X-a-√,- Xm-\pƒ-s°m-≈p-∂- `q-an-sb-Ø-s∂- \in∏n-®v- H-cp- "X-tam-{K-l'-am-°n- a-m-‰m≥- t]m-hp-I-bm-sW-∂- sR-´n°p-∂- b-mY - m¿-∞s - Ø-°p-dn-®v- Nn-¥n-°m≥- km-ºØ - n-IP - o-hn-bmba-\p-jy-s\-hn-sS t\-cw?- D-]tbm-Kn-°p-∂- A-kw-kv-Ir-X-]Zm¿-∞Øn¬- sN-dn-sbm-cp- am-‰-w- h-cpØp-∂-Xv- ]-e-t∏m-gpw- a-en-\oI-c-WØn-s≥-d- tXm-Xv- K-Wy-am-bn- Ip-d-°m≥- ]-cym-]v-X-am-hp-sa-¶nepwB- am-‰w- em-`I - c - a - √ - m-ØX - n-\m¬- X-ßf - p-sS- D¬-∏∂ - Ø - n-\v- ItºmfØn¬- ]n-Sn-®p-\n¬-°m≥- km-[y-am-hn-s√-∂- Nn-¥- ]-c-am-h-[n-- aen\o-I-c-W-ap-≠m-bm-epw- an-\n-aw- sN-e-hn¬- D¬-]-∂߃- \n¿-Ωn°p-∂-sX-ßn-s\-sb-∂- K-th-j-W-Øn-\m-Wv- a-\p-jy-sc- t{]-cn-∏n°p-∂-Xv-.- ku-c-hn-In-c-W-Øn-se- A-]m-b-c-iv-an-I-fn¬-\n-∂v- \-sΩc-£n-°p-∂- Hm-tkm-¨- Ip-S- \-in-∏n-°-s∏-´m-epw- G-‰-hpw- Ipd™sN-e-hn¬- "X-Wp-Ø-sh-≈w'- Ip-Sn-°-W-sa-∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂p- ap-X-emfn-Ø-Øn-s≥-d- D-]-t`m-Iv-Xr-kw-kv-°m-c-Øn-s≥-d- Nn-¥.- kp-Jn-°m\m-bn- D-]-tbm-Kn-°-s∏-Sp-∂- b-{¥-߃- ]p-d-Øp-hn-Sp-∂- hm-X-Iß-fn¬- ]-e-Xpw- `q-an-bn-se- "l-cn-X-K-r-l-{]-`m-h-'- (green house effect) Øn-s≥-d- tXm-Xv- h¿-≤n-∏n-°p-I-bpw- X-∑q-ew- `q-an-bn-se- Xm]\n-e- K-Wy-am-bn- Iq-Sp-I-bpw- A-Xv- Po-h≥- F-∂- {]Xn-`m-k-Øns≥-dX - s - ∂- A-¥y-Øn-\v- Im-cW - a - m-hp-Ib - p-w- sN-øp-sa-∂v- a-\  - nem°m≥- a-\p-jy¿-°v- a-\- v- \-jv-S-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p.- k-ºm-Zn-°m-\p-≈Xn-c-°n¬- kz-¥w `m-hn-sb-°p-dn-®v- t]m-ep-a-h≥- Nn-¥n-°p-∂n-√. "Xn-∂p-I,- Ip-Sn-°p-I,- B-\-µn-°p-I'- F-∂- F-∏n-Iyq-d-kn-s‚-- kn≤m-¥w- Po-hn-X-Øn¬- {]-tbm-Kn-°m≥- ]Tn-∏n-®- ap-X-em-fn-ØØn s≥-d- a-°ƒ- am-\k - n-ItcmKn-If - m-bn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-Ib - m-Wn∂v.- tIm So-i-z-c-∑m-cpw- Aw-_-c-Npw-_n-I-fpw- \-n-d-™p-\n¬-°p-∂- \-Kc-Øn se- ho-Yn-bn-eq-sS- Hm-Sn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂- ta-¬-Ø-cw Im-dp-I-fn¬k-©-cn-°p-∂- apXemfnØcmjv{SØnse ]uc≥ kz¿-§-Øn-emsW-∂v- [-cn-®p-sh-¶n¬- \n-߃-°v- sX-‰n.- A-h-s\- hn-fn-®v- kwkmcn-®p-t\m-°q.- am-\-kn-I- kw-L-¿j-Ø-n-s≥-d-bpw- ]n-cn-ap-dp°-Øns≥-db - p-w- h¿-Øa - m-\ß - ƒ!- H-∂p- No-™v- a-t‰-Xn-\v- h-fa - m-bn- amdp∂-

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D-]t- `m-IvX - r- k - w-kv° - m-cw- k-w` - m-h\ - - sN-bvX - X - m-Wh - .- hnP-bs - a-s¥∂-dn-bm-sX- hn-P-b-Øn-\p-]n-∂n¬- ]m-bp-I-bm-W-h≥.- hne-Iq-Sn-ba-Zy-tam- kp-µ-cn-Ifm-b- kv-{Xo-Itfm- H-∂pw- X-∂n-se- a-\pjy-s\kw-Xr-]vX - \ - m-°p-∂n-s√-∂v- A-h≥- a-\  - n-em-°p-∂p.- a-b°p-ac - p∂pI-fn¬-\n-∂v- a-b-°p-a-cp-∂p-I-fn-te-°v- Iq-Sp-am-dn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂A-hs - ≥-d- t]-cn-\v- ]n-∂n-epw- ]n.-F® - v.- U - n-bn¬- Ip-db - m-Ø- Un-{Knbmbn-cn-°p-ap-≈-Xv.- ]-t£,- A-h-\n-se- a-\p-jy≥- a-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂p.kºm-Zn-®v- kp-Jn-®v- \-in-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂- _p-≤n-bp-≈- H-cpb{¥w- am-{X-am-Wn-∂-h≥. am-¿-°-‰n¬- H-∂pw-X-s∂- ap-X-em-fn-Ø-Øn-\v- hn-e-°-s∏-´Xm-bn´n-√.- D¬-]-∂-߃- sN-e-h-gn-°m≥-- F-¥v- am¿-§-hp-am-Imw.- kv-{Xohn-]-Wn-bn-se- H-cp- N-c-°v- am-{X-am-W-hn-sS.- A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂- kp-µcn-I-fp-sS- \-Kv-\-am-b- t-^m-t´m-Iƒ- hn-‰m-Wv- A-ta-cn-°≥- {]-kn≤o-I-c-W-߃- ]-Ww- sIm-øp-∂-Xv.- \-Kv-\-X-bn-√m-X- kn-\n-a-Iƒ°v- ap-X-em-fn-Ø- cm-Py-ß-fn¬- B-sf- In-´p-I-bn-s√-∂-Xm-W-s{XA-\p-`h - w.- ]-ck - y-ßf - n-se- H-cp- {]-[m-\- {]-Z¿-i\ - h - k - vX - p-hpw- kv{Xoku-µ-cyw-X-s∂.- ap-X-em-fn-Ø- D-]-t`m-Iv-Xr-kw-kv-°m-cw- hn-e-s°Sp-°m-≥- X-{X-s∏-´p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂- \-Ωp-sS- cm-Py-Øn-epw- C-∂vS-b-dn-s≥-d-bpw- kn-K-c‰n-s≥-d-bpw- ]-c-ky-߃-°p-t]m-epw- s]-Æns≥-d- ku-µ-cyw- {]-Z¿-in-∏n-°-W-sa-∂- A-h-kv-Y- kw-Pm-X-am-bn-cn°p-∂p-h-t√m.A-Xn-cp-If - n-√m-Ø- Cu- ssew-Kn-I{- ]-Z¿-i\ - w- bp-hm-°f - n¬- ssewKn-Im-k-Iv-Xn-bpw- Ip-‰-Ir-Xy-߃-°p-≈- t{]-c-W-bpw- P-\n∏n-°psa∂v- ]-d-tb-≠-Xn-√.- I-fn-∏m-´w- ]n-Sn-°p-∂- I-p-´n-t]m-epw- K¿`w- [-cn °-≠n-h-cp-∂-Xpw- ssew-Kn-I- A-Xn-{I-a-ß-fp-sS- B-[n-Iy-hpw- Cukw-kv-°m-c-Øn-s≥-d- ]m¿-iz^-eß-fm-Wv-.- K¿-`-On-{Z-ß-fpw- A-hnh-m-ln-X-I-fp-sS- K-¿-`[m-c-W-hpw- kr-jv-Sn-°p-∂- am-\-kn-I- kwL¿j-߃,- A-Nv-O-\m-sc-∂-dn-bm-sX- h-f-cp-∂- X-e-ap-d-Iƒ,- ]-S-cp-∂ssew-Kn-I-tcm-K-ß-fpw- s]m-´n-sbm-en-°p-∂- {h-W-ß-fpw-˛ C-sX-√mam-Wv- Cu- D-]t- `m-IX v- r- kw-k° v- m-cØ - n-s≥-d- kw-`m-h\.- A-hk - m\wC-Xm- F-bn-Uv-kv- Iq-Sn.- ssZ-hn-I- I¬-∏-\-Iƒ- Im‰n¬- ]-d-Øn- Po hn-®-h¿-°v- ssZ-hw-X-s∂- \¬-In-b- in-£-! I-gn-™p-thm?- Ct∏mƒ]p-Xn-b- ssew-Kn-Ib - {- ¥-ßf - pw- hn-]W - n-bn-ep-≠v!- sse-wK - n-I- sshIr-

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X-߃- {]Z¿in-∏n-°p-∂- ho-Un-tbm- Im-k‰ - p-Iƒ-°m-Ws - {X- Ct∏m ƒ- Un-am≥-dv.- F-ß-s\-bpw- ]-W-ap≠m-°p-I-sb-∂- kw-kv-°m-c-wa\p-jy-sc- sIm-≠p-sN-s∂-Øn-®- K¿-Øw- F-{X- B-g-ta-dn-b-XmWv.Cu- C-S-\m-gn-bn-te-°m-Wv- aq∂mwtemI cmjv{Sßfpw t]mbn s°m≠ncn°p∂Xv. djybpsS kvYnXnbpw XssYhm! ChnsS bmWv cmjv{S\mbI∑m¿°v ]‰p∂ {][m\s∏´ sX‰v. saen s™m-´n-b- P-\-X-sb- X-Sn-®- kp-µ-c-°p-´-∏-∑m-cm-°m-≥-- apXem fnØØnte°p≈ {]bmWw- k-lm-bn-t®-°m-w.- ]-t£,- A-h-cpsS- i-co-c-Øn-se-bpw- a-\- n-se-bpw- {h-W-ß-fn¬-\n-∂v- Hen-®n-dßp∂- N-ew- tem-Iw- Im-tW-≠n-h-cpw.- •m-kv-t\m-kv‰-n-\v- tijw- a-s‰m cp- C-cp-ºp-a-d- kr-jv-Sn-®n-´n-s√-¶n¬- A-Xv- tem-I-Øn¬- F√m-bn-S Øpw- ]-c-°pw.- A-Xv- X-S-bm≥- H-cp-]-t£,- a-s‰m-cp- kv-‰m-en≥- P-\n t°-≠n-h-cpw. am¿-Iv-kn-k-Øn-\v- a-\p-jy-s≥-d- ]m-Zm¿-∞n-I-tam- B-Xv-ao-b-tamB-b- b-Ym¿-∞- A-kvY-n-Xzw- I-s≠-Øm≥- I-gn-™n-√.- ap-X-em-fnØ-Øn-\v- H-c-f-thm-fw,- A-h-s≥-d- ]m-Zm¿-∞n-I-am-b- D¨-a-sb- Adnbm≥- I-gn-™p-.- A-Xp-X-s∂-bm-Wv- a-\p-jy-s≥-d- b-Y-m¿-∞- cq-]sa∂v- [-cn-®- ap-X-em-fn-Ø-Øn-s≥-d- h-Iv-Xm-°ƒ- kzm-¿-∞-X-sb-∂]m-Zm¿-∞n-I- Kp-WsØ- ]-cn-t]m-jn-∏n-®p.- A-Xv- t]m-jn-∏n-°-s∏´t∏mƒ- kzm-`m-hn-I-am-bpw- A-h-s\- a-‰v- Po-hn-I-fn¬-\n-∂pw- hy-Xncn-IX v- \ - m-°p-∂- B-Xa v- o-b- Kp-W߃- \-in-®p.- A-hs - \m-cp- ar-KambnA-[x-]-Xn-®p.- H-cp- km-º-Øn-I- a-r-Kw.\-Ωp-sS- A-t\z-j-Ww- Xp-S-cp-I-bm-Wv.- am-\-h-tam-N-\-Øn-s≥-dhn-π-h-Ko-X-߃- ]m-Sn -h-∂- {]-Xy-b-im-kv-{X-Øn-t\m- hn-]-Wn-bpsS- kzm-X-{¥yw- {]-Jym-]n-®- km-º-Øn-I-kn-≤m-¥-Øn-t\m- bYm¿∞- tam-N-\-Øn-te-°p-≈- ]m-X- Im-Wn®p-X-cm≥- I-gn-bn-s√-∂v- \mwA-dn-™p-Ig - n-™p.- C-\n-bpw- A-t\z-jn-°m-\p-≠v.- B-Xva - o-b- kzmX{¥y-Øn-s≥-d- t«m-I-ß-fpw- kp-hn-ti-j-ß-fpw- ap-g-°n-b- a-X-ß-fp≠n-hn-sS.- A-h-°v- \Ωp-sS- tam-N-\-Øn-s≥-d- am¿§w- Xp-d-∂p-Xcm≥- I-gn-bp-tam?- \mw A-t\z-jn-°p-I.

ap-X-em-fn-Øw- a-Xw- am¿-Iv-kn-kw-

"a-X'-ß-fp-sS-- ]-cm-P-bw

\m-ev"a-X'-ß-fp-sS- ]-cm-P-bw "a-m-¿-Iv-kn-kv-‰p-Im-c≥- `u-Xn-I-hm-Zn-bm-bn-cn-°-W-w.- A-Xm-b-Xva-X-Øn-s≥-d- i-{Xp'-1 "\mw- a-XtØm-Sv- G-‰p-ap-´W - w- - A-Xm-Wv- `u-Xn-Ih - m-ZØ - ns≥dbpwX¬-^-e-am-bn- am-¿-Iv-kn-k-Øn-s≥-d-bp-w- l-cn-{io'-2 "a-Xw- a-\p-jy-s\- a-b° - p-∂- Idp-∏m-Wv'- F-∂v- {]-Jym-]n-®- am¿Ivkn-s≥-d- C-¥y-bn-se- {]-ap-J-\mb ssk≤m¥nIs≥d hm-°p-IfmWn-h.- F∂m¬ ]m¿esa≥ddn cmjv{SobtØmSp≈ A`n\nthiw ImcWw ]et∏mgpw aXØns\Xncmb XXzßfpw {]tbmKßfpw ad®p]nSn°m≥ km[mcW am¿Ivknkv‰pIƒ {ian°mdp≠v. F¶nepw, temIØntesX¶n-epw- hm-bn-°m-\-dn-bm-hp-∂-h¿-s°√m-ad - n-bmw,- am¿-Ivk - n-kh - pw- a-Xh - pw- hn-cp-≤- ho-£W - ß-fp-≈- c≠vNn-¥m-k-c-Wn-I-fm-sW-∂v.- I-Æp-w- Im-Xpw- Nn-¥m-tijn-bpw- A-S ®p-]n-Sn-®v,- "\n-kv-°m-c-Øb -- -ºn'-s≥-d-bpw- "Ip-cn-ip-am-ebp-sS'-bpw"Xn-cp-hº - e - Z- ¿ - i - \ - Ø - n's≥-db - pw- D-Zm-lc - W - ß - f - n-eq-sS- c-≠pw- XΩnsem-∂n-®v- t]m-Im-\m-Ip-sa-∂v- ]-d-bm-≥- N-¶q-‰w- Im-Wn-°p-∂-hcpsS- ]m¿-´n- hn-t[-b-Xz-Øn-\v- \mw- A-h-tcm-Sv- k-l-X-]n-°p-I.\-Ωp-sS- N¿-®- am¿-Iv-kv- F-¥p-sIm-≠v- a-X-sØ- hn-a¿-in-®p-sh-

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∂-Xm-Wv?- B- hn-a¿-i-\-Øn-se- i-cn-sb-bpw- sX-‰n-s\-bpw- Ip-dn®m-Wv?- se-\n-≥- kw-km-cn-°s - ´.- "\m-Kc - n-I- Po-hn-XØ - n-Øn¬- {]_p≤-\m-b- sXm-gn-em-fn- a-Xh - n-[n-sb- A-hP - vRt- bm-sS- h-en-s®-dn-bp∂p.kz¿-§-sØ- ]p-tcm-ln-X-∑m¿-°pw- _q¿-jzm-a-X-{`m-¥-∑m¿-°p-ambnhn-´p-sIm-Sp-Øv- Cu- `q-an-bn¬- an-I-®- Po-hn-Xw- sI-´n-∏-Sp-°m-≥- aXØn-s≥-d aq-S¬-a-™n-s\-Xn-sc-bp-≈- t]m-cm-´-Øn¬- im-kv{XØn s≥-d- k-lm-bw- tX-Sp-I-bpw- h¿-Ø-am-\-Im-e-Øv- an-I-®- Po-hn-XØn-\p-th-≠n- s]m-cp-Xm-≥- sXm-gn-em-fn-I-sf- H-cp-an-®v- tN¿-Øv- a-c Wm-\¥ - c - - Po-hn-XØ - n-ep-≈- hn-izm-kØn¬-\n-∂v- A-hs - c- hn-S¿Ønsb-Sp-°p-I-bp-w- sN-øp-∂- tkm-jy-en-k-Øn-s≥-d- `m-K-am-Wv- C-∂ sØ- sXm-gn-em-fn-h¿-§w.'-1 a-X-Øn-s\-Xn-sc-bp-≈- k-a-cØn-s≥-d- Xo-{h-X- am¿-Iv-knt≥d Xnt\-°mƒ- se-\n-s≥-d- Ir-Xn-I-fn-em-Wv- Im-Wm≥- I-gn-bp-∂-Xv.A-Xp-sIm-≠v- X-s∂-bm-h-Ww- A-t±-lw- hn-π-h-Øn-\p-ti-jw- Cßs\- ]-d-™-Xv.- "\mw- ssZ-h-hp-am-bn- a-√n-Sp-w.- A-Xyp-∂-X- k-z¿-KØn ¬-sh-®v- A-h-s\- \mw- Io-g-S-°pw.- A-h-≥- A`-bw- tX-Sp-∂n-S-sØ √mw- sN-∂v- \mw- A-h-s\- im-iz-X-am-bn- \n-{K-ln-°pw.-'2am¿-Iv-kn-s≥-d-bpw- Gw-K¬-kn-s≥-d-bpw- Ir-Xn-Iƒ hmbn-°p-∂Gh¿-°pw- a-\- n-em-hpw,- k-aq-l-sØ- k-aq-e-am-bn- ]-cn-h¿-Øn∏n°m-\p-≈- sXm-gn-em-fn- h¿-§-Øn-s≥-d- k-a-c-Øn-\v- hnLm-X-am-bn\n¬-°p-∂- i-Iv-Xn-sb-∂- \n-e-bn-em-Wv- A-h-¿- a-X-sØ- Im-Wp∂ sX∂vv.- Nq-jW - ß - ƒ-°v- hn-t[-ba - m-bn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂- h¿-KØ - n\vap-∂n¬- B-Xv-ao-b- tam-N-\-Øn-s≥-d- tf-m-l-bp-am-bn- {]-Xy-£-s∏´v]-c-tem-I-sØ- im-¥n-sb-°p-dn-®v- kp-hn-ti-j-a-dn-bn-°p-∂- a-Xw,a\pjytam-N-\-Øn-\v- ap-∂n¬- hn-e-ßp-X-Sn-bm-bn- \n¬-°p-I- am{Xam-sW-∂v- A-h¿- i-IvXn-bm-bn- hm-Zn-®p.- ap-X-em-fn-h¿-§-Øn-s≥-da-Wn-ta-S-I-fn¬- A-¥n-bp-d-ßp-∂- ]u-tcm-ln-Xyw- ]-d-bp-∂- Im-cyß-fn¬- Nq-j-W-Øn-s≥-d- Aw-iw- I-s≠-Øn-b-Xn¬- sX-‰p-≠m-bncp-∂n-√.- a-X-Øn-s≥-d- au-en-I{]-am-W-߃ -t]m-epw- kzm¿-∞-Xm¬]-cy-߃-°-\p-k-cn-®v- hym-Jym-\n-°-s∏-Sp-I-bpw- {]-N-cn-°-s∏-Sp1.- hn.-sF.- se-\n≥-:- tkm-jy-en-kv-‰v- {]-Xy-b-im-kv-{X-hpw- kw-kv-°m-c-hpw- t]-Pv- 47

1.- C.-Fw.-F-kv.-:- kmw-kv-°m-cn-I- hn-π-hw,- a-Xw,- am¿-Iv-knkw- t]-Pv- 59 2.- 1bid

2. We will grapple with God, We will conquer him in the highest heavens. And whenever he seeks refuge we will subdue him for ever.

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Ibpw- sNbv-X-t∏mƒ- A-h- Nq-j-W-߃-°p-≈- \n-an-Ø-ß-fmsW∂v- [-cn-°-s∏-´p-sh-∂-X-v kzm-`m-hnIw- am-{Xw. ]-t£,- F-¥n-s\-°p-dn-®pw- au-en-I-am-b- A-`n-{]m-bw- ]-d-b-Wsa-¶n¬- A-h-bp-sS- ssk-≤m-¥n-I-am-b- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-߃- ]-cn-tim[n-°-W-sa-∂- {]m-Y-an-I-XX-zw- am¿-Iv-kn-kv-‰v B-Nm-cy-∑m¿- Xo-sc]m-en-®n-s√-∂p-X-s∂-bm-Wv- A-h-cp-sS- Ir-Xn-Iƒ- hm-bn-°p-tºmƒ\-ap-°v- t_m-[y-s∏-Sp-I.- Gw-K¬-kv- X-s≥-d- "Uyq-dnw-Kn-s\-Xn-sc'- 1 sb-∂- ]p-kv-X-I-Øn¬- a-X-Øn-s≥-d- D¬-]-Øn-sb-bpw- ]-cn-Wm-asØ-bpw- `u-Xn-I-hm-Z-ho-£-W-Øn¬- hy-m-Jym-\n-°m-≥- {i-an-°p∂p-≠v.- A-h- Xn-I-™- ]-cm-P-b-Øn-em-Wv- I-em-in-°p-∂-Xv.- \n-b{¥-W-Ø-n-∂-Xo-am-b- _m-ly-i-Iv-Xn-I-fp-sS-bpw- kmaq-ln-Ii -- -Iv-XnI-fp-sS-bpw- ta-ep-≈- a-\p-jy-s≥-d- B-{in-X-Xz-Xn¬- \n-∂v- a-X-Øns≥-d- D¬-∏-Øn- Im-c-Ww- I-s≠-Øp-∂- A-t±-lw- ]-g-b- B-ImitKm-f- {]-Ir-Xn- ]p-cm-W-hm-Zn- (astral and nature mythologist) I-fp sS- kn-≤m-¥ß - s - f- A-\v[ - a - m-bn- ]n≥-]‰ - p-I- am-{X-am-Wv- sN-øp-∂Xv.B[p-\n-I- D¬-J-\-\- kw-cw-`-ß-fp-sS- sh-fn-®-Øn¬- Cu- k-¶-¬∏w- X-s∂- X-cn-∏-W-am-bn-cn-°p-∂p-sh-∂-Xm-Wv- hm-kv-X-hw.- {]-IrXn-]-q-P-bp-w- hy-Iv-Xn-]q-P-bp-am-cw-`n-°p-∂-Xn-\v- h-f-sc- ap-ºp-X-s∂{]m-Iv-X-\-h¿-§-ß-fn¬-t]m-epw- G-I-ssZ-h-k-¶¬-∏-hpw- B-cm-[-\bpw- \n-e\n-∂n-cp-∂p-sh-∂- B[p-\n-I- \n-K-a-\w- a-X-sØ-°p-dn®am¿-Iv-kn-b-≥- k-¶¬-∏-Øn-s≥-d- I-S-bv-°m-Wv- I-Øn-sh-®n-cn-°p∂-Xv.- Cu- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-]-c-am-b- ]n-g-hn¬- \n-∂p-sIm-≠m-Wv- a-XsØ-°p-dn-®- a-‰v- Im-gv-N-∏m-Sp-I-sf-√mw- am¿-Iv-kn-kv-‰v- ssk-≤m-¥nI¿- sa-\-s™-Sp-Øn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.- A-Xp-sIm-≠p-X-s∂- A-h-cp-sSI-W-°p-Iƒ- ]n-g-®p.- kn-≤m-¥-߃- ]n-g-®p;- Nq-j-W-߃-°v- \nanØ-am-b- a-X-ß-sf- \n¿-Ωq-e-\w- sN-øm-\m-bn- B-hn-jv-°cn-®- ]-≤ XnIƒ- ]n-g-®p.-Nq-j-W-Øn-s≥-d- \n-anØ-ß-sf-∂v- I-cp-X-s∏-´- a-X-߃,- \o≠]-Xn-‰m-≠p-Iƒ- \o-≠p-\n-∂- "D-∑q-e-\-ß-ƒ-" I-gn-™n-´pw- C-∂pwbm-sXm-cp- •m-\n-bp-an-√m-sX- \n-e-\n-¬-°p-∂p.N¿-®n-s≥-db - pw- ]-≈n-bp-sS-bpw- AºeØns≥dbpw kn-\t- KmKn1 Engels: Anti Duhring

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s≥-d-bpw- ]p-\x-{]-h¿-Ø-\-߃- I-≠v C-Xv- b-Ym¿-∞- a-X-Øn-s≥dXn-cn-®p-h-c-hmsW-∂- hn-e-bn-cp-ج- \-S-Øn-bm-¬- A-Xv- A-_-≤am-Im≥- km-[y-X-bp-s≠-∂-dn-bmw.- A-Ø-c-sam-cp- km-l-kw- a-X sØ-°p-dn-®- ]-cn-an-X-k-¶¬-∏-Øn-\v- h-fw -sh-®p-sIm-Sp-°p--I- am{X ta-bp-≈q.- ]t£,- a-X-kv-Ym-]-\-ß-fp-sS- D-bn¿-sØ-gp-t∂¬-]v- HcpIm-cy- w- hy-IvX - a - m-°p-∂p-s≠∂ hkXpX hnkvacn®pIqSm-.- a-\pjy \n-se- B-Xv-ao-b-Zm-lw- i-an-∏n-°m-≥- A-∏-Øn-\v- I-gn-bp-I-bn-s√∂-Xs - {X- A-Xv.- ]oU-\ß - ƒ-t°m- {]o-W\ - ß - ƒ-t°m- {]-NW - vUamb- {]-Nm-c-W-߃-t°m- B- Zm-l-sØ- i-an-∏-n-°m-t\m- sI-Sp-Øm t\m- I-gn-bn-s√-∂- h-kv-Xp-X-bpw- C-hn-sS- A-\m-h-r-X-am-Ip-∂p.]t£,- H-cp- Im-c-yw- k-Ω-Xn-°m-sX- \n-h-r-Øn-bn-√.- ]-e-t∏mgpw]u-tcm-ln-Xyw- Nq-j-I≥-am-cp-sS- aq-Sp-Xm-ßn-I-fmb-n- \n-e-bp-d-∏n®n´p-≠v.- k-Xy-Øn-\p-t\-sc- sIm-™\ - w- Im-Wn-®n-´p-≠v.- a-\p-jy-_p≤n°v- Iq-®p-hn-e-ßn-Sm≥- k-∂-≤-cm-bn-´p-≠v.- F-¥n-\-[n-I-w,- X-߃I-s≠-Øn-b- k-Xyw- ]-d-™p-sh-∂-Xn-s≥-d- t]-cn¬- am-{Xw- im-kv {X-Pv-R-∑m-sc- Po-h-t\m-sS- Z-ln-∏n-®n-´p-≠v.- C-Ø-c-sam-cp- a-X-Øns≥-d- t\-sc- t\m-°n- am¿-Iv-kp-w- Gw-K¬-kpw- "a-Xw- a-\p-jy-s\ ab-°p-∂- I-dp-∏m-Wv-'- F-∂v- ]-d-™p-sh-¶n¬- A-h-sc- Ip-‰w- ]-d™n-´v- Im-cy-an-√.- B- Idp-∏v- I-gn-®- a-\p-jy-cp-sS- eo-e-I-fm-W-t√mD-Øt- c-¥y≥- kw-kY v- m-\ß - s - f- C-∂pw- tNm-c∏ - p-gI - f - m-°n- am-‰ns°m≠n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.Km-kn-bm-_m-Zn-\-Sp-Øp-≈- Nn-tcm-Un- {Km-a-Øn¬- \n∂v `q-X t{]-X-_m-[-am-‰m-\p-≈- tZ-hn-bp-sS- {]o-Xn-°p-th-≠n- sh-dpw- F-´vh-bk - p-am-{Xw- {]m-ba - m-b- ]q-\s - a-∂- s]¨-Ip-´n- {Iq-ca - m-bn- _-em¬kw-Kw- sN-b-s∏-´-Xpw- A-h-sf-s°m-∂- tNm-c-bm¬- ]q-P- \-S-Øs∏-´-Xp-amb hm¿ØIƒ hmbn®n´v Imetasd Ign™n´n√.- F´pam-kw- K¿-`n-Wn-bm-b- kz-¥w- `m-c-y-sb- kv-{Xo-[-\-Øn-s≥-d- t]-cn¬Xo-bn-´p-sIm-√m≥- k-∂-≤-\m-b- A-Pv-ao-¿- Z¿-K-bn-se- ap-kv-en-bm-cm b- \-ko-dns\-°p-dn-®v- \mw- hm-bn-®-Xv- CubSpØm-Wv-.- Ip-º-km-c Øn-\v- sN-∂- s]-Æp-ß-sf- _-em¬-kw-Kw- sN-bv-Xv- sIm-∂v- tIkvtX-bv-®p-am-bn-®p- I-f-bm≥- {i-an-°p-∂- c-hn- A-Nv-O-∑m¿- \-ap-s°m∂p-w- A-]-cn-Nn-X-c-√.- C-hn-sS- kzm-`m-hn-I-am-bn- \-Ω-fpw- ]-d-™pt]m-Ip-∂n-t√- "Cu- a-Xw- a-\p-jy-s\- a-b-°p-∂- I-dp-∏p-X-s∂-bmWv'-

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F-∂v. B-Xv-ao-b- tam-N-\-Øn-s≥-d- a-l-Øm-b- k-tµ-i-ß-fp-am-bn- h∂a-X-ß-sf-ßn-s\- Nq-j-I-≥-am-cp-sS- I-fn-∏m-´-ß-fm-bn- am-dn?- C-hnsSB-cm-Wv- {]-Xn-°q-´n¬?- {]-hm-NI - ∑ - m-cm-tWm?- {]-Nm-cI - ∑ - m-cm-tWm?]p-tcm-ln-X-∑m-cm-tWm?\-ap-°v- D-]-\n-j-Øp-I-fn-te-°v- t\m-°m-w.- ]-c-am-Xv-am-hpw- PohmXv-am-hpw- X-Ωn-ep-≈- _-\v-[-sØ-°p-dn-® Km-V-am-b- N¿-®-Iƒ- \-S°p-∂-Xv- A-hn-sS- Im-´n-\p-≈n¬-sh-®v- am-{X-a-√;- ho-Sp-I-fn¬-sh-®pw\m-´n≥-]p-dß - f - n¬-sh-®pw- A-h- ]p-tcm-Ka - n-°p-∂p.- D-Zm-lc - W - Ø - n\v_-r-l-Zm-c-Wy-tIm-]-\n-j-Øn-se- c-≠mw- J-Wv-Uw- \m-emw- A-≤ymb-Øn¬- {_-lv-a-N¿-®- \-S-Øp-∂-Xv- bm-Pv-R-h¬-Iy-\pw- ]-X-v\nbmb- ssa-t{X-bn-bpw- X-Ωn-em-Wv.- B-Xv-ao-b- ip-≤n-°p-th-≠n- h-\-hm kw- \-SØ - W - s - a-∂√ - t- √m- C-Xn¬-\n-∂v- a-\  - n-em-Ip-∂X - v.- `m-cy- bpwa-°-fp-am-bn- Po-hn-°p-∂- bm-Pv-R-h¬-Iy≥- X-s∂- {_-lv-a-Pv-Rm\n-bm-bn-Øo-cp-∂p-sh-¶n¬,- {]-kv-Xp-X Pv-Rm-\w- t\-Sm-≥- `u-Xn-IkpJ-ku-Ic - y-ßs - f-√mw- X-yP - n-°W - s - a-∂pw- B-cW - y-IØ - n-\I-Øvt]m-bn- X-] v- sN-ø-W-sa-∂p-ap-≈- hm-Zw- F-{X-am-{Xw- A-Sn-kv-Ym\-c-ln-X-a-√!- Cu- B-Xv-a-Pv-Rm-\w- sh-dpw- B-Xv-a-Pv-Rm-\-am-bn- \ne\n¬-°-W-sa-∂pw- A-Xpw- k-aq-l-Øn-se- Po-hn-X-hpw- X-Ωn¬- bmsXm-cp- _-\v-[-hp-an-s√-∂pw- D-]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ- ]-Tn-∏n-®n-√.- B-Xv-aip-≤n-bp-≠m-Im-\m-bn- kzo-Ic - n-t°-≠- Po-hn-Xc - o-Xn-sb-°p-dn-®v- IqSnA-h- D¬-t_m-[n-∏n-°p-∂p-≠v.- a-Zy-]m-\-hpw- tam-j-W-hpw- hy-`nNm-c-hp-sa-√mw- B-Xv-am-hn-s\- Aip-≤-am-°p-sa-∂pw- A-h- sN-øp∂h≥- ]-Xn-X-\m-sW-∂pw- 1 ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂- D-]-\n-jØpIƒ- B-Xv-a-PvRm-\-Øn-\v- k-aq-l-Øn¬- {]mtbm-Kn-I-X-bp-s≠-∂v- X-s∂-bm-Wvhy-Iv-X-am-°p-∂-Xv. ss_-_nƒ- t\-m° - p-I,- ssZ-hs - Ø-bpw- ssZ-hc - m-Py-sØ-bpw- Ipdn®v- {]-kw-Kn-®p-\-S∂- {In-kv-Xp- ]-t£,- `u-Xn-I- Po-hn-X-Øn\-m-hiyam-b- \n-ba - ß - s - fm-∂p-w- ]-db - m-Xn-cp-∂n-√.- "i-{Xp-°s - f- kvt- \-ln°phn-≥-;- \n-ß-sf- ]o-U-n-∏n-°p-∂-h¿-°p-th-≠n- {]m¿-∞n-°p-hn-≥'-2 F∂-p-]-d-™-- {In-kv-Xp-X-s∂- A-\pbm-bn-I-tfm-Sv- hm-sf-Sp-°m-\pw1.- O-tµm-tKym-]-\n-j-Øv- 5:-10:-9 2.- a-Øm-bn- 5:-44

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I¬-∏n-°p-∂-Xm-bn- \mw- Im-Wp-∂p.- "ssZ-h-sØ-bpw- amtam-s\-bpw1 H-tc-k-a-bw- tk-hn-°m-≥- \n-߃-°v- Ign-bp-I-bn-√-'2- sb-∂v- At± lw- ]-d-bp-tºmƒ- A-an-X-am-b- ]-W-Zm-l-am-Wv- hn-a¿-in-°-s∏-Sp∂Xv.- a-Zy-]m-\s - Ø-bpw- ]-ck - v{- Xo-Ka - \ - s - Ø-bpw- A-t±-lw- hn-e° - p∂p≠v.- tZ-hm-e-b-Øn-se- I-≈-°-®-h-S-°m-¿-s°-Xn-sc- iIv-Xn -{]tbmKn-°m≥-t]m-epw- A-t±-lw- k-∂-≤-\m-hp-∂p.-3 b-lq-Z-k-ap-Zm-b Øn¬- P-\n-°p-Ib - pw- h-fc - p-Ib - pw- Po-hn-°p-Ib - pw- sN-bvX - - A-t±lwA-h-cn¬-\n-∂v- hy-Xy-kv-X-am-b- h-kv-{X-[m-c-W-co-Xn-tbm- {]-tXyIam-b- Po-hn-Xssi-en-tbm- kzo-I-cn-®-Xm-bn- \mw- Im-Wp-∂n-√.- \kmdmb-°m-c\m-b- tb-ip- H-cp- ]p-tcm-ln-Xt- \m- ssZ-hi - m-k{v- X-PR v- t\mB-bn-cp-∂n-√.- ssZ-h-cm-Py-sØ-°p-dn-®v- {]-kw-Kn-®p-\-S-∂- km-[mc-W-°m-c-\m-b- H-cp- {]-hm-N-I≥- am-{X-am-bn-cp-∂p!ap-lΩ - Z- v- \-_n-bp-sS- N-cn-{Xw- ]-cn-tim-[n-®p- t\m-°p-I.- a-°bn¬P-\n-®p-h-f¿-∂- A-t±-l-Øn-\v- \m¬-]-Xmw- h-b-kn¬- {]-hm-N-IXzw- e-`n-®-ti-j-hpw- X-s≥-d- th-j-`q-jm-Xn-I-fn-se-√mw- ]-cn-h¿Ø\w- h-cp-Ø-W-sa-∂v- tXm-∂n-bn-√.- H-cp- km-[m-c-W- A-d-_nbptS-Xm-bn-cp-∂p- a-cW - w-hs - c-bv° - pw- A-tZ-lØ - n-s≥-d- th-jw.- ]utcmln-Xy-Øn-s≥-d- bm-sXm-cp- e-m-Rv-P-bpw- A-t±-l-Øn-s≥-d- Po-hnXØn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√.- ]m-Xn-cm-hn¬- D-d-°-sa-Wo-‰p- \n-∂v- {]m¿-∞n ®n-cp-∂- {]-hm-N-I≥- X-s∂- ]-I¬- k-a-b-Øv- Po-hn-X-hr-Øn-bnte¿-s∏-Sp-∂p.- bp-≤-Øn-\v- \m-b-IX-zw- h-ln-°p-∂p.- P-\-ß-fp-ambnk-º¿-°-Øn-te¿-s∏-Sp-∂p.- X-am-i- ]-d-bp-∂p.- Ip-´n-I-fp-am-bn- t]m epw- IfnI-fn-te¿-s∏-Sp-∂p.- `m-cy-am-tcm-Sv- Iq-sS- A-¥n-bp-d-ßp-∂p.Po-hn-XØn-s≥-d- hn-hn-[- cw-Kß - f - n-¬- B-Xva - o-bh - n-ip-≤n-bp-sS- {]Xn^-e\ - w- F-ßn-s\-bm-bn-cn-°W - s - a-∂v- X-s≥-d- Po-hn-XØ - n-eq-sS- tem I-Øn\v- ]-Tn-∏n-®p-sIm-Sp-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p- A-t±-lw.- X-s≥-d- AhIm-ih - mZw- X-s∂- H-cp- A-Xn-am-\p-j\ - m-sW-∂m-bn-cp-∂n-√.- A-t±lw{]-Jym]n-®p- "Rm≥- \n-ß-sf-t∏m-se- H-cp- a-\p-jy≥- am-{-Xw'-4 Rm≥a-\pjy-cn¬-s]-´- H-cp- Zq-X-\-√m-sX- a-‰m-sc-¶n-ep-am-tWm?-'-5 a-\p-jy 1.- {Ko-°p-Im-cp-sS- ]-W-Øn-s≥-d- tZ-h-X-bm-Wv- am-tam≥ 2- a-Øm-bn- 6:-24 3 tb-m-l-∂m≥- 2:-13˛15 4.- Jp¿B≥- 18:-110 5.- Jp¿-B≥- 17:-93

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\m-b- H-cp- Zq-X-≥-!- hn-Im-c-ß-fpw- hn-Nm-c-ß-fpw- B-i-I-fpw- A-`nemjß-fp-sa-√m-ap-≈- a-\p-jy≥.- A-t±-lw- \ntbm-Kn-°-s∏-´-tXm,- B Xva - hn-ip-≤n- H-cp- a-\p-jy-s≥-d- k-Ie - a - m-\- Po-hn-XØ - n-epw- F-ßs\{]-Xn-_nw-_n-°W - s - a-∂v- kz-Po-hn-XØ - n-eq-sS- am-\h - c - m-in-sb- ]Tn∏n°m≥-th-≠n.G-sXm-cp- {]-hm-N-I-s≥-d-bpw- Po-hn-X-Øn-te-°v- t\m-°q-. Ah¿X-ß-fp-sS- B-Xv-ao-tbm-]-tZ-i-ß-sf- `u-Xn-I- Po-hn-X-Øn-se- {]h¿Ø-\ß - f - p-am-bn- _-\v[ - s - ∏-Sp-Øm-Xn-cp-∂n-s√-∂v- Im-Wm-w.- Im-eh - pwk-a-b-hpw- \o-ßn-b-t∏mƒ- A-h-kv-Y-Iƒ-°v- A-¥-c-ß-fp-≠m-bn.a-\p-jy¿- B-Vw-_-c-ß-fn-te-°pw- A-{I-a-ß-fn-te-°pw- \o-ßn.bYm¿-∞am-b- B-Xv-ao-tbm-]t-Z-i-ß-fn-eq-sS- e-`y-am-Ip-∂- D¬-°¿j-Øn-s≥-d- A-`m-h-am-bn-cp-∂p- C-Xn-\v- Im-c-Ww.- {]-hm-N-I-∑m-cn¬]-e-cp-sS-bpw- A-\p-bm-bn-hr-µ-Øn-\v- {]-hm-N-I-∑m-cp-sS- ]m-X-bn¬X-s∂- D-d-®p-\n¬-°m≥- I-gn-™n-√.- A-Xn-`u-Xn-I-X-bp-sS- A-Xn{]-k-c-Øn¬- A-h-cn¬- ]-e-cpw- {]-hm-N-I-h-N-\-ß-sf- a-d-∂p.- X∂njvS- w- {]-h¿-Øn-®p.- tem-IØ - n-s≥-d- B-Xva - Z- m-lw- Xo¿-°m≥- \ntbmKn-°-s∏-´- A-h¿- X-ß-fp-sS- \n-tbm-K-Øn-s≥-d- e-£yw-X-s∂- AhK-Wn-®p.- hy-Iv-Xn-Iƒ- ]n-g-®p.- k-aq-l-߃- \-in-®p.a-\p-jym-Xv-am-hv- tam-N-\w- tX-Sn- A-e-bp-I- X-s∂-bm-bn-cp-∂p.B-Xv-am-hn-s≥-d- tX-´w- I-≠-h-cn¬- ]-e-cpw- a-\p-jy-s≥-d- A-[x-]X-\-Øn-\v- Im-c-Ww- `u-Xn-I-kp-J-ß-fm-sW-∂v- [-cn-®p--h-im-bn.- `uXn-I- kp-J-ku-I-cy-ß-fn¬- ap-ßn-°n-S-°p-∂- a-\p-jy-cn¬- aqeyt_m-[w- Ip-d-™p-h-cp-∂-Xm-bn- A-h≥- I-≠p.- B-Xv-aim-¥n-°pth-≠n- `u-Xn-I- kp-J-ku-I-cy-߃- h¿-Pv-Pn-°p-I-sb-∂- ap-{Zm-hm Iy-hp-am-bn- A-h¿- cw-K-Øp-h-∂p.- B-c-Wy-I-߃-°-I-tØ-°v- IS∂p-sN-∂v- F-√m- XcØnepap≈ `u-Xn-I kp-J-ß-fn¬- \n-∂v- apIvX-cm-hp-I-bm-Wv- th-≠-sX-∂v- Nn-e-¿- D-]-tZ-in-®p.- `m-cym-k-¥m-\ßfm-Wv- a-\p-jy-s\- `u-Xn-I- {]-a-Ø-\m-°p-∂-sX-∂v- [-cn-®- a-‰-p-Nne¿kv-{Xo-sb- sXm-Sm-Xn-cn-°-en-em-Wv- tam-£w- I-s≠-Øn-b-Xv.- thsdNn-e-cm-I-s´,- I-p-fn-°m-sX-bpw- iu-cyw- sN-øm-sX-bpw- \-S-∂-v kzbw{`m-¥-∑m-cm-Ip-∂-Xn-em-Wv- B-Xv-ao-bm-\-µw- I-s≠-Øn-b-Xv.- C-h cn¬s∏-´- Nn-e¿- sIm-´m-cw- hn-´v- Im-´n-te-°v- im-¥n-bt- \z-jn-®v- bm{Xbm-bn.- a-‰p-Nn-e¿- F-√m-hn-[- hn-Im-c-ß-sf-bpw- _-en-I-gn-®v- im-¥n-

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t\-Sm≥- ]-cn-{i-an-®p.- A-h¿-s°m-∂pw- im-¥n-am-{Xw- In-´n-bn-√.- In´n b-Xv,- a-\p-jy-s\-∂- \n-e-bn-ep-≈- A-h-cp-sS- `m-K-t[-bw- \n¿-∆ln °m≥- I-gn-Xm-sX-bp-≈- "\n¿-∆m-Ww'- am-{X-am-bn-cp-∂p.B-Xv-a-im-¥n- B-c-Wy-I-߃-°-I-Øv- am-{Xw- e-`y-am-Ip-∂-XmsW-∂v- h-∂t- ∏mƒ- a-\p-jy-cn¬- _-lp-`q-cn-]£ - Ø - n- \ - pw- A-Xv- t\Snsb-Sp-°p-I- km-[y-a-s√-∂- A-h-kv-Y- kw-Pm-X-am-bn.- `u-Xn-I- PohnX-Øn-se- ssh-Im-cn-I-am-b- _-\v-[-߃- A-h-sc- k-∂ym-k-Øn¬\n-∂- v- ]n¥-n-cn-∏n-®p.- ]-t£,- B-Xv-a-im-¥n- A-h¿-°pw- B-h-iyambn-cp-∂p.- A-Xn-∂-h¿- H-cp- am¿-§w- I-s≠-Øn.- ssZ-h-Øn-\p-th≠n- Po-hn-Xw- D-gn-™p-sh-®-h-sc- tk-hn-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p- {]-kvXpX- am¿-Kw.- "ssZ-hØn-s≥-d- Ip-™m-Sp-Iƒ'- _-lp-P\ - ß - f - p-sS- BXvao-b- t\-Xm-°-∑m-cm-bn- am-dn.- A-h¿- ]-d-bp-∂-Xv- {]-h¿-Øn-°p-Iam-{X-am-Wv- s]m-Xp-P-\-ß-fp-sS- B-Xv-a-im-¥n-°p-≈- am¿-§-sa-∂vh-∂p.C-hn-sS- c-≠v- h¿-§-߃- cq-]-sa-Sp-°p-Ibm-bn-cp-∂p.- ]p-tcm-lnXh¿-§-hpw- km-[m-c-W-°m-cpsS- h¿-§-hpw-.- km-[m-c-W-°m-cp-sS- PohnXw- c-≠m-bn- ]-¶p-sh-°-s∏-´p.- amtam-\p-≈- Po-hn-X- ]-¶n¬- ssZh-tam- ssZ-h-Øn-\p-≈- ]-¶n¬- am-tam-t\m- C-S-s]-Sm-≥- ]m-Sns√-∂\n-b-aw- \n-e-\n-∂p.- ssZ-h-Øn-s≥-d- B-e-b-Øn¬- s]m-Xp-P-\-ßfp-sS- BXva - i - m-¥n-°p-th-≠n- X-]  - n-cp-∂v- ]m-Sp-s]-Sp-∂- ]u-tcmlnXy-Øn-\v- Po-hn-X-hn-`-h-ß-sf-Øn-°p-I- am-{X-am-bn-cp-∂p- s]m-XpP-\-Øn-s≥-d- I¿-Ø-hyw.- am-tam-\p-th-≠n- \o-°n-sh-°-s∏-´n-´p-≈Po-hn-X-Øn-s≥-d- knw-l-`m-K-Øn-epw- X-∂n-jv-Sw- sN-øm≥- A-\phm-Zw- \-¬-I-s∏--´p.- B-Xv-a-im-¥n-bp-sS- B-e-b-ß-fn-se- kw-`m-h-\Iƒ-- h-gn- ]m-]ß - s - f-√mw- I-gp-In-°f-bm-sa-∂- kvY - n-Xn- \n-e\ - n-∂t∏m ƒ- ap≥-Iq-dm-bn- \m-Wb - w- `-WvUm-cØ - n¬- \n-t£-]n-®v- ]m-]w- sNøm ≥- X-øm-sd-Sp-°p-∂- a-\p-jy-a°-fp-≠m-bn.ssZ-hØn-s≥-d- kz-¥-°m-cpw- km-[m-c-W-°m-cp-sa-∂- c-≠v- hn`m K-ß-fp≠m-b-t∏mƒ- C-h¿- X-Ωn¬- Xn-cn-®-dn-bp-I- H-cp- A-\n-hm-cyX-bm-bn-Øo¿-∂p.- {In-kv-Xp-hn-t\m- sshZnIE-jn-am¿t°m- ap-lΩZn-(k-)t- ∂m AdnbmØ Nnlv\߃- B-Xva - i - m-¥n-bp-sS- B-eb - ßfp-sS- Im-h¬-°m-cp-sS- ASbmf-ß-fm-bn.- Cu- Nn-lv-\-߃- am-{X ambn- am-dn,-- "A-hn-izm-kn'-sb-bpw- "-hn-izm-kn'-sb-bpw- Xn-cn-®-dn-bm\p-

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≈- am¿-§w.- ]u-tcm-ln-Xyw- X-ß-fp-sS- kzm¿-∞-X-°-\p-k-cn-®v- P\ß-sf- kw-L-Sn-∏n-°m≥- Cu- Nn-lv-\-ß-sf- D-]tbm-Kn-®p.- B-Xv-ao b-am-b- A-Sn-aØ - Ø - n-s≥-d- `q-an-bn-se- b-Pa - m-\≥-am-cm-b- ]p-tcm-lnX ∑m-sc- A-\p-k-cn-°p-∂- B-´n≥- ]-‰-߃- am-{X-am-bn- am-dn- hn-izmkn Iƒ-.- A-h¿- ]u-tcm-ln-Xy-Øn-s≥-d- N-cS- p-he - n-Iƒ-°\ - p-kc - n- ® - v- BSns°m-≠n-cp-∂p.k-aq-l-Øn-se- Nq-j-I-h-¿-§w- A-h-cp-sS- kzm-[o-\-Øn-s≥-d- he]u-tcm-ln-Xy-Øn-\p- t\-sc-bpw- hoin-sb-dn-™p.- Nq-jn-X-cm-b- P\ß-fp-sS-ta-ep-≈- Nq-j-I-cp-sS- ]n-Sp-Ø-Øn-s≥-d- ap-dp-°w- h¿-≤n∏n°m-\m-h-iy-am-b- \n-b-a-߃- \n¿-Ωn-°m-≥-- ]u-tcm-ln-Xyw- X-ømdmbn.- ap-X-em-fn-am-cpsS- B-e-b-ß-fn¬- In-S-∂p-d-ßp-∂- B-Xv-a-im¥nhn¬-∏-\-°m-cp-sS- "a-X'- \n-b-a-ß-fm-hp-∂- Zrw-jv-S-߃- km-[m-cW°m-cp-sS- I-gp-Øp-Iƒ- sR-cn-®p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂p.- a-\p-jy-s\- a-\pjy\m-°p-∂- B-Xv-am-hn-s≥-d- \n-b-{¥-I≥-am-sc-∂v- A-h-Im-i-s∏-´]ptcm-ln-X- h¿-§tØm-Sv- F-Xn-cp-]-d-™-v "]m-]n'- I-f-hm-hp-I-sb∂Ir-Xyw- \n¿-∆-ln-°m≥- am-{Xw- ss[-cy-ap-≈-h¿- hn-c-f-am-tb- N-cn{XØn-ep-≠m-bp-≈q.- A-h-cp-sS- i-_v-Zw- ]-e-t∏m-gpw- h-\-tcm-Z-\-߃am-{X-am-bn- I-em-in-®p.- ]u-tcm-ln-Xy-sam-cp-°n-b- I-\-ap-≈- Ip-cnipIƒ- Np-a-°m≥- A-h-cn¬- ]-e-cpw- hn-[n-°-s∏-´p. a-X-Øn-s≥-d- au-en-I-am-b- D-]-tZ-i-߃- t]m-epw- Nq-j-I-∑m¿°p-th-≠n- am-‰n-sb-gp-Xs - ∏-´p.- ssl-µh - Z- ¿-i\ - Øn-se- a-cW - m-\¥cPo-hn-X-k-¶¬-]-w-X-s∂- t\m-°p-I.- \-∑- sN-øp-∂- a-\p-jy¿- kz¿§Øn-se- N-{µ-∑m-cm-bn- 1 am-dp-sa-∂p-w- bm-K-ß-fpw- b-Pv-Rßfpw- \SØp-∂-h¿-°v- kz¿-§-Øn¬- kv-Ym-\-ap-s≠-∂pw- 2 Cu-iz-c-s\- kv-a cn-°m-sX- hn-j-bm-k-Iv-X-cm-bn- I-gn-bp-∂-h¿- Zpx-J- `-q-b-njv-T-ß-fm b- tem-I-ß-sf- {]m-]n-°p-∂p-sh-∂pw- 3 ]-d-bp-∂- ssh-Zn-I-{K-\v-Y ߃- kz¿-§hp-w- \-c-I-hp-a-S-ßp-∂- a-c-Wm-\-¥-cPo-hn-Xk-¶¬]wX-s∂-bm-Wv- Dƒ-s°m-≈p-∂X - v.- ]-s£,- \-ap-°d - n-bmw- C-∂v- sslµ h-k-aq-lw- hn-iz-kn-°p-∂-Xv- ]p-\¿-P-∑-kn-≤m-¥-Øn-em-Wv.- Cukn-≤m-¥-Øn-s≥-d- D¬-∏-Øn-X-s∂- kv-Yn-Xn-sN-øp-∂-Xv- Nm-Xp¿-h¿1.- E-tKz-Zw- 2.-2:-10:-1˛3 2.- i-X-]-Y- {_m-lv-a-Ww- 11:-6:-2:-5 3.- Cu-i-hm-tkym-]-\n-j-Øv- 3

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Wy- hy-h-kv-Ybn-em-Wv.- ]m-h-s∏-´- iq-{Z-\pw- NWv-Um-e-\pw- D-∂XIp-e-Pm-X-cm-b- {_m-lv-a-W-£-{Xn-bm-Zn-Iƒ-°v- Zm-ky-th-e-sN-øp∂hy-h-kv-Y-bm-Wv- Nm-Xp¿-h¿-Wy-h-y-h-kv-Y.- iq-{Z-\pw- N-Wv-Um-e-\pwa-‰p-w- ]-´n-tb-bpw- ]-∂n-tb-bpw- t]m-se-bp-≈- Po-hn-I-fm-sW-∂pwA-h¿- ap-Pv-P-∑-]m-]-Øn-s≥-d- in-£- A-\p-`-hn-°p-∂-h-cm-sW-∂pwA-Xp-sIm-≠p-X-s∂- A-h¿- A-\p-`-hn-°p-∂-Xv- \ym-b-am-b- in-£am-{X-am-sW-∂pw- A-Xv- A-h¿-°p-≈- \ym-b-hn-[n- am-{X-am-sW-∂pwh-cp-Øo-Øo¿-°m-\m-Wv- ]p-\¿-P∑ - k - n-≤m-¥w- ]-Ss - ®-Sp-ØX - v.-1 Xßfp-sS- ap-Pv-P-∑-]m-]-Øn-\-p-≈- ]-cn-lm-c-am-Wv- {_m-lv-a-W¿-°p-≈Zm-ky-th-e-sb-∂v- a-\- n-em-°n-b- Xm-gv-∂- Pm-Xn-°m-c-s\- am-\-knI-am-bn- X-s∂- A - S- n-aI - f - m-°n- am-‰m≥- ]u-tcm-ln-Xy-Øn-\v- I-gn™p.kvar-Xn-I-fn¬- Im-Wp-∂- {Iq-c-am-b- Pm-Xn-hy-h-kv-Y-°v- A-Sn-Ø-d]-Wn-X-Xv- ]p-\¿-Pv-P-∑-kn-≤m-¥w- X-s∂-bm-bn-cp-∂p.\-tS- D-≤-cn-®- se-\n-s≥-d- hm-°p-I-fn¬-\n-∂v- a-\- n-em-hp-∂-XvG-ItZ-iw- CtX- cq-]-Øn¬-X-s∂- ss{I-kv-X-h- ]u-tcm-ln-Xy-hpw]-c-tem-I- hn-izm-k-sØ- Zp-cp-]tbm-K-s∏-SpØ-n-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂m-Wv.sXm-gn-em-fnI-sf- Nq-j-Ww- sN-bv-Xv- Po-hn-®n-cp-∂- ap-X-em-fn-am¿°vA-\p-Iq-e-am-b- co-Xn-bn¬- kz¿§-cm-Py- k-¶¬-]w- hym-Jym-\n-°s∏-´-Xn-\m-em-sW-∂v- tXm-∂p-∂p,- 'kz¿-§-Øn-s≥-d- D-∂-X-ß-fn¬sh-®p-t]m-epw- \mw- ssZ-h-sØ- ]-cm-P-b-s∏-Sp-Øpw'- F-∂v- N-¶q-‰ tØm-sS- ]-d-bm-≥-- se-\n≥- k-∂-≤-\m-b-Xv.- F-¥n-\-[n-Iw-, ap-Xemfn-bp-sS- k-º-Øn-ep-≈- Z-cn-{Z-s≥-d- A-h-Im-i-sa-∂v- {]-hm-N-I-\m¬hn-ti-jn-∏n-°-s∏-´- k-°m-Øv- k-{º-Zm-b-sØ-t∏m-epw- [-\n-I-s≥d"D-Zm-c-X'- {]-I-S-am-°p-∂- \m-W-b-Øp´p-I-fn-sem-Xp-°m≥- "h-A-fv']-d-bp-∂- ]u-tcm-ln-Xy-hpw- a-X-\n-b-a-߃- ap-X-em-fn-am¿-°-\p-kcn®v- h-ym-Jym-\n-®- Ip-cn-ipw- cp-{Zm-£-am-e-bp-a-Wn-™- ]u-tcm-lnXyØn-s≥-d- ]m-X-sb- ]n≥-Xp-S-cp-I-b-√m-sX- a-s‰-¥m-Wv- sN-øp-∂-Xv.a-\p-jy-cp-sS- B-Xa v- o-bZ- m-ls - Ø- Nq-jW - w- sN-bX v- ,v- [-\w- kºmZn-°m-\p-≈- am¿-§-ß-ƒ- A-t\z-jn-®-,- cm-Pm-[n-Im-cn- h¿-§-Øn-\v- ]utcm-ln-Xyw- F-ß-s\-bm-Wv- Iq-´m-fn-I-fm-bn- am-dn-b-sX-∂-Xn-\pw- `mc-Xo-b- N-cn-{X-Øn¬-Xs - ∂- D-Zm-lc - W - ß - f - p-≠v.- h-fs - c-b[ - n-Iw- ]pI1.- Iq-Sp-X-e-dn-bp-∂-Xn-\v- teJ-I-s≥-d- "ssl-µ-h-X-:- [¿-Ω-hpw- Z¿-i-\-hpw-'- hm-bn-°pI.-

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gv-Ø-s∏-Sp-∂- "Iu-S-n-ey-s≥-d- A¿-∞-im-kv-{Xw'-1 {]-P-I-sf- cm-PmhvF-ßn-s\-sb-√mw- Nq-j-Ww- sN-ø-W-sa-∂v- ]dbp -∂p-≠v-.- I-c-SntØm¬- ]p-X® - - cm-PI - o-b- ]p-cp-j∑ - m-sc- iva - i - m-\h - r-£Ø - n¬- Ib‰n-bn-cp-Øn- A-h-sc-s°m-≠v- cm-{Xn-bn¬- P-\-ßsf- t]-Sn-∏n-°p-Ibpw- ]n-∂o-Sv- B- c-£- n-s\- \n-hm-c-Ww- sN-øm-s\∂v- ]-d-™vA-h-cn¬-\n-∂v- th-≠-{X- ln-c-Wyw- ]n-Sn-s®-Sp-°p-I-bpw- sN-øp-I,tZ-h-kv-Ym-\-ß-fpw- kz-bw-`q-enw-K-ß-fpw- k¿-∏∏p-‰p-I-fpw- Ir-{Xn-aam-bp-≠m-°n- A-h-bn-te-°p-≈- h-gn-]m-Sp-Iƒ- h-gn- P-\-Øn¬-\n∂v- {Z-hyw- I-c-kv-Y-am-°p-I-, hn-izm-kw- h-cm-Ø-h-sc- hn-iz-kn-∏n°m-\m-bn- h-[-in-£-°v- hn-[n-°-s∏-´- H-cm-sf- A-hn-izm-kn-bm-bnA-hX - c - n-∏n-®v A-hs - \- Kq-V] - p-cp-j∑ - m¿- ap-tJ-\- ]m-ºn-s\-s°m≠vsIm-Øn∏n-®v- sIm-∂v- t_m-≤y-s∏-Sp-Øp-I,- C-ß-s\- t]m-Ip-∂p"`q-an-]≥- cm-Py-Øo-¶-∂v- F-Sp-t°-≠- {Z-hy'-Øn-s≥-d- en-kv-‰v.- hnizmk-sØ- Nq-j-Ww- sN-bv-Xv- Po-hn-®n-cp-∂- cm-Pm-°-∑m¿- X-s∂-bmWvC-¥y-bn¬- C-∂v- \-S-°p-∂- A-\v-[-hn-izm-kA-\m-Nm-c-ßfp-sS{kjv-Sm-°-sf-∂pw- C-Xn¬-\n-∂v- \-ap-°v- a-\- n-em-°m-\m-hp-∂p.kv-Ym-]-\-a-X-߃- a-\p-jy-s≥-d- `u-Xn-Im-h-iy-߃- I-≠n-√.B-Xv-ao-b-am-bn- Hu-∂-Xyw- {]m-]n-°m-\m-bn- A-h- D-]-tZ-in-®-Xv,`uXn-I-hn-`-h-ß-sf-√mw- Xy-Pn-°p-I-bpw- hn-Im-c-ß-sf-√mw- sh-SnbpI-bp-am-bn-cp-∂p.- C-Xm-bn-cp-∂p- A-hbv-°v- ]-‰n-b- sX-‰v.- a-\p-jys\am-em-J-bm-°m≥- A-h- ]m-Sp-s]-´p.- ]-t£,- am-em-J-am¿- kr-jv-Sn°s∏-´- {]-Im-i-Øn-\v- a-\p-jy-kr-jv-Sn- \-S-∂- a-Æp-am-bn- Kp-W-Øn¬hy-Xym-k-ap-≈-Xp-t]m-se-˛ H-cn-°-epw- a-Æn-s\- {]-Im-i-am-°nam‰m≥- I-gn-bm-Ø-Xp-t]m-se-˛A-h-bp-sS- A-kv-Xn-Xz-Øn-epw- A-Sn kv-Ym-\-]-c-am-bn- A-¥-c-ß-fp-s≠-∂v- a-\- n-em-°m≥- A-hbv-°vI-gn™-n-√.- A-lnw-k-sb-°p-dn-® Ip-sd- A-{]m-tbm-Kn-I- t«m-Ißfpw- ssZ-hn-I-k-Ø-sb-°p-dn-®- Km-V-am-b- N¿-®-I-fpw- Nq-j-WwsN-ø-s∏-Sp-∂- Ip-sd- I-\y-I-I-sf-bpw- am-{Xw- ]-S-°m-t\- A-hbv°vI-gn-™p-≈q.- ]-®-bm-b- a-\-p-jy-s≥-d- {]-iv-\-ß-sf-°p-dn-®v- A-dnbmt\m- A-h- ]-cn-lc - n-°m-\p-≈- \n¿-t±-iß - ƒ- D-∂b - n-°m-t\m- Ahbv°v- I-gn-™n-√.- A-ß-s\-bm-Wv- a-X-hpw- km-[m-c-W-°m-cpw- X-Ωnep≈- t\-cn-´p-≈- _-\v-[w- hn-tO-Zn-°-s∏-´-Xv.- a-X-Øn-te-°v- km-[mc1.- Iu-Sn-ey-s≥-d- A¿-∞-im-kv-{Xw-:- hn-h¿-Ø-\w-˛ sI.-hn.-Fw.-

"a-X'-ß-fp-sS-- ]-cm-P-bw

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W-°m-c-\p-≈- ]m-ew- ]p-tcm-ln-X-∑m¿- am-{X-am-bn-cp-∂p.- A-Xp-sIm≠p-X-s∂- A-h¿- ]u-tcm-ln-Xy-Øn-s≥-d- Nq-j-W-߃-°v- ]m-{Xam-bn.- X-߃- Nq-j-Ww- sN-ø-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv- t]m-epw- B-Xv-ao-b- Hu∂Øy-Øn-\p-≈- am¿-§-am-sW-∂- A-[-a-[m-c-W-bm-bn-cp-∂p- A-h¿-°p≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv. `u-Xn-I- {]-Xy-b-im-kv-{X-߃- a-\p-jy-s\- ]-Zm¿-∞-Øn-s≥-d]-X-\-Øn-te-°pw- ]p-tcm-ln-X a-X-߃- A-h-s\- am-em-J-bp-sSHu-∂X - y-Øn-te-°pw- \-bn-°m-\m-Wv- {i-an-®X - v.- a-\p-jy-s≥-d- bYm¿∞- A-kv-Xn-Xz-sa-¥m-sW-∂v- I-s≠-Øp-∂-Xn¬- ]-‰n-b- ]n-g-hm-WvC-Ø-cw- c-≠v- Xo-{h-k-¶¬-∏-߃-°v- \n-Zm-\-am-b-Xv.- a-\p-jy-m-kvXn-Xz-sØ-°p-dn-®- i-cn-bm-b- A-dn-hn-s≥-d- A-Sn-Ø-d-bn¬- \n¿-Ωn°-s∏-´- H-cp- Z¿-i\ - Ø - n-\v- am-{Xta- A-hs - \- tam-N\ - Ø - n-te-°v- \bn°m-\m-hq.- F-¶n¬,- Bcm-Wv- a-\p-jy≥?-

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a-\p-jy-s≥-d- k-h- n-ti-jm-kv-Xn-Xzw

A-©va-\p-jy-s≥-d- k-hn-ti-jm-kv-Xn-Xzw"]-Øp-Km-e≥- sIm-≈pw- ho-∏-bn¬- \n-d-®-p- P-ew,G-gp- _m¿-tkm-∏p-Iƒ-°m-h-iy-amw- sIm-gp-∏v,H≥-]-Xn-\m-bn-cw- s]-≥-kn-en-\p-≈n-se- Im¿-_¨,c-≠m-bn-c-Øn-bn-cp-∂q-dv- Xo-s∏-´n-t°m-en-se- t^m-kv-^-d-kv,C-S-Ø-c-sam-cm-Wn-bn-se- C-cp-ºv,tIm-gn-°q-sSm-∂v- sh-≈-b-Sn-°m-\p-≈- Np-Æm-ºv,Ip-d-®v- kƒ-^-dpw- sa-Kv-\o-jy-hpw-˛ C-h- i-cn-bm-b- A-\p-]m-X-Øn¬- Iq-´n-°p-g-®m¬a-\p-jy-i-co-c-am-bv- am-dn'˛l-hm¿-Un- (Howard) -s≥-d- I-hn-X-bn¬- \n-∂v-.-1 c-k-X-{¥-Pv-R-s≥-d- ho-£-W-Øn-ep-≈- a-\p-jy-\m-Wn-Xv.- G-Xm \pw- cm-k-]-Zm¿-∞-ß-fp-sS- an-{in-Xw.- Po-h-im-kv-{X-Pv-R-\v- C-Xn¬A¬-∏w-Iq-Sn- Iq-´n-t®¿-°m-\p-≠m-bn-cn-°pw.- t{Im-a-tkm-ap-I-sf-°pdn-®pw- Po-\p-Is - f-°p-dn-®pw- A-h∂ - v- ]-db - m-\p-≠m-hpw.- `u-Xn-I- imkv{X-Pv-R-\v- Ip-d-®p-Iq-Sn- kw-km-cn-°m-\p-≠m-hpw.- a-\p-jy-a-kv-Xn-jvIØn-s≥-d- k-¶o¿-ÆX - I - s - f-bpw- A-Xn-\I - s - Ø- tIm-iß - f - p-sS- `uXn1. Quoted by C.E.M. Joad: Guide to the Philosophy of Morals and Politics. Page 251

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I-˛cm-k-L-S-\-sb-°p-dn-®pw- Iq-Sn- A-h-≥- ]-d-bpw.- a-\p-jy-s\-°pdn®- Im-gv-N∏m-Sn¬- ]m-c-º-cy- i-kv-{X-Øn-\pw- ]-cn-Wm-a-hm-Z-Øn-\psa-√mw- A-hb - p-sS- `m-Kt[-bw- \n¿-∆l - n-°m-\p-≠v.- A-Xpw-Iq-Sn- A\ph-Zn-®p-sIm-Sp-°p-I-˛ F-¶n¬-X-s∂- a-\p-jy-s\-°p-dn-®- ]q¿-Æ-ambH-cp- Nn-{Xw- \-ap-°v- In-´p-tam?- C-√-sb-∂m-Wp-Ø-cw.- a-\p-jy-s≥-dam-{X-am-b- ]-e- Kp-W-ß-fpw- im-kv-{X-im-J-I-fp-sS- K-th-j-W- taJeIƒ-°-Xo-X-am-bn- \n-e-sIm-≈p-I-bm-Wv.- ssa-t{Im-kv-tIm-∏p-I-fpwsS-e-kv-tIm-∏p-I-fpw- F-{X-X-s∂- ]p-tcm-K-an-®m-epw- C-u- "A-\n-ivNn-X-Xzw'- \n-e-\n¬-°p-I- X-s∂- sN-øpw-˛ Xo¿-®.C-Xp-X-s∂-bm-Wv- `uXn-I-X-X-z-im-kv-{X-ß-fp-sS-bpw- A-h-kvY.]-≠v- A-\v-[-∑m¿- B-\-sb- Im-Wm≥- t]m-b- I-Y-bn-t√,- A-Xpt]m-se-Xs - ∂.- Hm-tcm-cp-Ø¿-°pw- Im-Wm≥- I-gn-™X - v- a\p-jys≥dHm-tcm- `m-K-ß-sf- am-{X-am-Wv.- D-Zm-l-c-W-Øn-\v- kn-Kv-a-≠v- t{^mbnUn-s≥-d- a-\x-im-kv-{X-kn-≤m-¥-߃- t\m-°p-I.- a-\x-im-kv-{X-cwK-sØ- A-t±-l-Øn-s≥-d- te-J-\-߃1 -hm-bn-°p-∂-h¿-°-dn-bmw,A-t±-lØ - n-\v- e-`n-®n-cp-∂- tcm-Kn-If - n-e[ - n-Ih - pw- ssew-Kn-I- ImcW -ß-fm¬- tcm-Kn-I-fm-b-h-cm-bn-cp-∂p.- A-Xp-sIm-≠p-X-s∂,- a-\pjy¿°p-≠mIp-∂- a-\x-]o-V-Iƒ-°pw- (obsessions) `o-Xn-tcm-K-Øn-\pw(phobias) a-\k - X v- m-]ß - ƒ-°pw- (anxiety neurosis) R-cº - v- tcmKß ƒ-°p- (neuro psychoses) sa-√mw- {]-[m-\-s∏-´- Im-c-Ww- ssewKnI{]-iv-\-ß-tfm- Zm-º-Xy- {]-iv-\-ß-tfm- B-sW-∂v- At±-l-Øn-s≥dtcm-Kn-I-fp-sS- A-\p-`-h-ß-fn¬-\n-∂v- A-t±-lw- a-\- n-em-°n.- C∂sØ-bpw- a-t\m-tcm-Kn-I-fn¬- \-s√m-cp- i-X-am-\w- ssew-Kn-I-hpwZm-º-Xy-]-c-hp-am-b- {]-iv-\-ß-fm¬- tcm-Kn-I-fm-bn-Øo¿-∂-h-cm-sW ∂v- {]-ap-J- a-\x-im-kv{- X-PvR - c - p-sS-sb-√mw- "tI-kv- U-bd - n-Iƒ'- hmbn®m¬- a-\  - n-em-Ipw.- Cu- h-kvX - p-X- kz-]v\ - ß-fn-te-°p-Iq-Sn- {]tbmKn-°p-I-bm-Wv- t{^m-bn-Uv- X-s≥-d- am-kv-‰¿- ]o-km-b- "k-z-]v-\-ßfp-sS- hym-Jym-\w'-2 F-∂- {K-\v-Y-Øn-eq-sS- sN-ø-p-∂-Xv.- tKm-h-WnI-b-dp-∂- kz-]v-\-Øn¬-\n-∂p-t]m-epw- ssew-Kn-I-hn-Im-c-hpw- D-tØ P-\h - pw- \n¿-≤m-cW - w- sN-bvs - X-Sp-°p-∂p-≠t- ±-lw.- C-°m-cyw- Xs∂a-\p-jy-cp-sS- km-aq-ln-I-- Po-hn-X-Øn¬- Iq-Sn- {]-tbm-Kn-°m-s\m-cp1. for eg: Sigmund Freud: 1 `Obsessions and Phobias' 2. `Heredity and Aetiology of the Neurosis' 3. `Neuro876- Psychoses and Anxiety-Neurosis' 2. Sigmund Freud: The Interpretation of dreams.

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sº-Sp-tºm-gm-Wv- A-t±-l-Øn-s≥-d- G-‰-hpw- Kp-cp-X-c-hpw- A-£¥-hy-hp-am-b- A-_-≤-߃- a-d-\o-°n- sh-fn-hm-Ip-∂-Xv.- Cu-Un-∏kv- tImw-π-Iv-kv-,- Cu-tKm,- kq-∏¿- Cu-tKm- k¶-¬-∏-ß-fn-eq-sS- a\pjy-cp-sS- k-I-e {]-h-Ø-\-ß-fn-epw- ssew-Kn-I-X- Z¿-in-°p∂p-≠-t± lw.- A-Ω-bpw- Ip-™pw- X-Ωn-ep-≈- _-\v-[-Øn¬-t]mepw- ssewKn-I-X-bp-sS- em-Rv-N-\- I-s≠-Øp-∂- A-t±-lw- a-\pjy-s\- H-cp- ssew-Kn-I-Po-hn- am-{X-am-bn- A-[x-]-Xn-∏n-°p-I-bm-WvsN-øp-∂-Xv.- A-Xn∂-t±-l-sØ- am-{Xw- Ip-‰w- ]-d-™n-´v- Im-cy-an-√.a-\p-jy-s\- a-\- nem-°m≥-sN-∂- A-\v-[-\m-b- A-t±-l-Øn-\v- ]nSp-Øw- In-´n-b-Xv- "ssew-Kn-I'-X-sb-∂- H-scm-‰- "A-h-b-hw'- am-{Xam-bn-cp-∂p.- A-t±-lw- At∏mƒ- hn-fn-®p-]-d-™p- "a-\p-jy≥- ssewKn-I- Po-hn- am-{X-amsW-∂v'.- "`u-Xn-I-hm-Z-Øn-s≥-d- A-\v-[-X-bmWv- A-t±-l-sØ- {K-kn-®ncp-∂-Xv.C-Xp-X-s∂-bm-Wv- am¿-Iv-kn-s≥-d-bpw- A-h-kv-Y.- F-∏n-Iyq-d- ns≥-d- ]-ca - m-Wp-hm-ZØ - n-s≥-db - pw- t^m-b¿-_m-°n-s≥-d- `u-Xn-Ih - mZØn-s≥-d-bpw- A-Sn-Ø-d-bn¬- \n-∂v- {]-]-©- h-ym-Jym-\-Øn-\v- {ian®- A-t±-lØ - n-\v- ]-Zm¿-∞Ø - n-s≥-d- am-{Xw- k-z`- m-hß - t- f- a-\pjy\nepw- I-s≠-Øm≥- I-gn-™p-≈q.- ]-cn-kv-Yn-Xn-bn-ep-≠m-Ip-∂- ]cnh¿-Ø-\-߃- ]-Zm¿-∞-Øn-s≥-d- kz-`m-h-ß-fn¬- am-‰-߃- h-cpØp sa-¶n¬- a-\p-jy-\n-epw- A-ßn-s\-bp-≠m-hp-sa-∂-t±-lw- kn-≤m-¥n ®p.- a-\p-jy-s\-∂- ]-Zm¿-∞-Øn-s≥-d- k-¶o¿-Æ-am-b- k-¶-en-X- cq]-Øn¬- am‰w- h-cp-Øp-∂- ]-cn-kv-Y-n-Xn-L-S-Iw- D¬-∏m-Z-\-_-\v-[ß-fm-sW-∂-t±-lw- I-W-°p-Iq-´n.- A-t±-l-Øn-\pw- sX-fn-hp-I-fp≤-cn-°m-\p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.- N-cn-{X-Øn-s≥-d- Z-im-k-\v-[n-I-fn-ep-≠mb\m-K-cn-I-ap-t∂-‰-ß-fn¬- k-º-Øn-\v- A-Y-hm- D¬-∏m-Z-\-_-\v-[߃°p-≠m-bn-cp-∂- kzm-[o-\-ß-sf- X-s≥-d- kn-≤m-¥-߃-°-\pIq-e-am-bn- hym-Jym-\n-°m-≥- A-t±-l-Ø-n-\v- I-gn-™p.- D¬-∏m-Z-t\m]-I-c-W-ß-fp-sS- am-‰-Øn-\-\p-k-cn-®v- am-‰w- h-cp-∂- H-cp- Po-hn-˛ Hcpkm-º-Øn-I- Po-hn- am-{X-am-bn- am-dn,-- am¿-Iv-kn-b≥- ho-£-W-Ønsea-\p-jy≥.- A-t±-l-hpw- a-\p-jy-s\- I-≠p-;- A-\v-[-s≥-d- A-tX- ImgvN- am-{Xw.- t{^m-bn-Uv- ]n-Sn-®X - v- ssew-Kn-IX-sb-∂- Im-en-em-bncp∂p sh¶n¬ am¿Ivkv ]nSn®Xv kzImcykzsØ∂ h-menembncp∂p.C-cp-h-sc-bpw- A-\v-[-cm-°n-b-Xv- `u-Xn-I-hm-Zw-X-s∂.-

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B-cm-Wv- a-\p-jy≥?- ]-Zm¿-∞-Øn-s≥-d- ]-cn-Wm-a-N-{I-Øn-\n-Sbn¬- D-cp-Øn-cn-™- k-¶o¿-Æ-L-S-\-bp-≈- H-cp- kw-bp-Iv-Xw- am{Xtam?- H-cp- ssew-Kn-I-Po-hn-tbm?- km-º-Øn-IP-o-hn-tbm?- A-Xpa√,am-em-J-tbm?H-∂m-a-Xm-bn,- a-\p-jy≥- {]-]-©-Øn-se- H-cp- Aw-K-am-Ip∂p.kq-cy-t\-bpw- \-£{- X-ßs - f-bpw- t]m-se-bp-≈- H-cp- Aw-Kw.- I-√ns\bpw- ]m-d-sb-bpw- a-Æn-s\-bpw- t]m-se-bp-≈- H-cp- A-w-Kw.- I-√nepwa-Æn-epw- sh-≈-Øn-ep-ap-≈- aq-e-I-߃-X-s∂-bm-Wv- a-\p-jy- icoc-Øn-ep-ap-≈-Xv.- ]-t£,- a-\p-jy≥- I-√pw- Np-Æm-ºpw- I-cn-°-´-bp a-√.- A-h-\v- a-‰p-- ]-Zm¿-∞-ß-fn¬-\n-∂v- hy-Xy-kv-X-am-b- H-cp- A-kvXn-Xz-ap-≠v.- A-h≥- tN-X-\-bp-≈-h-\m-Wv.- A-t∏mƒ- F-¥m-Wv- Poh≥?- Cu- tNm-Z-y-Øn-\v- `u-Xn-I-im-kv-{X-Øn-\v- C-∂pw- ¢n-]v-X-am b- D-Ø-cw- \¬-Im≥- I-gn-™n-´n-√.- ]-c-{_-lv-a-sØ--∏-‰n- D-]-\n-jØp-Iƒ- ]-d-bp-∂-Xp-t]m-se- "t\-Xn,- t\-Xn'- F-∂p-am-{X-am-Wv- Pohs\-°p-dn-®v- i-mkv-{X-Øn-\v- ]-d-bm-\p-≈-Xv'.- Po-h≥- F-¥-s√-∂vim-kv-{X-Øn-\-dn-bmw-,- F-¥m-sW-∂v- A-dn-bn-√.- H-]m-cn-s≥-d- tIm A-k¿-th-‰p-Iƒ-°v- "kz-bw'- h-ep-Xm-Im-\pw- c-≠m-bn- ap-dn-bm-\pwI-gn-bp-sa-¶n-epw- A-h-bn¬- Po-h-\p-s≠-∂v- ]-d-bm≥- im-kv-{X-PvR¿- X-øm-dn√.- Poh-tIm-iØn-\-I-Øp-sh-®v- am-{Xw- Po-h-s≥-de£W-߃ {]-I-Sn-∏n-°p-I-bpw- ]p-d-Øp-h-∂m¬- sh-dp-sam-cp- ] c¬- (crystel) am-{X-am-bn- am-dp-I-bpw- sN-øp-∂- ssh-d-kp-I-sf- AtN-X-\-h-kv-Xp-°-fp-sS-tbm- k-tN-X-\-h-kv-Xp-°-fpsS-tbm- G-Xns≥d- K-WØ - nem-Wv- Dƒ-s°m-≈n-t°-≠s - X-∂- Im-cy-Øn¬- C∂pwX¿-°ßƒ- \n-e-\n¬-°m-\p-≈-- Im-c-W-hpw,- Po-h-s\-°p-dn-®- hyIvX-am-b- [m-c-W-bp-sS- A-`m-h-am-Wv.c-≠m-a-Xm-bn,- a-\p-jy≥- k-tN-X-\h-kv-Xp-°-fp-sS- K-W-ØnseH-cp- Aw-K-am-Ip-∂p.- tdm-km-sN-Sn-sb-bpw- B¬-a-c-sØ-bpw- t]msebp-≈- Aw-Kw.- A-ao-_-sb-bpw- ssl-{U-sb-bpw- t]m-se-bp-≈- HcpAw-Kw.- A-ao-_- H-cp- G-I-tIm-i-Po-hn-bm-sW-¶n¬- a-\p-jy≥- Hcp_-lp-tIm-i-Po-hn-bm-sW-∂- hy-Xym-kw- am-{X-am-tWm- A-h- XΩnep-≈-Xv?- tdm-km-sN-Sn-bn¬- ]q-hp-≠m-hp-∂p-sh-¶n¬- a-\p-jy-\n¬A-Xp-≠m-Ip-∂n-s√-∂- hy-Xym-kw- am-{X-am-tWm- A-h- X-Ωn-ep-≈Xv?am-hn¬- D-≠m-hp-∂X - p-t]m-se- Im-bvI - \ - n-Iƒ- D¬-]m-Zn-∏n-°m-≥- Ign-

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bn-s√-∂- A-¥-cw- am-{X-am-tWm- a-\p-jy-\pw- A-Xpw- X-Ωn-ep-≈Xv?Cu- tNm-Zy-߃-°p-≈- D-Ø-cw- "A-√'-sb-∂m-sW-¶n¬- ]n-s∂-sb¥m-Wv- a-\p-jy-s\- A-h-bn¬-\n-∂pw- th¿-Xn-cn-®v- \n¿-Øp-∂- L-SI-sa-∂v- hy-Iv-X-am-bn- hn-i-Zo-I-cn°m-≥- I-gn-b-Ww.aq-∂m-aX - m-bn,- P-¥p-h¿-§ß - f - n-sem-∂m-Ip-∂p- \-ch - ¿-§h - pw-.- B\sb-bpw- B-Sn-s\-bpw- D-dp-ºn-s\-bpw- D-Sp-ºn-s\-bpw- \m-b-sb-bpw\-cn-sb-bpw- Ip-cß - n-s\-bpw- Ip-Xn-cs - b-bpw- t]m-se-bp-≈- H-cp- Pohn.B-\-°p-≈-Xp-t]m-se- I-Æp-I-fpw- B-Sn-\p-≈-Xp-t]m-se- Im-Xp-I fpw- D-dp-ºn-\p-≈-Xp-t]m-se- Im-ep-I-fpw- D-Sp-ºn-\p-≈-Xp-t]m-se- hmb-bpw- \m-b-°p-≈-Xp-t]m-se- \m-°pw- \-cn-°p-≈-Xp-t]m-se- \-Jß-fpw- Ip-c-ßn-\p-≈-Xp-t]m-se- ]-√p-I-fpw- Ip-Xn-c-°p-≈-Xp-t]mse- \m-km-c-{\v-[-ß-fp-sa-√mw- a-\p-jy-\pap-≠v.- a-s‰m-cp- P-¥p-hn\p-an-√m-Ø- ]p-Xn-sbm-cp- A-h-b-hhpw- a-\pjy-\n-√.- F-¶n¬,- a-\pjy-\pw- a-‰v- a-rK - ß - f - p-sS- K-WØ - n¬-s]-Sp-Øm-hp-∂- H-cp- Po-hn-h¿§wam-{X-am-tWm?\n-߃- Nn-e-t∏mƒ- D-Ø-cw- ]-d-t™-°pw,- A-√,-- a-\p-jy≥"kq∏¿- B-\n-a-em-'-sW-∂v.- A-Xp-X-s∂-bm-Wn-hn-Sp-sØ- {]-iv-\w.F-¥m-Wv- a-\p-jy-s\- "kq-∏¿- B-\n-a-em-'-°p-∂-Xv?A-h-s≥-d- I-Æp-Ifm-tWm?- F-¶n¬,- a-\p-jy-t\-°mƒ- A-[nIwIm-Wm≥- I-gn-hp-≈- P-¥p-°-sf-t¥- "kq-∏¿- B-\n-a¬'- B-Im-ØXv?- cm-{Xn-bn¬- Im-Wm≥- I-gn-bp-∂- aq-ß-bpw- Aƒ-{Sm-h-b-e-‰v- c-iv an-Iƒ- Im-Wm≥- I-gn-bp-∂- tX-\o-®-bp-a-t√- a-\p-jy-t\-°mƒ- Bt]-cn-\v- A¿-l-X-s∏-Sp-I.A-h-s≥-d- Im-Xp-I-fm-tWm?- F-¶n¬,- a-\p-jy-\v- tIƒ-°m≥- Ignbm-Ø-{X- D-b¿-∂- B-hr-Øn-bn-ep-≈- (20000˛100000 Hz )- i-_v-Zw]p-d-s∏-Sp-hn-°m-\pw- A-Xv- {]-Xn-_-\v-[-ß-fn¬- X-´n- {]-Xn-^e -- n-°ptºmƒ- A-Xn-s≥-d- {]-X-n-[z-\n- ]n-Sn-s®-Sp-°p-hm-\pw- I-gn-bp-∂- h∆mep-I-sf-bt√- B- t]-cn¬- hn-fn-t°-≠-Xv?A-h-s≥-d- \m-km-c-\v-{[-ß-fm-tWm?- F-¶n¬- a-\p-jy-t\-°mƒa-Ww- ]-n-Sn-°m-\pw- A-Xv- Xn-cn-®-dn-bm-\pw- ssh-Z-Kv-≤y-ap-≈- \m-bv°-fm-Wv- B- t]-cv- hn-fn-°-s∏-Sm≥- A¿-l-cm-bn-Øo-tc-≠-Xv.A-h-s‚- Im-e-p-I-fm-tWm?- F-∂m¬- a-\p-jy-t\-°mƒ- D-d-®-

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Imep-I-fpw- th-K-X-bp-≈- No-‰-]p-en-b-t√- B- \maØm¬ hntijn ∏n°s∏tS≠Xv?C-hn-sS- \mw- h-f-sc- kp-{]-[m-\-am-b- H-cp- \n-K-a-\-Øn-se-ØpI-bm-Wv.- a-\p-jy≥- a-‰v- Po-hn-I-tf-°m-sf-√mw- t{i-jv-T-\m-hp-∂-Xv-˛ A-Y-hm- "kq-∏¿- B-\n-an¬'- B-Ip-∂-Xv- A-h-s≥-d- A-h-b-h-ß-fp sS- I-gn-hp-sIm-≠-√.- A-h-b-h-ß-f-√m-Ø- a-s‰-t¥m- B-Wv- A-hs\- D¬-Ir-jvS- \ - m-°p-∂X - v?- A-hb - h - ß - f - p-sS- B-sIØp-Ib - √ - - a\pjy≥.- A-Xn¬- I-hn-™- F-s¥m-s°-tbm- B-Wv- F-∂v- \mw- a-\ n-em-°p-∂p.- F-¥m-W-Xv?km-[m-c-W- ]-d-b-s∏-Sm-dp-≠v,- "H-∂p-an-√m-sX- P-\n-°p-I-bpw- ]eXpw- t\-Sn-s°m-≠v- a-cn-°p-I-bpw- sN-øp-∂- H-cp- Po-hn-bm-Wv- a-\p jy≥.- F-∂m¬- a-‰v- Po-hn-I-sf-√mw- ]-e-Xp-ap-≠m-bn-s°m-≠v- P-\n °p-I-bpw- ]p-Xp-Xm-bn- H-∂pw- t\-Sm-sX- a-cn-°p-Ibpw- sN-bp-∂-hcm-Wv'- F-∂v.- F-{X-am-{Xw- A¿-∞-h-Øm-Wo- sam-gn.- Hmtcm- Po-hn bpw- P-\n-°p-∂-Xv- A-h-∂v- Po-hn-°m-\m-h-iy-am-b- F-√m-hn-[- A-dnhp-I-tf-m-sS-bp-am-Wv, I-gn-hp-I-tfm-sS-bp-am-Wv.- ]-t£,- a-\p-jy-t\m?A-h≥- H-∂p-an-√m-Ø-h-\m-bn-X-s∂-b-m-Wv- P-\n-°p-∂-Xv.- ]-t£, Ah≥- {]-Ir-Xn-bn¬-\n-∂pw- A-hs - ≥-d- Np-‰p-]m-Sp-If - n¬-\n-∂pw- ]eXpw- ]-Tn-°p-I-bpw- t\Sp-I-bpw- sN-øp-∂p.]-e-t∏m-gpw-,- Po-hn-I-fp-sS- P-∑-hm-k-\- (instinct) a-\p-jy-sc- AXv`- p- X - s - ∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v.- \q-‰m-≠p-If - p-sS- hn-PR v- m-\Ø - n-eq-sS- a-\pjy ≥- t\Sn-sb-Sp-Ø- I-gn-hp-If - n¬- ]-eX - pw- Po-hn-Iƒ-°v- P-∑\ - m- e`n®n -´p-s≠-∂-Xm-Wv- h-kv-Xp-X.Im-´n-se- F-©n-\o-b¿- F-∂v- hn-fn-°s - ∏-Sp-∂- _o-hd - n-s\- t\m°p I.- i-cm-i-cn- H-cp- ao-‰¿- \o-f-hpw- ]-Xn-t\-gv- Intem-{Kmw- Xq-°-hp-ap ≈- _o-h-dn-s\- bq-tdm-]y≥- Im-Sp-I-fn-epw- h-S-t°- A-ta-cn-°-bnseNn-e- h-\-ß-fn-ep-am-Wv- km-[m-c-W- I-≠p-h-cp-∂-Xv.- h-f-sc-b-[n-Iwh-Æ-ap-≈- a-c-߃- X-s≥-d- D-fn-∏-√p-Iƒ- sIm-≠v- Im¿-∂p-ap-dn-®vX-≈n-bn-´-ti-jw- sN-dp-Xm-bn- ap-dn-®v- A-cp-hn-bn-se- P-e-Øn-en-´vHgp-°n-\-\p-Iq-e-am-bn- Xm-tgm-´v- X-\n-°v- ho-Sp-≠m-°m≥- \n-iv-N-bn®kv-Y-e-tØ-°v- _o-h¿- sIm-≠p-t]m-Ip-∂p.- A-h- I-√pw- N-fn-bpap] tbm-Kn-®v- sh-≈-Øn¬- Xm-gv-Øn-sh-®v- A-Xn-\m-h-iy-am-b- D-b-cØn

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te-°v- P-eh - n-Xm-\w- D-b¿-Øp-Ib - pw- A-Xv- A-Ws - I-´n- \n-¿Ø - p-IbpwsN-øp-∂p.- Cu- A-W-s°-´n-\-I-Øv- a-c-®n-√-Iƒ- N-fn-Iq--´n- H-´n-®psIm-≠m-Wv- Nn-c-´- I-an-gv-Øn-sh-®- B-Ir-Xn-bn-ep-≈- X-s≥-d- `-h\w_o-h¿- \n¿-Ωn-°p-∂-Xv.- hm-bp-k-©m-c-Øn-\m-bn- Iq-Sn-s≥-d- apIƒ`m-Kw- Xp-d-∂n-´n-cn-°pw.- Iq-´n¬-\n-∂v- sh-≈-Øn-\-Sn-bn-te-°v- Xpc∂- Xp-c¶ - Ø - n-eq-sS- am-{X-ta- ho-´n-\I - tØ-°v- {]-th-i\ - a - m¿-§ap≠m hp-I-bp-≈q.- B-[p-\n-I-a-\pjy-cp--sS- Fb¿-I-≠o-j-\dp-I-sft]mepw- sh-√p-∂- co-Xn-bn-em-W-s{X- _o-h-dn-s≥-d- Iq-Sn-\p-≈n-seF-b¿-I-≠o-j-\nw-Kv- kw-hn-[m-\w-!- C-Xv- _o-h-dn-\v- B-cpw- ]-Tn-∏n®psIm-Sp-Ø-X-√.- P-∑-kn-≤-am-b- t_m-[w- am-{Xw.\-ap-s°-√mw- ]-cn-N-b-ap-≈- tX-\o-®-bpw- ]m¿-∏n-S-\n¿-Ωm-W-cwKsØ- A-Xn-Im-b-∑m-cm-Wv.- kz-¥w- Nn-d-Ip-Iƒ-°n-S-bn¬-\n-∂v- \n¿§fn-°-s∏-Sp-∂- sa-gp-Ip-]-tbm-Kn-®v- I-r-Xy-am-b- B-dv- tIm-Wp-I-fp-≈A-d-I-tfm-Sv- Iq-Sn-b- Iq-Sp-≠m-°p-∂- sXm-g-n-em-fn- tX-\o-®-°v- AXns≥-d- \n¿Ωm-W-sØ-°p-dn-®v- B-cpw- ]-d-™p-sIm-SpØn-´n-√.- PymanXo-b- I-Wn-i-X-tbm-Spw- H-´pw- sa-gp-Iv- A-[n-I-s®-e-hv- h-cm-sX-bpw\n¿-Ωn-°-s∏-Sp-∂- tX-\o-®-°-q-SpIƒ- F-©n-\o-b¿-am¿-s°√mwAXv` - p-Xw- X-s∂-bm-Wv.- tX-\o-®b - p-sS- ss\-k¿-§n-IP - vR - m\w- am{Xam-Wv- C-Xn-\v- ]n-∂n-se- i-Iv-Xn.B-c¬- (Eel) a¬-ky-Øn-s≥-d- k-ap-{Z-bm-{X- P-¥p-im-kv-{X-PvR∑-m-sc- C-∂pw- AXv-`p-X-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.- s_¿ap-U-bp-sS- sX-°p-Ing°v- 950 In-tem-ao-‰¿- am-dn- k¿-Km-tkm- I-S-en¬- sh®-m-Wv- B-c ep-Iƒ- ]p-\-cp-¬-∏m-Z-\w- \-S-Øp-∂-Xv.- bq-tdm-]y≥- k-ap-{Z-ß-fn¬h-kn-°p-∂- B-c-ep-Iƒ- X-ß-fp-sS- {]-P-\-\-Im-e-saØn-bm¬- icmi-cn- \m-em-bn-cw- Intem-ao-‰¿- k-©-cn-®v- k¿-§m-tkm- I-S-en-seØp-∂p.- k¿-§m-tkm-bp-sS- A-Km-[X - I - f - n¬- sN-∂v- e-£° - W - ° - n\vap-´-I-fn-´-ti-jw- Cu- B-c-ep-Iƒ- A-hn-sS-Ø-s∂- Po-hn-X-a-h-km\n-∏n-°p-∂p.- Cu- ap-´-I-fn¬-\n-∂v- hn-cn-bp-∂- B-c¬-°p-™p-߃A-Ω- h-∂- h-gn- ap-gp-h≥- Xm-≠n- bq-td-m-]y≥- k-ap-{Z-ß-fn¬- FhnsS- \n-∂m-tWm- A-Ω- bm-{X- Xn-cn-®-Xv- A-tX- kv-Y-eØp-X-s∂F-Øn-t®-cp-∂p.- F-s¥m-cXv-`- p-Xw-!- B-cpw- h-gn-Im-Wn-°m-\n-√m-sX B-bn-c-°-W-°n-\v- In-tem-ao-‰¿- Xm-≠n- Ir-Xy-kv-Y-e-sØ-Øn-t®cp-I.- A-Xpw- ap-sºm-cn-°e - pw- t]m-bn-´n-√m-Ø- h-gn-If - n-eq-sS-˛ Fßn-

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s\-bn-Xv- km-[n-°p-∂p?-- B-c-ep-I-fp-sS- ss\-k¿-§n-I- I-gn-hv-!tZ-im-S-\-]-£n-I-fp-sS- bm-{X-sb-∏-‰n- A-Xv-`p-Xw- Iq-dp-∂- I-ÆpI-tfm-sS-b-√m-sX- \-ap-°v- tI-´n-cn-°m-≥- I-gn-bn-√.- G-‰-hpw- Zo¿-Lam-b- tZ-i-m-S-\w- \-S-Øp-∂- B¿-Sn-Iv-tS-¨,- ssi-Xy-Im-e-Øv- B¿´n-°n¬-\n-∂v- ]p-ds∏-´v- ]-Xn-t\-gm-bn-cw- Intem-ao-‰¿- ]-d-∂v- th-\em-Ip-tºm-tg-°v- A≥-dm¿-´n-°-bn-se-Øn-t®-cp-∂p.- A-hn-sS- A¬]-Zn-h-kw- X-ßn-b- ti-jw- Xm≥- h-∂- A-tX- h-gn-bn-eq-sS- X-s∂]p-d-s∏-´- I-r-Xy-kv-Y-e-Øp-X-s∂- F-Øn-t®-cp-∂p.- B-cm-Wn-hbv°vh-gn-Im-´n-s°m-Sp-°p∂-Xv?- P-∑-hm-k-\- am-{Xw.!Nn-e- {]-tXy-I-X-cw- \-r-Ø-ß-fn-eq-sS- X-ß-fp-sS- Iq-´m-fn-Iƒ°v]q-°-fp-≈- kv-Y-e-sØ-°p-dn-®v- hy-Iv-X-am-b-- A-dn-hv- sIm-Sp-°p-∂h-cm-Wv- tX-\o-®-Iƒ.- \m¿-kn≥,- tSm¿-]n-tU-m- Xp-S-ßn-b- a-Xv-kyh¿-§-߃- i-co-c-Øn¬- \n-∂v- A-dp-\q-dv- hm´v- h-sc- i-Iv-Xn-bp-≈ssh-Zyp-Xn-bp¬∏m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂-h-bm-Wv.- Np-‰p-]m-Sn-se- Xm-]-\n-e-bnep-≈- hy-Xn-bm-\-߃- a-\- n-em-°m≥- "C≥-{^m-sd-Uv- kzo-I-cWn'-I-sf- D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-h-cm-Wv- t{Im-t´m-en-tU-°v-,- s_-bv-tU°v- F-∂o- Ip-Spw-_-ß-fn¬-s∏-´- ]m-ºp-Iƒ.- X-s≥-d- ]n-∂n¬- h-cp∂-h¿-°v- h-gn-Im-´m-\m-bn- s^-tdm-tam-Wp-Iƒ- F-∂- c-m-k-k-tµiwD¬-]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂-h-cm-Wv- D-dp-ºp-Iƒ.- a-cp-`q-an-bn¬- Po-hn-°m-\mh-iy-am-b- F-√m-hn-[- A-\p-Iq-e-\-ß-fpw- H-´-I-ß-fn-ep-≠v.- an-∂man-\pßp-Iƒ,- G-It- Im-i- Po-hn-bm-b- t\m-IvS- neq-°,- Nn-eb - n-\w- a¬ky-߃ F-∂n-h-°v- i-co-c-Øn-se- Nn-e- cm-k-{]-h¿-Ø-\-߃- hgn{]-Im-iw- \n¿-Ωn-°m-\p-≈- I-gn-hp-≠v.- kq-cy-s\- B-kv-]-Z-am-°ni-cn-bm-b- Zn-i- a-\- n-em-°m≥- km-[n-°p-∂-h-bm-Wv- cm-P-R-≠p(king crab) Iƒ.- C-sX-√mw- ss\-k¿-Kn-I-am-b- I-gn-hp-Iƒ-! C-\n-bpw- \mw- Nn-¥n-°p-I.- Hm-tcm- Po-hn-bpw- A-h-bv-°m-h-iyamb- F-√m-hn-[- I-gn-hp-I-tfm-sS-bp-am-Wv- P-\n-°p-∂-Xv.- _o-h-dn-\vF©n-\o-b-dnwt-Km-,- tX-\o-®-°v- Pym-an-Xn-tbm,-- B-c¬- a¬-ky-߃ °v- kap{Zm-¥-c-am¿-§- hn-Pv-Rm-\o-b-tam- B¿-´n-Iv-tS-Wn-\v- B-Imih-gn-Itfm,-- tSm¿-]n-tUm- a¬-ky-Øn-\v- hn-Zyp-Xv-hn-Pv-Rm-\o-b-tam,-t{Im´m-Un-te-°v- ]m-ºn-\v- Xm-]-`u-Xn-I-tam,-- an-∂man-\p-ßp-Iƒ-°v{]-Imi- c-k-X-{¥-tam- cm-P-R-≠p-Iƒ-°v- Zn-im-hn-Pv-Rm-\o-b-tamB-cpw- ]Tn-∏n-®p-sIm-Sp-Øn-´n-√.- C-h-sb-√mw- A-h-bv-°v- P-∑-\m- e`n-

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°p-∂- Ignhp-I-fm-Wv.F-∂m¬- a\p-jy-s≥-d- kv-Yn-Xn-tbm?- A-h≥- H-∂p-an-√m-sX-bmWv- P-\n-°p-∂-Xv.- A-h-s≥-d- Im-ep-Iƒ-°v- ap-b-en-t\msSm∏w- Hm-Sn sb-Øm-\p-≈- I-gn-hp-t]m-ep-an-√.- A-hs - ≥-d- ssI-Iƒ-°v- `m-cw- hln°p-∂- Im-c-y-Øn¬- B-\-bp-sS- Xp-ºn-ss°-bn-t\-°mƒ- Xp-temwi-Iv-Xn- Ip-d-hm-Wv.- i-{Xp-°-fn¬-\n-∂v- c-£-s∏-Sm-\m-h-iy-am-b- Basb-t∏m-ep-≈- i-co-cI-hN - ß - f - h - ∂ - n-√.- X-Wp-Ø- Im-em-hk - vY - b - n¬kz-i-co-c-sØ- kw-c-£n-°m-\m-h-iy-am-b- {[p-h-°-c-Sn-bp-tS-Xp-t]mse-bp-≈- tcm-a-ß-fpw- A-h-∂-n√. tX-\o-®-sb-t∏m-se-bp-≈- I-ÆpI-tfm- h-∆m-en-s\-t∏m-se-bp-≈- Im-Xp-I-tfm- \m-km-c-\v-{[-ß-tfmA-h-∂n-√.- B-Im-i-Øp-Iq-sS- ]-d-°m-\m-h-iy-am-b- Nn-dIp-I-tfmk-ap-{Z-Øn¬- Du-fn-bn-Sm-\p-w- \o-¥nØp-Sn-°m-\p-am-h-i-y-am-b- sNInf-I-tfm- Nn-d-Ip-I-tfm- H-∂pw- A-h-\v- \¬-I-s∏-´n-´n-√.- knw-l-sØt∏m-se-bp-≈- amw-k-t]-in-I-tfm- ]p-en-sb-t∏m-se-bp-≈- \J-ßtfm- A-h-∂-n-√.- _o-h-dns\-t∏m-se-tbm- tX-\o-®-sb-t∏m-se-tbm]m¿-∏n-S-ap-≠m-°m-\p-≈- P-∑-hm-k-\- a-\p-jy-\n-√.- B¿-´n-Iv-tS-Wns\-t∏m-se- h-gn- I-≠p]n-Sn-°m-\p-≈- I-gn-hv- P-∑-\m- A-h-\v- \¬I-s∏-´n-´n-√.- tSm¿-]n-tUm- a¬-ky-sØ-t∏m-se- i-co-c-Øn¬-\n-∂vssh-Zyp-Xn- D¬-]m-Zn-∏n-°m-\-h-∂v- I-gn-bn-√.- F-¥n-\-[n-Iw,- sh-≈Øn¬- ho-Wm-¬- \o-¥n- c-£-s∏-Sm-\p-≈- I-gn-hp-t]m-epw- P-∑-\mA-h-∂v- e-`y-am-hp-∂n-√.ss\-k¿-§n-I-am-bn- Im-cy-am-b- im-co-cn-I-I-gn-hp-I-sfm-∂pw- \¬I-s∏-Sm-sX- P-\n-°p-∂- a-\p-jy-\v- ]-t£,- Cu- I-gn-hp-I-fn-se-√mwa-‰v- ar-K-ß-sf- tXm¬-]n-°m-\m-h-iy-am-b- hn-Zy- t\-Sn-sb-Sp-°m-\m hpw.- {[p-h-°-c-Sn-bp-sS- sXm-en-sb- sh-√p-∂- tcm-a-°p-∏m-b-ß-fp≠m-°m-\pw- ap-b-en-s\- tXm¬-∏n-°p-∂- hm-l-\-ß-fp-≠m-°m-\pwth-≠- hn-Zy- k-ºm-Zn-°m≥- A-h-\v- I-gn-bpw.- _o-h-dn-t\-°mƒ- `wKnbm-bn- ]m¿-∏n-S-ap-≠m-°m-\pw- tX-\o-®-tb-°mƒ- k-p-µ-c-am-bn- Bib-hn-\n-a-bw- \-S-Øm-\p-ap-≈- A-dn-hv- A-h-∂v- t\-Sn-sb-Sp-°mw.- ]pensb- tXm¬-∏n-°p-∂- tXm-°p-I-fpw- I-gp-I-s\- sh-√p-∂- hn-am-\-ßfpw- tSm¿-]n-tUm-tb-°mƒ- i-Iv-X-am-b- ssh-Zyp-Xn-bpw- sS-e-kv-tIm∏pw- ssa-t{Im-kv-t°m-∏p-w- tkm-Wm-{K-^pw- Un-s‰-Iv-‰-d-p-I-fp-sa-√mw\n¿-Ωn-°m-\m-h-i-y-am-b- hn-Zy- k-ºm-Zn-°m-\-h-∂v- I-gn-bpw.- Cu

a-\p-jy-s≥-d- k-h- n-ti-jm-kv-Xn-Xzw

87

hn-Zy-I-sfm-∂pw- a-\p-jy-\v- ]m-c-º-cy-am-bn- e-`n-°p-∂-X-√.- H-cpF©n-\o-b-dp-sS- a-I-s\- Im-´n¬- sIm-≠p-t]m-bn-´m¬- A-h≥- Im´pa-\p-jy-\m-bn- am-{X-ta- h-f-cq.- A-h≥- Im-´n¬- kp-µ-c-am-b- H-cp- Fb¿-I-≠o-j≥-U-v dq-an-\p-≈- πm-\p-≠m-°n- A-Xv- \n¿-Ωn-°p-I-bn-√.a-\p-jy-\v- e-`n-°p-∂- Ign-hp-Is - fm-∂pw- X-s∂- P∑\m In´p∂hb√.{]-Ir-Xn-bn¬-\n-∂pw- ]q¿-∆n-I-cn¬-\n-∂pw- t\Sn-sbSp-Ø- hn-Pv-Rm\-ß-fm-Wv- Cu- I-gn-hp-I-fp-sS-sb-√mw- \n-Zm-\w.Po-h-]-cnWm-a-Øn-s≥-d- A-Sn-Ø-d-bn¬- \n-∂p-sIm-≠v- am-{Xwa-\p-jys≥-d- Cu- I-gn-hp-I-sf-sb-√mw- hn-i-Zo-I-cn-°p-I- km-[y-a√.]-cn-kv-Yn-Xn-I-fp-am-bn- s]m-cp-Ø-s∏-Sm-\m-bn- Po-hn-Iƒ- t\-Sn-sbSp-Øn-´p-≈- A-\p-Iq-e-\-߃- ]-cn-Wm-aw -h-gn- A-\-¥-c-X-e-ap-d-Ifnte-°v- kw-{I-an-°p-∂p-sh-∂- ]-cn-Wm-a-k-¶¬-∏-Øn-s≥-d- A-Sn-kv Ym-\-Øn¬- Nn-¥n-°p-tºmƒ,- ss\-k¿-§n-I-am-b- I-gn-hp-Iƒ- G-‰hp-a-[n-Iw- D-≠m-th-≠-Xv- a-\pjy-\m-Wv.- ]-cn-Wm-a-N-{I-Øn-se- G‰hpw- ]p-tcm-an-®- Po-hn-sb-∂v- hn-ti-jn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-∂- a-\p-jy-\v- ]cp¥n-t\°mƒ- \√ NndIpw {[p-h-°-c-Sn-tb-°mƒ- \√ sXmen-bpw_o-hd - n-t\-°mƒ- \-∂m-bn- ]m¿-∏n-Sa - p-≠m-°m-\p-≈- P-∑h - m-k\ - bpwD-≠m-th-≠X - m-bn-cp-∂p.- "B-t]-£n-Ia - m-bn- tam-ia - m-b- X-s≥-d- imcocn-I- hn-`-h-߃-°v- ]-I-cw- \-jv-S-]-cn-lm-c-sa-t∂m-Ww- a-\p-jy-\ve-`n-®n-´p-≈-Xv- hn-]p-e-hpw- kq-£v-a-ar-Zp-e-hp-am-b- H-cp- \m-Uo-]-S-eØn-s≥-d- tI-{µ-am-bn- h-ep-Xpw- k-¶o¿-Æ-hp-am-b- H-cp- X-e-t®m-dmWv'- 1- F-∂- tI-h-e-am-b- DØ-c-Øn-\p-≈n¬- A-`-b-w- tX-Sp-I- am{Xam-Wv- ]-cn-Wm-a-hm-Zn-Iƒ-°v- sN-øm-\p≈-Xv.- C-hn-sS- {]-iv-\w- X-et®-m-dv- D-≠m-b-Xv- F-ßn-s\-sb-∂-X-√;- Im-em-h-kv-Y-°-\p-k-cn-®v{]-Ir-Xn-bn¬- Po-hn-°m-\m-h-iy-am-b- A-\p-Iq-e-\-߃- F-ßn-s\bm-Wv- a-\p-jy-\n-se-Øn-b-t∏mƒ- \-jv-S-s∏-´p- t]m-b-sX-∂-Xm-Wv.]-cn-Wm-a-irw-J-e-bn-se- sh-dp-sam-cp- Po-hn- F-∂-Xn-ep-]-cn-bm-bnF-t¥m- H-∂m-Wv- a-\p-jy-s\-∂- b-m-Ym¿-∞yam-Wv- \-ap-°n-hn-sSa\- n-em-°m≥- I-gn-bp-∂-Xv.im-co-cn-I- I-gn-hp-If - n¬- ar-Kß - t- f-°mƒ- ]n-t∂m-°w- \n¬-°p∂a-\p-jy-s\- X-t∂-°mƒ- F-{X-tbm- a-S-ßv- i-Iv-Xn-bp-≈- a-r-K-ßsft∏m-epw- h-cp-Xn-bn¬- \n¿-Øm≥- I-gn-bp-am-dm-°p-∂- i-Iv-Xn-b-s{X1.- tKm¿-U¨- ssN¬-Uv-:- a-\p-jy≥- kz-bw- \n¿-Ωn-°p-∂p- t]-Pv- 35

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88

_p-≤n.- C-Xm-Wv- ap-I-fn¬- ]-d-™-Xpw- ]-d-bm-Ø-Xp-am-b- I-gn-hpIsf-√mw- t\Sn-sb-Sp-°m≥- a-\p-jy-s\- ]-cym-]v-X-\m-°n-b-Xv.- Cu- _p ≤n-iI - X v- n- ]-cn-Wm-aØ - n-s≥-d- G-sXm-cp- L-´Ø -- n¬-sh-®m-Wv- a-\pjy\v- e-`y-am-b-sX-∂- {]-iv-\-Øn¬- ]-cn-Wm-a-hm-Zn-Iƒ-°v- hy-Iv-X-ambD-Øc - a - n-√.- Ip-cß - n¬-\n-∂pw- a-\p-jy-\n-te-°p-≈- \n¿-Æm-bI - a - mbNp-h-Sv- ssI- kz-X-{¥-am-hp-I-bpw- A-Xp-sIm-≠v- A-[zm-\n-°m-\mcw`n-°p-I-bpw- sN-bv-X-Xm-sW-∂- Gw-K¬-kn-s≥-d- ho-£-Ww-1 {]Xyb-im-kv{- X-Øns\m-∏n-®v- im-kv{- X-sØ- ap-dn-°p-∂- B-[p-\n-I- am¿Ivkn-kv-‰p-I-fp-sS- sN-bv-Xn-I-fp-sS- {]m-I-r-X-cq-]-a-√m-sX- a-s‰m-∂p-a√.Xm-c-X-tay-\- `m-c-ta-dn-b- a-kv-Xn-jv-I-hpw- {Xn-am-\-h-kv-Xp-°ƒ Im Wm≥- I-gn-bp-∂- I-Æpw- ku-I-cym¿-∞w- N-en-∏n-°m≥- I-gn-bp-∂ssI-I-fp-am-Wv- a-\p-jy-s\- "_p-≤n-Po-hn'-bm-°n- am-‰p-∂-sX-∂- B[p-\n-I- ]-cn-Wm-a-hm-Zn-I-fp-sS2 hn-i-Zo-I-c-W-hpw- {]-iv-\-Øn-s≥-da¿-Ω-Øn-\p-≈- hn-i-Zo-I-c-W-am-Ip-∂n-√.- Cu- A-\p-Iq-e-\-߃- t\Sn-sb-Sp-°m-≥-- a-\p-jys\- ]-cym-]v-X-am-°n-b-Xv- G-Xv- cq-]-Øn-ep≈]m-cn-kv-Yn-Xn-I- L-S-I-am-sW-∂-Xm-Wv- {]-[m-\- {]-iv\w.- a-\pjyt≥d-sX-∂v- ]-d-b-s∏-Sp-∂- ]q¿-∆n-I-\n¬- C-Ø-cw- ssP-h-am-‰ß-fp-≠m-°p-hm≥- ]-cym-]v-X-am-b- D¬-∏-cn-h¿-Ø-\- (mutation) Øn \p-]n-∂n¬- {]-h¿-Øn-®- D¬-t{]-c-I- (catalyst) sa-¥m-bn-cp-∂p.ho-≠pw- \mw- ]n-∂n-te-°p-X-s∂- a-S-ßn-t∏m-hp-I.- \q-‰m-≠pIƒ°v- ap-ºp-≈- _o-h-dp-I-fpw- tX-\o-®-I-fpw- F-ßn-s\- Iq-Sp-≠m°n-tbm- A-ß-s\-X-s∂-bm-Wv- C-∂p-≈-h-bpw- Iq-Sp≠m-°p-∂-Xv.Im-eØ - n-\\ - p-kc - n-®v- ]p-Xn-b- "kvs - s‰-en'-ep-≈- hoSp-≠m-°m-≥- Ah]-Tn-®n-´n-√.- a-‰p-≈- F-√m- Po-hn-I-fp-sS- kv-Yn-Xn-bpw- X-ssY-h.- Ahbp-sS- {]-Ir-Xn-bp-sS- `m-K-am-Wv- A-h-bv-°v- e-`n-®n-cn-°p-∂- A-\pIq-e-\-߃.- A-h- am-‰p-∂-Xn-s\-°p-dn-t®m- ]p-tcm-K-an-∏n-°p-∂-Xns\-°p-dn-t®m- Nn-¥n-°m-\p-≈- ti-jn-bn-√, P-¥p-°ƒ-°v.- F-∂m¬a\p-jy-s≥-d- kv-Yn-Xn-tbm?- I-gn-™- X-e-ap-d-°-dn-bm-Ø- ]-e-Xpw\-ap-°v- C-∂-dn-bmw.- \-ap-°-dn-bm-Ø- ]-e- Im-cy-ß-fpw- AS-p-ØXe-ap-d- I-≠p-]n-Sn-°pw.- B-Im-i-Øn-eq-sS- ]-d-°p-I-sb-∂-Xv- Ihn1.- Gw-K¬-kv:- Ip-c-ßn¬-\n-∂v- a-\p-jy-\n-te-°p-≈- ]-cn-h¿-Ø-\-Øn¬- A-≤zm-\Øn\p-≈- ]-¶v-˛t]-Pv- 4˛20 2 Stephen Jay Gould: Ever since Darwin

a-\p-jy-s≥-d- k-h- n-ti-jm-kv-Xn-Xzw

89

X-I-fn-se-bpw- ]p-cm-W-ß-fn-se-bpw- sh-dpw- k-¶¬-∏-\-ß-fm-bn-cp∂p,-- C-∂-se.-- C-t∂m-,- i-_v-Z-tØ-°mƒ- th-K-Xtbm-sS- ]-d-°m≥I-gn-bp∂- kq-∏¿-tkm-Wn-°v- hn-am-\-ß-fp-≠m-°m≥- a-\p-jy-\vkm[n-°p-∂p.- C-Xm-Wv- a-\p-j-y-s≥-d- I-gn-hp-I-fpw- ar-K-ß-fp-sS- Ignhp-I-fpw- X-Ωn-ep-≈- hy-Xym-kw.- a-r-K-߃-°p-≈- P-∑-hm-k-\-Ifpwss\-k¿-§n-I- I-gn-hp-I-fpw- H-cn-°-epw- ]p-tcm-K-an-°p-I-bn-√.- ]p-tcmK-an-∏n-°m≥- A-hbv-° - v- I-gn-bp-I-bn-√.- F-∂m¬- a-\p-jy-\v- X-eapdI-fm-bn- ssI-am-dn-h-cp-∂- hn-PvRm-\-ß-sf- ti-J-cn-°p-I-bpw- A-h]p-tcm-K-an-∏n-°p-I-bpw- sN-øm-\p-≈- hn-Zy-b-dn-bm-w.- Cu- hn-Zy-bmWva-\p-jy-s\- a-‰v- ar-K-ß-fn¬-\n-∂v- th¿-Xn-cn-®v- \n¿-Øp-∂-Xv.a-s‰m-cp- `m-j-bn¬- ]-d-™m¬,- ar-K-ß-sf-√mw- {]-I-r-Xn-bp-sS`m-Kw- am-{X-am-Wv.- A-h- {]-Ir-Xn-bm¬- `cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-h-bm-Wv.- F ∂m¬- a-\p-jy-t\m- {]-I-r-Xn-sb- `-cn-°m-≥- I-gn-hp-≈-h-\m-Wv.- CXmWv- a-\p-jy-\pw- a-r-K-ß-fpw- X-Ωn-ep-≈- au-en-I-am-b- A-¥-cw.- CuA-¥-cw- sN-dp-X-√.- k-tN-X-\-ß-fpw- A-tN-X-\-ß-fp-am-b- h-kv-Xp°ƒ- X-Ωn¬- F-¥p-am-{Xw- A-¥-c-ap-t≠m,- k-ky-ß-fpw- P-¥p-°fpw- X-Ωn¬- F-¥p-am-{Xw- A-¥-c-ap-t≠m- AXn-t\-°m-f-[n-IwhyXym-k-ap-≠v,- a-\p-jy-\pw- P-¥p-°-fpw- X-Ωn¬.- Cu- hy-Xym-kwa-\- n-em-°m-sX- a\p-jy-s\- {]-I-r-Xn-bp-sS- H-cp- `m-Kw- am-{X-am-bn°-≠v- a-\p-jy-\p-th-≠n-bp-≈- tam-N-\-im-kv-{Xw- ]-Wn-Xm¬- AXvXIcpw,- Xo¿-®.- Cu- A-\n-hm-cy-am-b- X-I¿-®b - m-Wv- am-¿I - vk - n-kØn\p-≠mbXv.a-\p-jy≥- {]-I-r-Xn-sb- `-cn-°m≥- I-gn-hp-≈-h-\m-sW-∂v- \mwI-≠p.- \-Ω-sfm-∂v- Nn-¥n-®p-t\m-°p-I.- `q-an-bn¬- Po-h≥- B-hn¿-` hn-®v- Z-i-e-£-°-W-°n-\v- h¿-j-߃-°v- ti-j-am-Wv- a-\p-jy-s≥dB-K-a-\-ap-≠m-b-sX-∂v- im-kv-{X-Pv-R-∑m¿- Nq-≠n-°m-Wn-®n-cn°p∂p.- \-ap-°v- Np-‰p-w- Im-Wp-∂- Po-hn-Iƒ- Xn-∂p-I-bpw- Ip-Sn-°pIb-pw- C-W-tN-cp-I-bpw- hn-k¿-Pv-Pn-°p-I-bpw- a-‰pw- sN-øm-\m-cw-`n ®n-´v- e-£° - W - ° - n-\v- h¿-jß - f - m-bn.- A-hb - vs - °m-∂pw- X-s∂- {]IrXn-bp-sS- k¥-p-en-Xm-h-kv-Y-sb- X-In-Sw- a-dn-°m-t\m,- F-¥n-\-[nIwA-Xn¬- A¬-∏-sa-¶n-epw- am-‰w- h-cp-Øm-t\m- I-gn-™n-´n-√.- Im-c W-sa-¥m-Wv?- A-h- F-∂pw- {]-I-rXn-bp-sS- `m-Kw- am-{X-am-bn-cp-∂p.A-h-bp-sS- {]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fpw- {]-I-r-Xn-bp-sS- `m-Kw- X-s∂-bm-bn-cp-

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∂p.- A-Xp-sIm-≠p-X-s∂- A-h-bp-sS- Po-hn-X-Øn-\v- I-Sn-™m-WpIƒ- B-h-iy-an-√m-bn-cp-∂p.- F-∂m¬- a-\p-jy-s≥-d- kv-Yn-Xn-sb-¥m Wv?- Xm-\pƒ-s°m-≈p-∂- {]-Ir-Xn-sb-Ø-s∂- X-I-cm-dn-em-°m≥]cym-]v-X-am-b- {]-h¿-Øn-Iƒ- sN-øm≥- a-\p-jy-\m-hpw.- \yq-¢n-b¿B-bp-[-ß-fp-]-tbm-Kn-®v- \n-an-j-߃-sIm-≠v- `q-an-sb-Ø-s∂- Pohc-ln-X-am-°m≥- A-h-∂v- km-[n-°pw.- Po-hn-I-sf-t∏m-se- kz-X-{¥am-b- hn-lm-c-Øn-\v- A-h-s\- hn-´m¬- k-¿-∆-{X- \m-i-hpw- Ip-g-∏-hpam-bn-cn-°pw- ^-ew.- A-hs - ≥-d- Po-hn-XØ - n-\pw- {]-h¿-Ø\ - ß - ƒ-°pwNn-e- Nn-´-I-fpw- hy-h-kv-Y-I-fp-am-h-iy-am-Wv.- A-h≥- F-ß-s\- Pohn°-W-sa-∂-Xn-\v- hy-Iv-X-a-b- am¿-§-Z¿-i-\-hpw- A-\n-hm-cy-am-Wv.`q-an-bn-se- \m-b-I-\m-Wv- a-\p-jy≥.- A-h≥- k¿-∆-X-{¥kz-X{¥\m-Wv.- Cu- kzm-X-{¥yw- a-\p-jym-kv-Xn-Xz-Øn-s≥-d- am-{Xw- {]-tXyIX-bm-Wv.- a-r-K-ß-ƒ-s°m-∂pw- Cu- kzm-X{¥yw- \¬-I-s∏-´n-´n-√.A-h- {]-Ir-Xn-bp-sS- `mK-am-bn- am-{Xw- \n-e-sIm-≈p-I-bm-Wv.- A-kv Xn-Xz-Øn-s≥-d- kzm-X{- ¥yw- a-\p-jy-s\- {]-Ir-Xn-bp-sS t- a¬- B[n]Xy-ap-≈-h-\m-°n- a-m-‰p-∂p.- A-s√-¶n¬,- {]-Ir-Xn-bp-sS- ]-e- L-S-Iß-fn-epw- X-s≥-d- kzm-[o-\a - p-d∏ - n-°m≥- A-h∂ - v- I-gn-bp-∂p.- a-\pjymkvX - n-Xz-Øn-s≥-d- G-‰h - pw- au-en-Ia - m-b- k-hn-ti-jX - b - m-b- Cu- kzmX-{¥yw- \-in-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv- A-Xp-sIm-≠p-X-s∂- A-h-∂v- k-ln °m-\m-hp-I-bn-√.- hn-i-∏n-t\-°m-fpw- Zm-l-sØ-°m-fp-sa-√mw- a-\p jy¿-°v- A-k-l-\o-b-am-bn-´p-≈-Xv- ]m-c-X-{¥y-am-Ip-∂p.- kzm-X-{¥y sØ- \-in-∏n-°m-≥- {i-an-°p-∂-h¿-s°-Xn-sc- tNm-c- Nn-¥n- t]m-cm Sp-∂-Xv- A-h-s≥-d- A-kv-Xn-Xz-kw-c-£-W-Øn-s≥-d- `m-K-am-Wv.]-t£,- Cu- kzm-X{¥y-Øn-\v- hy-IvX - a - m-b- hn-e° - p-Iƒ- B-hiyan-t√?- P-¥p-°-fn¬- G-‰-hpw- kp-µ-c\-m-b- a-\p-jy-\v- X-s∂- hn-cq ]-\m-bn- am-dm-\pw- I-gn-bpw.- \-Jw- ap-dn-°p-I-tbm- £u-cyw- sN-øpI-tbm- I-p-fn-°p-I-tbm- sN-øm-sX- Po-hn-°p-∂- Hcm-sf- I-≠m¬A-bmƒ- ]-∂n-tb-°mƒ- hr-Øn-sI-´-h-\m-sW-∂v- \mw- ]-d-bpw.F∂m¬- ar-K-߃-t°m?- A-h- £u-cyw- sN-øp-I-tbm- \-Jw- sh´pItbm- sN-øp-∂p-t≠m?- C-√.- C-tX- cq-]-Øn¬- Po-hn-X-Øn-s≥-dF√m- cw-K-ß-fn-te-°pw- B-h-iy-am-b- \n-b-a-߃- A-\p-k-cn-t°≠-Xv- a-\p-jy-s≥-d- _m-[y-X-bm-Wv.- Cu- \n-b-a-߃- A-h-s≥-d- kzmX-{¥m-kv-Xn-Xz-sØ- tNm-Zyw- sN-øp-I-b-√-;- A-Xn-s\- c-N-\m-Xv-a-I-

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h-iß - f - n-te-°v- Xn-cn-®p-hn-Sp-Ibm-Wv- sN-øp-∂Xv.- ar-Kß - f - p-sS- ssewKn-I-th-gv-N-I-fpsS- e-£yw- A-hbp-sS- hw-iw- \n-e-\n¿-Øp-I- am{Xam-Wv.- A-Xn-∂p-th-≠n- {]-Ir-Xn- \n-iN v- b - n-®- \n-ba - ß - ƒ- ]m-en°m≥A-h¿- \n¿-_-\v-[n-X-cp-am-Wv.- X-ß-fp-tS-X-√m-Ø- Po-hn-h¿-§- (species) Øn¬-s∏-´h - c - p-am-bn- ssew-Kn-I_-\v[ - Ø - n-te¿-s∏-Scp-Xv- F∂Xp-am-{X-a-√- A-Xv.- kz-¥w- h¿-§-Øn-ep-≈- X-s≥-d- s]-‰-Ω-bp-am-bnt]m-epw- ssew-Kn-I-_-\v-[-Øn-te¿-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn-\v- {]-Ir-Xn-\n-b-awAhbv-°v- X-S-k-w- \n¬-°p-∂n-√.- A-Xp-sIm-≠p-X-s∂- ]p{X-s≥-d_oPw- t]-dm≥- am-Xm-hpw- ]n-Xm-hn-s≥-d- _o-Pw- t]-dm-≥- a-I-fpwk-∂-≤-cm-hp-∂p.- A-Xp-sIm-≠v- ar-K-ß-f-p-sS- tem-I-Øv- bm-sXmcpIp-g-∏-hp-an-√.- a-\p-jy-s≥-d- ssew-Kn-I-th-gv-N-I-fp-sS- e-£yw- A-hcp-sS- hw-iw- \n-e-\n¿-Øp-I- am-{X-a-√.- A-hn-sS- {]-Ir-Xn- A-h-\n¬A-Sn-t®¬-∏n-®-X-√m-Ø- a-‰p-]-e- \n-b-a-ß-fpw- ]m-en-°m≥- A-h≥_m-[y-kv-Y-\m-Wv.- Xm≥- hn-hm-lw- I-gn-®- C-W-bp-am-bn- am-{X-taA-h≥- _-\v-[-s∏-Sm≥- ]m-Sp-≈q.- C-Ø-cw- \n-b-a-߃- A-\p-k-cn°m-sX- Po-hn-°p-∂-Xv- A-h-s≥-d- kzm-X-{¥m-kv-Xn-Xz-sØ- a-en-\s∏Sp-Øp-I- am-{X-ta-bp-≈q.- B- \n-b-a-߃- Im-‰n¬- ]-d-Øp-∂-tXmsS- A-h-≥- ar-K-ßtf-°mƒ- A-[x-]-Xn-°p-∂p.- "C-S-a-dp-Iv-'- A-t±-l Øn-s≥-d- a-te-jy-bn-se- A-\p-`-hw- hn-h-cn-°p-∂-Xv- t\m-°p-I"kv{Xo-]p-cp-j-_-\v-[w- t\-cn-´p-I-≠v- B-kz-Zn-°mw- A-Xn-\v- sh-dpwA-©v- tUm-f-td-bp-≈q'- A-bmƒ- ]-d-™p.- "\m-b-bpw- kv-{Xo-bpwX-Ωn-ep-≈- ssew-Kn-I- _-\v-[w- Im-W-W-sa-¶n¬- ]-Øp-tUm-f¿,H-dm-ßv- H-´m-\pw- (H-cp- X-cw- Bƒ-°p-c-ßv-)- s]-Æpw- X-Ωn-ep-≈_-\v-[w- Im-W-tWm?- A-Xn-\v- H-cp- kv-Y-e-ap-≠v.- ]-s£,- ]-Xn-\©v- tUm-f¿- sIm-Sp-°W - w- .-1 F-{X- e-PvP - m-hl - w!- kz-¥w- h¿-§Ø - n¬s]-´-h-cp-am-b-√m-sX-- H-cp- ssew-Kn-I- _-\v-[w- ]m-Sn-s√-∂- "a-r-Ko-b\n-b-aw'-t]m-epw- C-hn-sS- ew-Ln-°-s∏-Sp-∂p.- a-\p-jy-kzm-X-{¥y-Øns≥-d- G-‰-hpw- \n-tj-[m-Xv-a-I-am-b- h-i-am-Wn-hn-sS- \m-w- Im-Wp-∂ Xv.- h-kv-{X-w- [-cn-°-W-sa-∂- \n-b-aw- Im-‰n¬- ]-d-Øn- \-Kv-\-cm-bn\-S-°p-∂- "\m-K-cn-I- a-\p-jy-\pw'- sN-øp-∂-Xv- Cu- \n-b-a-ew-L-\ Øn-s≥-d- a-s‰m-cp- cq-]w- am-{Xw.Cu- \n-b-a-߃- a-\p-jy-h¿-§-Øn-s≥-d- \n-e-\n¬-]n-\p-X-s∂- A1.- C-S-a-dp-Iv- &- Ko-Xm- C-S-a-dp-Iv-:- Xm-bv-e≥-dneq-sS- H-cp- bm-{X- `m-K-w- 1 t]-Pv- 21

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\n-hm-cy-am-Ip-∂p.- C-X-\p-k-cn-°m-Xn-cn-°p-∂-Xv- a-\p-jy-cp-sS- \miØn-te-t°- \-bn-°q.- [m¿-Ωn-I- \n-b-a-߃- Im-‰n¬- ]-d-Øn- Po-hn°p-∂-h¿-°v- e-`n-°p-∂- F-bn-Uv-kn-s\-t∏m-ep-≈- ssew-Kn-ItcmK-߃- Cu- h-kv-Xp-X-bn-te-°m-Wv- hn-c¬- Nq-≠p-∂-Xv.- hn-th-N-\c-ln-X-am-bn- ssew-Kn-I-hr-Øn-bn-te¿-s∏-Sp-∂- a-r-K-߃-s°m-∂n\pw- X-s∂- ssewKn-I-tcm-K-ß-tfm- a-t‰m- D-≠m-hp-∂-n-s√-∂- h-kv Xp-X- Bƒ-°p-c-ßn-s≥-d- k-¥X-n- am-{X-am-bn- a-\p-jy-s\- Im-Wp∂h-cp-sS- I-Æv- Xp-d-∏n-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.h-n-i∏pw- Zm-l-hpw- ssew-Kn-Im-k-Iv-Xn-bp-w- t]m-se-bp-≈- imcocn-Im-hi - y-߃- \n-dt- h-‰s - ∏-Sp-∂t- Xm-sS- P-¥p-°ƒ- kw-Xr-]X v- c - mIp∂p.- P-¥p-kl - P - a - m-b- hn-i∏ - pw- hn-Im-cß - f - pw- Xo¿-°p-I- a-\p-jys≥d-bpw- B-h-iy-am-sW-¶n-epw- A-h- t\-Sn-sb-Sp-°p-∂-Xn-eq-sS- am-{XwA-h≥- kw-Xr-]v-X-\m-hp-∂n-√.- im-¥n-bpw- kz-kv-Y-X-bpw- k-am-[m\-hp-am-hm≥- Imw-£n-°p-∂p.- kv-t\-l-Øn-\p-th-≠n- A-h-s≥-d- a\ v- Zm-ln-°p-∂p.- k-¬-kz-`m-hw- A-h-≥- Cjv-S-s∏-Sp-∂p.- [m¿-Ωn-IPo-hn-Xw- A-hs - ≥-d- Po-hn-Xs - Ø- [-\y-am-°p-∂p.- C-ßs - \- a-\p-jy≥]-e- \n-e-°pw- a-r-K-ß-fn¬-\n-∂v- Xn-I-®pw- hy-Xn-cn-Iv-X-am-b- hy-IvXnX-zw- sh-®p-]p-e¿Øp-∂-h-\m-Wv.- Cu- hy-Xn-cn-Iv-X-X- a-\p-jy-s≥-dG-sX-¶n-epw- H-cp- A-h-b-h-Øn-s≥-d- k-w-`m-h-\-b-√.- A-h-s≥-dB¥cn-I-tNm-Z-\-b-s{X- A-Xv.- `u-Xn-I-am-b- A-f-hp-tIm¬-sh-®psIm-≠v- am-{Xw- A-Xv- A-f-°p-I- k-m-[y-a-√.- P-¥p-k-l-P-a-√m-ØF-s¥m-s°- a-\p-jy-\n-ep-t≠m- A-sX-√mw-X-s∂- "B-Xv-am-hn-'-s≥d{]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fm-sW-∂v- a-X-߃- ]-d-bp-∂p.- Cu- B-Xv-am-hv- a-\pjy-\p-th-≠n-bp-≈- {k-jv-Sm-hn-s≥-d- {]-tXy-I- Zm-\-a-s{X.- a-Æn-s≥dKp-W-ß-fpw- B-Xv-am-hn-s≥-d- Kp-W-ß-fpw- HØp-tN¿-∂- H-cp- k-hn ti-j- kr-jv-Sn-b-s{X- a-\p-jy≥.- a-Æn¬-\n-∂- v- a-\p-jy-cq-]w- krjvSn-®-ti-jw- ssZ-hw- A-h-s≥-d- B-Xv-am-hn¬-\n-∂- v- B- cq-]-Øn¬Du-Xp-∂-tXm-sS-bm-Wv- a-\p-jy-s\-∂- D¬-Ir-jv-S-kr-jv-Sn-bp-sS- P\\-ap-≠m-b-sX-∂- ssZ-hn-I-t_m-[-\w- C-hn-sS- {i-t≤-b-am-Wv.a-\p-jy≥- a-Æn-s≥-db - pw- B-Xa v- m-hn-s≥-db - pw- k-a\ - z- b - a - m-Wv.- Ah\n-¬- a-Æn-t≥-dXm-b- F-√m- Kp-W-ß-fp-ap-≠v.- hn-i∏pw- Zm-l-hpwhn-Im-c-hp-sa-√mw.- B-Xv-am-hn-s≥-d- F-√m-hn-[- Zo-]v-Xn-I-fpw- A-h∂-I-Øv- {]-Im-in-∏n-°m-\m-hpw.- kv-t\-lw,- Z-b,- I-cp-W,- km-tlm-

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Z-cyw,- [m¿-Ωn-I-t_m-[w- F-∂n-h-sb-√m-w- B-Xv-am-hn-s≥-d- kz-`m-hß-f-s{X.- tIm-]-hpw- {Iq-c-X-bpw- Im-]Sy-hpw- A-[m¿-Ωn-I- {]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fp-sa-√mw- B-Xv-am-hn-s≥-d- ]-cn-ip-≤n-sb- I-f-¶-s∏-Sp-Øpw.k¬-kz-`m-h-hpw- k-∑-\- pw- tk-h-\k-∂-≤-X-bpw- B-Xv-am¿-∞X-bp-sa-√mw- a-\p-jym-kv-Xn-Xz-Øn-s≥-d- am-{Xw- {]-tXy-I-X-bm-Wv.A-Y-hm- B-Xv-am-hn-s≥-d- Kp-W-ß-fm-Wv."Po-\p-I-fpw- Np-‰p-]m-Sp-I-fp-w- X-Ωn-ep-≈- {]-Xn-{]-h¿-Ø-\-am-Wv\-Ωp-sS- B-iI - f - pw- k-Zm-Nm-ct- _m-[h - pw- k-lX - m-]K - p-Wh - pw- COm_-eh - p-w- [n-jW - m-iI - vX - n-bpw- a-‰p-sam-s°- \n¿-Æb - n-°p-∂X - v.- C°mcy-ß-fm-Wv- \-Ωp-sS- {]-h¿-Øn-I-sf- \n-b-{¥n-°p-∂-Xv.- {]-hr-ØnIƒ- Xn-cn-®v- ta¬-]-d-™- L-S-I-ß-sf- kzm-[o-\n-°p-∂p.- A-Xn\m-¬- \-√- Im-cy-߃- kzm-b-Ø-am-°p-∂-Xv- s]m-Xp-hn¬- {-]-tbmP-\-I-c-am-b- Im-cy-am-Wv-' 1 C-Xm-Wv- lyq-a-\-n-kv-‰v- ho-£-Ww.- a-\p jy-s≥-d- B-Xa v- o-bK - p-Wß - s - f-√mw- Np-‰p-]m-Sp-If - pw- Po-\p-If - pw- XΩnep-≈- {]-Xn-{]h¿-Ø-\-ß-fn¬- \n-∂p-≠m-b-Xm-sW-∂v- ]-dbp-∂h¿,- a-\p-jy-s≥-d- A-tX- Np-‰p-]m-Sp-I-fn¬- Po-hn-°p-∂- a-‰v- PohnIƒ-°v- F-¥p-sIm-≠v- Cu- Kp-W-ß-sfm-∂p-ap-≠m-bn-s√-∂v- hy-IvX-am-°p-∂n-√.- ]-Zm¿-∞-Øn¬-\n-∂v- hy-Xy-kv-X-am-b- H-cp- A-kv-XnXzhp-w- a-\p-jy-\v- I¬-∏n-°m-≥- X-ømdn-√m-Ø-h¿- A-h-km-\wsN∂p-ho-gp-I- aq-ey-\n-tj-[-Øn-s≥-d- ]-Sp-Ip-gn-bn¬- X-s∂-bm-Wv."hn-hmtl-X-c- ssew-Kn-I- _-\v[-ß-sf- A-∏m-sS- lyq-a-\n-kv-‰p-Iƒ]-gn-°p-∂n√'- 2sb-∂pw- "B-sc-bpw- t{Zm-ln-°m-sX-bpw- k-z¥ - w- COB-cp-sS-ta-epw- A-Sn-t®¬-∏n-°m-sX-bp-ap-≈- ssew-Kn-I-_-\v-[-߃A\p-h-Zn-°-s∏-Sm-w-'-3 F-∂pw- "F-∂m¬ B-h-iy-an-√m-sX- (?)- H-cpinip-hn-\v- P-∑w- sIm-Sp-°p-∂-Xv- k-Zm-Nm-c- hn-cp-≤-am-sW-∂v- am-\hn-I- ]-£-°m¿- I-cp-Xp-∂p'-4 sh-∂pw- {_n-´-Wn-se- {]-ap-J- bp-IvXn-hmZn- kw-LS- \ - b - m-b- "\m-jW - ¬ - - sk-°p-e¿- skm-ssk-‰n'-bpsS{]-kn-U≥-dm-b- _m¿-_-d-kv-tam-°¿- ]-d-bp-tºmƒ- Cu- h-kv-Xp-Xbm-Wv- A-\m-hr-X-am-hp-∂-Xv.[m¿-Ωn-I-\n-b-a-߃- a-\p-jy-s≥-d- kz-X-{¥m-kv-Yn-X-z-Øn-s≥d1. Barbarasmoker: Humanism Page 75. 2. Ibid: Page 82. 3 Ibid Page 82 4 Ibid Page 82

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A-\n-hm-cy-X-bm-sW-∂v- \mw- I-≠p.- ]-t£,- Cu- \n-b-a-߃- Bhnjv-°-cn-t°-≠-Xv- B-cm-sW-∂- {]-iv-\w- _m-°n- \n¬-°p-∂p-≠v.Hm-tcm-cp-Ø¿-°pw- X-ß-fp-sS- C-jv-S-Øn-\-\p-k-cn-®v- k-Zm-Nm-c-\nba-ß-fm-hn-jv-°-cn-°m≥- A-\p-hm-Zw- \¬-In-bm¬- F-ßn-s\-bn-cn-°psa-∂-Xn-s≥-d- D-Zm-l-c-W-am-Wv kv-tam-°-dp-sS- ]p-kv-X-I-Øn¬ \mwIm-Wp-∂-Xv.- 1990 P-\p-h-cn-b-n¬- \yq-U¬-ln-bn¬- \-S-∂- C-¥y≥bp-IvX - n-hm-Zn- kw-LØ - n-s≥-d- tZ-io-b- k-tΩ-f\ - w- D-ZvL - m-S\ - w- sNbvX- h-\n-Xb - m-Wv- _m¿-_d - k - vt- am-°¿.- ]t£,- A-hc - p-sS- F-√m- kZmNm-c-k-¶¬-]-ß-fpw- km£m¬- C-S-a-dp-In-\v- t]m-epw- Z-ln-°p-sa∂v- Cu- te-J-I-\v- tXm-∂p-∂n-√.- a-\p-jy-s≥-d- \n-e-\n¬-∏n-\m-hiy-am-b- \n-b-a-߃- a-\p-jy¿- \n-¿-Ωn-®m¬- A-h- {]-am-Z-ap-Iv-X-amhn-s√-∂-Xn-\p-≈- sX-fn-h-s{X- C-Xv.- A-t∏mƒ- a-\p-jy-\-√m-Ø- a\pjy-s≥-d- kz-`m-h-ß-sf-°p-dn-®v- i-cn-°-dn-bm-hp-∂- H-cp- h-y-Iv-Xn-bmbn-cn-°-Ww- A-h-∂m-h-iy-am-b- \n-b-a-ß-fm-hn-jv-°-cn-°p-∂-Xv.AØ-cw- \n-b-a-߃-°-√m-sX- k¿-∆-Im-en-I-Xz-a-h-Im-i-s∏-Sm≥- Ign-bp-Ib - n-√.- C-hn-sS-bm-Wv- ssZ-hn-I- am¿-§\ - n¿-t±i-Øn-s≥-d- {]kIvXn- \ap-°v- a-\- n-em-Ip-∂-Xv.a-\p-jy-s≥-d- k-hn-ti-jm-kv-Xn-Xz-sØ-Ip-dn-®- \-Ωp-sS- N¿-®Cß-s\- kw-{K-ln-°mw.- ss\-k¿-§n-I- I-gn-hp-I-fp-sS- Im-cy-Øn¬a-‰p-]-e- P-¥p-°-fp-sS-bpw- h-f-sc- ]n-∂n-em-b- a-\p-jy-\v- A-h-sbA-S-°n- hm-gp-hm-\pw- A-h-bp-sS- I-gn-hp-I-sf- sh-√p-∂- D-]-I-c-W߃- \n¿-Ωn-°m-\pw- I-gn-bp-am-dm-°p-∂-Xv- A-h-s≥-d- am-{Xw- k-hnti-j-X-bm-b- kz-X-{¥-am-b- A-kv-Xn-Xz-am-Ip-∂p.- {]-Ir-Xn-bm¬- `cn°-s∏-Sp-∂- a-‰p- ar-Kß - f - n¬-\n-∂pw- Xn-I® - pw- hy-Xy-kvX - \ - m-Wv- {]IrXn-sb- `-cn-°p-∂- a-\p-jy≥.- A-dn-hv- t\-Sm-\pw- A-Xv- ]p-tcm-K-an-∏n °m-\pw- {]-tbm-Kn-°m-\pw- I-gn-bp-∂- G-I- Po-hn-bm-b- a-\p-jy-\vA-Xv- i-cn-bm-b- co-Xn-bn¬- {]tbm-Kn-°m\m-h-iy-am-b- am¿§-\n¿t±-iw- e-`n-°-Ww.- Cu- \n¿-t±-iw- \¬-tI-≠-Xv- a-\p-jy-\-√m-Ø-,a\p-jy-cp-sS- A-[-am-h-kv-Y-sb-bpw- D-Øpw-Km-h-kv-Y-sb-bpw- ]-‰ni-cn-°-dn-bm-hp-∂- Hc-p-h\m--bn-cn-°-Ww.- a-\p-jym-Xv-am-hn-s≥-d- kz`mh-ß-fm-b- kzm-X-{¥yw,- kv-t\-lw,- I-cp-W,- km-tlm-Z-cyw,- tk-h\X¬-]-c-X- F-∂n-h-sb-bpw- hn-i-∏v,- Zm-lw,- B-k-Iv-Xn- F-∂n-h-sbbpw- I-W-°n-se-Sp-Øp--X-s∂- th-Ww- Cu- \n-b-a-ßfm-hnjv-°-cn-

a-\p-jy-s≥-d- k-h- n-ti-jm-kv-Xn-Xzw

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°m-≥.- A-Ø-cw- \-n-b-a-ß-sf-hn-sS?- X-Xz-im-kv-{X-ß-sf-hn-sS?a-\p-jy-\n-se- arK-ob- tN-Z-\-I-sf-bpw- B-Xv-a-o-b- `m-h-ß-tf-bpw]-cn-K-Wn-°p-∂- h-√- Z¿-i-\-ß-fp-ap-t≠m?-

ap-X-em-fn-Øw- a-Xw- am¿-Iv-kn-kw-

hn-tam-N-\-sa-- ∂m¬.......-

B-dvhn-tam-N-\-sa-∂m¬.......""A-[n-Im-c-w- In-´p-∂-Xn-\p-ap-ºv- I-Ωyq-Wn-kv-‰p-Im¿- ]-d-™n-cp∂-Xv- "\n-߃-°v- C-t∏mƒ- `-£W - w- In-´p-∂n-√.- \n-߃-°v- h-kv{XwIn-´-p-∂n-√,- \n-߃-°v- C-t∏mƒ- ]m¿-∏n-S-an-√.- \n-߃- R-ß-sfA-[n-Im-c-Øn-te-‰q.- \n-ß-ƒ-°v- `-£-Ww- X-cm-w.- h-kv-{Xw- X-cmw,]m¿-∏nSw- X-cmw'- ]-t£,- A-[n-Im-cw- In-´n-bt- ∏mƒ- R-߃-°v- `£ Ww- In-´n-bn-√.-- am-{X-a-√,- "`-£-Ww- X-cq,- ]m¿-∏n-Sw- X-cq,- hkv{Xw X-cq'- F-∂v- ]-d-b-m-\p-≈- A-h-Im-i-hpw- In-´n-bn-√''-1 t]mf-≠n-sesXmfn-em-fn- t\-Xm-hm-b- se-Ivh - t- e-kb - p-sS- h-cn-If - m-Wnh.- ]-Xn‰m≠p-I-tfm-fw- I-Ωyq-Wnkv-‰v- `-c-Ww- A-\p-`-hn-®-dn-™- Bbn-c-ßfp-sS- i-_v-Z-sØ-bm-Wv- se-Iv-h-te-k- X-s≥-d- hm-N-I-ß-fn-eqsS{]-Xn-\n-[o-Ic - n-°p-∂X - v.- tam-N\ - Ø - n-s≥-d- F-s¥-¥v- kp-µc - a - p-{ZmhmIy-߃- ap-g-°n-s°m-≠m-Wv- am¿-Iv-kn-kw- I-S-∂p-h-∂-Xv.- ]-´n-WnIn-S-°p-∂-h-s≥-d- Zpx-Jw- Xo¿-°m≥- kz-Im-cy-k-º-Øv- \in-∏n-®m¬a-Xn-sb-∂- kn-≤m-¥w- {]-tbm-Kh - ¬-°c - n-°m≥- {i-an-®t- ∏mƒ,- IØn°-cn-™- B-am-i-bØn-\v- A¬-∏-sa-¶n-epw- tam-N-\w- e-`n-°p-a-t√msb-∂v- I-cp-Xn- A-h-sc- ]n-¥p-W-® a-\p-jy-a-°ƒ-°v- e-`n-®-Xv- BXvam-hn-s\- h-cn-™p-ap-d-°m≥- t]m-∂- N-ß-e-s°-´p-Iƒ- am-{X-am-bncp-∂p.- ]-´n-Wn-bp-sS-bpw- ]-cn-h´- Ø - n-s≥-db - pw- \-cI - m-Kv\ - n-bn¬- \n∂vD-b¿-Øn-b- ssI-I-fn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂- A-cn-hmƒ- A-cn-™p-ho-gvØn1 Quoted by s{]m-^.- sI.-Fw.- {^m≥-kn-kv:- am¿-Iv-kn-kw- X-Icp-tam- t]-Pv- 31.-

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b-Xv- a-\p-jy-s≥-d- B-Xv-ao-b-am-b- B-h-iy-ß-sf-bpw- Np-‰n-I- X-I¿ sØ-dn-™-Xv- kzm-X-{¥y-sØ-bp-am-bn-cp-∂p.\-Ωp-sS- \q-‰m-≠n-s≥-d- X-Xz-Nn-¥-sb-∂v- km¿-{Xv- hn-ti-jn-∏n®am¿-Ik v- n-kØ - n-s\-¥p-]‰ - n?- imkv{- Xw- ap-X¬- km-ln-Xyw-hs - c-bp≈hy-Xy-kv-X- ta-J-e-I-fn¬- X-ß-fptS-Xm-b- {]-`m-hw- sX-fn-bn-°m≥I-gn-™n-´pw- `u-Xn-I- X-Xz-im-kv-{X-ß-fp-sS- A-\n-hm-cy-am-b- ]-X\wI-Ωyq-Wn-kØ - n-\p-ap-≠m-bn.- C.]n.- tXmw-]vk - s - W-bpw- U-n.-Un.- sImkmw-_nsb-bpw- t]m-se-bp-≈- N-cn-{X-Im-c-∑m-sc-bpw- hn.-F≥.- shmtfm-jn-t\m-hn-s\-bpw- sdm-fm-ßv- _m¿-Yn-s\-bpw- t]m-se-bp-≈`mjm- im-k{v- X-PR v- ∑ - m-sc-bpw- B¿.-Un.- se-bnw-Kn-s\-bpw- sl¿_¿´v- am¿-Iyq-kn-s\-bpw- t]m-se-bp-≈- a-\x-im-kv-{X-Pv-R-∑m-sc-bpweyq°m-®n-s\-bpw- tIm-Uv-sh-√n-s\-bpw- t]m-se-bp-≈- km-ln-Xy\n-cq-]I - ∑ - m-sc-bpw- t]m-f≠ - v- km-kn-s\pw- sX¿-t_m-Wn-s\-bpw- t]mse-bp-≈- cm-jv-{S-ao-amw-k-I-sc-bpw- s\-cq-Z-sb-bpw- am¿-t°-kn-s\bpw- t]m-se-bp-≈- F-gp-Øp-Im-sc-bpw- ]p-tUm-hvI - n-s\-bpw- sKmZm¿Zn-s\-bpw- t]m-se-bp-≈- N-e-®n-{X-Im-c-∑m-sc-bpw- se-j-dn-s\-t∏mse-bp-≈- Nn-{X-Im-c-∑m-sc-bpw- A¬-Xyq- -dn-s\-t∏m-se-bp-≈- XXzNn-¥-I-sc-bpw- sP.-Un.- _¿-Wm-en-s\-t∏m-se-bp-≈- im-kv-{X- Nn¥I-sc-bpw- km-UvI - n-s\-t∏m-se-bp-≈- in¬-]n-Is - f-bpw- kr-jvS- n-°m≥I-gn-™p-sh-∂v- A-h-Im-i-s∏-Sp-∂- am¿-Iv-kn-kw,- C-∂v- kr-jv-Snbp-sS- B-dv- Zn-h-k-߃-°v- ti-jw- Zo¿-L-am-bn- hn-{i-an-°p-∂- blqZ- ssZ-h-sØ-t∏m-se- Zm¿-i-\n-I-N-cn-{X-Øn-s≥-d- hn-im-e-am-b- Nh‰p-sIm-´-bn¬- A-\-¥-am-b- hn-{i-a-i-b-\-Øn-\p-≈- X-øm-sd-Sp-∏nemWv.- H-cn-°-epw- D-W-cm-Ø- i-b-\w!F-t¥- C-Ø-cw- H-cp- ]-X-\-Øn-\v- am¿-Iv-kn-kw- hn-t[-b-am-bn?Cu- tNm-Zy-Øn-s≥-d- H-∂m-as - Ø- D-Øc - a - m-Wv- \mw- t\-cs - Ø- I≠pI-gn-™-Xv.- a-\p-jy-s≥-d- b-Ym¿-∞-am-b- A-kv-Xn-Xz-sØ- Im-Wm≥B- Z¿-i\ - Ø - n-\v- I-gn-™n-s√-∂X - m-WX - v.- a-\p-jy-s\- a-\  - n-em°mØ-t∏mƒ- a-\p-jy-s≥-d- tam-N-\-sa-¥m-sW-∂v- hn-i-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂Xn¬- km-c-am-b- sX-‰p-]-‰n.- C-Xm-bn-cp-∂-p- B- Z¿-i-\-Øn-\v- ]-‰n-bc-≠m-as - Ø- sX-‰v.- C-Xv- B-Zy-sØ- A-_≤ - Ø - n-s≥-d- A-\n-hm-cyambD-t]m¬-]-∂-a-s{X.sI.-Pn.-_n.- X-e-h-\m-bn-cp-∂- sk-j-≥-kv-In-bp-sS- {]-Xn-a- X-√n

ap-X-em-fn-Øw- a-Xw- am¿-Iv-kn-kw-

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s∏m-fn-°p-∂- bp-hm-hn-s≥-d- h-N-\-߃- H-∂p-Iq-Sn- Hm¿-Ωn-°p-I""a-\p-jy¿- I-jv-S-s∏-Sp-∂n-S-Øm-Wv- I-Ωyq-Wn-kv-‰p-Iƒ- X-g-®p- h-f cpI-sb-∂v- \n-߃-°-dn-bn-t√''.- I-jv-S-∏m-Sp-I-fm-Wv- I-Ωyq-Wn-k sØ- h-f¿-Øp-∂-Xv.- Im-c-W-ap-≠v.- Z-cn-{Zy-a-\p-`-hn-°p-∂-h≥- a-\ nem-°p-∂-Xv- Cu- `q-an-bn-se- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- {]-iv-\w- Zm-cn-{Zy-amsW-∂m-Wv.- In-S-∏m-S-an-√m-Ø-h-s≥-d- I-Æn¬- A-Xm-Wv- G-‰-hpwh-en-b- {]-iv-\w.- sXm-gn-en-√m-Ø-h-s\- kw-_-\v-[n-®n-S-tØm-fw- Cu`q-an-bn-se- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- {]-iv-\w- sXm-gn-en-√m-bv-a-bm-Wv.- Km-\v[n-Pn- ]-d™ X - p-t]m-se- hn-i° - p-∂h - s - ≥-d- ap-ºn¬- ssZ-hw- t]mepw{]-Xy-£s - ∏-Sp-∂X - v- sdm-´n-bp-sS- cq-]Ø - n-em-Wv.- Zm-cn-{Zy-Øn-\pw- sXm gn-en-√m-bv-a-°pw- ap-X¬- Zp-\n-bm-hn-se- k-I-e-hn-[- {]-iv-\-߃-°pap-≈- H-‰-aq-en-bm-b- "kz-Im-cy-k-z-Øn-s\- C-√m-sX-bm-°p-I-''sb-∂ap-{Zm-hm-Iy-hp-am-bm-Wv- am¿-Iv-kn-kw- I-S-∂p-h-∂-Xv.- ]-´n-Wn-bp-sSbpw- ]-cn-h´- Ø - n-s≥-db - p-w- tem-IØ - v- \n-∂v- k-aX - z-Øn-s≥-db - pw- tkm jy-en-kØn-s≥-d-bpw- kp-µ-c-am-b- tem-IØn-te-°p-≈- {]-bm-W Øn-s≥-d- sIm-Sn- ]n-Sn-°p-∂-h-tcm-Sv- A-h-i-X-b-\p-`-hn-°p-∂- P-\ ߃-°v- A-\p-`m-h-ap-≠m-hp-I- kzm-`m-h-n-I-am-Wv.- Cu- A-\p`m-ham Wv- d-jy- ap-X¬- tI-c-fw- h-sc-bp-≈- {]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬- I-ΩyqWnk sØ- h-f¿-Øn-b-Xv.]-´n-Wn-bpw- a-‰p-- {]-iv\ - ß - f - pw- ]-cn-lc - n-°m-\m-bn- am¿-Ivk - n-kØn\v- Iq-sS- \n-∂-h-cn¬-\n-∂v- D-b¿-∂- tcm-Z-\-am-Wv- se-Iv-hte-k-bpsS- hm-°p-I-fn¬- \mw- I-≠-Xv.- C-hn-sS-bm-Wv,- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-]-c-ambn]-cn-l-cn-°-s∏-tS-≠- {]-iv-\-ß-sf-¥m-sW-∂- tNm-Zyw- {]-k-Iv-Xamhp-∂X - v.- a-\p-jy-hn-tam-N\ - Ø - n-s≥-d- B-Xy-¥n-Ia - m-b- A¿-∞s - a¥mbn-cn-°-W-sa-∂- N¿-®-bn¬-\n-∂m-Wv- ]-cn-l-cn-°-s∏-tS-≠- {]-iv\ß-sf-s¥m-s°-bm-sW-∂- tNm-Zy-Øn-\p-≈- D-Ø-cw- D-cp-ØncnbpI.]-´n-Wn-bn¬-\n-∂p-X-s∂- Xp-S-ßmw.- A-ß-I-se- F-tXym-]yapX¬-°v- C-ß-Sp-Øv- H-do-k- h-sc-bp-≠m-b- ]-´n-Wn- a-c-W-ß-sf°p-dn-®v- hm-bn-°p-I-bpw- A-hcp-sS- th-Z-\-bn¬ ]-¶p-tN¿-∂v- {]tab-߃- ]m-km-°p-I-bpw- sN-bv-Xn-´p-≈-h-cm-Wv- \-Ω-sf-√mw.- kz¥wA-b¬-hm-kn-bp-sS- Ip-™v- A-∏-Øn-\v- th-≠n- A-e-ap-d-bn-Sp-∂-XvIm-Wm≥- I-Æn-√m-Ø-h¿-°p-t]m-epw- {]-ta-bw- ]m- m-°p-∂-Xn¬-

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A-Xn-bm-b- B-th-i-am-Wp-≈-Xv.- H-cp- Zn-h-k-sa-¶n-epw- {h-X-a-\p-jvTn®n-´p-≈-h¿-°-dn-bmw,- ]-´n-Wn- F-{X-am-{Xw- I-tTm-c-am-sW-∂v.- F¥mWo- ]-´n-Wn-°v- Im-cW - s - a-∂v- \mw- Nn-¥n-®n-´pt≠m?- k-ºØ - v- GXm\pw- hy-Iv-Xn-I-fn¬- am-{Xw- tI-{µo-I-cn-®-Xm-tWm-? Cu- `q-an-bn-sek-º-Øn-s≥-d- hn-X-c-W-Øn-s≥-d- co-Xn-im-kv-{X-sa-¥m-sW-∂v- \n¿∆-Nn-°p-I- km-[y-a√ - .- C-∂e - s - Ø- ]-W° - m-cn¬- ]-ec - pw- C-∂v- ]m∏cm-Wv.- t\-sc- Xn-cn-®p-ap-≠v.- k-º-Øn-s≥-d- hn-X-c-W-Øn¬- sF-Icq-]y-ap-≠m-hp-I A-km-[-y-am-sW-∂v- A¬-]w- Nn-¥n-®m¬- t_m[yam-Ip-w.- ]n-Xm-hn-¬-\n-∂v- H-tc- k-w-Jy-X-s∂- A-\-¥n-c-am-bn- In-´nba-°-fn¬- Nn-e-¿- ]-W-°m-cm-bn- am-dp-I-bp-w- Nn-e-¿- ]m-∏-cm-bn- amdpI-bp-w- sN-bv-X-Xn-\v- \-Ωp-sS-sb-√mw- A-b¬-]-°-Øv- X-s∂- D-Zml-c-W-ß-fp-≠m-hpw.- Nn-e¿- P-∑-\m- A-[zm-\n-°-m-≥-- I-gn-hn-√m-Øh-cm-Wv.- a-‰p-Nn-e¿- [q¿-Ø∑m-cm-Wv.- Nn-ec - m-Is - ´- kq-{X-Øn¬- ]Wwk-ºm-Zn-°m≥- I-gn-hp-≈-h-cm-Wv.- Cu- aq-∂v- hn-`m-K-Øn-epw- s]-´Hm-tcm-cp-Ø¿-°pw- H-cp- \n-iv-Nn-X- kw-Jy-ho-Xw- sIm-Sp-Øm¬- A¬]-Zn-h-k-߃-°p-ti-jw- F-¥v- kw-`-hn-°p-sa-∂v- B-cpw- ]-d-bm-sXX-s∂- \-ap-s°-√mw- A-dn-bm-w-.- ]-´n-Wn-°p-≈- ]-cn-lm-c-am-bn,- AXpsIm-≠p-X-s∂- k-ºØn-s≥-d- Xp-eyam-b- hn-X-c-Ww- {]m-tbm-KnIa-√.k-ºm-Zn-°m-\p-≈- a-\p-jy-s≥-d- B¿-Øn- A-h-s≥-d- {]-Ir-Xnbp-am-bn- H-´n-t®¿-∂n-´p-≈-Xm-Wv.- C-Xn-∂v- "km-º-Øn-I- kzm¿-∞X'F-∂v- ]-d-bp-sa-¶n¬- Cu- "kzm¿-∞-X'-bm-Wv- `q-an-bn-¬- ]p-tcmKXnIƒ-s°-√mw- \n-an-Ø-am-bn-´p-≈-Xv.- Cu- kzm¿-∞-X-sb- \-in-∏n-°m\m-bn- "h-Sn'-sb-Sp-Ø-Xm-Wv- am¿-Iv-kn-k-Øn-\v- ]-‰n-b- H-cp- sX-‰v.k-ºm-Zn-°m-\p-≈- B-{K-lw- A-h-s≥-d- am-{Xw- k-hn-ti-j-X-bm-bkzm-X-{¥y-Øn-s≥-d- `m-K-am-Wv.- Cu A-h-Im-iw- \n-tj-[n-°-s∏-Sptºmƒ- kzm-`m-hn-I-am-bpw- k-aq-l-Øn-s≥-d- ]p-tcm-K-Xn- \n-e-bv-°p∂p.-- th-e- sN-bv-Xn-´v- X-\n-°v- Iq-en- In-´p-∂ns√-¶n¬- ]n-s∂-¥n-\v]m-Sp-s]-SW-sa-∂- Nn-¥- A-h-s\- a-Sn-b-\m-°p-∂p.- Cu- a-Sn-bn¬\n-∂- v- A-h-s\- D-W¿-Øm≥- `-c-W-Iq-Sw- h-Sn-sb-Sp-t°-≠n-h-cp∂p.Cu- "h-Sn'- A-h-s≥-d- kzm-X-{¥y-sØ- l-\n-°p-∂p.- C-Xm-Wv- IΩyqWn-kv-‰v- cm-jv-{S-ß-fn¬- kw-`-hn-®-Xv.]-´n-Wn- a-m-dm≥- c-≠v- X-c-Øn-ep-≈- {]-h¿-Ø-\-߃- A-\-n-hmcy-

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am-Wv.- H-∂v- ]-´n-Wn- In-S-°p-∂-h-s≥-d- `m-K-Øp-\n-∂p-≠m-th-≠sX¶n¬- at‰-Xv- ]-W-°m-c-s≥-d- `m-K-Øp-\n-∂p-≠m-th-≠-Xm-Wv.- kºØn-s≥-d- Zp¿-hn-\n-tbm-Kw- X-S-bp-I-bp-w- [q¿-Øpw- A-an-X-hy-b-hpwX-S-bp-I-bpw- th-≠-Xp-≠v.- a-Zy-hpw- a-b-°p-a-cp-∂p-I-fpw- D-]-tbmKn®v- ]m-∏-cm-bn- a-°-sf- ]-´n-Wn-bn-te-°v- X-≈n-bn-Sp-∂- c-£-n-Xm-°fp-≠v.- Nq-Xp-If - n-®v- X-dh - m-Sv- ]-Wb - ws - h-t°-≠n-hc - n-Ib - pw- a-°fpambn- sX-cp-hn-en-d-ßn- sX-≠p-I-bpw- sN-tø-≠- K-Xn-tI-Sn-se-Øn-b"D-∂-XIp-e-Pm-X-∑m¿'- t\m-h-ep-I-fn¬- am-{Xw- {]-Xy-£-s∏-Sp-∂hc√.- A-Xym-hi - y-Øn-\v- A-¬] - w- ]-Ww- I-Sw- hm-ßn-bX - n-s≥-d- t]cn¬]-en-i- sIm-Sp-Øv- Xp-e-™-h-cpw- \-ap-°v- A-]-cn-Nn-X-c-√.- ]-´n-WnXp-S-®v- am-‰p-∂-Xn-s≥-d- `m-K-am-bn- B-Zy-am-bn- sN-øm-\p-≈-Xv- Zp¿hyb-hpw- [q¿-Øpw- a-Zy-hpw- a-b-°p-a-cp-∂p-I-fpw- Nq-Xp-I-fn-bpw- ]-en i-bp-sa-√mw- C-√m-sX-bm-°p-I-bm-Wv.- A-ßn-s\- ]-´n-Wn-bpw- ]-cnh´-hpw- I-S-∂p-h-cm-\p-≈- am¿-§-ß-sf- A-S-°p-I-bm-Wv.k-ºm-Zn-°m-\p-≈- F-√m- A-h-Im-i-ß-fpw- h-I-sh-®p-sIm-Sp-°p∂-tXm-sSm-∏w- X-s∂- A-\ym-ba - m-b- am¿-§ß - f - n-eq-sS-bp-≈- kºmZyw-]q¿-Æ-am-bn- \n-tcm-[n-°s∏-S-W-w.- k-ºm-Zn-°p-∂-h-s≥-d- ssI-hiwam-{Xw- kz-Øv- kz-cq-]n-°-s∏-Sp-∂- A-h-kv-Y-bp-≠m-h-cp-Xv.- kaqlØn-se- \n¿-Ωm-W-{]-h¿-Ø-\-߃-°v- A-Xv- hn-\ntbm-Kn-°-s∏-SWw.- ]-Ww- ssI-hi - a - p-≈h - ¿- ]n-ip-°v- Im-Wn-°c - p-Xv.- B-hi - y߃°v- ]-Ww- sN-e-h-gn-°m≥- A-h-≥- k-∂-≤-\m-h-Ww.- Np-‰p-]-m-Sp-ap ≈- ]m-h-s∏-´-h-cp-sS- hn-j-a-߃- Im-Wm-\pw- A-h-sc- k-lm-bn°m\pw- A-h-\v- I-g-n-b-Ww.- Io-gn-ep-≈- sXm-gn-em-fn-I-tfm-Sv- Im-cp-Wy tØm-sS-- s]-cp-am-dm-\pw- A-¿-l-am-b- th-X-\w- \¬-Im-\pw- A-h≥X-øm-dm-h-Ww.- A-\m-im-ky- {]-h¿-Ø-\-߃-t°m- A-[m¿-Ωn-Ihr-Øn-Iƒ-t°m- ]-Ww- sN-eh - g - n-°c - p-Xv.- C-Xn-∂v- H-∂m-aX - m-bn- hf¿∂p-h-tc-≠-Xv- km-tlm-Z-cy-am-Wv.- ]-´n-Wn- In-S-°p-∂- A-b¬-°m-c\pw- X-s∂-t]m-se-X-s∂- hn-i-∏pw- Zm-l-hpw- hn-Im-c-hp-sa-√m-ap-≈kr-jv-Sn-bm-sW-∂pw- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-]-c-am-bn- X-߃- k-tlm-Z-c-∑mcm-sW-∂p-ap-≈- t_m-[w.- c-≠m-a-Xm-bn,- Xm≥- ]-W-°m-c-\m-sW∂- A-l-¶m-c-Øn¬- \n-∂p-≈- tam-N-\-am-Wv- \-S-t°-≠-Xv.- X-s≥-dk-ºm-Zyw- X-s≥-d- A-[zm-\-Øn-s≥-d-bp-w- _p-≤n-bp-sS-bpw- am-{Xw^--eam-bn- e-`n-®-X-s√-∂pw- A-Xv- ]-cx-i-Iv-Xn-bp-sS- Zm-\-am-sW-∂pw-

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Ah≥- hn-Nm-cn-®m¬- A-X-v Xn-cn-s®-Sp-°p-∂-Xn-\v- bm-sXm-cp- {]bmk-hp-an-s√-∂p-ap-≈- t_m-[-Øn-\v- am-{X-ta- "Rm-≥- F-∂- ]-W-°m c≥'- F-∂p≈- A-lw-`m-h-sØ- \-in-∏n-°m≥- I-gn-bq.- B- t_m[wX-\n-°v- k-º-Øv- X-∂-\p-{K-ln-®-h∂papºn¬- X-e- Ip-\n-°p-∂Xnte-°pw- A-h≥- ]-d-™- am¿-§-Øn-eq-sS- k-º-Øv- sN-e-h-gn-°p∂Xn-te-°pw- a-\p-jy-s\- \-bn-°-p-∂p.ap-X-em-fn-bp-w- sXm-gn-em-fn-bpw- ]-W-°m-c-\pw- ]Wn-°m-c-\p-sa √mw- a-\p-jy- k-aq-lØ - n-s≥-d- A-\n-hm-cy-am-b- L-SI - ß - f - s - {X.- AhC-√m-sX-bm-hp-sa-∂- kz-]v-\w- "D-t´m-∏n-b-' am{X-am-Ip-∂p.- A-h-sb -√mw- \n-e-\n¿-Øn-s°m-≠p-X-s∂- am-\p-jn-I-{]-iv-\-߃°v- Fßns\- ]-cn-lm-cw- Im-Wmw- F-∂m-Wv- Nn-¥n-t°-≠-Xv."hn-ta-mN - \ - w'- F-∂v- {]-tbm-Kn-°p-tºm-tg-°v- ]-ec - p-sS-bpw- a-\ ntem-Sn-sb-Øp-I- h-\n-Xm-hn-tam-N-\-am-Wv.- h-\n-Xm-hn-tam-N-\sØt∏m-se- hn-tam-N-\-sa-∂- ]-Z-sØ- {Iq-c-am-bn- hy-`n-N-cn-®- a-s‰m-cp{]-tbm-K-ap-t≠m-sb-∂v- kw-i-b-am-Wv.- F-¥m-Wv- h-\n-Xm-hn-tam-N \w?- Ip-∏m-bw- A-gn-®n-Sm-\pw- sX-ßn¬- I-b-dm-\pap--≈- kzm-X-{¥y amtWm?- ]-c-ky-ß-fn¬- tam-U-ep-I-fm-bn- \n¬-°m-\pw- sh-f-fn-Ønc-bn¬- Xp-Wn-bp-cn-bm-\p-a-p≈- kzm-X-{¥y-am-tWm?- F-√m- Im-cyßfn-epw- ]p-c-p-j-≥-am-tcm-sSm-∏w- \n¬-°m-\p-≈- A-h-Im-i-am-tWm?`¿-Øm-hn-s\- ""F-tSm....'- F-∂v- hn-fn-°p-hm-\p-≈- kzm-X-{¥y-am tWm?- C-sX-√m-am-Wv- s^-an-\n-kv-‰p-Ifn¬ Nne¿- hn-`m-h-\w- sNøp∂- h-\n-Xm- hn-tam-N-\w.- b-Ym¿-∞- kv-{Xo-Xzw- sIm-Xn-°p∂-Xpwkv-{Xo-Iƒ-°v- B-h-iy-ap-≈-Xp-am-b- hn-tam-N-\w- C-sXm-s°-X-s∂ bm-tWm?B-cv- F-s¥m-s°-∏-d-™m-epw,- kv-{Xo-bpw- ]p-cp-j-\pw- Xp-ey{]-Ir-Xn-°m-c-√.- {]-Ir-Xn-X-s∂- ]p-cp-j-s\-bpw- kv-{Xo-sb-bpw- th¿Xn-cn-®n-´p-≠v.- Hm-tcm- hn-`m-KØ - n-s≥-db - pw- i-co-c{- ]-Ir-Xn-Xs - ∂- Ahcn¬- Nn-e- {]-tXy-I-am-b- _-\v-[-\-߃- A-Sn-t®¬-∏n-®n-´p-≠v.- AXvA-h-K-Wn-°m-t\m- C-√-m-sX-bm-°m-t\m- H-cp- XXz-im-kv-{X-Øn\pwI-gn-bn-√.- Cu hkvXpX- a-\  - n-em- ° - n--Xs - ∂-bm-hW - w Hm-tcm-cp-Ø¿°pw- th-≠- tam-N-\-co-Xn-Iƒ- A-h-X-cn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp∂Xv.- kv-{Xo,]p-cp-j-s≥-d- kw-c-£-Ww- A¿-ln-°p-∂-hf-m-Wv.- A-Xv- A-h-fp-sSA-h-Im-i-am-Wv.- ssh-hm-ln-I-_-\v-[-Øn-te¿-s∏-Sp-∂- ]p-cp-j≥-

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kv{Xo-°v- \¬-Ip-∂- hm-Kv-Zm-\-a-Xm-Wv.- A-h-fp-sS- kw-c-£-Ww- ]q¿Æ-am-bn- G-s‰-Sp-°p-I-bm-W-h≥.- Cu- A-h-Im-i-am-Wv- B-Zy-am-bnkw-c-£n-°-s∏-tS-≠-Xv.- kv-{Xo,- tPmen- sN-bv-Xp-Iq-sS-∂v- C-Xn-∂¿∞-an-√-;- Ip-Spw-_-Øn-s≥-d- km-º-Øn-I-`m-cw- A-h-fn¬- A-Sn-t®¬∏n-°p-∂-Xv- A-\o-Xn-bm-sW-∂v- am-{Xw.- A-tX-t]m-se-X-s∂- A-hƒ°v- hn-Zy- A-`y-kn-°m-\pw- Xm≥- hn-iz-kn-°p-∂- B-i-b-ß-f-\p-kcn-®v- Po-hn-°m-\pw- A-Xv- {]-N-cn-∏n-°p-hm-\p-ap-≈- kzm-X-{¥yw- th Ww.- `-bm-i-¶-Iƒ- Iq-Sm-sX- ]p-d-Øn-d-ßn- \-S-°m≥- A-hƒ-°vIgn-b-Ww.- A-h-fp-sS- \-Kv-\-X- hn-‰v- Im-im-°p-∂- am-[y-a-ß-fpwNe-®n-{X-ß-fpw- B-i-¶m-c-ln-X-am-bn- ]p-d-Øn-d-ßn- \-S-°m-\p-≈Ah-fp-sS- A-h-Im-i-sØ- l-\n-°p-I-bm-Wv- sN-øp-∂-Xv.- X-t≥-dXpam-{X-am-b- ku-µ-cy-sØ- am-\-yam-bn- a-d-bv-°m-\p-≈- kzm-X-{¥ywAhƒ-°p-th-Ww.- kz-Øv- k-ºm-Zn-°m-\pw- A-Xv- hn-\n-a-bw- sNøm\pw- A-hƒ-°v- A-h-Im-i-ap-≠m-h-Ww.- A-h-fp-sS- _-e-lo-\-X-Ifn¬- A-hƒ- k-lm-bn-°-s∏-S-Ww.- C-sX-√m-am-Wv- kv-{Xo-Xz-Øn-\vB-h-iy-am-b- A-h-Im-i-߃.- kv-{Xo-sb- kv-{Xo-bm-bpw- k-aq-l-Øns≥-d- am-Xm-hm-bpw- Aw-Ko-I-cn-°-s∏-Sp-I-bm-Wm-h-iyw.- kv-{Xo-sb]p-cp-j-\m-bn- I-W-°m-°s∏-Sp-I-b-√.h¿-Æ-hn-th-N-\-sØ-bpw- Pm-Xo-b-X-sb-bpw- Ip-dn-®v- Nn-¥n-®pt\m-°p-I.- sXm-en-bp-sS- \n-d-Øn-s≥-d- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-Øn¬- tbm-KyX-bp-sS- am-\-Z-Wv-U-a-f-°p-∂-Xv- F-¥p-am-{Xw- h-en-b- A-\o-Xn-b√!- s\¬-k¨- a-t≠-e- X-s∂- F-gp-X-s´- ""F-{X- `w-Kn-bm-bpw- IrXy-am-bpw- D-NnX-am-bpw- tPm-en- sN-bv-Xm¬- t]m-epw- R-ß-ƒ-s°mcn--°e - pw- X-s∂- H-cp- t{]m-kn-Iyq-´t- dm- a-Pn-kvt- {S-t‰m- P-Uvt- Pm- BbnØo-cm-\m-hn-s√-∂v- R-߃-°v- \n-c-¥cw- t_m-[y-s∏-´p-sIm-≠n-cn°p-∂p.- A-`n-`m-j-I-sc-∂- \n-e-bv°v- R-߃-°v- ]-e-t∏-mgpw- C-S]-gt-- I-≠n-h∂ - - D-tZym-Kk - vY - ∑ - m-scm-∂pw-Xs - ∂,- km-a¿-∞y-Øn-s≥dtbm,- ti-jn-bp-sS-tbm- tbm-K-y-X-I-fp-sS-tbm- Im-c-y-Øn¬- R-ßtf °mƒ- H-´pw- D-b¿-∂h - c - m-bn-cp-∂n-s√-∂pw- R-߃-°v- t_m-[y-s∏´p.A-h¿-°v- B- D-∂-X- ]-Z-hn- t\-Sn-s°m-Sp-Ø-Xpw- A-Xv- \n-e-\n¿Øp-∂-Xpw- A-h-cp-sS- sh-fp-Ø- sXm-en- am-{X-am-bn-cp-∂p''-1 sXm-enbp-sS- \n-d-Øn-s≥-d- t]-cn¬- am-{Xw- D¬-Ir-jv-S-X- I-W-°m-°p-∂1 Nelson Mandela: No Easy walk to Freedom page 177

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h¿-Æ-sh-dn-bp-sS- a-s‰m-cp- cq-]-am-W-t√m- Pm-Xo-b-X.- \ap-°-dn-bmw,Pm-Xo-bX - - C-¥y-bnse- H-cp- `q-XI - m-e- {]-{In-bb - √ - ;- - {]-XypX- C∂pw\n-e-\n¬-°p-∂- A-`n-i-]v-X-am-b- H-cp- B-Nm-c-am-sW-∂v.- ]-Xn-\mbn-c-°-W-°n-\v- A-h¿-Æ¿-,- A-h¿- A-[-a- (?)- Pm-Xn-bn¬- ]n-d-∂-hcm-bn-t∏m-bn- F-∂- G-I-Im-c-W-Øm¬- a¿-±-\-߃-°pw- Nq-j-W߃-°pw- hn-t[-b-am-bn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂p.- C-Xn-s\-Xn-sc-bp-≈A[chym-bm-a-Øn-\v- ap-∂n¬- \n¬-°p-∂-h¿- t]m-epw- Pm-Xn-]nimNn-s≥-d- _m-[-bn¬-\n-∂v- ]q¿-Æ-am-bn- ap-Iv-X-c-s√-∂XmWv h¿Ø am\Imekw`h߃ hyIvXam°p∂Xv. h¿Æ-sh-dnbpw- Pm-Xo-b-X-bpw- Xp-S-®p-\o-°m-≥- G-Xv- cq-]-Ønep-≈- hn-π-h-am-Wv- \-S-t°-≠-Xv?- cm-jv-{So-b-am-b- A-[n-Im-c-ss°am-‰w-sIm-≠v- am-{Xw- A-Sn-kvY - m-\] - c--am-b- tam-N\ - w- km-[y-am-Iptam?C-s√-∂X - m-Wv- h-kvX - p-X.- H-∂m-aX - m-bn,- P-∑a - √ - - I¿-Ωa - m-Wv- a-\pjycp-sS- a-l-Xzw- \n¿-Æ-bn-°p-∂-sX-∂- t_m-[w- h-f-cp-I-bm-Wm-hiyw.- I-dp-Ø-h-\pw- sh-fp-Ø-h-\pw- k-h¿-Æ-\pw- A-h-¿-Æ-\p-sa√mw- k-tlm-Z-c-ß-fm-sW-∂- [m-c-W- h-f-c-Ww.- sXm-en-bp-sS- \n-dtam- I-p-e-\m-atam- t\m-°n- D-∂-X-s\-bpw- A-[-a-s\-bpw- \n¿-Æ-bn°p-∂- co-Xn- A-h-km-\n-∏n-°-s∏-S-Ww.- C-Xn-∂v- k-h¿-Æ-cn¬- \-S°p-∂- hn-π-hw -t]m-se-Ø-s∂- A-h¿-Æ-cn-epw- am-‰-ap-≠m-h-Ww.Idp-Ø-h-\pw- A-[-a-Pm-Xn-°m-c-\pw- P-∑-Øn-s≥-d- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\Øn ¬- X-t∂-°mƒ- H-´pw- tam-ia - s - √-∂- [m-cW - - shfp-Øh - c - n-epw- kh¿Æ-\n-epw- h-f¿-∂p-h-c-Ww.- Xm≥- A-[-a-t_m-[-a-\p-`-hn-t°-≠-h\s√-∂v- Idp-Ø-h≥- a-\- n-em-°-Ww.- sh-fp-Ø-h-s\-bpw- k-h¿ÆPm-Xn-°m-c-s\-bpw- t]m-se-Ø-s∂- Xp-eyam-b- A-h-Im-i-ß-fpw_m[y-X-Ifp-ap-≈- a-\p-jy-Po-hn-bm-Wv- Xm-\p-sa-∂- t_-m-[w-- I-dpØ-h-\n-epw- A-h¿-Æ-\n-epw- h-f¿-Øp-I-bm-Wv- A-h-cp-sS- hn-tamN-\-Øn-\v- B-Zy-am-bn- sN-tø-≠-Xv.- A¬-∏w- {i-a-I-c-am-b tPm-enX-s∂-bm-WnX-v.- A-Xp-sIm-≠m-W-t√m- tUm-Iv-S¿- Aw-t_-Zv-°¿- ]d-™-Xv- "C-¥y-bn-se- Z-en-Xp-I-fp-sS- C-S-bn-se- b-Ym¿-∞- {]-iv-\wA-Sn-a-°v- Xm≥- A-Sn-a-bm-sW-∂- t_m-[a-n-√- F-∂-Xm-Wv'- 1 F-∂v.Xo-{h-tZ-io-b-X- ap-X¬- h¿-§o-b-X- h-sc-bp-≈- {]-iv-\-ß-sf-Sp1 Quoted by -F.-Fw.- F-{_lmw-:- {_m-lv-a-Wn-kw- (A-h-Xm-cn-I)- t]-Pv- 10

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Øv- ]-cn-tim-[n-®p-t\m-°p-I.- kz-¥w- \m-´n-s≥-d- \m-e-Xn-cp-Iƒ-°p≈n¬- P-\n-®-h-sc-√mw- am-e-m-J-am-cpw- ]p-d-Øv- P-\n-®-h-sc-√mwsNIpØm-∑m-cp-am-sW-∂- ln-‰v-edp-sS- \m-ko-ho-£-W-Øn-\v- kam\-am-b- Nn-¥m-K-Xn-bm-Wv- k-¶p-Nn-XtZ-io-b-X-bp-sS- h-Iv-Xm-°-fne-[n-Ih - pw- sh-®p-]p-e¿-Øp-∂X - v.- X-s≥-d- k-ap-Zm-bØ - n¬- P-\n-®h¿am-{X-am-Wv- B-Z-cn-°-s∏-Sm-\pw- ]p-tcm-K-an-°m-\pw-,- F-¥n-e-[n-IwPo-hn-°m≥- h-sc- A¿-l-sc-∂- Nn-¥m-K-Xn-bpsS- h¿-Ko-b-hm-Zn-IfpsS- ssI-ap-X¬.- Cu- c-≠v- Nn-¥m-K-Xn-I-fp-tS-bpw- A-Sn-th-cv- P-∑Øns≥-d- t]-cn-ep-≈- Hu-∂-Xy-t_m-[-Øn-em-Wv- kv-Y-n-Xn- sN-øp-∂-Xv.F-hn-sS- P-\n-®m-epw- G-Xv- k-ap-Zm-b-Øn¬- P-\n-®m-epw- A-h≥- a\pjy-\m-sW-∂pw- A-Xp-sIm-≠p-Xs - ∂- X-s≥-d- k-tlm-Zc - \ - m-sW-∂pwA-\ym-b-am-bn- A-h-s≥-d- tNm-c- Nn-¥p-∂-Xpw- am-\w- X-I¿-°p-∂Xpw- ]m-]-am-sW-∂p-ap-≈- [m-c-W- h-f¿-∂p-h-tc-≠-Xp-≠v.- A-Xn∂vP-∑-Øn-s≥-d- t]-cn-ep-≈- F-√mhn-[- A-l-¶m-c-ß-fpw- A-lw-`m-hß-fpw- X-I¿-°-s∏-tS-≠-Xp-≠v.A-gn-a-Xn- ap-X-ep-≈- km-º-Øn-I-Ip-‰-Ir-Xy-ß-fp-sS-bpw- hy-`nNmc-w- ap-X¬-°p-≈- k-Zm-Nm-cew-L-\-ß-fp-sS-bpw- a-Zy-hpw- a-b-°p-acp-∂pw- ap-X¬-°p-≈- km-aq-ln-I-tcm-K-ß-fp-sS-bpw- ]n-Sn-bn¬-\n-∂vIq-Sn- k-aq-lw- tam-Nn-Xam-Ip-∂t- XmsS- am-{X-ta- k-ºq¿-Æa - m-b- A¿∞-Øn-ep-≈- hn-ta-m-N-\w- km-[y-am-Iq.- Cu- P-o-hn-Xw- kpJn-®pwIq-Øm-Sn-bpw- am-{Xw- I-gn-bm-\p-≈Xm-sW-∂- [m-c-W-bn¬- \n-∂mWv- C-Ø-cw- Ip-‰-Ir-Xy-ß-fpw- km-aq-ln-It-- cm-K-ß-fpw- \m-sº-Sp°p-∂-Xv.- C-l-tem-IPo-hn-X-Øn-\v- hy-Iv-X-am-b- H-cp- e-£y-ap-s≠∂pw- B- e-£y-Øn-se- \-∑-bpw- Xn-∑-bpw- I-W-°m-°p-∂-Xv- CuPo--hn-XØ - n-se- {]-h¿-Ø\ - ß - f - m-sW-∂p-ap-≈- t_m-[Ø - n-\v- am-{Xsahy-Iv-Xn-sb-bpw- k-aq-l-sØ-bpw- \-in-∏n-°p-∂- "kp-J- {]-h-WX'bn¬-\n-∂v- a-\p-jy-sc- ta-m-Nn-∏n--°m≥- I-gn-bq.C-hn-sS,- Hm-tcm- {]-iv-\-߃- \m-w- N¿-®- sN-bv-X-t∏m-gpw- c-≠vhn-cp-≤- Kp-W-ß-sf- ]-cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bp-≠m-bn.- H-∂m-a-tØ-Xva-\p-jy≥- tam-Nn-X-\m-th-≠- Kp-W-ß-fm-sW-¶n¬- a-t‰-Xv- a-\p-jy¿kzo-I-cn-t°-≠- Kp-W-ß-fm-Wv-.- [q¿Øv,- A-an-X-hy-bw,- ]n-ip-°v,A-l-¶m-cw,- {Iq-c-X,- Im-]-Syw,- kzm¿-∞X,- h-©\,- Zp-jv-S-X,- k¶pNn-XXzw,- a-Zy-]m-\w,- hy-`n-Nm-c-w-,- Nq-Xm-´w- Xp-S-ßn-b-h-bn¬- \n∂m-

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Wv- a-\p-jy¿- tam-Nn-X-cm-th-≠-Xv.- k¬-kz-`m-hw,- km-tlm-Z-cyw,kv-t\-lw,- _-lp-am-\w,- tk-h-\-k-∂-≤-X,- ka `-- m-h-\- Xp-Sßn-bKp-W-ß-fm-Wv- a-\p-jy-\n¬- h-f¿-∂p-h-tc-≠-Xv.- B-Zyw- ]-d-™a\p-jy≥- tam-Nn-X-\m-th-≠- Kp-W-ß-sf- ss]-im-Nn-I-Kp-W-ß-sf∂p-w- A-h-\n¬- h-f¿-∂p-h-tc-≠- Kp-W-ß-sf- am-\p-jn-I-Kp-W-ßsf-∂pw- ]-d-bp-∂p.- ss]-im-Nn-I- Kp-W-ß-fn¬-\n-∂v- hy-Iv-Xn-Iƒtam-Nn-Xc - m-hp-tºmƒ- k-aq-lh - pw- cm-j{v- S-hp-sa-√mw- tam-Nn-Xa - m-hp∂p.A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-]-c-am-bn- \-S-t°-≠-Xv- hy-Iv-Xn-bp-sS- a-\- v- ss]imNn-I-Kp-W-ß-fn¬-\n-∂v- tam-Nn-X-am-Ip-I-bm-Wv. A- s X,- ]- n - i m- N n¬- \ n- ∂ p- ≈ - tam- N - \ - a mIp- ∂ p- b- Y m¿- ∞ tamN\w.-

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G-gva-\p-jy-\m-hp-I-!ss]-im-Nn-I-Kp-W-ß-fn¬-\n-∂v- ap-Iv-X-am-hp-I-bpw- am-\p-jn-I- KpW-߃- kzo-I-cn-°p-I-bp-am-Wv- a-\p-jy-hn-tam-N-\w- sIm-≠v- -ASnkv-Ym-\-]-c-am-bn- A¿-∞-am-°p-∂-sX-∂v- \mw- I-≠p.- ss]-im-Nn-IKp-W-ß-sf-°p-dn-®v- ]e-t∏m-gpw- "ar-Ko-b-X'-sb-∂v- {]-tbm-Kn-°-s∏Sm-dp-≠v.- B- {]-tbm-Kw- i-cn-b√ - .- A-l¶ - m-ch - pw- A-kq-bb - pw- AXym{K-l-hpw- Im-]-Sy-hpw- h-©-\-bp-sam-∂pw- P-¥p-k-l-P-am-b- Kp-Wß-f-√-.- A-h- ss]-im-Nn-I-K-p-W-ß-f-s{X.- ]n-im-N-n¬- \n-∂p-≠mhp-∂- Kp-W-߃-!a-\p-jy≥- D-Zm-Ø\ - m-bn- am-em-J° - v- k-am-\\ - m-hp-Ib - m-Wv- th≠sX-∂v- ]-d-b-s∏-Sm-dp-≠v.- C-Xpw- i-cn-bm-b- {]-tbm-K-am-sW-∂v- ]-d ™p-Iq-Sm-.- a-\p-jy-\v- H-cn-°-epw- am-e-m-J-°v- k-am-\-\mI-m≥- Ignbn√.- hn-Im-c-ß-sfm-∂p-an-√m-Ø- kr-jv-Sn-I-fm-b- am-em-J-am-cp-sS- Ahkv-Y-bn-te-°v- kz-X-{¥-_p-≤n-bp-≈- a-\p-jy-\v- sN-s∂-Øm-\m-hn√.a-\p-jy≥,- ]q¿-Æ-\m-b- H-cp- a-\p-jy-\m-hp-I-bm-Wm-h-iyw.- ChnsS-bm-Wv- B-cm-Wv- a-\p-jy≥- F-∂- N¿-®-bp-sS- {]m-tbm-Kn-I-am-b{]-k-Iv-Xn- hy-Iv-X-am-hp-∂-Xv.- X-s≥-d- A-kv-Xn-Xz-Øn-s≥-d- km-[yXIƒ- a-\- n-em-°n- ]p-tcm-K-an-°m-\pw- hy-Iv-Xn-Xz-Øn-s≥-d- _m-[yX-I-f-dn-™v- {]-h¿-Øn-°m-\pw- A-h-\v- I-gn-b-Ww.- {]-]-©-Øn-secm-k] - Z- m¿-∞ß - f - p-sS- ]cn-Wm-a{- ]-h¿-Ø\ - ß - ƒ-°n-Sb - n¬- F-hnsStbm-sh-®v- cq-]w-sIm-≠- H-cp- k-¶o¿-Æ-kw-bp-Iv-Xw-- am-{X-am-bn-

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a\p-jy-s\- Im-Wp-∂-h¿-°v- A-h-\n¬- am-{Xw- \n-£n-]v-X-am-bn-´p≈- _m-[y-X-I-sf-tbm- a-‰v- ssP-hn-I-hpw- A-ssP-hn-I-hp-am-b- h-kv Xp-°-fn¬-\n-∂- v- hy-Xy-kv-X-am-bn- A-h-s≥-d- A-kv-Xn-Xz-Øn-s≥-dA]m-c-am-b- km-[y-X-I-sf-tbm- Ip-dn-®- t_m-[w- h-f-¿-Øm≥- I-gn bn-√.- kz-X-{¥-am-b- ssI-Im-cy-I¿-Ør-Xz-ap-≈-,- X-s≥-d- `m-hn-sb°p-dn-®v- hn-[n- I¬-∏n-°m≥- kz-X-{¥-am-b- A-[n-Im-c-ap-≈- G-IPo-hn-bm-Wv- Xm≥- F-∂- hn-Nm-ca - m-Wv,- - X-s≥-d- k-hn-ti-ja - m-b- AkvXn-Xz-Øn-s≥-d- km-[y-X-I-sf-bpw- _m-[y-X-I-sf-bpw- Ip-dn-®v- Ah\vt_m-[w- \¬-Ip-∂-Xv.- Cu- t_m-[-am-Ip-∂p- hn-tam-N-\-Øns≥-d{]Ya- ]-Sn.c-≠p-X-cw- A-kv-Xn-Xz-ß-fp-sS- k-a-\z-b-am-Wv- a-\p-jy-s\-∂v- \ap°-dn-bmw.- Cu- c≠v- A-kv-XnXz-ß-fpw- ]-c-kv-]-c-hn-cp-≤-am-sW-∂Nn-¥m-K-Xn- C-Ø-cw- c-≠v- A-kv-Xn-Xz-߃- X-s∂-bn-s√-∂- hm-ZsØ-t∏m-se-X-s∂- A-_-≤-am-Wv.- C-u- A-_-≤-am-hp-∂p- ]p-tcmln-Xa-X-ß-fp-sS- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-am-bn- h¿-Øn-°p-∂-Xv.- a-\p-jy-s≥dB-Xv-ao-bZm-l-w- `u-Xn-I-tNm-Z-\-I-fp-sS- k-ºq¿-Æ- \n-cm-k-Øn-eqsS- am-{X-ta- i-an-∏-n-°-s∏-Sp-I-bp-≈q-sh-∂v- ]-d-™- "a-X'-ß-fp-sS]-cm-P-b-Øn-\p-≈- Im-c-W-hpw- a-s‰m-∂-√.- P-¥p-k-l-P-am-b- hnIm-c-ß-fpw- tNm-Z-\-I-fpw- B-Xv-ao-b-am-b- A-h-s≥-d- B-h-iy-ß-fpwk-a-\z-bn-°-s∏-Sp-tºmƒ- am-{X-ta- H-cp- ]q¿-Æ-\m-b- a-\p-jy≥- Dcp-Øn-cn-bp-I-bp-≈q.`-£W - w- I-gn-°p-Is - b-∂X - v- a-\p-jy-s≥-d P-¥p-kl - P - a - m-b- - HcpB-h-iy-am-Wv.- Cu- B-h-iy-Øn-s≥-d- ]q¿-Øo-I-c-Ww- A-h-s≥-dPoh-≥- \n-e-\n¿-Øm≥- A-\n-hm-cy-hp-am-Wv.- F-∂m¬- hn-i-∏n-s≥-di-a-\-Øn-\v- G-Xv- `-£-W-hpw- I-gn-°m-≥- a-\p-jy-\v- ]-‰p-tam?- Cs√∂-m-Wp-Ø-cw.- `-£-W-k-ºm-Z\-Øn-epw- D-]-tbm-K-Øn-epw- D-]-t`mK-Øn-ep-sa-√mw- P-¥p-°-fn¬-\n-∂v- hy-Xy-kv-X-am-bn- a-\p-jy≥- Nne\n-ba - ß - f - p-\k - c - n-t°-≠X - p-s≠-∂v- A-hs - ≥-d- B-Xva - m-hv- Ah-t\mSv]-d-bp-∂p.- A\y-cp-sS- k-º-Øv- sIm-≈-b-Sn-°p-∂-Xv- ]m-]-am-sW∂- t_m-[w- a-\p-jy-s≥-d- am-{Xw- {]-tXy-I-X-bm-Wv.- a-s‰mcp- Po-hn bpw- Xm≥- `-£n-°p-∂-Xv- A-\y-t≥-d-Xm-tWm-sb-∂v- ]-cn-tim-[n-°mdn-√.- `-£n-°p-I-sb-∂- P-¥p-k-l-P-am-b- B-h-iy-hpw- A\y-t≥-dXm-hm≥- ]m-Sn-s√-∂- B-Xv-am-hn-s≥-d- tX-´-hpw- k-a-\z-bn-°p-tºm-

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ƒ- A-[zm-\n-®v- k-ºm-Zn-®v- `-£n-°p-Is - b-∂- B-ib - w- \n¿-[c - n-°s∏Sp-∂p.- C-Xm-Ip-∂p- X-Zv-hn-j-b-I-am-b- am-\-hn--I-X.- F-¥pw- Xn-∂pIsb-∂- a-‰v- Po-hn-If - p-sS- k-z` - m-hØ - n-\pw- H-∂p-w- Xn-∂m-Xn-cn-°p-Isb∂- am-em- J - a - m-cp-sS- kz-`m-hØ - n-\pw- a-t[y-bp-≈- \n-e] - m-Sv˛- A-XmWvam-\-hn-I-X- A-s√-¶n¬- a-\p-jy-X-zw.ssew-Kn-I-hn-Im-c-hpw- X-ssY-h.- P-¥p-k-l-P-am-b- hn-Im-c-a-s{XA-Xpw.- ]-t£,- hn-Im-c-]q¿-Øo-I-c-W-Øn-\v- G-Xv- am¿-K-hpw- kzoIcn-°p-∂X - n¬ \ - n-∂pw- a-\p-jy-s≥d- B-Xva - m-hv- A-hs - \- hn-e° - p∂p.A-Ωb - pw- s]-ßf - pw- s]-Æm-sW-¶n-epw- A-h¿- ssew-Kn-Ia - mbn- ]pcp j-\v- A-\y-\m-sW-∂- t_m-[w- B-Xv-am-hv- \n¿-K-fn-∏n-°p-∂-Xm-Wv.hn-Im-c]q¿-Ø-o-I-c-W-sa-∂- P-¥p-k-l-P-am-b- tNm-Z-\-bpw- A-Xvhn-th-N-\-]-c-am-bn-cn-°W-sa-∂- B-Xv-ao-b-am-b- B-h-iy-hpw- ktΩfn-°p-∂n-S-Øm-Wv- am-\-hn-I-am-b- hn-hm-l-sa-∂- B-i-bw- DS-seSp°p-∂-Xv.- B-cp-am-bpw- ssew-Kn-I-_-\v-[-Øn-te¿-s∏-Sp-∂- P¥pkz-`m-h-Øn-s≥-d-bpw- ssewKn-IX- X-s∂-bn-√m-Ø- am-e-m-J-am-cp-sSkz-`m-hØ - n-s≥-db - pw- a-t[y-bm-Wv- hn-hm-ls - a-∂- am-\h - n-Ia - m-b- kz`mhw- \n-e-\n¬-°p-∂-Xv.- C-Xm-Wv- X-Zv-hn-j-b-I-am-b- a\p-jy-Xzw.Hm-tcm- am-\p-jn-I- hn-Im-c-ß-fp-sS-bpw- A-h-kv-Y-bn-Xm-Wv.- amemJ-am-cp-sS- hn-Im-ca - n-√m-Ø- A-hk - Y v- b - n-te-°v- a-\p-jy-\v- sN-s∂ØpI- A-km-[yw.- A-ß-s\- F-Øm-\p-≈- {i-aw- a-\p-jy-s≥-d- k-hntijm-kv-Xn-Xz-tØm-Sv- sN-øp-∂- A-{I-a-am-Wv.- `q-an-bn-se- `m-K-t[-bw\n¿-∆l - n-°p-Is - b-∂- A¬-∏m-bp- p-≈- a-\p-jy-s≥-d- D-Øc - h - m-ZnØØn¬-\n-∂p-≈- H-fn-t®m-´w- am{X-am-WX-v.- hn-Im-c-ß-fp-sS- \n¿-Ωqe\-Øn-eq-sS-bp-≈- D-Zm-Øo-I-c-W-sa-∂- B-i-bw- Nn-e- j-Wv-U-∑mcp-sS- Zu¿-_-eyw- a-d-®p-sh-°m≥ k-lm-b-I-am-Ip-sa-¶n-epw- s]mXpsh- A-{]m-tbm-Kn-I-hpw- am-\-h¿-°v- A-kzo-Im-cy-hp-am-Wv.- am-\-hnIam-b- A¿-∞-Øn-ep-≈- D-Zm-Øo-I-c-Ww- km-[y-am-th-≠-Xv- k-z-¥am-b- A-kv-Xn-Xz-Øn-s≥-d- ]q¿-Æ-am-b- {]-Im-i-\-Øn-eq-sS-bm-Wv.A-Y-hm,- k-ºq¿-Æ-\m-b- H-cp- a-\p-jy-\m-hp-∂-Xn-eq-sS-bm-Wv.a-\p-jy≥- a-\p-jy-\m-hp-Ib - m-Wv- th-≠X - v.- ar-Ka - m-hp-Ib - √;- amemJ-bm-hp-I-bp-a-√.- F-ß-s\-bm-Wv- a-\p-jy-\m-th-≠-Xv?- \-tS- kqNn∏n-®- {]-Im-cw- kz-X-{¥-am-b- A-kv-Xn-Xz-ap-≈- G-I-Po-hn-bm-Wv- Xms\-∂- t_m-[w- {]m-Y-an-I-am-bn- h-f¿-∂p- h-tc-≠-Xp-≠v.- A-kvXn-

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Xz-Øn-s≥-d- Cu- k-hn-ti-j-X- k-z-bw- Aw-Ko-I-cn-°p-∂-tXm-sSm∏wX-s∂- Cu- kzm-X-{¥y-sØ- \n-e-\n¿-Øp-hm-\pw- kr-jv-Sn-]-c-am-bnD-]tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øm-\p-am-h-iy-am-b- \n-b-a-߃- A-\p-k-cn-°m-\pwA-h≥- k-∂-≤-\m-h-Ww.- Cu- A-\p-k-c-W-am-Ip-∂p- a\p-jy-s\a\p-jy-\m-°p-∂-Xv-;- - a-‰v- Po-hn-I-fn¬-\n-∂- v- hy-Xn-cn-Iv-X-\m-°p∂Xv.P-¥p-k-l-Psa-∂v- ]-d-bm-hp-∂- aq-∂v- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-hn-Im-cßfmIp-∂p- a-\p-jy-\p-≈-Xv.- hn-i-∏pw- Zm-l-hpw- ssew-Kn-I-X-bpw-.- Cuaq-∂v- hn-Im-c-ß-fpw- ]q¿-Øo-I-cn-°m≥- a-\p-jy-\v- ap-∂n¬- hy-Xykv-X- am¿-§-ß-fp-≠v.- Po-hn-Iƒ-°v- ap-∂n-tem- H-tc-sbm-cp- am¿-§wam-{Xw.- X-ß-fp-sS- hn-Im-c-߃- i-an-∏n-°-s∏-S-Ww.- {]-Ir-Xn- Xs∂\n¿-Æ-bn-®- AXn-cp-Iƒ- IS-∂v- P-¥p-hn-\v- Cu- hn-Im-c߃- i-an ∏-n-°m-\m-hn-√.- B- A-Xn-cp-Iƒ- ]m-en°m≥- A-h- P-∑-\m- \n¿-_\v-[n-Xcm-Wv.- a-\p-jy-s≥-d- A-h-kv-Y-b-X-√.- X-s≥-d- ap-∂n-ep-≈hyXy-kv-X- am¿-§-ß-fn¬- G-Xv- kzo-I-cn-°m-\pw- A-h-∂v- kzm-X{¥yap-≠v.- ]-t£,- \-∑-bp-sS- ]m-X- kzo-I-cn-°-W-sa-∂- t_m-[w- A-hs≥-d- B-Xva - m-hv- A-h\ - n¬- D-W¿-Øp-∂p-.- F-¥m-Wv- \-∑b - p-sS- ]mXsb-∂v- A-h≥- A-t\z-jn-°p-∂p.- Cu- A-t\z-j-W-am-Wv- hy-Xy-kvXZ¿-i-\ß-ƒ- ]-S-®-Xv; X-Xz-im-kv-{X-߃-°v- P-∑w- \¬-In-b-Xv.- \∑bp-sS- ]m-X- kzoI-cn-°p-∂-Xn-eq-sS-bp-≈- hn-tam-N-\-am-Wv- F√mh-cpw- Imw-£n-°p-∂-Xv.\-∑-bp-sS- ]m-X- F-ß-s\- I-≠p-]n-Sn°p-w?- A-Xm-Wv- \-ap-°vap-ºn-ep-≈- {]-iv-\w.`u-Xn-IX - X - z-im-kv{- X-߃- ap-gp-h≥- im-kv{- X-Øn-s≥-d- km-t¶XnI- am¿-§-ß-fp-]tbm-Kn-®p-sIm-≠m-Wv- \-∑-bp-sS- ]-m-X- I-≠p-]n-Sn°m≥- {i-an-®-Xv.- ]t©-{µn-b-ß-fp-sS- ]-cn-[n-°-∏p-d-Øps≈m-cptemI-sØ- k-¶¬-∏n-°p-I- A-km-[y-am-sW-∂v- im-Tyw- ]n-Sn-®- `uXn-I-hm-ZØn-\v- ap-ºn¬- th-sd- am¿-§-ß-fp-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-s√-∂vthWw- ]-d-bm≥.- im-kv-{X-Øn-s≥-d- ]m-X- \-∑-bpw- Xn-∑-bpw- th¿Xn-cn-®-dn-bp-∂-Xn-\v- Xo-sc- A-]-cym-]v-X-am-sW-∂v- Iq-Sp-X-sem-∂pwNn-¥n-°m-sX- X-s∂- a-\- n-em-°m-\m-hpw.- A-[zm-\n-®v- k-ºm-Zn°p-∂- [m-\y-a-Wn-I-fpw- A-\y-s≥-d- ]-Øm-b-∏p-c-bn¬-\n-∂v- I-s´Sp-°p-∂- [m-\y-a-Wn-I-fpw- X-Ωn¬- c-k-X-{¥-Øn-s≥-d-tbm- `u-XnIimkv-{X-Øn-s≥-dtbm- Po-h-im-kv-{X-Øn-s≥-d-tbm- P-\n-X-I-i-m-kv-

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{XØn-s≥-d-tbm- H-∂pw- am¿-§-ß-fp-]-tbm-Kn-®v- hy-Xym-kw- I-≠p]n-Sn-°p-I- km-[y-a-√.- ]-t£,- am-\-hn-I-X- ]-d-bp-∂-Xv- C-h- X-Ωn¬h-y-Xym-k-ap-s≠-∂p-X-s∂-bm-Wv.- `m-cym`¿-Xr_-\v-[-Øn-eq-sSbp≠m-hp-∂- Ip-™pw- hy-`n-Nm-c-Øn-eq-sS-bp-≠m-hp-∂- Ip™pwX-Ωn¬- Po-h-im-kv-{X-Øn-s≥-d- G-sX-¶n-epw- im-J-bp-sS- ho-£WØn¬- hy-Xy-kv-X-c-√.- Cu- c-≠v- _-\v-[-ß-fn-epw- Po-h-im-kv-{XØn-s≥-d- km-t¶-Xn-I-Xz-ap-]-tbm-Kn-®v- kq-£v-a-]-cn-tim-[-\- \-SØn bm-epw- bm-sXm-cp- hy-Xym-kh - pw- I-≠p-]n-Sn-°p-I- km-[y-a√ - .- ]t£,am-\-h-n-I-X- hn-hm-l-sa-∂- B-i-b-sØ- ]-cn-ip-≤-am-bpw- hy-`n-NmcsØ- tæ-O-am-bpw- a-\- n-em-°p-∂p.- im-kv-{X-Øn-s≥-d- am¿-§-߃\-∑b - pw- Xn-∑b - pw- hn-th-Nn-°m≥- Xo-sc- A-]c - ym-]vX - a - m-sW-∂- hkvXp-X-bm-Wn-hn-sS- A-\m-hr-X-am-hp-∂-Xv.\-∑b - p-sS- ]m-X- I-≠p-]n-Sn-°m≥- A-\v[ - a - m-b- Nn-¥b - p-sS- am¿§wam-{Xw- ]-cym-]v-X-am-hp-tam?- _p-≤-s≥-d1 am¿-§w- A-\v-[-am-b- Nn-¥bp-tS-Xm-bn-cp-∂p.- t`m-K-Xr-jv-W,- `m-h-Xr-jv-W,- hn-`-h- Xr-jv-WF-∂n-ß-s\- aq-∂v- Xr-jv-WIfm-Wv- Zpx-J-Øn-\p-≈- Im-c-W-sa∂vA-t±-lw- kn-≤m-¥n-®p.- Xr-jvW - s - b- X-S™ p-\n¿-Øp-Ib - m-Wv- ZpxJ\n-hm-c-W-Øn-\p-≈- am¿-§w.- F-ß-s\-bm-Wv- Xr-jv-Wm-\n-tcm-[wkm-[y-am-Ip-∂-Xv?- hn-ip-≤-am-b- A-jv-Smw-K-am¿-§-ß-fm-Wv- A-Xn-\v_p-≤≥- \n¿-t±-in-°p-∂-Xv.- k-ay-Kv- hn-izm-kw,- k-ay-Kv- \n-iv-N-bw,k-ay-Kv- h-N-\w,- k-ay-Kv- I¿-Ωw,- k-ayKv- Po-hn-Xw,- k-ay-Kv- b-Xv-\w,k-ay-Kv- hn-Nm-cw,- k-ay-Kv- [ym-\w- C-h-bm-Wv- A-jvSmw-K-am¿-§-߃.C-Xp-ht-sc-°pw- _u-≤Z¿-i\ - w- H-cp- ]-cn-[n-hs - c- i-cn-bmWv.- ]t£,F-¥m-Wv- i-cn-bm-b- hn-iz-m-k-hpw- (k-ay-Kv- hn-izm-kw)- I¿Ω-hpsa -√m-sa-∂v- hn-i-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn¬- _p-≤≥- ]-cm-P-b-s∏-´p.- AXm-Wv]n-∂o-Sv- _p-≤-a-X-Øn-ep-≠m-b- Dƒ-∏-n-cn-hp-Iƒ-°v- \n-Zm-\-am-b-Xv.B-Zy-w- a-lm-bm-\-hpw- lo-\-bm-\-hp-am-bpw- ]n-∂o-Sv- ssh-`m-jn-Iw,ku-{Xm-¥n-Iw,- tbmK-m-Nm-cw,- am-[y-an-Iw- Xp-S-ßn- ]-Xn-s\-t´m-fwim-J-I-fm-bpw- _p-≤-a-Xw ]n-cn-™p.- Hm-tcm-cp-Ø-cpw- Hm-tcm- cq-]1.- {io-_p-≤≥- H-cp- {]-hm-N-I-\m-bn-cn-°m≥- km-[y-X-bp-s≠-∂- hm-Z-sØ- A-h-K-Wn®p-sIm-≠-√- C-sX-gp-Xp-∂-Xv.- B- hm-ZØ -- n-s≥-d- i-cn-bpw- sX-‰pw- Cu- te-J-\-Øns≥-d- hn-j-b-a-√.- C-hn-sS- kq-Nn-∏n-°p-∂- _p-≤≥- The Gospel of the Budha bn-seB-i-b-߃- {]-t_m-[-\w- sN-bv-X- hy-Iv-Xn-bm-Wv-;- A-Xv- I-]n-e- h-kv-Xp-hn-se- _p≤\m-sW-¶n-epw- A-s√-¶n-epw.-

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Øn-ep-≈- hn-iz-m-k-ß-fpw- I¿-Ω-ß-fpw- kzo-I-cn-®p.- Ahc-h¿- kzoI-cn-®- hn-izm-k- I¿-Ω-߃- A-h¿-°v- k-ay-°p-I-fm-bn-cp-∂p. ssP-\- Z¿-i-\-Øn-s≥-d- A-h-kv-Y-bpw- C-Xn¬- \n-∂v- `n-∂-a-√.\n¿-∆m- W - Ø - n-\p-≈- am¿-§w- Pn-\`- K - hm-\n-ep-≈- {i-≤,- ssP-\k - n≤m ¥- PvR - m-\w,- k-Zm-Nm-cw- F-∂n-ßs - \-bp-≈- {Xn-cX - v\ - ß - f - m-sW∂mWv- h¿-≤-am-\- a-lm-ho-c-s≥-d- a-Xw- ]-d-bp-∂-Xv.- A-©v- B-Nm-c-ßfm-Wv- k-Zm-Nm-cw,- A-lnw-k,- Zm-\[ - ¿-Ωh - pw- k-Xy- `- m-jW - h - pw,- AkvtX-bw- Xp-S-ßn-b- in-jv-SmN-m-cw,- hm-°n-epw- {]-h¿-Øn-bn-epw- hnNmc-Øn-epw- hn-ip-≤n,- F-√m- kmw-kv-°m-cn-I- kzm¿-∞-ß-fp-sS-bpwXym-Kw- F-∂n-hb - m-Wv- k-Zm-Nm-cØ - ns≥-d- ]-©i - m-JI - ƒ.- Cu- imJI-fpw- a-\p-jy≥- F-ß-s\- Po-hn-°-W-sa-∂-Xn-s≥-d- hy-Iv-X-am-bH-cp- Nn-{Xw- \¬-Ip-∂n-√.- A-ln-w-k-bp-sS- {]-Nm-c-I-∑m-cm-b- ssP\k-∂ym-kn-am-cn¬- ]-e¿°pw- \m-km-c\ - {v- [-ßf - n¬- Iq-Sn- sN-dp-{]mWnIƒ- I-S-∂-v N-Øp-t]m-Ip-tam-sb-∂- `-b-Øm¬- aq-°n-\v- ap-I-fn¬A-cn-∏- sI-´n- \-S-t°-≠- A-h-kv-Y-h-sc-sb-Øn.- kmw-kv-°m-cn-Ikzm¿-∞-ß-fp-sS- XymKw- hym-Jym-\n-®v- hy-m-Jym-\n-®v- D-Sp-Xp-Wnbn-√m-sX- \-S-°p-∂- a-\p-jy-sc- kr-jv-Sn-°p-∂-Xn-te-°v- \-bn-®p.Zn-Kw-_-c-∑m-cpw- tiz-Xw-_-c-∑m-cpw- ssP-\-a-X-Øn-s≥-d- Dƒ-]n-cn-hpI-fmbn.- Zn-°n-s\- h-kv-{X-am-°n- Xn-I-®pw- \-Kv-\-cm-bn- \-S-°p-∂hcm-bn-cp-∂p- Zn-Kw-_-c-\-am¿.- ]-cnan-X-am-b- sh-≈-h-kv-{Xw- kzo-Icn-®n-cp-∂-h-cm-bn-cp-∂p- tiz-Xw-_-c-∑m¿.A-lnw-k-bm-Wv- tam-N-\-Øn-\p-≈- am¿-§-sa-∂v- I-Æp-a-S-®v- hnizkn-®-h¿-s°-√mw- sX-‰p-]-‰n-bn-´p-≠v.- A-lnw-k-°v- hy-Iv-X-am-b\n¿∆N-\w- \¬-Ip-∂-Xn¬- ]-cm-P-b-s∏-´-Xm-W-X-n-\v- Im-c-Ww.- Km\v[n-Pn-bpw- tUm-Iv-S¿- cm-[mI-r-jv-W-\p-w- X-Ωn¬- \-S-∂- H-cp- kw`mj-W-w- {i-≤n-°p-I:Km-\v-[n-Pn-:- ]m¬- Ip-Sn-°-cp-Xv,- A-Xv- tKm-amw-k-Øn-s≥-dkØmWv. cm-[m-Ir-jv-W≥-:- A-sX-tbm......-- F-¶n¬- \-Ω-sf-√mw- a-\p-jyamw-k-`p-°p-I-fm-Wv.- a-\p-jy-amw-k-Øn-s≥-d- k-Øm-b- A-Ω-bp-sSap-e-∏m¬- \-Ω-sf-√mw- Ip-Sn-®n-´p-≠-t√m-.11. Quoted by F≥.-hn.- Ir-jv-W-hm-cn-b¿-:- A-h-Xm-cn-I- `m-c-Xo-b- Z¿-i-\w- Page XIV

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A-lnw-km-kn-≤m-¥Ø - n-s≥-d- A¿-∞c - m-ln-Xy-am-Wv- C-hn-sS- \ap°v- Im-Wm-\m-hp-∂-Xv.- Hcp- kw-`-hw- Iq-Sn- Hm¿-Ω-h-cn-I-bm-Wv.- D-] \n-jØ - v- ]-WvU - n- X - \ - m-b- H-cp- kzm-an-Pn-bpw- Cu- te-JI - \ - pw- XΩn¬\-S∂ - - kw-`m-jW - w-.- hn-jb - w- A-ssZ-zX - h - pw- A-lnw-kb - p-am-bn-cp∂p.A-t±-lw- tNm-Zn®p-:- P-¥p-°-sf- sIm-∂p-Xn-∂p-∂-Xv- \ym-bo-Icn °m≥- \n-߃-s°-ßn-s\- I-gn-bp-∂p?Rm≥- ]-d-™p-:- `q-an-bn-ep-≈-sX-√mw- a-\p-jy-\p-th-≠n-bp-≈hn-`-h-ß-fm-Ip-∂p.- ssZ-hn-I- hn-[n-hn-e-°p-Iƒ- ]m-en-®v- Ah D-] tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv- \n-tcm-[n-X-a-√.kzm-an-Pn-:- C-hn-sS-bm-Wv- D-]\ - n-jØ - v- X-Xz-im-kv{- X-hpw- \n-ßfpwXΩn¬- ssh-cp-≤yw- {]-ISn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv.- ]-c-am-Xv-am-hv- P-K-Øn¬ap-gp-h-≥- \n-d-™p-\n¬-°p-∂p-sh-∂- k-¶¬-∏-Øn¬- hn-i-z-kn-°p∂- A-ssZz-Xn-Iƒ-°v- H-cp- D-dp-ºn-s\-t∏m-epw- t\m-hn-°m-≥- I-gn-bn√.- Po-h\ - p-≈- H-cp- h-kvX - p-hn-s\- `-£n-°p-tºmƒ- A-Xn-epw- X∂n¬Dƒ-h-kn-°p-∂- B-Xv-am-hn-s≥-d- Aw-iw -X-s∂-bm-sW-∂- t_m-[wA-h-s\- A-Xn¬-\n-∂- v- ]n-¥n-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.- Po-h-\p-≈- H-cp- h-kv-Xphn-s\- sIm-∂v- Xn-∂p-I.- F-{X- h-en-b- ]m-]-am-W-Xv. te-J-I≥-:- kzm-an-Pn- F-¶n¬- ]-´n-Wn- In-S-∂v- a-cn-t°-≠n-h-cpw.]-®-°-dn-Iƒ- I-gn-°p-∂- hy-Iv-Xnb-t√- \n-߃.- ]-®-°-dn-s®-Sn-bn¬\n-∂v- H-cp- C-e- ]-dn-s®-Sp-°p-∂- kzm-an-Pn- B-bn-c-°-W-°n-\v- Po-hs\-bm-Wv- \-in-∏n-°p-∂X - ;v- Po-hs - ≥-d- A-Sn-kY v- m-\- bq-Wn-‰m-b- Bbnc-°-W-°n-\v- tIm-i-ß-sf.-- A-ssZz-X-kn-≤m-¥{]-Im-cw- Cu- tImi-ß-fn-se-bpw- Po-h-s≥-d- Xp-Sn-∏n-\v- Im-c-Ww- ]-cam-Xv-am-hn-s≥-dkm-∂n-[y-am-W-t√m.-- \n-ß-sf-ß-s\-bm-Wv- ]n-s∂- ]-®-°-dn-Iƒ- Xn∂p-I........?kzm-an-Pn-:- P-¥p-°-sf- sIm-∂v- Xn-∂p-∂-Xn¬- sX-‰n-s√-∂v- ]-d bp-∂- \n-ß-ƒ-°v- a-\p-jy-s\- h-[n-°p-∂-Xv- sX-‰m-sW-∂v- F-ßs\]-d-bm-\m-Ipw?te-J-I-≥-:- ssZ-hn-I-am¿-§-\n¿-t±-iw- {]-k-Iv-X-am-hp-∂-Xn-hn-sSbm-Wv.- [¿-Ωm-[¿-Ωhn-th-N\ - Ø - n-\v- a-\p-jy-s≥-d- tI-he - a - m-b- bpIvXn-tbm- _p-≤n-tbm- Nn-¥-tbm- am-{Xw- ]-cym-]v-X-am-hp-I-bn-√.- a-\pjy-s\- A-\ym-b-am-bn- h-[n-°p-∂-Xv- ]m-]-am-sW-∂- ssZ-hn-I-am¿§-

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\n¿-t±-i-ß-fp-≈-Xp-sIm-≠m-Wv- R-߃- a-\p-jy-s\- h-[n-°p-∂Xv]m-]-am-sW-∂v- ]-d-bp-∂-Xv.- a¿-Øy-h-[w- F-√m-bv-t∏m-gpw- ]m-]-am sW-∂v- C-Xn-∂¿-∞-an-√.- sIm-e-]m-X-I-Øn\v- - ]-I-c-am-bn- sImehn-[n-°m≥- K-h¨-sa≥-dn-\v- A-[n-Im-c-ap-≠v.- [¿-Ω-bp-≤-Øn¬- A [¿-Ω-Øn-s≥-d- ]-S-bm-fn-I-sf- sIm-√p-I- ]p-Wy-ap-≈- Im-cy-am-Wv.C-Xn-s≥-d-sb-√mw- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-w- ssZ-hn-I-am¿-§Z¿i-\-am-Ip-∂p.AXn-s≥-d- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-Øn-e-√m-sX-bp-≈- [¿-Ωm-[¿-Ω- hn-th-N\ß-sf-√mw- ]-cm-P-b-Øn-te- I-em-in-°p-I-bp-≈q. ssZ-hn-Ia - m¿-§- \n¿-t±-ßf - p-sS A-Sn-kvY - m-\Ø - n-e√ - m-sX- \-∑sbbpw- Xn-∑-sb-bpw- hy-Iv-X-am-bn- th¿-Xn-cn-°p-I- km-[y-a-√.- _m¿_m-d-m- kv-tam-°-dp-sS- lyq-a-\n-kv-‰v- k-¶¬-∏-{]-Im-c-ap-≈- \-∑-Iƒ- kzoI-cn-°m≥,-- [¿-Ω-t_m-[a-- p-≈- bp-Iv-Xn-hm-Zn-I-sf-Ø-s∂- In-´p-sa-∂vtXm-∂p-∂n-s√-∂- h-kv-Xp-X- \-tS- kq-Nn-∏n-®n-´p-≠v.- im-kv-{X-tamkm-t¶-Xn-IP - vR - m-\t- am- tI-he - b - p-IvX - n-tbm- Nn-¥t- bm- H∂pw-Xs - ∂\-∑-Xn-∑-I-fp-sS- hy-h-tO-Z-Øn¬- A-h-km-\-sØ- hm°v- ]-d-bm≥A-i-Iv-X-am-Wv. hntam-N\ - w- B-Xa v- m-hn-s≥-db - pw- i-co-cØ - n-s≥-db - pw- tam-N\ - a - mWv.ss]-im-Nn-Ia - m-b- k-Ie - - Kp-Wß - f - n¬- \n-∂p-ap-≈- k-ºq¿-Æ- tamN\w.- a-\p-jy-s‚- -- k-hn-ti-j-am-b- A-k-vXn-Xzw- a-\- n-em-°n- BA-kv-Xn-XzØn-s≥-d- ]q¿-Æ- {]-Im-i-\-Øn-\v- k-∂-≤-am-hp-∂-Xneq-sS-bm-Wv- Cu- tam-N-\w- km-[-y-am-hp-∂-Xv.- ssZ-hn-I-am¿-§Z¿-i\-Øn-s≥-d- k-lm-bt- ØmsS-- am-{X-sa- C-Øc - w- H-cp- tam-N\ - w- km[yam-hq-.a-\p-jy≥- a-\p-jy-\m-hp-I-!- ]p-cp-j≥- ]p-c-p-j-\m-hp-I-!- kv-{Xokv{- Xo-bm-hp-I!- - C-Xm-Wv- am¿-§w.- a-\p-jy≥- am-em-Jb - m-Im-≥- th≠n\-S-Øp-∂- {i-aw- a-\p-jy-tam-N-\-Øn-\v- \n-an-Ø-am-hm-Ø-Xp-t]mse-Ø-s∂- kv-{Xo- ]p-cp-j\m-Im≥- {i-an-®m¬- A-Xv- h-\n-Xm-hntamN-\Ø - n-\pw- \n-Zm-\a - m-hp-Ib - n-√.- kz-¥a - m-b- hy-IX v- n-Xz-sØ- ]-cnt]mjn-∏n-°p-I-bpw- A-Xn-s≥-d- km-[y-X-I-sf- {]-Im-in-∏n-°p-I-bpwsNøp-I-bm-Wv- kv-{Xo-bpw- ]p-cp-j-\pw- sN-tø-≠-Xv.- C-Xn-\pw- ssZhn-I-am¿-§-\n¿-t±-iw- Iq-Sn-tb Xo-cq.- ]m-iv-Nm-Xy- s^-an-\n-kv-‰p-I fp-sS- A-]-N-b-Øn-\p-≈- Im-c-Ww- A-h¿- ssZ-h-n-I-am¿-§-Z¿-i-\ Øn¬-\n-∂- v- A-I-∂p-t]m-hp-I-bpw- kz-¥-am-b- ho-£-W-Øn-ep-≈-

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h-\n-Xm-hn-tam-N-\-Øn-\v- {i-an-°p-I-bpw- sN-bv-X-XmWv-.hy-Iv-Xn-bm-Wv- Ip-Spw-_-Øn-s≥-d-bpw- k-aq-l-Øn-s≥-d-bpw- cmjv{S-Øn-s≥-db - p-sa-√mw- A-Sn-kvYm-\- bq-Wn-‰v. C-Xv- Aw-Ko-Ic - n-t®- ]‰q.C-Xv- Aw-Ko-I-cn-°m-Xn-cp-∂-Xm-Wv- am¿-Iv-kn-k-Øn-s≥-d- cu-{Z-`mh-߃-°v- \n-anØ-am-bX - v.- hy-IX v- n-bn-em-Wv- kw-k° v- c - W - h - pw- hntamN-\-hpw- \-S-t°-≠-Xv.- hy-Iv-Xn- \-∂m-hp-tºmƒ- Ip-Spw-_-hpw- k-aql-hpw- cm-jv-{S-hp-sa-√mw-X-s∂- ]-cn-h¿-Øn-X-am-Ip-∂p.- hy-Iv-Xnkwkv-°-cn-°-s∏-Sm-sX- cm-jv-{S-Øn-s≥-d- D-∂-X-X-eß-fn¬- am-{XwH-Xp-ßn-\n¬-°p-∂- H-cp- hn-π-hw-sIm-≠v- Im-cy-sam-∂p-an-√.- ]-®bm-bn-∏d - ™ m¬,-- `-cW - a - m-‰w- sIm-≠v- H-∂pw- t\-Sm-\n-√.- `-cW - Ø - n¬hn-π-h-ap-≠m-h-W-sa-¶n-epw- hy-Iv-Xn-bn-em-Wv- am-‰w- \-S-t°-≠-Xv.A-t∏mƒ- ASp-Ø- tNm-Zyw- D-S-se-Sp-°p-∂p.- ssZh-n-I- am¿-§Z¿-i-\-Øn-eq-sS- am-{Xta- tam-N-\w- km-[y-am-Iq-sh-¶n¬- F-hn-sSssZ-hn-I- a-m¿-§Z- ¿-i\ - w?- ssZ-hn-Is - a-∂v- kw-ib - te-ia - t- \y- ]-dbm≥]-‰p∂- sh-fn-]m-Sp-I-fp-sS- k-am-lm-c-tam- a-t‰m- D-t≠m- C-hn-sS?Cu- A-t\z-j-W-Øn-\v- G-sd- {]-k-Iv-Xn-bp-≠v.- _p-≤n-bp-sS-bpwbp-Iv-Xn-bp-sS-bpw- {]-tbm-Kw- \-S-t°-≠-Xv- Cu- A-t\z-j-W-Øn\m-Wv.- hn-tam-N-\-Øn-s≥-d- B-Zy-sØ- ]-Sn-bpw- Cu- A-t\z-j-Was{X!--

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F-´vtam-N-\-Øns≥-d- am¿-Kw C-Xp-h-sc- h-kv-Xp-X-I-fp-am-bn- kw-h-Zn-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p- \mw.`u-Xn-I-{]-Xyb-im-kv-{X-ß-fpw- ]p-tcm-ln-X-a-X-ß-fpw- a-\p-jy-s\tam-NnX-am-°p-∂-Xn¬- ]-cm-P-b-s∏-´p-sh-∂- h-kv-Xp-X-bn¬- \n ∂mWv- \mw- Xp-S-ßn-b-Xv.- a-\p-jy-\n-se- a-\p-jys\- Im-Wm≥- Ign-bmØ-Xm-Wv- Cu- ]-cm-P-b-߃-°p-≈- Im-c-W-sa-∂v- \mw- I-≠p.- ]ptcm-ln-X-a-X-߃- a-\p-jy-s\- am-em-J-bm-°m≥- ]p-d-s∏-´-t∏mƒ`u-Xn-I-hm-Zw- A-h-s\- ar-K-am-°m-\m-Wv- X-{X-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.- A-h-km\w- \mw- F-Øn-t®¿-∂-Xv,- ss]-im-Nn-I- Kp-W-ß-fn¬-\n-∂- v- a-\pjys\-˛hy-IvX - n-sb-bpw- Ip-Spw-_s - Ø-bpw- k-aq-ls - Ø-bpw- cm-jv{- S-sØbp-sa-√mw-˛ap-Iv-X-cm-°n- am-\p-jn-I- Kp-W-߃- ]-Tn-∏n-°m≥- I-gnbp-∂- Z¿-i\ - ß - ƒ - ° - v- am-{X-sa- ]q¿-Æa - m-b- A¿-∞Ø - n-ep-≈- hntamN-\w- km-[n-°q-sh-∂- h-kv-Xp-X-bn-em-Wv.- a-\p-jy-s≥-d- hn-P-b-Øn\p-th-≠n- A-h≥- F-¥v- sN-ø-W-sa-∂v- ]-Tn-∏n-°m≥- A-h≥- ]-S-®Z¿-i-\-߃-t°m- X-Xz-im-kv-{X-߃-t°m- I-gn-bn-s√-∂pw- A-XvAh-s\- ]S-®- {k-jv-Sm-hv- X-s∂- A-dn-bn-®p- sIm-Sp-°-W-sa-∂pw\mw- a-\- n-em-°n.- C-\n- \-ap-°v- A-t\z-jn-°m-\p-≈-Xv- A-Ø-cØn-ep-≈ h-√- Z¿-i-\-ß-fp-ap-t≠m-sb-∂-m-Wv.tem-I-Øv- C-∂v- \n-e-\n¬-°p-∂- Z-¿-i-\-ß-fn¬- X-e-bp-b¿-Øn\n-∂v,- am-\h - - tam-N\ - w- km-[y- a - m-Ip-sa-∂v- ]-db - m≥- I-gn-bp-∂- Hscm‰Z¿-i-\w- am-{X-sa-bp-≈q-˛ C-kv-emw.-

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C-kv-emw- hn-tam-N-\-Øn-s≥-d- Z¿i-\-am-Wv.- hy-Iv-Xn-bpw- Ip-Spw_-hpw k-aq-l-hpw- cm-jv-{S-hp-sa-√mw- ]n-im-Nn¬-\n-∂v- ap-Iv-X-am-hp∂-Xm-Wv- tam-N-\-sa-¶n¬,- k-ºq¿-Æ-hpw- k-a-{K-hp-am-b- tam-N-\wkm-[y-am-hp-I- Ckv-em-an-eq-sS- am-{X-am-Ip-∂p.F-¥m-Wv- C-kv-emw?- ]-≈n-bpw- ]-cn-k-c-hpw- am-{Xw- tem-I-ambn-cn-°m-Wp-∂- H-cp- hn-`m-K-Øn-s≥-d- Po-hn-X- co-Xn-I-tfm?- \o-f-°p∏m-b-Øn-s≥-d-bpw- X-e-∏m-hn-s≥-d-bpw- a-X-tam?- a-‰v- a-X-kv-X-cn¬\n-∂v- I-S-sa-Sp-Ø- an-Øp-Iƒ-°v- A-d-_n- \ma-w- \¬-In- A-h-sbB-cm-[n-°p-∂- k-{º-Zm-b-tam?- H-cp- I-øn¬- Jp¿-B-\pw- adp-I-øn¬hm-fp-am-bn- h-∂v- ""H-∂p-In¬- sXm-∏n-bn-Sp-I-;- A-s√-¶n¬- a-c-Wwhcn-°p-I-''-sb-∂v- I¬-∏n-°p-∂- ]-S-bm-fn-I-fp-sS- Iq-´m-bv-a-tbm?- Ad-_n-Iƒ-°n-Sb - n-se- A-\mNm-cß - ƒ-°v- A-dp-Xn-hc - p-Øm-\m-bn- aplΩ-Zv- \n¿-Ωn-s®-Sp-Ø- Ip-sd- \n-b-akw-ln-X-I-tfm?- Cu- `q-an-bn-seZp-cnX-߃- Xo¿-°p-I-sb-∂- e-£yw- ]-c-a-{]-[m-\-am-bn-°m-Wp-∂H-cp- Po-hn-X- ]-≤-Xn-tbm?- C-sXm-∂p-a-√- b-Ym¿-∞-Øn¬- C-kvemw.]n-s∂-sb-¥v?C-kv-emw- H-cp- a-Xam-Ip-∂p-;- a-X-sa-∂- kw-Pv-R-bp-sS- k-ºq¿Æam-b- A¿-∞-Øn¬.-- C-kv-emw- ssZ-h-Øm¬- ]-cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Ø-s∏Sp-∂-Xv- "Zo≥'- F-∂m-Wv.- "Xo¿-®-bm-bpw- A-√m-lp-hn-s≥-d- A-Sp-Øp\n-∂p-≈- Zo-\m-Ip-∂p C-kv-emw'1 F-∂m-Wv- Jp¿-B≥- ]-cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xv.- "Zo≥'- F-∂- ]-Z-Øn-\v- a-e-bm-f-Øn¬- \¬-Im≥- I-gnbp-∂- G-‰h - pw- \-√- ]-cn-`m-j "a-Xw'- F-∂p- X-s∂-bm-Ip-∂p.- sk°pe-dn-kv-‰p-I-fpw- kv-Ym-]-\a-X-ß-fp-sS- h-Iv-Xm-°-fpw- a-X-sa-∂v- ]-d bp-tºm-gp-≈- hn-h-£b-n¬-\n-∂v- Xn-I-®pw- hy-Xy-kv-X-am-b- Hcp- ho£-W-am-Wv- C-kv-em-an-s\-°p-dn-®v- a-X-sa-∂v- hy-h-l-cn-°p-tºmƒD≠m-th-≠-sX-∂v- am-{Xw.- ]-≈n-aq-e-I-fn-epw- `-P-\-am-e-I-fn-epwam{Xw- H-Xp-ßn- \n¬-t°-≠-Xm-Wv- a-X-sa-∂- ]m-iv-Nm-Xy≥- a-tXXc- k-¶¬-∏w- C-kv-em-an-\v- A--\-y-am-Wv.- ]p-tcm-ln-X-s≥-d-tbm- k`bpsS-tbm- I¬-∏-\-I-f-\p-k-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv- a-X-sa-∂- kvYm-]-\-a-X-ßfp-sS- X-Xz-im-kv-{X-hpw- C-kv-em-an-I-kn-≤m-¥-߃-°v- hn-cp≤-amWv.ssZ-h-Øn-s≥-d- hn-[n-hn-e-°p-Iƒ-°v- hn-t[-b-am-bn- Po-hn-X-Øn-s≥d1.- Jp¿-B≥- 3:-19

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k-I-e- c-w-K-ß-fpw- ]-cn-h¿-Øn-∏n-°p-I-bm-Wv- C-kv-emw- sN-øp-∂Xv.- A-hn-sS- hy-Iv-Xn-]-c-hpw- I-p-Spw-_-]-c-hpw- km-a-q-ln-I-hpw- cmjv{So-b-hp-am-b- cw-K-ß-sfm-∂pw-X-s∂- a-X-Øn-s≥-d- hn[n-hn-e-°p-Ifn¬- \n-∂v- ap-Iv-X-a-√.- H-cp- cw-K-Øpw- X-∂n-jv-Sw- {]-h¿Øn-°m≥C-kv-emw- A-\p-h-Zn-°p-∂n-√.- C-kv-em-an-s\- a-X-sa-∂v- hy-h l-cn°ptºmƒ,- A-Xv- tI-h-em¿-∞-Øn-se-Sp-°p-∂-Xv,- A-Xp-sIm ≠pXs∂,- i-cn-bm-b- co-Xn-b-√.t-Ih - e - a - m-b- H-cp- Po-hn-X] - ≤ - X - n-bp-sS- ]-X\ - Ø - n-te-°v- C-kvemans\- F-Sp-Øp-sh-°p-∂X - pw- i-cn-bm-b- hy-hl - m-cco-Xn-bm-sW-∂v- ]d™p-Iq-S.- kp-µ-ckp-tam-l-\-am-b- H-cp- `u-Xn-I-tem-I-sa-∂- D-t´m∏n-b≥- [m-c-W-I-fp-b¿-Øn- A-Xn-\p-]n-∂n¬- ]-c-°w- ]m-bm≥- B lzm-\w- sN-øp-∂- "{]-Xy-bi - m-kv{- Xß'-fp-sS- co-Xn- C-kve - m-an-\v- A] cn-Nn-Xa - m-Wv.- ]-ct- em-Ih - n-izm-kØ - n-em-Wv- C-ke v- m-an-s≥-d- ASnØdkv-Yn-Xn-sN-øp-∂-Xv.- I¿Ω-^-ew- Cu- `u-Xn-I-tem-I-Øn¬-sh®pX-s∂- e-`n-°-W-sa-∂- "Po-hn-X- ]-≤-Xn'-I-fp-S- ap-jv-°v- C-kv-emanIhn-cp-≤-am-Wv.- "{]-Xy-b- im-kv-{X'-ß-fp-sS- ho-£-W-Øn¬- a-c-Wm\¥-cPo-hn-Xw- an-Yy- am-{X-hp-a-√-;- ]n-¥n-cn-∏-\p-am-Wv.- Cu- tem-IØvkz¿-§w- ]-Wn-bm-\p-≈- B-th-iØ - n-a¿-∏n¬- ]p-tcm-Ka - \ - w- \-SØ - p∂P-\-X-°v- a-Xw- sIm-Sp-°p-∂- a-b-°p-a-cp-∂p-I-fn-¬- G-‰-hpw- am-c-I am-b-Xm-Wv- ]-c-tem-I- hn-izm-k-sa-∂m-Wv- Cu- \q‰m-≠n-s≥-d- X-Xzim-kv-{X-sa-∂v- \o-tj- hn-ti-jn--∏n-®- am¿-Iv-kn-k Øns≥-d- A-`n{]m-bw.- F-∂m¬,- Cu- tem-I-sØ- ]-cn-h¿-Øn-∏n-°m-\p-≈- i-IvX-am-b- B-bp-[-hpw- a-\p-jy-I-Øn-s≥-d- k-hn-ti-jamb- A-kv-XnXzØn-s≥-d- ]q¿-Æ-X-°p-th-≠n-bp-≈- tX-´-Øn-s≥-d- DØ-c-hp-am-bn´m-Ip-∂p- C-kv-emw- ]-c-tem-I-sØ- Im-Wp-∂-Xv.- anYym-kz-]v-\-ßfpsS- ]n-∂n-tem-Sm≥- B-lzm-\w- sN-bp-∂- `u-Xn-I-{]Xy-b-im-kv-{X ß-fp-sS- co-Xn-bn¬-\n-∂v- Xn-I-®pw- hy-Xy-kv-X-am-bn,- Fs∂-∂pw\n-e-\n¬-°p-∂- a-c-Wm-\-¥-c-Po-hn-X-Øn-se- hn-P-bØn-\p-th-≠n{]-h¿-Øn-°m-\m-Wv- C-kv-emw- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-]-c-am-bn- B-lzm-\w- sNøp-∂-Xv.C-kv-emw,- ap-kv-enw-I-fp-sS- a-X-tam- ]-≈n-bp-sS- a-X-tam- ]p-tcmlnX-s≥-d-tbm- ]p-tcm-ln-X-k-`-I-fp-sS-tbm- a-X-tam- G-sX-¶nepw- Hcpcm-jv-{S-Øn-s≥-d- a-X-tam- A-√.- a-\p-jy-cp-sS- tam-N-\-Øn-\p-th-≠n-

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{]-]-©-{k-jv-Sm-hv- A-h-X-cn-∏n-®- Z¿-i-\-as{X- A-Xv.- Ip-sd- hn-[n hn-e° - p-If - pw- \n-ba - ß - f - pw- I¿-Ωß - f - pw- hn-izm-kß - f - p-am-WX - n-s≥dD-≈-S-°w.- C-h- kzo-I-cn-®- hy-Iv-Xn- ap-kv-en-am-bn- am-dp-∂p.- ap-kvenwam-Xm-]n-Xm-°-fp-sS- k-¥-Xn-bm-bn- ]n-d-∂-h≥,- B- ]n-d-hn-sIm-≠vam-{Xw- ap-kv-en-am-hp-∂n-√.- ssZ-hn-Ihn-[n-hn-e-°p-Iƒ- ]-m-en-®v- Pohn°m-≥- Ah-≥- X-øm-dm-bm¬- C-kve - m-an-Ih - r-ØØ - n-\I - Ø - pw,-- Xømds√-¶n¬- A-Xn-\v- ]p-d-Øp-am-Wv- Ah-s≥-d- kv-Ym-\w.- A-Xp-t]mseX-s∂- A-ap-kve - nw- am-Xm-]n-Xm-°f - p-sS- k-¥X - n-If - m-bn- ]n-d∂ - - hyIvXn- ssZ-hn-I-hn-[n-hn-e-°p-Iƒ- ]m-en-°m≥- X-øm-dm-bm¬- A-h≥"ap-kv-enw'- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.- P-∑w- sIm-≠p-am-{Xw- tam-£-Øn¬\n-∂v- A-bn-Øw- I¬-∏n-°p-∂- k-{º-Zm-bw- C-kv-em-an-\v- A-]-cn-NnX-am-Wv.- ]-≈n-tbm- ]-≈n-ta-[m-hn-I-tfm- ssZ-hn-I-hn-[n-hn-e-°-pIf-\p-k-cn-®v- {]-h¿-Øn-°p-∂n-S-tØm-fw- A-h- C-kv-em-an-I-am-bn-cn°pw.- ]-Wv-Un-X≥- ssZ-hn-I-t{km-X- p-Iƒ- D-]-tbm-Kn-®v- k-aq lsØ- \-bn-°p-tºmƒ- kzo-Im-cy-\m-bn-cn-°pw.- cm-jv-{Sw- ssZ-hnIhn-[n-hn-e-°p-Iƒ- ]m-en-®v- hn-[n- I¬-∏n-°p-tºmƒ- A-h- C-kv-emanI-sa-∂v- hn-fn-°-s∏-Spw.H-cp- Z¿-i-\w- k-ºq¿-Æ-hpw- ]-cn-h¿-Ø-\-Øn-s‚- \n-an-Ø-hpamsW-∂v- ]-d-bm≥- I-gn-bp-I,- A-Xn-s≥-d- kn-≤m-¥-߃- Ip-‰-a-‰-Xpw{]mtbm-Kn-Ia - m-hp-Ib - pw- sN-øp-tºmƒ- am-{X-am-Wv.- kp-µa - m-b- kn≤m¥-߃- ]-S-°p-∂-Xn-t\-°mƒ- {]-bm-k-I-c-am-Wv- {]m-tbm-Kn-I-ambX-Xzß-fm-hn-jv-°-cn-°p∂Xv.- C-kv-emw- hn-P-bn-°p-∂Xv- C-hn-sSbm-Wv.- A-Xn-s≥-d- kn-≤m-¥-߃- Ip-‰-a-‰-Xm-Wv;- kp-µ-c-am-Wv.AtXm-sSm-∏w- {]m-tbm-Kn-I-hp-am-Wv.C-kv-em-an-s≥-d- kn-≤m-¥-߃- s]m-Xp-sh- aq-∂v- km-t¶-Xn-Ii-_v-Z-ß-fm¬- {]-Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-°-s∏-Sm-dp-≠v.- Xu-lo-Zv,- cn-km-e-Øv,B-Jn-dØ - v.- Xu-lo-Zv- ssZ-hn-I- k-Øb - p-sS- am-{Xw- {]-tXy-IX - b - mbG-IX - z-sØ- hn-fw-_c - w- sN-øp-∂p.- ssZ-hn-Ia - m¿-KZ¿-i\ - s - Ø-bmWvcn-km-e-Xv- {]-Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-°p-∂-Xv.- a-c-W-hp-w- a-c-Wm-\-¥-c- Po-hnXhp-am-Wv- B-Jn-d-Øv- sIm-≠p-≈- hn-h-£.Cu- {]-]-©-Øn-se- k-I-e- h-kv-Xp-°-fpw- A-Xn-\-∏p-d-Øp-≈H-∂n-s\- tX-Sp-∂p.- Hm-tcm- h-kv-Xp-X-°pw- Im-c-W-ßf-t\z-jn-°p∂-h-\m-Wv- a-\p-jy≥.- ]-c-am-Wp- ap-X¬-- \-£-{X-Pm-e߃- h-scbp-

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≈- sN-dp-Xpw- h-ep-Xp-am-b- {]m-]-©n-I-h-kv-Xp-°-sfm-∂pw -X-s∂C-Xn-∂-]-hm-Z-a-√.- Hm-tcm-∂n-s≥-d-bpw- Im-c-Ww- I-s≠-Øp-tºmƒB- Im-cW - Ø - n-s≥-d- Im-cW - a - t\z-jn-°p-∂- A-hk - vY - b - p-≠m-hp-∂p.Cu- irw-J-e- A-\-¥-am-bn- Xp-S¿-∂v- t]m-Ip-∂n-√.- A-Xv- Im-c-Wß-fm-h-iy-an-√m-Ø- H-cp- i-Iv-Xn-bn¬- A-h-km-\w- F-Øn-t®-cp-Ibm-Wv- sN-øp-∂-Xv.- B- i-Iv-Xn-bm-Ip-∂p- F-√m- A-t\z-j-W-ß-fpsS-bpw- A-¥yw.- k-I-e-hn-[- A-t\z-j-W-ß-fpw- tX-´-ß-fpw- Cu]-ca - a - m-b- A¥y-Øn-se-Øp-tºmƒ- A-hk - m-\n-°p-∂p.- {]-]© - Ønse- H-scm-‰- {]-Xn-`m-k-hpw- Im-c-W-am-h-iy-an-√m-Ø-Xm-bn- \-ap-°vIm-Wm≥- I-gn-bp-∂n-√.- h-ep-Xpw- sN-dp-Xp-am-b- F-√m- h-kv-Xp-°fpw- Im-c-Ww- tX-Sp-∂p.- A-t∏mƒ- Im-c-W-ß-fm-h-iy-an√m-Ø- ]cmi-Iv-Xn- {]-]-©-Øn-\v- ]p-d-Øp-≈-Xm-bn-cn-°-Ww.- ]-Zm¿-∞m-Xo-X\m-bn-cn-°-Ww.- ]-Zm¿-∞m-Xo-X-\m-b- Cu- {]-]-©-{k-jv-Sm-hn-s\bm-W- v- C-kv-emw- "A-√m-lp'- F-∂v- hn-fn-°p-∂-Xv.A-√m-lp,- tI-h-e-am-b- H-cp- i-Iv-Xn-tbm- D¨-a-bn-√m-Ø- H-cpDu¿-Pv-P-cq-]-tam- am-{X-am-sW-∂v- C-kv-emw- ]-Tn-∏n-°p-∂n-√.- ssZhnI-kØ - - a-\p-jy-s≥-d- hn-iZ- o-Ic - W - Ø - n-\X - o-Xa - m-Wv.- A-hs - ≥-d- iIvXn-bm¬- \n-e\ - n¬-°p-∂- {]m-]© - n-I- h-kvX - p-°ƒ- am-{X-am-Wv- Ahs\-°p-dn-®- A-dn-hv- \¬-Ip-∂-Xv-;- A-h≥- A-dn-bn-®-p-X-∂- Zn-hy-shfn]m-Sp-I-fn-eq-sS- am-{X-ta- A-h-s≥-d- k-Ø-bp-sS- kz-`m-h-sØ-°pdn®v\-ap-°v- A-d-n-bm≥- I-gn-bq.{]-]-©-Øn-\v- H-cp- Im-c-W-ap-s≠-∂- C-kv-em-an-I- ho-£-Ww`u-Xn-I-{]-Xy-b-im-kv-{X-ß-fn¬-\n-∂v- A-Xn-s\- hy-Xn-cn-Iv-X-am-°p∂p.- {]-]-©-Øn-\-Xo-X-am-bn- a-s‰m-∂p-ap-≈-Xm-bn- k-¶¬-∏n-°m≥`u-Xn-I-hm-Z-Øn-s≥-d- ap-jv-° -- v- A-Xn-s\- A-\p-h-Zn-°p-∂n-√.- \yqt´mWn-b≥- ^n-kn-Iv-kn-s≥-d- D¬-]-∂-am-b- {]-]-©w- H-cp- b-{¥-am-sW ∂- [m-c-W-bp-sS- ]p¬-s°m-Sn-bn-embn-cp-∂p- `u-Xn-I-hm-Z-Øn-s≥di-Iv-X-am-b- ]n-Sp-Øw.- {]-]-©w- H-cp- b-{¥-am-sW-∂- [m-c-W- i-cn b-s√-∂v- C-∂v- \-ap-°d - n-bmw.- {]-]© - s - Ø- hn-iZ- o-Ic - n-°W-sa-¶n¬˛]q¿-Æ-am-bn- a-\- n-em-°-W-sa-¶n¬- t]m-epw-˛ kv-Y-e-Im-e-ss\c¥-cy-Øn-t≥-d-Xm-b- Cu- {]-]-©-Øn-\v- ]p-d-Øv- I-S-°-W-sa-∂ho£-W-am-Wv- B-[p-\n-I- `u-Xn-I-im-kv-{X-Øn-\p-≈-Xv.- sF≥-kv‰bn-s≥-d- B-t]-£n-I-kn-≤m-¥-hpw- ssl-k≥- _¿-§n-s≥-d- A-\niv-

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Nn-X-Xz-kn-≤m-¥-hpw- `u-Xn-I-hm-Z-Øn-s≥-d- ap-\-sbm-Sn-®n-cn-°p-∂psh-∂-Xm-Wv- hm-kv-X-hw.B-dp-Zn-h-k-sØ- {]-]-©-kr-jv-Sn-sb-∂- "`m-cn-®- tPm-en'- \n¿∆ln-®v- G-gmw- Zn-h-kw- hn-{i-an-°p-I-bpw- ]n-s∂,- kz¿-§-cm-Py-Øncp∂v- {]-]-©-Øn-s≥-d- hn-I-r-Xn-Iƒ- I-≠v- c-kn-°p-I-bpw- sN-øp∂ssZ-h-a-√- C-kv-emw- ]-cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂- A-√m-lp.- I-√p-ap-X¬Im-™n-c-°p-‰n-h-sc-bp-≈- A-tN-X-\hpw- k-tN-X-\-hp-am-b- h-kvXp°-fn-se-√mw- H-fn-™n-cn-°p-∂- Hcp- k-Ø-bm-Wv- ssZ-h-Øn-\p-≈sX-∂v- C-kve - mw- ]-Tn-∏n-°p-∂p-an-√.- {]-]© - Ø - n-s≥-d- kr-jvS- n-∏n\pw]-cn-]m-e-\-Øn-\pw- Im-c-W-°m-c-\m-Wv- A-√m-lp.- {]-Ir-Xn-bn-seHm-tcm- {]-Xn-`m-k-߃-°p-]n-∂n-epw- ssZ-h-Øn-s≥-d- i-Iv-Xn-bp-≠v.C-hn-S-sØ- F-√m- hy-h-kv-Ym-]n-X-Xz-Øn-s≥-d-bpw- tI-{µ-am-W-h≥.B-‰-Øn-s≥-d- kv-]-µ-\-ß-fn¬- ap-X¬- B-Im-i-tKm-f-ßf-- psS- BI¿-j-W-ß-fn¬-h-sc- ssZ-hØn-s≥-d- Pv-Rm-\-hpw- i-Iv-Xn-bp-ap≠v.]-t£,- A-h≥- A-h-°p-≈n-sem∂pw- H-fn-™n-cn-°p-∂n-√.- ssZhnI-k-Ø- {]-]-©-Øn-\-Xo-X-am-Wv;-- F-∂m¬- ssZ-hn-I-i-Iv-Xn- {]-]©w- ap-gp-h≥- \n-d-™p-\n¬-°p-∂p.C-kv-em-an-I- ho-£-W-{]-Im-cw- c-≠p-X-cw- bm-Ym¿-∞y-ß-fp-≠v.{k-jv-Sm-hpw- kr-jv-Sn-I-fpw.- A-√m-lp-hm-Wv- {k-jv-Sm-hv.- _m-°nsb√m-h-cpw- kr-jv-Sn-I-fm-Wv.- {kjv-Sm-hn-\v- Xp-ey-am-bn- bm-sXm-∂pwX-s∂-bn-√.- ]-t£,- kr-jv-Sn-I-fpw- bm-Ym¿-∞yw- X-s∂-bm-Wv.- {]]©w- an-Yybpw- am-b-bp-am-sW-∂- A-ssZz-X ho-£-W-hp-am-bn- Ckvemw- s]m-cp-Øs - ∏-Sp-∂n-√.- ]-ca - h - pw- B-Xy-¥n-Ih -- p-am-b- k-Øb - mWvA-√m-lp-hn-t≥-d-Xv.- A-h≥- A-Xp-ey-\pw- A-Zzn-Xo-b-\p-am-Wv.- A-P ø-\pw- A-{]m-aZ- n-X\ - p-am-Wv.- k¿-∆i - I - vX - \ - pw- k¿-∆I - m-eP - vR - m-\nbpam-Wv.- k¿-t∆m-∂-X-\pw- k¿-∆-tem-I- {k-jv-Sm-hp-am-Wv.- \n-cm-{ib \pw- k-I-e-cm-epw- B-{i-bn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-h-\p-am-W-v.- ]-c-a-Im-cp-Wn-I \pw- I-cp-Wm\n-[n-bp-am-Wv.- k-Kp-W-\pw- k-ºq¿-Æ-\p-am-Wv.- A-h s≥-d- kr-jvS- n-Iƒ- A-hs - \- B-{i-bn-®v- \n-e\ - n¬-°p-∂- bm-Ym¿∞yß-fm-Ip-∂p.tem-Iw- am-bb - m-sW-∂- Nn-¥m-KX - n- {]-Im-cw,-- {_-lva - m-hn-\v- h∂p`-hn-®- Zu¿-`m-Ky-am-b- H-cp- kw-`-h-am-Wv- kr-jv-Sn.- H-cp- ssI-∏-n-g.A-X-v k-w-`-hn-®n-√m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶n¬- tem-Iw-X-s∂- D-≠m-hp-am-bn-

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cp-∂n-√-.- B-Zn-aa-\p-jy-s≥-d- ]m-]-Øm¬- kr-jv-Sn-Iƒ- ap-gp-h≥- ]m]-hpw- Xn-∑-bp-am-bn-Øo¿-∂p-sh-∂- ]u-tem-kns≥-d1- ho-£W-Ønem-Wv- ss{I-kv-X-h- k-`- kv-Ym-]n-X-am-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.- Cu- ho£W{]-Im-cw- {]-Ir-Xn-bn¬- a-\p-jy≥- \-S-Øp-∂- ]-cn-{i-a-ß-fpw- A≤zm\-ß-fp-sa-√mw- A-h-s\- ssZ-hn-I- am¿-§-Øn¬-\n-∂v- hy-Xn-Nen-∏n°m-\m-Wp-X-Ip-I.Cu- c-≠v- Nn-¥m-K-Xn-I-fpw- C-kv-emw- Aw-Ko-I-cn-°p-∂n-√.{]]©w- ssZ-h-Øn-s≥-d- kr-jv-Sn-bpw- k-Ωm-\-hp-am-Wv.- {]-Ir-Xnbn¬- \-S-°p-∂Xv- ssZhn-I\n-b-a-ß-fp-sS- km-£m-Xv-°m-c-am-Ip-∂p.krjv-Sn,- ssZ-h-Øn-\v- kw-`-hn-®- A-_-≤-tam- ssI-∏n-g-tbm- A-√-;{]-Xyp-X- a-l-Øm-b- D-t±-i-ß-tfm-Spw- ap-≥-\n-iv-N-b-tØm-Spw-Iq-Snkw-`-hn-®-Xm-Wv- A-Xv.- Nc¬-°-√p-Iƒ- ap-X¬- ta-L-]-S-e-߃- hsc-bpw- D-]-B-t‰m-an-I-IW-߃- ap-X¬- \-£-{X-Pm-e-߃- h-scbpw- A-ao-_- ap-X¬- \o-eØn-anw-K-ew-h-sc-bpw- sN-dp-Xpw- h-ep-Xpam-b- A-tN-X-\-˛k-tN-X-\- h-kv-Xp-°-fp-sS-sb-√mw- kr-jv-Sn-∏n-\v]n-∂n¬- hy-Iv-X-am-b- Hm-tcm- ssZ-hn-I- D-t±-i-ß-fp-≠v.- C-h-sbm∂pw- sh-dp-sX- kr-jv-Sn-®-X-s√-∂v- Jp¿-B≥-2 ]-Tn-∏n-°p-∂p.kr-jv-Sn-I-fn¬,- hy-Xn-cn-Iv-X-hpw- k-hn-ti-j-hp-am-b- A-kv-Xn-Xzap-≈- Po-hn-bm-Wv- a-\p-jy-s\-∂m-Wv- C-kv-em-an-s≥-d- A-[ym-]-\w.k-tN-X\ - h - pw- A-tN-X\ - h - p-am-b- a-s‰-√m- h-kX v- p-°f - n¬-\n-∂pw- XnI®pw- hy-Xy-kv-X-am-b- hy-Iv-Xn-Xz-am-Wv- A-h-∂p-≈-Xv.- a-\p-jy-krjvSn-°p-]n-∂n¬- A-Xn-al - Ø - m-b- H-cp- e-£y-ap-≠v.- `q-an-bn-se- J-eo^bm-Wv- a-\p-jy≥.- kz-X-{¥-am-b- ssI-Im-cyI-¿-Xr-Xz-hpw- A-[o-im[n-Im-c-ß-fp-ap-≈- G-I-Po-hn.- {]-]-©-sØ- D-]tbm-Kn-°m-\pw- {]Ir-Xn-sb- kzm-[o-\n-°m-\pw- I-gn-bp-∂- H-tc-sbm-cp- kr-jv-Sn,- {]-I-rXn-°-\p-k-cn-®v- am-{Xw- \n-e-\n¬-°m-≥- I-gn-bp-∂- a-\p-tjy-X-c- krjv-Sn-I-fn¬-\n-∂v- hy-Xy-kv-X-am-bn,- kzX-{¥-am-b- ssI-Im-cyw-- I¿Ø-r-Xz-sa-∂- D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Øw- (A-am-\Øv)- \¬-I-s∏-´- G-I- krjv-Sn-b-s{X- a-\p-jy≥.- B-Im-i-ß-fpw- `q-an-bpw- ]¿-∆-X-ß-fp-sa-√mwX-s∂- G-s‰-Sp-°m-≥- hn-k-Ω-Xn-®- a-l-Øm-b- hn-izm-kZu-Xyw- Gs‰-Sp-Øh - \ - m-bn-´m-Wv- a\p-jy-s\- Jp¿-B≥-3 ]-cn-Nb - s - ∏-Sp-Øp-∂Xv.1.- tdm-a¿- 5:-12 2.- Jp¿-B≥- 21:-16 3.- Jp¿-B≥- 33:-72.-

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{]-Ir-Xn-bn--se- a-s‰-√m- h-kv-Xp-°-fpw- ssZ-hn-Ia-m-b- I¬-∏-\-I-sfkzm-`m-hn-I-am-bn- ]q¿Øo-I-cn-°p-tºmƒ,- X-s≥-d- C-jv-S-Øn-\-\pk-cn-®v- ssZ-hn-I-I¬-]-\-Iƒ- k-zo-I-cn-°p-I-tbm- Xn-c-kv-°-cn-°pI-tbm- sN-øm-\p-≈- kzmX-{¥yw- \¬-I-s∏-´- G-I-Po-hn-bm-Wv- a\pjy≥.- "A-am-\-Øv'- \¬-I-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂- "`q-an-bn-se- J-eo-^'-sb∂vC-kve - mw- A-hs - \- ]cn-Nb - s - ∏-Sp-Øp-tºmƒ- C-Xm-Wp-t±-in-°p-∂Xv.kz-X-{¥-am-b- I-gnhp-I-fn-eq-sS- k-z-¥w- `m-Kt[-bw- \n¿-Æ-bn-°m≥A-h-k-cw- \¬-I-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂- G-I- Po-hn-b-m-b- a-\p-jy-\v,- BIgn-hp-I-sf- kr-jv-Sn-]-c-am-bn- D-]tbm-Kn-®v- Po-hn-X-hn-P-bw- t\-Sp I-tbm- \m-i-I-c-am-bn- D-]tbm-Kn-®v- \-jv-S-s∏-´-h-\m-bn- am-dp-I-tbmsN-ømw.C-kv-emw- a-\p-jy-s\-°m-Wp-∂-Xv- N-cn-{Xw- kr-jv-Sn-°p-∂- Pohnbm-bn-´m-Wv.- a\p-jy≥- N-cn-{X-Øn-s≥-d- kr-jv-Sn-bm-sW-∂- am¿-Ivkn-b≥- X-Xz-im-kv-{X-hp-am-bn- A-Xv- hn-tbm-Pn-°p-∂-p-.- {]m-]-©n-I\n-b-a-߃-°-\p-k-cn-®v- am-{Xw- N-en-°m≥- hn-[n-°-s∏-´- H-cp- "C-cpIm-en- ]-Zm¿-∞w'- am-{X-am-bn- a-\p-jy-s\- a-\- n-em-°p-∂- co-Xntbm-Sv- C-kve - mw- tbm-Pn-°p-∂n-√.- N-cn-{X-sØ- X-s∂- am-‰n- a-dn-°m≥I-gn-bp-∂- Po-hn-bm-Wv- C-kv-em-an-I- ho-£-W-Øn-se- a-\p-jy≥.\mw- ap-ºv- a-\- n-em-°n-b-Xp-t]m-se-,- {]-Ir-Xn-sb- D-]tbm-Kn °m≥- I-gn-bp-∂- G-I-Po-hn-bm-b- a-\p-jy-\v- C-∆n-j-b-I-am-b- ssZhn-I- am¿-§- \n¿-t±-i-߃- B-hiy-am-Wv.- ssZ-hn-I-am¿-§-\n¿-t±-iß-fp-sS- A-Sn-kv-Ym\-Øn-e-√m-sXbp-≈-- {]-Ir-Xn-bp-sS- D-]-t`mKwa-\p-jy-h¿-§-Øn-s≥-d- X-s∂- \mi-Øn-\v- am-{X-ta- tl-Xp-hm-Ip-I bp-≈q.- a-\p-jy≥- F-ßs - \- a-\p-jy-\m-bn- Po-hn-°W-sa-∂v- a-\pjy\-√m-Ø- H-cp- D-∂-Xm-kv-Xn-Xz-Øn-\v- am-{Xta- ]-d-™p- X-cm-\m-hq.{kjvS- m-h√ - m-sX- kr-jvS- n-If - n-sem-∂pw X - s - ∂- a-\p-jy-tc-°mƒ- D∂X-c-s√-∂v- \-ap°-dn-bmw.- A-t∏mƒ- {k-jv-Sm-hn-s≥-d- X-s∂- am¿-§\n¿-t±-i-߃- - e-`n-°-Ww \-a-p-°v-.- C-kv-em-an-s≥-d- Im-gv-N-∏m-Sn-¬{]-hm-NI - ∑ - m¿- ap-gp-h≥- A-hX - o¿-Æa - m-bX - v- Cu-sbm-cp- e-£y-Øn\vth-≠n-bm-bn-cp-∂p.- a-\p-jy¿- F-ß-s\- a-\p-jy-cm-bn- Po-hn-°-Wsa-∂v- ]-d-™p-sIm-Sp-°m≥-;- ssZ-hn-I-am¿-§- \n¿-t±-i-߃- {]mtbmKn-I-am-bn- Po-hn-X-Øn¬- ]-I¿-Øn- X-ß-fp-sS- k-l-Po-hn-Iƒ-°vam-Xr-I-I-fm-hm≥- th-≠n-bm-Wv- ssZ-hn-I- t_m-[-\w- e-`n-®- Akw-

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Jyw- {]-hm-N-I-∑m¿- Cu- tem-I-Øn-te-°v- h-∂X-v.- C-kv-em-an-s≥-dkm-t¶-Xn-I-i-_v-Z-am-b- "cn-km-e-Øv-'- {]-Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-°p-∂-Xv- CuB-i-b-sØ-bm-Wv.- ssZ-h-hpw- a-\p-jy-cpw- X-Ωn-¬-,- B-Im-i-hpw`q-an-bpw- X-Ωn¬,- cn-km-e-Øn-eq-sS- _-\v-[-s∏-Sp-∂p.{]-hm-N-I-∑m¿- ssZ-h-ß-tfm- Zn-hymw-i-ap-≈-h-tcm- B-sW-∂vC-kv-emw- ]-Tn-∏n-°p-∂n-√.- "a-\p-jy¿- `q-an-bn¬- F¥m-bn-Øo-c-Wtam,-- B-Im-iØ - n-ep-≈- ssZ-hw- C-dß - n-h∂ - v- A-Xm-bn-Øo¿-∂v- amXrI-bm-hp-I'-sb-∂- - A-h-Xm-c-k-¶¬-]-hp-am-bn- C-kv-em-an-se- {]hmN-I-X-zØn-ep-≈- hn-izm-k-w- Xm-Xz-n-I-ssh-cp-≤yw- ]p-e¿-Øp-∂p.a\p-jy-cp-sS- k-I-e-hn-[- N-]-e-X-I-tfm-Spw-Iq-Sn- ssZ-hw- C-d-ßnh-cp-∂p-sh-∂- hm-Zw- k¿-∆-i-Iv-X-s≥-d- ]-cn-ip-≤n-sb- I-f-¶-s∏-SpØp-I-bm-Wv- sN-øp-∂-Xv.- a-\p-jy¿- F-ß-s\- Po-hn-°-W-sa-∂vssZhw- a-\p-jy-cq-]w- ]q-≠p-Im-Wn-®p- X-cn-I-sb-∂- k-¶¬-]wXs∂- A¿-∞-an-√m-Ø-Xm-Wv.- k¿-∆-i-Iv-X-\m-Wv- ssZ-hw.- A-h∂v`-£W - t- am- hn-Im-c]q¿-Øo-Ic - W - t- am- B-hi - yan-√.- A-h≥- a-\pjycq-]-Øn¬- C-d-ßn-h-∂m-epw- hn-Im-c-ß-tfm- am-\p-jy-I-am-b- tNmZ\-It- fm- C-√m-sX- \n-e\ - n¬-°mw.- F-∂m¬- a-\p-jy-t\m?- ssZ-hsØ-A-\p-I-cn-®p-sIm-≠v- `-£-W-]m-\o-b-ß-tfm- ssh-Im-cn-I- ]q¿-ØoI-c-W-tam- C-√m-sX- Po-hn-°p-I- A-h-∂v- A-km≤yw.- ssZ-h-a-√-;a\p-jy-cm-Wv- a-\p-jy¿-°p-≈- am-Xr-I-I-fm-bn- h-tc-≠-Xv.- ssZ-hnIam¿-§- \n¿-t±-i-Ø-n-s\m-Øv- a-\p-jy≥- F-ßn-s\- Po-hn-°-W-sa∂v{]m-tbm-Kn-I-am-bn- Im-Wn-®p-sIm-Sp-t°-≠-Xv- a-\p-jy-cn¬-\n-∂p-≈{]-Xn-\n-[n-I-fm-Wv.{]-hm-NI - ∑ - m¿- ]-®b - m-b- a-\p-jy-cm-bn-cp-∂p.- A-h¿-°pw- hn-i∏pwZm-l-hp-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.- D-d-°-hpw- hn-{i-a-hp-am-h-iy-am-bn-cp-∂p.kt¥m-j-hpw- k-¥m-]-hp-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.- `m-cy-am-cpw- Ip-´n-I-fp-ap≠m-bn-cp-∂p:- a-\p-jy-cp-sS- F-√m- k-z` - m-hß - f - pw- A-h¿-°p-≠m-bncp∂p.- ]-t£,- hn-i-°ptºmƒ- A-\y-s≥-d- k-º-Øv- A-]-l-cn-°m-≥A-h¿- X-øm-dm-bn-√.- ssew-Kn-I-Zm-lw- i-an-∏n-°m≥- hy-`n-Nm-cØ -- ne-h¿ G¿-s∏-´n-√.- kt¥m-j-Øn¬- a-Xn-a-d-∂v- A-h¿- Iq-Øm-Sn-bn√.- k-¥m-]m-hk - c - ß - f - n¬- a-Zy- Ø - n-epw- a-b° - p-ac - p-∂p-If - n-epw- Ah¿A-`-bw- tX-Sn-bn-√.- `m-cy-am¿-°p-th-≠n- A-]-c-t\m-S-h¿- A-\o-Xn{]-h¿-Øn-®n-√.- Ip-´n-I-sf- t]m-‰m-\m-bn- A-{I-a-am¿-§-ß-fn-e-h¿-

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]Ww- k-ºm-Zn-®n-√.- A-h¿- a-\p-jy-cm-bn-cp-∂p.- ]q¿-Æ-cm-ba\pjy¿!hy-Xy-kv-X- k-aq-l-ß-fn¬- {]-hm-N-I-∑m¿- h-∂p,-- A-h-cp-sS- Zu Xyw- \n¿-∆-ln-®p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂p.- a-\p-jy-[n-j-W-bp-sS- h-f¿-®-°\p-k-cn-®v- \n-b-a-\n¿-t±-i-ß-fn¬- \n- m-c-am-b- am-‰-ß-fp-≠m-bn.]t£,- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-]c-am-bn-- ssZ-h-Øn-s≥-d- {]-hm-N-I-∑m-sc-√mw]-d-™-Xv- H-∂p-X-s∂-bm-bn-cp-∂p.- "A-Jn-emWv-U-hpw- ]-S-®v- ]-cn]m-en-°p-∂h-s\-- am-{Xw- B-cm-[n-°p-I-;- A-h-≥- A-b-®- {]-hm-N-I∑m-sc A-\p-k-cn-°p-I'.-- k-aq-lw- h-f¿-∂p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂p.- {]-hm-N I-∑m-sc-√mw- X-ß-fp-sS- {]-t_m-[-\-ß-tfm-sSm-∏w- X-s∂- A-h-km \w- h-cm-\n-cn-°p-∂- H-cp- a-lm-{]-hm-N-I-s\-°p-dn-®v- Zo¿-L-Z¿-i\wsN-bv-Xp.- am-\-h-cm-in- Im-Øn-cn-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p;-- tem-Im-h-km-\wh-sc-bp-≈- a-\p-jy¿-°v- ap-gp-h≥- am-Xr-I-bm-hm≥- sI¬-∏p-‰- Ba-lm-\p-`-h-s≥-d- B-K-a-\-Ø-n-\v- th-≠n.A-td-_y-°m-Wv- B- `m-Kyw- kn-≤n-®-Xv.- A-h-km-\-sØ- {]-hmNI-s≥-d- P-∑-Øn-\v- C-Sw- \¬-Im-\p-≈- `m-K-yw.- {In-kv-Xm-_v-Zw- 570 B-K-kv-‰v- 29\v- B-an-\-bp-sS-bpw- A-_v-Zp-√-bp-sS-bpw- ]p-{X-\m-bnap-l-Ω-Zv P-\n-®p.- H-cp- km-[m-c-W- A-d-_n- _m-e-\m-bn- A-t±-lwh-f¿-∂p.- A-\m-Y-Xz-Øn-s≥-d- I-bv-]p-\o-cp-Ip-Sn-®v- h-f¿-∂- B- Ip´n,sN-dp-∏w- ap-X-te- k-Xy-k-\v-[-\pw- ku-ay-io-e-\p-sa-∂- t]-cv- kºmZn-®p.- C-cp-]-Øn-b-©m-a-sØ- h-b- n¬- A-t±-l-Øn-s≥-d- kz-`m-hssh-in-jv-Sy-Øn¬- B-Ir-jv-S-bm-b- J-Zo-P-sb-∂- \m¬-]-X-v h-b p-Im-cn-bm-b- Ip-eo-\-kv-{Xo-sb- hn-hm-lw- I-gn-®p.- kz-`m-h-sshin-jv-Syw-sIm-≠v- {i-t≤-b-\m-b- A-t±-lw- \m-Sn-\pw- X-d-hm-Sn-\pwth-≠-s∏-´-h-\m-bn- h-f¿-∂p-;- \m¬-∏-Xv- h-b- p-h-sc-.\m¬-]-Xmw-h-b- n-em-Wv- A-t±-l-Øn-\v- {]-hm-N-I-Xzw- e-`n-®Xv.{]-]-©-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- k-Xyw- A-t±-lw- {]-Jym-]n-®p:-- "Cutem-Is - Ø- ]-S° - p-Ib - pw- ]-cn-]m-en-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-Ib - pw- sN-øp∂G-I\ - m-b- A-√m-lp-hn-s\- am-{X-ta- B-cm-[n-°m≥- ]m-Sp-≈q.- Ah≥A-b-®- {]-hm-N-I-\m-Wv- Rm≥.- F-s∂- A\p-k-cn-°p-I.- Cu- PohnX-Øn-s≥-d- A-¥y-am-b- a-c-Ww- a-s‰m-cp- Po-hn-X-Øn-s≥-d- Xp-S-°am-hp-∂p.- a-cW - m-\¥ - c - - Po-hn-Xw-.- A-hn-sS- sh-®m-Wv- C-lt- em-IØn-

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se- sN-bv-Xn-Iƒ-°v- ]q¿-Æ-am-b- {]-Xn-^-ew- e-`n-°p-I.- \-∑- sNbvX-h-\v- kz¿-§w.- Xn-∑- sN-bv-X-h-\v- \-c-Iw.- ]-c-tem-I-Øn¬-- k-z¿§wt\-Sn-sb-Sp-°p-I-bm-Wv- a-\p-jy- Po-hn-X-Øn-s≥-d- ]-c-a-am-b- e-£yw.B- e-£y-Øn-te-°v- \-S-∂p-\o-ßm≥- ssZ-hw- \n-tbm-Kn-®-b-®-- {] hm-N-I-s≥-d- Po-hn-X-co-Xn- ]n≥-]-‰p-I-bm-Wv- th-≠-Xv'- C-Xm-Wv- At±-l-Øn-s≥-d- D-]-tZ-i-ß-fp-sS- c-Xv-\-®p-cp-°w.k-Xyw- ]-d-™- ap-l-Ω-Zv- (k)- A-]-am-\n-°-s∏-´p.- a¿-±n-°-s∏´p.]t£,- k-Xy-Øn-s≥-d- kz-c-w-tI-´- a-\p-jy-a-°ƒ- A-Xn¬- B-Irjv-S-cm-bn.- C-Xp-I-≠- A-k-Xy-Øn-s≥-d- ]n-Wn-bm-fp-Iƒ-°v- I-enI-b-dn.- A-h¿- a¿-±-\-߃-°v- Du-°p-Iq-´n.- A-t±l-Øn-s≥-d- A-\pbm-bn-Iƒ- ]-e-cpw- sIm-√-s∏-´p.- {Iq-c-am-b- a-¿-±-\-߃-°-h¿- hnt[b-am-bn.- ]-t£,- A-N-©-e-am-bn- Ah¿- \n-e-sIm-≠p.- P-\n-®p- hf¿∂- \m-Spw- ho-Spw- D-t]-£n-®p-t]m-hm≥- {]-hm-N-I-\pw- A-\p-bm-bnI-fpw- X-øm-dm-th-≠n-h∂ - p.- A-Xpw- \-S∂ - p.- ]-em-b\ - w-˛kz-¥w- hnizmkw- kw-c-£n-°m-\m-bn- \m-Spw- ho-Spw- Iq-´p-Ip-Spw-_m-Zn-I-sf-bp-sa√mw- D-t]-£n-®v- A-h¿- bm-{X-bm-bn,- a-Zo-\-bn-se-Øn- Xm-a-kn-®p.C-cp-´n-s≥-d- D-]m-kI - ¿- A-hn-sS-bpw- A-t±-lØ - n-\v- sskz-cyw- sImSpØn-√.- k-Xy-hn-izm-kw- kw-c-£n-°m-\m-bn- {]-hm-N-I-\pw- A-\pbmbn-Iƒ-°-pw- A-h-km-\w- hm-sf-Sp-t°-≠n-h-∂p.- bp-≤-߃-!- bp-≤߃-!- k-Xy-Øn-s≥-d- kw-c-£-W-Øn-\p-th-≠n- \q-dp-I-W-°n-\mfp-Iƒ-°v- Po-h≥- sIm-Sp-t°-≠n-h∂ - p.- A-hk - m-\w- k-Xyw- P-bn°pI-X-s∂- sN-bv-Xp.- A-td-_y- ap-gp-h≥- C-kv-em-an-\v- Io-gn-em-bn.ap-l-Ω-Zv- (k)-- Cu- tem-I-Øn-se- A-h-km-\-sØ- a-\p-jy≥-hsc-bp-≈- k-I-e-cp-sS-bpw- {]-hm-N-I-\m-Wv.- A-t±-l-Øn-s≥-d- c-lky-hpw- ]-c-ky-hp-am-b- Po-hn-Xw- ap-gp-h≥- \-ap-°v- ap-∂n¬- Xp-d-∂v sh-°s - ∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p.- tem-IØ - v- a-s‰m-cp- t\-Xm-hn-s≥-db - pw- Po-hnXwA-t±-l-Øn-s≥-d- Po-hn-X-sØ-t∏m-se- tc-J-s∏-Sp-Ø-s∏-´n-´n-√.- A ß-s\- tc-J-s∏-Sp-Ø-s∏-´m¬- B-Z-c-Wo-b-cm-b- ]-e- hy-Iv-Xn-Xz-ß fpw- A-\m-Z-c-Wo-b-cm-bn- am-dpw.- ]-t£,- {]-hm-N-I-s≥-d- Po-hn-Xwt\m-°q.- A-t±-lØ - n-s≥-d- Ip-fn-ap-dn- ap-X¬- In-S∏ - d - h - s - c-bp-≈- PohnXw- ap-gp-h≥- \-ap-°v- am-Xr-Im-tbmK-y-am-Wv.- A-t±-lw- ]q¿-Æ-\m-bH-cp- ap-kven-am-bn-cp-∂p.- A-Y-hm,- am-\p-jn-I- Kp-W-ß-sf-√mw- {]Xn_nw-_n-®n-cp-∂- a-lm-\m-b- H-cp- a-\p-jy≥.- X-∂n¬- ssZ-hn-I-Xbp-

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s≠-∂v- A-t±-lw- A-h-Im-i-s∏-´n-´n-√.- A-Xn-am-\p-j-Kp-W-ß-fp≈hy-IX v- n-bm-Wv- Xm-s\-∂v- A-t±-lw- hm-Zn-®n-´p-an-√.- A-t±-lw- ]-d™p.Xm-s\m-cp- ap-ke v- n-am-sW-∂;v- - ssZ-hØ - n-\v- kz-Po-hn-Xs - Ø- k-ºq¿Æam-bn- k-a¿-∏n-°p-I-h-gn- a-\p-jy-Xz-Øn-s≥-d- D-Zm-Øo-I-c-Ww- km[n®- H-cp- a\p-jy-\m-sW-∂v.- am¿-Iv-kv-t]m-epw- H-cp- am¿-Iv-kn-kv-‰mbn-cp-∂n-√.- tb-ip-{In-kv-Xp-hm-I-s´- Ip-cn-in¬- c-Iv-Xw- Nn-¥n-b- (?)A-h-km-\-sØ- {In-kv-Xym-\n-bm-bn-cp-∂p-!-F-∂m¬- ap-l-Ω-Zv- (k)H-cp- ap-kve - n-am-bn-cp-∂p.- ]t£- A-hk - m-\s - Ø- ap-kve - n-am-bn-cp-∂n√.kz-Po-hn-XØ - n-s≥-d- am-Xr- I - b - neq-sS- A-t\-Iw- ap-ke v- nw-Iƒ-°v- P∑w\¬-In-b- a-lm-\m-b- {]-hm-N-I-\m-bn-cp-∂p.ap-l-Ω-Zn-(k)-eq-sS- tem-I-Øn-\v- A-h-X-cn-∏n-°-s∏-´- th-Z-{K-\vY-am-I-s´-- H-tc-k-a-b-Øv- am¿-§-Z¿-i-Ish-fn-]m-Spw- A-tXm-sSm-∏wA-am-\p-jn-IZr-jv-Sm-¥-hp-am-Wv.- A-Xn¬- {]-Xn-]m-Zn-°-s∏-´- X-Xz߃- a-\p-jy-s≥-d- `u-Xn-I-]p-tcm-K-Xn-s°-Xn-c-√.- ]-t£,- "]p-tcmK-an-®p'- ar-K-am-hm≥- km-[y-X-bp-≈- a-\p-jys≥-d- Po-hn-X-Øn-s≥dHm-tcm- cw-K-ß-fn-epw- kzo-I-cn-t°-≠- \n-b-a-\n¿-t±-i-ß-f-Xv- Dƒs°m-≈p-∂p.- A-Xn-se- G-sX-¶n-ep-sam-cp- \n-b-aw- A-{]m-tbm-Kn-Iam-sW-∂v- ]-d-bp-I- km-[y-a-√.- Im-e-l-c-W-s∏-´- H-cp- \n¿-t±-i-hpwA-Xv- Dƒ-s°m-≈p-∂n-√.- A-h-km-\-\m-fp-h-sc-bp-≈-h¿-°v- am¿-§Z¿-i-\w- \¬-Im≥- I-gn-bp-∂- H-tc-sbm-cp- {K-\v-Yw!- A-Xm-Wv- Jp¿B≥.- th-Z-{K-\v-Y-ß-fp-sS- ]p-dw- N-´-b-Wn-™- a-s‰m-cp- {K-\v-YØn\pw- Cu- ]-cn-ip-≤n- A-h-Im-i-s∏-Sm≥- I-gn-bn-√.- A-Xv- H-∂p-In¬"hn-ip-≤'-∑m-cp-sS- A-s√-¶n¬- ]p-tcm-ln-X-∑m-cp-sS- A-Xp-a-s√-¶n¬E-jn-am-cp-sS- c-N-\-I-fm-Wv.- Jp¿-B-\m-I-s´ ssZ-hn-I- sh-fn-]m-SpIfp-sS- k-am-lm-c-am-Wv.- ap-l-Ω-Zv- (k-)- \n¿-Ωn-®- H-scm-s‰- h-N-\wt]m-epw- Jp¿-B\ - n-en-√.- ssZ-hw- A-t±-lØ - n-\v- A-hX - c - n-∏n-®p-sImSpØ-X-s{X- A-Xn-se- Hm-tcm- A-£-c-ß-fpw.tam-si- {]-hm-N-I≥- I-øn-ep-≈- h-Sn- \n-e-Øn-´v- k¿-∏-am-°nam‰n tb-ip- a-cn-®-h-sc- D-b¿-sØ-gp-t∂¬-∏n-®p!-- X-߃- {]-hm-NI\m-sW-∂-Xn-\p-≈- sX-fn-hp-I-fm-bn- A-h¿-°v- ssZ-hw- \¬-In-bA-am-\p-jn-I-Zr-jv-Sm-¥-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p- A-h.- Cu- Zr-jv-Sm-¥-߃A-h-cp-sS- A-¥y-tØm-sS- A-h-km-\n-®p.- Im-c-Ww- A-h-cp-sS- Zu Xyw- ]-cn-an-X-am-bn-cp-∂p.- k-a-Im-en-I-cm-b- P-\-ß-fpw- C-{km-bn¬-

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X-d-hm-´n-se- \-jv-S-s∏-´- B-S-p-I-fp-am-bn-cp-∂p- A-h-cp-sS- e-£yw.F-∂m¬- A-h-km-\- \m-fp-h-sc-bp-≈- k-I-e-cp-sS-bpw- {]-hm-N-I\mb- ap-l-Ω-Zn-(k-)-∂v- \-¬-Is∏-´- A-am-\p-jn-I-Zr-jv-Sm-¥w- A-t±lØn-s≥-d- Zu-Xyw-t]m-se,- A-¥y-\m-fp-h-sc- \n-e-\n¬-°p-∂-Xm-Wv.Jp¿-B≥- a-l-Ø-m-b- H-cp- A-am-\p-jn-I-Zr-jv-Sm-¥-am-Ip-∂p.- AXnse- H-cp- sN-dn-b- A-≤ym-b-Øn-\v- Xp-ey-am-b- co-Xn-bn-ep-≈- H-cpcN-\-t]m-epw- \-SØm≥- C-∂p-h-sc- a-\p-jy¿-°m¿-°pw- I-gn-™n´n√.- A-d-_n- `m-j-bn-epw- km-ln-Xy-Øn-epw- A-Km-[- Pv-Rm-\-ap-≈]-e- C-kv-emw- hn-tcm-[n-I-fpw- I-gn-™p-t]m-bn.- C-∂pw- ]-e-cpw- \ne\n¬-°p-∂p.- ]-t£,- ]-Xn-\m-ev- \q-‰m-≠p-Iƒ-°v- ap-ºv- Jp-¿-B≥\-S-Øn-b- sh-√p-hn-fn-°p-ap-ºn¬- A-h-sc-√mw- \n-i-_v-Z-cm-Wv.- Jp¿B-\n-se- G-‰-hpw- sN-dn-b- A-≤ym-b-Xn-\v- Xp-ey-am-b- H-cp- c-N-\\SØ-n- Jp¿-B≥- A-Xp-ey-a-s√-∂v- sX-fn-bn-°m-\m-Wv- A-Xn-s≥-dsh-√p-hn-fn-.- im-kv-{X- km-t¶-Xn-I- cw-K-ß-fn¬- a-\p-jy≥- Ip-Xn-®pb-cp-w-tX-m-dpw- A-Xns‚-- A-{]-am-Z-n-Xz-hpw- A-Xp-ey-X-bpw- ssZ-hn-IX-bpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- Iq-Sp-X¬- sh-fn-s∏-´p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv. Jp¿-B\pw- \-_n-Nc - y-bp-a\ - p-kc - n-®v- Po-hn-°p-Ib - s - {X- a-\p-jy≥hn-tam-Nn-X-cm-hm-\p-≈- am¿-§w.- A-h- c-≠n-\pw- am-{X-ta- am-\-hn-IX-sb- Zo-]v-X-am-°m-\m-hq.- a-\p-jy-h¿-§-sØ- \-bn-°m≥- I-gn-bq.a-r-K-am-Ip-hm≥- a-\p-jy-\v- kzm-`m-hn-I-am-b- H-cp- Xz-c-b-p-≠v.- ssZhn-I-am-b- _-\v-[-\-߃- s]m-´n-s®-dn-™v- ss]im-Nn-I-am-b- io-e߃- kzo-I-cn-°m-\p-≈- B-th-iw.- A-h-∂pap-∂n¬- ssZ-hn-I- \n¿t±-i-߃-°v- hn-e-bn-√. "ssZ-hn-I- \n¿-t±-i-߃- ]m-en-®v- a-\p-jy\m-bn- Po-hn-°p-∂-Xp-sIm-≠v- F-¥v- {]-tbm-P-\w?'- F-∂-h≥- tNmZn°p-∂p.- C-Xn-s≥-d- a-dp-h-i-Øv,- H-cp- Xn-∑-bp-an-√m-Ø- H-cp- tem-IsØ-°p-dn-®- kz-]\ v- w- F-√m- a-\p-jy¿-°p-ap-≠v.- A-Øc - w- H-cp- temIap-≠m-bn-cp-s∂-¶n¬- F-∂-h¿- B-in-°p-∂p.- tXm-a-kv-aq-dn-s≥-d"Dt´m-∏n-b'-bn-epw- Imw-]-\-√-bp-sS- "kq-cy-\-K-c'-Øn-epw- Im-d¬-am¿Ivk - n-s≥-d- "h¿-§c - l - n-Xk-aq-lØ - n'-ep-sa-√mw- \mw- Im-Wp-∂X - v- CuB-i-b-am-Wv.- a-\pjym-Xv-am-hn-s≥-d- Xn-∑-I-fn-√m-Ø- tem-IsØIpdn-®- B-i-sb-bpw- a-\p-jy-Po-hn-bp-sS- {]-tbm-P-\-hm-ZsØ-bpw-k-a-\z-bn-∏-n-°p-I-bm-Wv- C-kv-emw- ]-c-tem-I- hn-izm-k-Øn-eq-sSsNøp-∂-Xv.- Cu- tem-I-sØ- ss\-an-jn-I-am-b- Po-hn-X-Øn¬- \-∑-

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sN-bv-Xm¬- a-c-Wm-\-¥-cw- kp-µ-c-am-b- kz¿-§-cm-Pyw.- Xn-∑- sN-bvX-h-t\m- `-bm-\-I-am-b- \-c-I-Po-hn-X-hpw.- F-¥n-\v- \-∑- sN-ø-Wsa-∂- a-\p-jy- Po-hn-bp-sS- tNm-Zy-Øn-\p-≈- D-Ø-cw- C-hn-sS- e-`n°p-∂p.- "]-c-tem-I- Po-hn-X-Øn¬- kz¿-§w- I-c-kv-Y-am-°p-h-m≥'.Xn-∑-I-fpw- {]-bm-k-ß-fp-an-√m-Ø- kp-µ-c- tem-I-sa-∂- a-\p-jym-Xvam-hn-s≥-d- A-S-ßm-Ø- Bi-bpw- kz¿-§-cm-Py-sa-∂- hn-izm-k-Øn¬km-£m¬-Ir-X-am-Ip-∂p.ssZ-h-sØ- G-I-\pw- ap-l-Ω-Zn-(k-)-s\- {]-hm-N-I-\p-am-bn- AwKoI-cn-®v- ]-c-tem-I-Po-hn-X-Øn-se- tam-£-Øn-\p-th-≠n- {]-h¿-Ø-n°m-\m-cw-`n-®m¬- H-cmƒ- ap-kv-en-am-bn-Øo-cp-∂p.- C-kv-em-an-te-°p≈- {]-th-i-\-{]-Xn-Pv-R- sNm-√p-∂-tXm-sS- A-h≥- k-Xy-hn-izmknI-fp-sS- K-W-Øn-se- Aw-K-am-hp-∂p.- "A-iv-l-Zp- A≥-em-C-em-lC-√-√m-lp- h- A-iv-l-Zp- A-∂- ap-l-Ω-Z≥- d-kq-ep-√-m'- A-√m-lp-h√m-sX- B-cm-[y-\n-s√-∂v- Rm≥- km-£yw- h-ln-°p-∂p.- ap-l-Ω-ZvA-√m-lp-hn-s≥-d- Zq-X\ - m-sW-∂pw- Rm≥- km-£yw- h-ln-°p'.- CXmWv- C-kv-em-an-s≥-d- km-£y-hm-Iyw.em-C-em-l- C-√-√m-˛ A-√m-lp-h-√m-sX- B-cm-[y-\n-√.- C-kv-emans≥-d- A-Sn-kvYm-\-hm-Iy-am-b- B-Zy-I-en-a-bp-sS- B-Zy-]-Ip-Xn- \n tj-[Ø - n-s≥-dX - m-Wv.- "em- C-em-l'-˛H-scm-‰- B-cm-[y-cp-an-√.-- C-hnsS,a-\p-jy¿- B-cm-[n-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂- k-tN-X-\hpw- A-tN-X-\-hpam-b- F-√m- h-kv-Xp-°-sf-bpw- \ntj-[n-°p-I-bm-Wv- B-Zyw- sN-øp ∂-Xv.- I-√v- ap-X¬-- hn-{K-l-߃-h-sc-bpw- kv-Xq-]-߃- ap-X¬- i-hIp-So-cß - ƒh-sc-bpw.- Xp-fk - n-s®-Sn- ap-X¬ B¬-ac - wh - s - c-bpw,-- \mKw ap-X¬- ]-ip-h-sc-bpw- am-em-J-am¿- ap-X¬-- ]n-im-Np-°ƒ- h-sc-bpw]p-Wy-hm-f-∑m¿- ap-X¬-- {]-hm-N-I-∑m¿- h-sc-bpw- a-\p-jy¿- Bcm[n-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂- H-∂pw-- X-s∂,-- A-Xv- F-{X- sN-dp-Xm--bm-epwh-ep-Xm-bm-epw- B-cm-[-\-I-ƒ- A¿-l-n-°p-∂n-s√-∂- X-Xz-am-Wv- Cuh-N-\w- hy-Iv-X-am-°p-∂-Xv.- a-\- n¬- {]-Xn-jvTn-°-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂kI-e-hn-[- B-cm-[y-∑m-sc-bpw- \n-jv-°m-k-\w- sN-bv-Xv- ip-≤-am°nb-Xn-\v- ti-j-am-Wv- c≠m-a-sØ- ]-Ip-Xn-bm-b- "C-√-√m-lp'- A-Yhm"A-√m-lp-h-√m-sX'- F-∂- X-Xzw- lr-Zb-Øn-te-°v- k-∂n-th-in-∏n°p-∂-Xv.- k-a-kv-X- {]-]-©-sØ-bpw- kr-jv-Sn-®v- ]-cn-]m-en-°p-∂k-¿-∆-i-Iv-X≥- am-{X-am-Wv- k-I-e-hn-[- B-cm-[-\mh-gn-]m-Sp-I-fp

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a¿ln-°p-∂-sX-∂v- C-kv-em-an-s≥-d- B-Zy-I-en-a- hy-Iv-X-am-°p-∂p.`q-an-bn¬- a-\p-jy-t\-°mƒ- D-∂-X-am-b- a-s‰m-cp- k-r-jv-Sn-bp-ans√∂v- \-ap-°d - n-bmw.- A-ht- \-°mƒ- D-∂X - a - m-b- A-kvX - n-Xz-am-Wv- A√mlp-.- {kjvS- m-hpw- kw-c£ - I - \ - p-am-bh - ≥.- a-\p-jy-Ig - n-hn¬-s∏-SmØH-´-\-h-[n- Im-cy-߃- X-\-n-°v- Np-‰pw- X-s≥-d- kz-¥w- i-co-c-Ønepw- A-h-∂v- Im-Wm≥- I-gn-bp-∂p.- kz-Po-h≥- \n-e-\n¿-Øp-∂- lrZb-an-Sn-t∏m- c-Iv-XN-w-{I-a-W-tam- a-‰v- Po-hn-I-fn¬-\n-∂v- hy-Xn-cn-Iv-Xam-°p-∂- a-kv-Xn-jv-°{]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-tfm- H-∂pw-X-s∂- X-s≥-d- Ignhn-tem- \n-b-{¥-W-]-cn-[n-bn-tem- A-s√-∂v- A-h-\-dn-bp-∂p.- `q-anbn¬- Po-h≥- \n-e-\n¿-Øm-≥- ]-cym-]v-X-am-b- co-Xn-bn-ep-≈- k-q-cys≥-d- \n-e-\n¬-t∏m- `q-an-bp-sS- ]-cn-{I-a-W-tam- A-¥-co-£-Øn-s≥dkw-hn-[m-\-tam- H-∂pw-X-s∂- X-s≥-d- \n-b-{¥-W-Øn-\v- hn-t[-b-as√-∂v- A-h≥- a-\- n-em-°p-∂p.- Cu- A-dn-hv- X-t∂-°mƒ- i-Iv-Xnbp-≈- H-∂n-t\m-Sv- k-lm-ba - ` - y¿-∞n-°m≥- A-hs - \- t{]-cn-∏n-°p∂p.Cu- k-lm-bm-`y-∞-\-b-s{X- {]m¿-∞-\.- `n-j-Kz-c-t\m-Sv- tcm-Knklm-b-a-`y¿-∞n-°p-∂-Xpw- ]-W-°m-c-t\m-Sv- ]-Wn-°m-c≥- km-ºØn-I-k-lm-bw- tNm-Zn-°p-∂-Xpw- {]m¿-∞-\-bp-sS- ]-cn-[n-bn¬- hcp∂n-√.- A-h- Im-c-y-Im-c-W- _-\v-[-ß-fp-sS- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-Øn-ep-≈A¿-∞-\-bm-Ip-∂p.- Im-cy-Im-c-W-_-\v-[-߃-°-Xo-X-am-b- coXn-bnep-≈ k-lm-b-a-`y¿-∞-\-bm-Ip-∂p- {]m¿-∞-\.- Cu- {]m¿-∞-\-Xs∂-bm-Ip-∂p- B-cm-[\ - . {]m¿-∞\ - b - m-Ip-∂p- B-cm-[\ - b - p-sS- aPvP.{]m¿-∞-\-bn-√m-Ø- B-cm-[-\-Iƒ- sh-dpw- B-Nm-c-߃- am{X-ambnA-ht- i-jn-°p-∂X - - v- A-Xp-sIm-≠m-Wv.- A-t∏mƒ,- B-cm-[\- B¿°v-sN-ø-Ww?- a-\p-jy-s\- kr-jv-Sn-®p- ]-cn-]m-en-°p-∂h\v- am-{Xw.- CXva-\p-jy-_p-≤n-bp-sS- hn-[n-bm-Wv-;- C-kv-em-an-s≥-d- ASn-kv-Ym-\-hmIy-hpw.a-\p-jy-sc- `n-∂n-∏n-®v- \n¿-Øp-Ib - pw- X-Ωn-eS- n-∏n-°p-Ib - pw- sNøp∂- _-lp-ssZ-hk - ¶ - ¬-∏Ø - n-s≥-d- I-Sb - v° - m- W - v- C-kve - m-an-s≥-d- GIssZ-hh - n-izm-kw- I-Øn-sh-®X - v.- G-I\ - pw- k¿-t∆m-∂X - \ - p-amb- {kjvSm-hn-s\- am-{Xw- B-cm[n-°p-∂- A-h-kv-Y- kw-Pm-am-hp-tºmƒ- Ah\n-se- A-[-a-Ø-hpw- A-l-¶m-c-hpw- A-h-km-\n-°p-∂p.- ]m-ivNmXy≥- am-\-hn-IXm- hm-Z-hpw- (Humanism) am¿-Iv-kn-kh-pw- a\p-jycm-W- v- G-‰-hpw- D-∂-X-sc-∂pw- A-h-s\- \n-b-{¥n-°p-∂-tXm- Ah-\v-

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ap-If - n-ep-≈t- Xm- B-b- bm-sXm-cp- i-IvX - n-bp-an-s√-∂pw- hm-Zn-®t- ∏mƒA-Xn-s≥-d- ^-e-am-bn- h-f¿-∂p-h-∂-Xv- H-cp-X-cw- A-l-¶m-c-am-bn-cp∂p.- B- P-\-X-I-fp-sS- X-I¿-®-°p-≈- \n-an-Ø-hpw- Cu- Al-¶mcw- X-s∂.- A-tX-k-a-bw- kv-Ym-]-\-a-X-ß-fp-sS- B-cm-[y-∑m¿- I√p-I-fpw- i-h-IpSo-c-ß-fpw- k-ky-ß-fpw- P-¥-p-°-fpw- ]p-Wy-hm-f∑mcp-am-Wv.- X-ß-tf-°mƒ- I-gn-hpw- i-Iv-Xn-bpw- Ip-d-™-˛]-e-t∏mgpwtIƒ-hn-tbm- Im-gv-N-tbm- C-√m-Ø-h-tcm-Sv- B-cm-[-\-I-f¿-∏n-°p-∂a-\p-jy-cp-sS- a-\- n¬- H-cp-X-cw- A[at_m-[-ap-≠m-hp-I- kzm-`mh-n-I-am-Wv.- H-cp- "ssZ-h'-Øn¬- A-`-bw- Im-Wm-Xm-hp-tºmƒ- a-s‰mcp- "ssZ-h'-Øn-te-t°m-Sp-∂- A-h-kv-Y-bp-≠m-°p-∂-Xv- Cu- A[at_m-[-am-Wv.- H-cp- B-cm-[y-s\-bpw- Aw-Ko-I-cn-°m-Xn-cn-°p-∂- Al-¶m-c-Øn-\pw- kr-jv-Sn-I-sf- B-cm-[n-°p-∂- A-[-a-Xz-Øn\pwat[y,- {k-jv-Sm-hn-s\- am-{Xw- B-cm-[n-°p-I-sb-∂- C-kv-em-an-s≥-dX-Xzw- \n-e-\n¬-°p-∂p.- A-Xv- a-\p-jy-s\- B-Xv-am`n-am-\-ap-≈-h\pw- A-tX- k-a-bw- hn-\-bm-\zn-X-\p-am-°n- am-‰p-∂p.G-I-ssZ-h-a-√m-sX- B-cpw- B-cm-[n-°-s∏S--cp-sX-∂- C-kv-em-ans≥-d- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\- X-Xz-Øn-\p-ap-∂n¬- X-I¿-∂p-ho-W-Xv- hn-{K-lß-fpw- i-h-Ip-So-c-ß-fpw- hym-P- sZ-h-ß-fpw- am-{X-am-bn-cp-∂n-√-;- ssZh-ßf - p-sS-bpw- a-\p-jy-cp-sS-bpw- C-Sb - n-ep-≈- Z-√m-f∑ - m-cm-bn- N-a™]u-tcm-ln-Xyw- Iq-Sn-bm-bn-cp-∂p.- G-I\ - m-b- {k-jSv- m-hn-\pw- a-\pjy¿°p-an-S-bn¬- a-[y-h¿-Øn-I-sfm-∂pw- B-h-iy-an-s√-∂m-Wv C-kv-eman-s≥-d- A-[ym-]-\w.- ssZ-h-ß-fp-sS- t]-cn¬- a-\p-jy-sc- X-Ωn-e-Sn∏n-®n-cp-∂- ]u-tcm-ln-X-y-Øn-s≥-d- Nq-j-W-ß-fn¬-\n-∂- v- a-\p-jycm-in-sb- c-£n-°p-I-bm-Wv- {]-hm-N-I-≥- (k)- sN-bv-X-Xv.- bm-sXmcpco-Xn-bn-ep-ap-≈-- ]u-tcm-ln-Xyhp-w- C-kv-emw- Aw-Ko-I-cn-°p-∂n-√.G-I-ssZ-hmcm-[-\,- a-\p-jy-h¿§-sØ- k-I-e-hn-[- k-¶-p-Nn-XXz-ßf - n¬-\n-∂pw- ap-IvX - a - m-°p-∂p.- kz-tZ-in-sb-bpw- hn-tZ-in-sb-bpwk-h¿-Æ-s\-bpw- A-h¿-Æ-s\-bpw- sh-fp-Ø-h-t\-bpw- I-dp-Ø-ht\bpw- hy-Xy-kv-X- k-ap-Zm-b-Øn-epw- t{Km-{X-Øn-epw- X-d-hm-´n-epw -s]-´-h-sc-bpw- hy-Xy-kv-X- `m-j- kw-km-cn-°p-∂-h-sc-bpw- F-√mwkr-jv-Sn-®v- ]-cn-]m-en-°p-∂-Xv- G-I-\m-b- ssZ-h-am-sW-∂- Nn-¥- A h¿- X-Ωn-ep-≈- h-ep-Xpw- sN-dp-Xp-am-b- F-√m-hn-[- A-kv-]r-iy-XI-fp-sS-bpw- A-Sn-th-c-dp-°p-∂p.- k¿-∆-i-Iv-X-\pw- k¿-t∆m-∂-X-\p-

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am-b- X-ºp-cm-\p-- ap-∂n¬- am-{Xw- Cu- hn-`m-K-ß-sf-√mw- X-e-Ip-\n°p-tºmƒ- A-h-sc- `n-∂n-∏n-®v- \n¿-Øp-∂- k-I-e-hn-[- a-Xn¬-s°´p-I-fpw- X-I¿-∂v- X-cn-∏-W-amhp-∂p.- {k-jv-Sm-hn-\v- ap-∂n¬- F-√mh-cpw- k-a-≥-am-cm-sW-∂- [m-c-W- h-f¿-∂p-h-cp-tºmƒ- hy-Xy-kv-Xhn-`m-Kß - ƒ-°v- P-∑m-hI - m-ia - m-bn- In-´n-b- "X-e° - \ - '-ßs - f-√mw- C√msX-bm-hp-∂p.- a-\p-jy-sc-√mw- G-I-\m-b- ssZ-h-Øn-s≥-d- kr-jv-SnI-fpw- H-scm‰- am-Xm-]n-Xm-°-fp-sS- k-¥-Xn-I-fp-am-sW-∂- C-kv-eman-s≥-d- {]-Jym-]-\w- tKm-{X-a-ln-a-bp-sS- t]-cn¬- X-Ωn-e-Sn-®p-Im≠n-cp-∂- A-d-_n-I-sf- F-{X-am-{Xw- sI-´p-d-∏p-≈- H-cp- k-aq-l-ambn-´m-Wv- ]-cn-h¿-Øn-∏n-®-sX-∂v- N-cn-{Xw- ]-Tn-®n-´p-≈-h¿-°-dn-bmw."tl- a-\p-jy-tc- \n-ß-sf- kr-jv-Sn-®-Xv- H-cp- ]p-cp-j-\n¬- \n-∂pwkv-{Xo-bn¬-\n-∂p-am-Wv.- \n-ß-sf- h¿-§-ß-fpw- tKm-{X-ß-fp-am-bn- Xncn-®n-´p-≈-Xv- ]-c-kv-]-cw- a-\- n-em-°p-∂-Xn-\v- th-≠n-bm-Wv.- \n-ßfn¬-\n-∂pw- ssZ-h-Øn-¶¬- G-‰-hpw- B-Z-c-Wo-b≥- \n-ß-fn¬- G‰hpw- [¿-Ω-\n-jv-S-bp-≈-h≥- X-s∂-bm-bn-cn-°pw'- 1 F-∂- Jp¿-B-\n I- h-N-\w- tZ-i-Øn-s≥-d-bpw- tKm-{X-Øn-s≥-d-bpw- `m-j-bp-sS-bpwh¿-Æ-Øn-s≥-d-bp-sa-√mw- t]-cn-ep-≈- F-√m- hn-[- an-Yym-`n-am-\-ßsf-bpw- X-I¿-Øp-I-f-™p.- {]-hm-N-I≥- (k)- ]-d-™p- "A-d-_n-°vA-\-d-_n-tb-°m-fp-tam- sh-fp-Ø-h-\v- I-dp-Ø-h-t\-°m-fp-tam- bm sXm-cp- a-l-Xz-hp-an-√.- [¿-Ω-\n-jv-T-bp-sS- t]-cn-e-√m-sX-'- 2 "\n-iv-N bw- \n-ß-fp-sS- ssZ-hw- H-∂v-;- \n-ß-fp-sS-sb-√mw- ]n-Xm-hpw- H-cmƒX-s∂.- F-√m-h-cpw- B-Z-an¬ -\n-∂p-≈-Xv-;- B-Z-tam- a-Æn¬-\n-∂pw'3 _-lp-ssZ-h-hn-izm-k-Øn-s≥-d- N-ß-e-s°-´p-I-fn¬- \n-∂v- a\pjy-s\- kz-X-{¥am-°p-∂- i-Iv-Xn-b-s{X- G-I-ssZ-hm-cm-[-\.- "ssZh'ß-fpw- A-h-bp-sS- Z-√m-f-∑m-cpw- Iq-Sn- kr-jv-Sn-°p-∂- ]m-c-X-{¥yØn¬-\n-∂p-≈- tam-N-\w.- k-z-X-{¥-am-bn- Nn-¥n-°m-\pw- {]-h¿-Øn°m-\pw- G-IssZ-hm-cm-[-\- a-\p-jy-s\- t{]-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.- B-Im-itKm-f-߃- tZ-ho-tZ-h-∑m-cm-sW-∂- ]u-cm-Wn-I-k-¶¬-∏w- A-hsb°p-dn-®- ]-T-\-Øn-\- v- hn-e-ßp-X-Sn-bm-bn- \n-∂n-´p-≠v.- {]-]-©-Ønse- ap-gp-h≥- h-kv-Xp-°-fpw- ssZ-hn-I-krjv-Sn-Iƒ- am-{X-am-sW-∂va-\- n-em-°p-∂- G-I-ssZ-hhn-izm-kn-sb- kw-_-\v-[n-®n-S-tØmfw1 hn-ip-≤- Jp¿-B≥- 49:-13 2. ap-kv-enw-,- A-_q-Zm-hq-Zv3 ap-kv-enw-,- A-_q-Zm-hq-Zv-

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A-h-sb-°p-dn-®- ]-T-\w- ssZ-h-Øn-s≥-d- A-P-ø-am-b- {]-h¿-Ø-\ß-fp-sS- ku-µc - y-sØ-°p-dn-®- At\z-jW - a - m-Wv.- A-Xp-sIm-≠mWvJp¿-B≥- {]-]© - ] - T - \ - s - Ø- t{]m-Xk v- m-ln-∏n-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂Xv."Xo¿-®-bm-bpw- cm-∏-I-ep-I-fp-sS- am-‰-Øn-epw- B-Im-i-`q-an-I-fn¬A-√m-lp- kr-jv-Sn-®- h-kv-Xp-°-fn-epw- `-b-s∏-Sp-∂- P-\-X-°v- Zr-jvSm¥-ß-fp-≠v'-1 C-kv-em-an-s≥-d- c-≠m-a-sØ- {]-Xn-Pv-Rm-hm-Iy-ap-cp-hn-Sp-tºmƒap-l-Ω-Zn-(k)-s\- ssZ-h- Zq-X-\m-bn- Aw-Ko-I-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv- sN-øp∂-Xv.- A-t±-lw- ssZ-hn-I-t_m-[-߃-°-\p-kr-X-am-bn- kw-km-cn°p-I-bpw- am-Xr-Im-]-c-am-bn- Po-hn-°p-I-bpw- sN-bv-X- a-lm-\m-bncp-∂p-sh-∂v- Aw-Ko-Ic - n-°p-I.- C-Xv- Aw-KoI-cn-°p-∂- ap-kve - nw,- At±l-Øn-s≥-d- Po-hn-X-co-Xn- ]n-¥p-S-cm≥- \n¿-_-\v-[n-X-\m-Wv.- A-hs\- kw-_-\v-[n-®n-S-tØm-fw- \-∑-bpw- Xn-∑-bpw- X-Ωn-ep-≈- th¿Xn-cn-hv- A-Xv- {]-hm-N-I-≥- A-\p-h-Zn-®p-thm-sb-∂p-≈-Xm-Wv.- {]-hmN-I≥- \n¿-_\ - v[ - a - m-bn- I¬-∏n-®- I¿-Ωß - s - fm-∂pw- A-hs - ≥-d- PohnX-Øn¬-\n-∂v- H-gn-™p-t]m-IpI-b√.- A-t±-lw- \n-tcm-[n-®- Im-cyß-sfm-∂pw- A-h-s≥-d- Po-hn-X-Øn¬- Im-Wm≥- I-gn-bp-I-bp-a-n√.H-cp- ap-kv-enw- a-Zyw- H-gn-hm-°p-∂-Xpw- H-cp- Km-\v-[n-b≥- A-ß-s\sN-øp-∂-Xpw- X-Ωn¬- hy-Xym-k-ap-≠v.- {]-hm-N-I≥- \n-tcm-[n-®-p-sh∂-Xn-\m-em-Wv- ap-kv-enw- a-Zyw- I-gn-°m-Xn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.- Km-\v-[nb--t\mi-co-c-Øn-\pw- a-\- n-epw- lm-\n-I-c-am-sW-∂-Xn-\m-em-Wv- A-Xn¬\n-∂- v- hn-´p-\n¬-°p-∂-Xv.- [¿-Ω-sØ-bpw- A-[¿-Ω-sØ-bpw-Ip-dn-®hy-Iv-X-am-b-- A-Xn¿-h-c-ºp-≠m-Ip-∂-Xv- C-kv-em-an¬- am-{X-am-Wv.- {]hm-N-I≥- A-\p-h-Zn-®- Im-cy-ß-sf-√mw- \-∑-bpw- \n-tcm-[n-®-sX-√mwXn-∑-bpw.--\-∑-Xn-∑-I-sf-- {]-hm-N-I- Po-hn-X-hp-am-bn- _-\v-[-s∏-Sp-Ø-m-ØGsXm-cp- X-Xz-im-k{v- X-hpw- ]-cm-Pb - s - ∏-Spw.- tZ-io-bX - t- °m- hwiobX-t°m- `m-j-t°m- H-∂pw-X-s∂- kvYm-bn-bm-b- \-∑-sb-°p-dn-®v- ]dbm≥- I-gn-bn-√.- bp-Iv-Xn-bpw- X-ssY-h.- Cw-•-≠n-se- bp-Iv-Xn-hm-Zn°vhn-hm-tl-X-c- ssew-Kn-I- _-\v-[-ß-fpw- kzh¿-§-c-Xn-bpw- F-Xn¿°s∏-tS-≠- sX-‰-√.-2 F-∂-m¬- C-¥y-bn-se- G-‰-hpw- "]p-tcm-K-a-\'-

tam-N-\-Øns≥- d- am¿-Kw

]c-am-bn- Nn-¥n-°p-∂- hy-Iv-Xn-bm-b- C-S-a-dp-In-\v- t]m-epw- Cu"aqeyw'- Aw-Ko-I-cn-°m≥- I-g-n-bp-∂n-√.- A-t±-l-Øn-s≥-d- a-cp-a-I\m-b- bq-tdm-]y≥- k-©m-cn- tbm-cm≥- kvI - m¿-W¿- F-gp-Xp-∂p- "hnhmlw- \n-b-a-]-c-am-bn- c-Pn-kv-‰¿- sN-øp-∂-Xp-h-sc- F-s≥-d- Iq-sS- ]-p d-sØ-hn-sS-sb-¶n-epw- t]m-cm≥- A-h¿- (C-S-a-dp-Ipw- `m-cybpw)- KoXsb- A-\p-h-Zn-®n-√.- C-¥y≥- skm-ssk-‰n- hn-h-m-l-]q¿-∆-_-\v-[-ßsf- H-cn-°-epw- Aw-Ko-I-cn-°p-I-bn-√.- ]m-ivNm-Xy- cm-Py-ß-fn¬- \ne-hn-ep-≈- tU-‰nw-Kv- k-{º-Zm-b-sØ- F-{X-bpw- ]p-tcm-a-\-hm-Zn-bmb- C-¥y-°m-c-\pw- k-zo-I-cn-°m≥- I-gn-bp-I-bn-√'.--1 bp-Iv-Xn-sb- \-∑sb-bpw- Xn-∑-sb-bpw- th¿-Xn-cn-°m-\m-bn- G¬-∏n-®m¬- Cw-•-≠nse- [¿-Ωw- C-¥y-bn¬- A-[¿-Ω-am-Ip-sa-∂¿-∞w.C-kv-em-an-s\- kw-_-\v-[n-®n-S-tØm-fw,- {]-hm-N-I-s≥-d- sN-bv-XnI-fp-w- sam-gn-I-fp-sa-√mw- \-ap-°p-ap-∂n¬- Xp-d-∂p-In-S-°p-∂p-≠v.Hm-tcm- hn-j-b-ß-fn-epw- F-¥m-Wv- \-∑-sb-∂v- \-ap-°v- A-h-bn-te°vt\m-°n-bm¬- a-Xn.- ssZ-hn-I- t_m-[-\-Øn-s≥-d- A--Sn-kv-Ym-\-Øne-√m-sX- \-∑- Xn-∑-I-sf-- hn-th-Nn-°m≥- ]p-d-s∏-´m¬- Zn-h-k-߃I-gn-bpw-tXm-dpw- \-∑- Xn-∑-Isf-- am-‰n-- - am-‰n-- - \n¿-∆-Nn-t°-≠n-h-cpw.A-lnw-kmhm-Z-Øn-\p- -apX¬- bp-Iv-Xn-hm-Z-Øn-\p-h-sc- kw-`-hn-®XvA-Xm-Wv.\-∑-Xn-∑-I-sf-°p-dn-®- h-y-Iv-X-hpw- Zr--V-hp-am-b- Im-gv-N-∏m-Sv- a\pjy-sc- \-∑° - p-th-≠n- \n-es - Im-≈m- ≥- t{]-cn-∏n-°p-Ib - pw- Xn-∑b - n¬\n-∂v- ap-Iv-X-am-Im≥- k-lm-bn-°p-I-bpw- sN-øpw.- A-Xm-Wv- C-kvem-an-s≥-d- N-cn-{X-Øn¬- kw-`-hn-®-Xv.- ap-kv-enw-I-fp-sS- sN-bv-Xn-Iƒ °v- A-h¿- {]-Xn-^-ew- Imw-£n-®-Xv- ]-c-tem-I-Øp-\n-∂v- Iq-Sn-bmb-t∏mƒ- A-h-cp-sS- {]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fn¬- BXv-am¿-∞-X-bpw- A¿∏W-k-∂-≤-X-bpw- h-f-cp-I-bpw- tem-I-am-\yw- Xo-sc-bn-√-m-Xm-hpIbpw- sN-bv-Xp.k¿-∆t- em-I{k-jvS- m-hm-b- k¿-∆i - I - vX - \ - v- am-{Xw- sN-øp-∂- Bcm[-\- A-Yhm- Xu-lo-Zv,- A-h-s≥-d- {]-hm-N-I-\p-≈- \n-cp-]m-[n-IA-\p-k-c-Ww,- ]-c-tem-I- hn-izm-kw- F-∂n-h-bm-Wv- C-kv-em-an-s≥dA-Sn-kvYm-\- hn-izm-kß - ƒ.- ssZ-hØ - n-s≥-d- ]-Wn-bm-fp-If - m-b- ame-

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J-am-cn-epw- ssZ-hn-I-{K-\v-Y-ß-fn-epw- \-∑-Xn-∑-I-fp-sS- ssZ-hn-I- D¬∏-Øn-bn-epw- D-≈- hn-izm-k-߃- Xu-lo-Zv,- cn-km-e-Øv,- BJn-dØv- F-∂o- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\m-Z¿-i-ß-fp-sS- Iq-sS-\n¬-°p-∂- hn-izmkß-fm-Wv.- `q-ap-J-tØ-°p-h-∂- ap-gp-h≥- {]-hm-N-I-∑m-cpw- {]-t_m[\w- sN-bvX - - X-Xz-߃- C-h- X-s∂.- ]-t£,- {]-hm-NI - ∑ - m-cp-sS- A\pbm-bn-I-fn¬- Nn-e¿- X-s∂- {]-hm-N-I-{]t_m-[-\-߃-s°-Xn-cv{]h¿-Øn-®p.- A-h¿- ]p-Wyhm-f-∑m-cp-sS-bpw- i-h-Ip-So-c-ß-fp-sSbpw- hym-PssZ-h-ß-fp-sS-bpw- ip-]m¿-i-Iƒ-°p-th-≠n- ]-c-°w]m™p.- kr-jv-Sn-I-sfm-∂pw- X-s∂- B-cm-[-\-I-f-¿-ln-°p-∂n-s√∂v- A¿-∞-i-¶-°n-S-bn-√m-sX- B-h¿-Øn-®v- {]-Jym-]n-®- {]-hm-NI-∑m-cn¬- ]-e-cpw- B-cm-[y-cm-bn a-m-dn-.- C-Xn-s∂-Xn-sc- P-\-ß-sft_m-[-hm-∑m-cm-°m-\pw- _-lp-ssZ-h-Xz-Øn-s≥-d- N-fn-°p-≠n¬-\n∂v- am-\-h-cm-in-sb- c-£n-°m-\pw- ho-≠pw- {]-hm-N-I-∑m¿- h-∂p.]m-c-º-cy-hn-izm-k-Øn-s≥-d- B-fp-I-sf-∂-h-Im-i-s∏-´-h¿- {]-hm-NI-¿-°pw- A-\p-bm-bn-Iƒ-°p-sa-Xn-sc- hmtfm-ßn-.- k-Xy-hn-izm-knI-fp-sS-bpw- A-hn-izm-k-n-I-fp-tS-Xp-am-b- c-≠v- kw-L-߃- cq-]w-sIm≠p.- C-ß-s\-bm-Wv- hy-Xy-kv-X- a-X-ß-fp-≠m-b-Xv.- H-cp-hn-[w- F√ma-X-ß-fp-sS-bpw- th-cp-Iƒ- {]-hm-N-I- {]-t_m-[-\-ß-fn¬- \-ap-°vI-s≠-Øm-\m-hpw.- a-Xß - f - n¬- ]-eX - n-s≥-db - pw- k-Zm- N - m-c- X-Xz-߃k-am-\-X- ]-p-e¿-Øp-∂-Xv- A-Xp-sIm-≠m-Wv.- {]-hm-N-I-{]-t_m-[\-ß-fn¬-\n-∂- v- h-gn-sX-‰n-t∏m-b- a-X-hn-izm-kn-Iƒ,- ssZ-hn-I-{K-\vYØn-te-°pw- {]-hm-NI - N - c - y-bn-te-°pw- Xn-cn-®p-t]m-hp-Ib - m-Wv- th≠sX∂¿-∞w.\-tS- kq-Nn-∏n-®-Xp-t]m-se- a-\p-jyPo-hn-sb- N-cn-{Xw- k-r-jv-Sn°p-∂-˛A-Xn-∂v- I-gn-bp-∂- G-I-Po-hn-bm-bm-Wv- C-kv-emw- Im-Wp∂ Xv.- N-cn-{Xw- a-\p-jy-s\- kr-j-vSn-°p-I-b-√;- a-\p-jy≥- N-cn-{X-sØkr-jv-Sn-°p-I-bm-Wv.- A-Xp-sIm-≠p-X-s∂- k-aq-l-Øn-s≥-d- k-aqeam-b- ]-cn-h¿-Ø-\-Ø-n-\v- hy-Iv-Xn-bp-sS- a-\- n-em-Wv- am-‰-ap-≠mth-≠-sX-∂m-Wv- C-kv-em-an-s≥-d- ]-£w.- `-c-W-N-{Iw- ]n-Sn-°p-∂ssIø-m-Wv- B-Zy-w- ]-cn-h¿-Øn-X-am-th≠-sX-∂- {]-Xy-b-im-kv-{Xß-fp-sS- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\mZ¿-i-hp-am-bn- C-kv-emw- hn-tbm-Pn-°p-∂- taJ-e-I-fn-sem-∂v- C-Xm-Wv.- hy-h-kv-Yn-Xn- am-dp-∂-Xn-\p-ap-ºv- P-\-ßfp-sS- a-\-x-kv-Yn-Xn- am-td-≠-Xp-s≠-∂v- C-kv-emw- h-m-Zn-°p-∂p.- a\w-

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am-‰-Øn-\v- am-{X-sa- kv-Ym-bn-bm-b- ]-cn-h¿-Ø-\-Øn-\p-≈- tlXphm-bn- am-dm≥- I-gn-bq- F-∂v- A--Xv- kn-≤m-¥n-°p-∂p.- A-Xp-sIm≠p-X-s∂,- hy-Iv-Xn-bp-sS- kw-kv-°-c-W-Øn-em-Wv- C-kv-emw- {]m-Yan-Iam-bn- Du-∂¬- \¬-Ip-∂-Xv.- hy-Iv-Xn-bm-Wv- Ip-Sp-w-_-Øn-s≥-d bpw- k-aq-l-Øn-s≥-d-bpw- cm-jv-{S-Øn-s≥-d-bp-sa-√mw- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\bq-Wn-s‰-∂-Xn-\m¬- A-h-\n-ep-≠m-Ip-∂ -am-‰w- Ip-Spw-_-Øn-s≥-d bpw- k-aq-l-Øn-s≥-d-bpw- cm-jv-{S-Øn-s≥-d-bp-sa-√mw- kw-kv-°-c-WØn-\v- \n-Zm-\-am-Ip-sa-∂m-Wv- C-kv-em-an-s≥- ]-£w.- P-\w- tkmjyen-kv-‰p-I-fm-hm-sX- cm-jv-{Sw- tkm-jy-en-kv-‰m-b-Xm-Wv- tkm-hn-b-‰vbq-Wn-b-s‚-- X-I¿-®-°p-≈- Im-c-W-sa-∂- _p-≤n-Po-hn-I-fn¬- NnecpsS- hn-e-bn-cpج- C-∆n-j-b-I-am-bn- C-kv-em-an-\p-≈- Aw-Ko-Im-c am-sW-∂-Xn¬- kw-i-b-an-√.A-N© - e - a - m-b- ssZ-hh - n-iz- m-kh - pw- ssZ-hØ - n-\v- ap-∂n¬- am-{XsaX-e-Ip-\n-°m≥- ]m-Sp-≈q-sh-∂- t_m-[-hpw- {]-hm-N-I-h-N-\-߃A-\p-k-cn-°p-∂-Xm-Wv- tam-N-\-Øn-\p-≈- am¿-§-sa-∂- Nn-¥-bpwCl-tem-Iw- \-iz-c-am-sW-∂pw- A-\-iz-c-am-b- ]-c-tem-I-Øn-se- im¥n-°p-th-≠n- {]-h¿-Øn-°p-I-bm-Wv- C-l-tem-IPo-hn-X-Øn-s≥d]-c-a-am-b- e-£y-sa-∂p-ap-≈ hn-izm-k-hpw- hy-Iv-Xn-bn¬- i-Iv-X-ambkzm-[o-\-ßf-m-Wp-≠m-°p-I.- c-l-ky-hpw- ]-c-ky-hp-a-dn-bm-hp-∂k¿-∆-i-Iv-X-s\-°p-dn-®- t_m-[-hpw- C-hn-sS-\n-∂p-≈- \-∑- Xn-∑Iƒ°v- ]-c-tem-I-Øv- {]-Xn-^-ew- e-`n-°p-sa-∂- Nn-¥-bpw- sX-‰p-IƒsN-øp-∂-Xn¬-\n-∂v- a-\p-jy-sc- ]n-¥n-cn-∏n-°p-∂p-.- A-Y-hm- a-\pjyk-lP - a - m-b- Nm-]e - y-߃-°S- n-as - ∏-´v- sX-‰p-If - nte¿-s∏-´v- t]m-bm¬X-s∂- k¿-∆-i-Iv-X-\p-ap-∂n¬- s]m-´n-°-c-™v- ]-iv-Nm-Ø-]n-°p-∂A-h-kv-Y- kw-Pm-X-am-Ip-∂p.- \-∑-sb-bpw- Xn-∑-sb-bpw- th¿-Xn-cn®va-\- n-em-°n-s°m-Sp-°m≥- \n-tbm-Kn-°-s∏--´- {]-hm-N-I-s\- \n-cp-]m[n-Iw- A-\p-k-cn-°p-∂-Xn-eq-sS- A¿-∏-Wt_m-[-hpw- B-Xv-am¿-∞X-bpw- h¿-≤n-°p-∂p.- C-Xm-Wv- {]-hm-N-I-s‚-- A-\p-bm-bn-hr-µØ -- n¬\-ap-°v- Im-Wm≥- I-gn-bp-∂-Xv.- G-I-ssZ-hm-cm-[-\-bpw- ]-c-tem-IN-n-¥-bpw- A-¥n-a-{]-hm-N-I-t\m-Sp-≈- A-\p-k-c-W-at\m-`m-h-hpwhy-Iv-Xn-I-sf- F-{X-tØm-fw- D-∂-X-cm-°n- F-∂-Xn-\p-≈- D-Zm-l-cW߃-!A-hn-sS- \-ap-°v- A-_q-_-°-dn-(d)-s\-bpw- D-a-dn-(d)-s\-bpw- D-kv-

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am-(d)-s\-bpw- Im-Wm≥- I-gn-bp-∂p.- k-aq-l-Øn-s≥-d- B-h-iy-Øn\p-th-≠n- X-߃-°p-≠m-bn-cp-∂- k-º-Ø-v \n¿-tem-`w- sN-e-h-gn°m-≥-- X-øm-dm-b- a-l-Xv-hy-Iv-Xn-Xz-߃.bm-kn-dpw- A-Ωm-dpw- _n-em-epw- (d)- A-hn-sS-bp-≠v.- a¿-±-\-ß-fpsS- Xo-Nq-f-bn-epw- hn-izm-kw- ssI-hn-Sm-Ø- a-l-Øp-°ƒ.am-C-kv-_v-\p- am-en-°v- A-kv-e-an-bpw- Km-an-Zn-b- tKm-{X-°m-cn-bpap≠-hn-sS.- X-߃- sNbv-X- sX-‰v- kz-bw- G-‰v- ]-d-™v- in-£-tb-‰phm-ßn- ]-ivN - m-Øm-]N-cn-{X-Øn-se- A-]q¿-∆{- ]-Xn-`m-kß - f - m-bn- amdn-b- hy-Iv-Xn-Iƒ.A-\-kp-_v-\p- \fv-dpw- D-ssa-dp-_v-\p- l-am-apw- Aw-d-p-_-n≥- Pp-aq-lpw- (d)-.- {]-hm-N-I-s≥-d- A-\p-bm-bn- hr-µ-Øn-se- A¿-∏-W-t_m[--Øn-s≥-d- D-Zm-l-c-W-߃.- kz¿-§-Øn-s≥-d- ]-cn-a-fw- A-\p-`-hn®psIm-≠v- bp-≤-`q-an-bn-te-°v- F-Sp-Øp-Nm-Sn- ho-c-ar-Xyp-{]m-]n-®- almXv-am-°ƒ.A-_q-Zp-Pm-\-(d).-- A-\p-bm-bn-I-fn-se- {]-hm-N-I- kv-t\-l-Øns≥-d- {]-Xn-\n-[n.- D-lv-Zn¬-sh-®v- {]-hm-N-I≥- (k)- A-]-I-S-Øn-eIs∏-´-t∏mƒ- kz-¥w- ]p-dw- H-cp- I-h-N-am-bn- sh-®p-sIm-Sp-Øv- X-s≥damw-k-Øn-eq-sS- A-kv-{X-ß-sf- Xp-f-®p-I-b-dm-\-\p-h-Zn-®- a-lm-≥.C-ß-s\- F-{X-sb-{X- D-Zm-l-c-W-߃!- G-I-ssZ-hhn-izm-khpw]-c-tem-I-hn-izm-k-hpw- {]-hm-N-I-t\m-Sp-≈- A-\p-k-c-W-bpw- hyIvXn-I-sf- F-{X-tØm-fw- D-∂-X-cm-°n-sb-∂v- C-h- a-\- n-em-°n-Øcp-∂p.- A-h-sc-b-Xv- ss[-cy-im-en-I-fpw- A¿-∏-W-t_m-[-ap-≈-h-cpam°n- am-‰n.- ssZ-h-Øn-\v- ap-∂n¬- am-{Xw- X-e- Ip-\n-°p-∂- A-h-kv-YA-h-sc- B-Xv-am-`n-am-\-ap-≈-h-cm-°n am-‰n-.- `u-Xn-Im-e-¶m-c-ß-fp-sSh-Æ-s∏m-en-a- A-h-cn-sem-cp- a-Xn-∏p-w- Df-hm-°n-bn-√.- B-cp-sS- apºnepw- X-e-Ip-\n-°m-\-h¿- X-øm-dm-bn-cp-∂n-√.- \-Pv-Pm-in-bp-sS- sIm´mc-Øn-se-Øn-b- ap-ke v- nw-It- fm-Sv- N-{I-h¿-Øn-°v- ap-∂n¬- ap-´p-IpØm\m-hi - y-s∏-´- ]p-tcm-ln-Xt- cm-Sv- l-{k-Øv- P-Av^ - ¿- ]-d™ ] - Z- ߃{it≤b-am-Wv.- "R-߃- ap-kv-enw-Iƒ-,- A-√m-lp-hn-s≥-d- ap-∂n-e√msX- a‰m-cp-sS- ap-∂n-epw- ap-´p-Ip-Øm-dn-√'-.hy-Iv-Xn-bp-sS- kw-kv-°-c-Ww,- Ip-Spw-_-Øn-s≥-d- sI-´p-d-∏n-\pw]p-tcm-Ka - \ - Ø - n-\pw- Im-cW - a - m-Ip-∂p.- hn-hm-la - m-Ip-∂p-- C-kve - m-anI-

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Ip-Spw-_-_-\v-[-Øn-s≥-d- A-Sn-Ø-d.- hn-hm-tl-X-c-am-b- bm-sXm-cphn-[- ssew-Kn-I-_-\v-[-ß-fpw- C-kv-emw- Aw-Ko-I-cn-°p-∂n-√.- hnhml-_-\v-[-Øn-\v- ku-µ-cy-tØ-°m-fpw- k-º-Øn-t\-°m-fpw- X-d-hmSn-Ø-tØ-°m-fp-sa-√mw- ]-cn-K-Wn-°-s∏-tS-≠-Xv- k-Zm-Nm-c-t_m-[am-sW-∂v- C-kve - mw- \n-jvI¿-jn-°p-∂p.- k-ZmNm-ct- _m-[a - p-≈- CWIƒ-°v- am-{X-sa- sI-´p-d-∏p-≈- H-cp- Ip-Spw-_-Øn-\v- P-∑w- \¬-Im≥I-gn-bq-sh∂m-Wv- C-kv-em-an-s‚-- ]-£w.- k-t¥m-j-Øn-epw- k-am[m\-Ø-n-ep-a-[n-jv-Tn-X-am-b- Ip-Spw-_-_-\v-[-Øn-\v- k-Zm-Nm-c-t_m-[wA-\n-hm-cy-am-sW - ∂ - - h-kvX - p-X- C-s∂-√m-hc - pw- k-ΩX - n-®p- I-gn-™n´p-≠v.- ]m-iv-Nm-Xy≥- kw-kv-°m-cw- kw-`m-h-\- sN-bv-X- k-Zm-Nm-c-cln-X-am-b- ssew-Kn-I-_-\v-[-߃- C-∂v- B- k-aq-l-Øn-s≥-d- \miØn-em-Wv- F-Øn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.- h≥-\-K-c-ß-fn¬- C-∂v- ]n-d-∂v- hogp-∂- Ip-™p-ß-fn¬- ]-Ip-Xn-bn-e-[n-I-hpw- Pm-c- k-¥-Xn-I-fmsW∂m-Wv- I-W-°p-Iƒ- kq-Nn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv.- Ip-Spw-_-hy-h-kv-Y- a-c-Wi-ø-bn¬- In-S-°p-I-bm-W-hn-sS-1 I-Ωyq-Wn-kv-‰v- cm-Py-ß-fp-sS- AhkvY - b - pw- sX-√pw- t`-Za - √ - .- Ip-Spw-_h - pw- kZm-Nm-ch - p-sa-√mw- _q¿jzmap≥- h n- [ n- I - f m- W - ∂ m- W v - "am- \ n- s ^- k v - t ‰m'- b p- s S- P¬- ] - \ w.AXnt∑¬- kv-Ym-]n-°-s∏-´- cm-jv-{S-Øn¬- k-Zm-Nm-c-t_m-[w- F{XtØm-fw- \n-e-\n¬-°p-sa-∂v- \-ap-°v- Nn-¥n-®m¬- a-Xn.- hn-hm-tl-X c- _-\v-[-ß-fn¬- G¿-s∏-Sp-∂-h-cm-Wv- tkm-hn-b-‰v- bq-Wn-b-\n-sebp-hm-°-fn-e-[n-I-h-p-sa-∂pw- A-Xn-\m¬-X-s∂- A-hn-sS- Ip-Spw-_wX-I¿-∂p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-Ib - m-sW-∂pw- •m-kvt- \m-kv‰ - n-\v- ap-ºp-Xs - ∂tem-I-Øn-\v- A-dn-hm-bn-cp-∂p.- Ip-Spw-_-Øn-s≥-d- B-Z-c-Wo-b-X- A Xn-s≥-d- k-ºq¿-Æ-am-b- A¿-∞-Øn¬- \n-e-\n¬-°p-∂-Xv- C-kv-emanI- tem-I-Øv- am-{X-am-sW-∂v- km-cw.- A-Xn-\p-≈- Im-c-Ww- C-kveman-s≥-d- J-Wv-Un-X-am-b- k-Zm-Nm-c-\n-b-a-ß-f-s{X.kv-{Xo-bp-sS- ]n-Xm-hv- ]p-cp-j-\v- X-s≥-d- a-I-sf- G¬-∏n-®p-sImSp°p-I-bpw- ]p-cp-j≥- A-Xv- G-s‰-Sp-°p-I-bpw- sN-øp-∂- N-S-ßm-WvC-kv-em-anse-- hn-hm-lw.- hn-hm-lm-h-k-c-Øn¬- ]p-cp-j≥- kv-{Xo°vhn-hm-l-aq-eyw- (a-lv-dv)- \¬-tI-≠-Xp-s≠-∂v- C-kv-emw- I¬-∏n-°p ∂p.- kv-{Xo-bp-sS- ]n-Xm-hv- ]p-cp-j-\v- [-\-tam- a-t‰m- \¬-Ip-∂- \m´p\-S-∏m-b- kv-{Xo-[-\k-{º-Zm-b-hp-am-bn- C-kv-em-an-\v- H-cp- _-\v-[-hp1. Willian F Kenkel: The family in perpective chapter 5

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an-√.- kv-{Xo-[-\-k-{º-Zm-bw- A-\n-kv-em-an-I-a-s{X.- hn-hm-l-tØmSvIq-Sn- \n-eh-n¬-h-cp-∂- Ip-Spw-_-_-\v-[-sØ- ]-cn-]m-h-\-hpw- ]-cnip-≤-hp-am-b- ssZ-hn-I-Zr-jv-Sm-¥-am-bn-´m-Wv- Jp¿-B-≥-1 ]-cn-N-bs∏Sp-Øp-∂-Xv.- B- _-\v-[w- kp-Zr-V-am-bn- \n-e-\n¿-Ø-W-sa-∂v- {]hmN-I≥- hn-izm-kn-It- fm-Sv- A-Sn-°S- n- B-lzm-\w- sN-øp-∂p-≠v.- ]t£,H-cp- Im-c-W-h-im-epw- hn-hm-l-_-\v-[w- th¿-s∏-Sp-Øm≥- ]m-Sn-s√∂- A-{]m-tbm-Kn-I-am-b- \n-b-aw- C-kv-em-an-en-√.- h-f-sc- A\n-hmcy-am-b- A-h-kv-Y-bn¬- hn-hm-l-tam-N-\-am-Im≥- C-kv-emw- A\phZn-°p-∂p-≠v.- Iq-sS- Po-hn-°p-hm≥- C-W-Iƒ-°v- Xo-sc- km-[y-a-√mØ- A-h-kv-Y-bn-epw- ]-c-kv-]-cw- tbm-Pn-∏n-°p-hm-\m-bp-≈- am¿-Kßsf-√w- A-S-™-Xn-\v- ti-j-hpw- am-{X-sa- hn-hm-l- tam-N-\-am-Im-hq sb-∂v- C-kv-emw- \n-jv-I¿-jn-°p-∂p.Ip-Spw-_-Po-hn-X-Øn¬,- kv-{Xo-°pw- ]pcp-j-\pw- hy-Xy-kv-X-ß fpw- F-∂m¬- ]-ck - v] - c - - ]q-cI - h - p-am-b- I-Sa - I - f - m-Wv- C-kve - mw- I¬]n®p-sIm-Sp-°p-∂-Xv.- Kr-l-]-cn-]m-e-\-hpw- k-¥m-\-kw-c-£-W-hpwkv{Xo-bp-sS- Np-aX - e - b - pw,- Kr-lk - w-c£ - W - h - pw- Po-hn-Xm-tbm-[\ - hpw]p-cp-j-s≥-d- I-S-a-bp-am-bn-´m-Wv- C-kv-emw- Im-Wp-∂-Xv.- kv-{Xo-bnseam-Xr-Xz-sØ- Aw-Ko-I-cn-°p-I-bpw- B-Z-cn-°p-I-bpw- sN-øp-∂- Ckvemw- A-h-sf- t]m-t‰-≠- ]q¿-Æ-am-b- D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Ø-w- ]p-cp-j-\nemWv- `-c-ta¬-∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.- kv-{Xo-°pw- ]p-cp-j-\pw- _m-[y-X-IfpwA-hI - m-iß - f - p-ap-s≠-∂m-W2v- C-kve - m-an-s≥-d- ]-£w.- C-Xn¬- Hmtcmcp-Ø-cpw- A-h-\-h-s≥-d- _m-[-y-X-Iƒ- \n¿-h-ln-°p-hm-\pw- A-]-c s≥-d- A-h-Im-i-߃- A-\p-h-Zn-®p-sIm-Sp-°m-\pw- X-øm-dm-h-Ww.At∏mƒ-am-{X-am-Wv- i-Iv-X-am-b- Ip-Spw-_-_-\v-[w- \n-e-\n¬-°p-I.C-kv-emw- k-Zm-Nm-c-Ø-n-\v- \¬-Ip-∂- {]m-[m-\y-w- h-f-sc- h-epXmWv.- hn-hm-tl-X-c- _-\v-[-ß-sf- A-Xv- C-kv-emw- i-Iv-X-am-bn-Ø-s∂sh-dp-°p-∂p.- a-\p-jy-sc- A-Ø-cw- tæ-O-X-Iƒ-°v- t{]-cn-∏n-°p-∂F-√m-hn-[- km-l-N-cy-ß-fpw- D-∑q-e-\w- sN-ø-s∏-S-W-sa-∂m-WXns≥d- Im-gv-N-∏m-Sv.- kv-{Xo-Iƒ- X-ß-fp-sS- ku-µ-cyw- {]-Z¿-i-\h-kv-Xp-hm-°-cp-sX-∂v- C-kv-emw- \n¿-t±-in-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv- A-Xp-sIm≠m-Wv.- ap-J-hpw- ap≥-ssI-øp-sam-gn-®- `m-K-ß-sfm-∂pw- A-\y- ]pcp1.- Jp¿-B≥ 30:-21 2. Jp¿-B≥- 2:-228

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j-∑m¿-°v- ap-∂n¬- {]-Z¿-i-n-∏n-°-cp-sX-∂v- A-Xv- A-h-tfm-Sv- \n-jvI¿jn-°-p-∂p.-1 A-«o-e- {]-kn-≤o-I-c-W-ß-fpw- t]m-kv-‰-dp-I-fpw- N-e®n{X-ß-fpw- s]-Æn-s\- hn-‰v- Im-im-°p-∂- am-[y-a-ß-fp-a-m-Wv- bphm°fp-sS- [m¿-Ωn-I-Nyp-Xn-°v- Im-c-W-sa-∂v- km-aq-ln-I-im-kv-{X-Pv-R∑m¿- ap-gph≥- hn-[n-sb-gp-Xn-bn-cn-°p-∂- C-∂v- C-kv-em-an-s≥-d- Cu\n¿-t±-i-Øn-s≥-d- {]-k-Iv-Xn- Iq-Sp-X¬- hy-Iv-X-am-hp-I-bm-Wv- sNøp∂-Xv.- kv-{Xo- A-¥x-]p-c-Øn-s≥-d- a-Xn¬-s°-´p-Iƒ-°p-≈n¬- H-Xpßn-°gn-b-W-sa-∂v,- ]-s£,- C-kv-emw- ]-Tn-∏n-°p-∂n-√.- ]¿-±- s]Æns\- k-aq-lØn¬-\n-∂pw- H-‰-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bm-sW-∂- hm-Zw- ip-≤t`mjv-°m--Wv. C-kv-emw- Aw-Ko-I-cn-®- h-kv-{X-[m-c-W-co-Xn- kzo-I-cn-®psIm-≠p-X-s∂- km-aq-ln-It-- k-h-\-Øn-s≥-d- hy-X-kv-X-ß-fm-b aWv-U-e-ß-fn¬- A-hƒ-°v- {]-tim-`n-°m≥- I-gn-bp-sa-∂-Xn-\v- I-gn ™- ]Xn-\m-ev- \q-‰m-≠p-Im-e-Øn-\n-S-°v- H-´-\-h-[n- D-Zm-l-c-W-ßsf- kr-jvS- n-°m≥- C-kve - m-an-\v- I-gn-™n-´p-≠v.- {]-hm-NI - s - ≥-d- A\pbm-bn-I-fn¬- s]-´- X-cp-Wn-Iƒ- X-s∂-bm-Wv- H-∂m-a-sØ- D-Zm-l-cWw.- B-bni-bpw- A-kv-am-Dw- ^m-Øn-a-bp-(d)-sa-√mw- B- k-aq-lØn-se- Aw-K-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p.- A-h-cn¬- ]-Wv-Un-XI-fpw- D-]-tZ-inIam-cpw- ap-X¬- bp-≤-cw-K-Øn-d-ßn-b-h¿- h-sc-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.- C-∂pwC-kv-em-an-s≥-d- h-kv-{X-[m-c-W-co-Xn- kzo-I-cn-®v im-kv-{Xkm-aqlnI-cw-K-ß-fn¬- k-Po-h-am-bn- ]s¶-Sp-Øv- sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂- H-´-\-h[nh-\n-X-Iƒ tem-I-Øn-s≥-d- hn-hn-[- `m-K-ß-fn¬- Po-hn-°p-∂p-≠v. C-kv-emw- kv-{Xo-Iƒ-°v- \m-W-hpw- am-\-hpw- \¬-In.- ]p-cp-j-s\t∏m-se- X-s∂- Po-hn-°p-hm-\-h-Im-i-ap-≈-h-f-m-Wv- kv-{Xo-sb-∂v{]Jym-]n-®-Xpw- A-hƒ-°v- _m-[y-X-Iƒ- am-{X-a-√- A-h-Im-i-ß-fpap-s≠-∂v- Aw-Ko-I-cn-®-Xpw- C-kv-em-am-Wv.- ]n-Xm-hn-s≥-d- kz-Øn¬kv-{Xo-bpw- A-h-Im-in-bm-sW-∂v- C-kv-emw- ]-d-™p.- _u-≤n-I-ambnhn-I-kn-°p-hm-\pw- ssh-PvRm-\n-I- cw-K-Øv- I-S-∂p-h-cm-\pw- kv-{Xo°v- C-kv-emw- A-h-Im-iw- \¬-In.- A-h-fp-sS- N-]-e-X- Aw-Ko-I-cn ®p-sIm-≠v- A-h-ƒ- kw-c-£n-°-s∏-tS-≠-h-fm-sW-∂v- C-kv-emw- ]d™p.- am-Xr-Xz-sØ- a-l-Øm-bn- Aw-Ko-I-cn-®p.- "am-Xm-hn-s≥-d- ]mZØn-\-Sn-bn-em-Wv- kz¿§'-sa-∂m-Wv- {]-hm-N-I-≥- ]-Tn-∏n-®-Xv.- A-hfp-sS- ku-µ-cyw- hn¬-∏-\-®-c-°-s√-∂pw- A-Xv- a-d-®p-sIm-≠v- Po-hn1 Jp¿-B≥- 33

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°p-Ib - m-Wv- th-≠s - X-∂pw- A-hI - m-is - ∏-´h - \ - v- am-{Xw- \¬-Im-\p≈I-\n-bm-W-sX-∂pw- C-kv-emw- \njv-I¿-jn-®p.- A-h-sf- A-`n-am-\hpwB-Z-c-hp-ap-≈-h-fm-°n,- C-kv-emw.am-Xm-]n-Xm-°-fpw- a-°-fpw- X-Ωn-ep-≈- _-\v-[-Øn-epw- hy-Iv-Xamb- \n-b-a-ß-fm-hn-jv-°-cn-®n-´p-≠v C-kv-emw.- Ip-´n-sb- k-∑m¿-§\njvT-bp-≈-h-\pw- k-Zm-Nm-c- t_m-[-ap-≈-h-\pw- B-tcm-Ky-hm-\pambn- h-f¿-tØ-≠- Np-a-X-e- am-Xm-]n-Xm-°ƒ-°p-≠v.- hm-¿-≤-Iym-hkvY-bn¬- am-Xm-]n-Xm-°-tfm-Sv- Imcp-Wyw- Im-Wn-°p-I-bpw- A-h-cpsS- B-h-iy-߃- ]q¿-Øo-I-cn-°p-I-bpw- sN-tø-≠- Np-a-X-e- a-°ƒ°m-Wp-≈-Xv.C-kv-emw,- i-Iv-X-am-b- km-aq-ln-I- \n-b-a-ß-fm-hn-jv-°-p∂p-≠v.Cu- \n-b-a-߃- C-kv-em-an-s≥-d- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\m-Z¿-i-\-am-b- Xu-loZn-s≥-d- {]-Xn-^-e-\-ß-fmIp-∂p.- {]-]-©w- ap-gp-h≥- kr-jvSn-®p- ]cn]m-en-°p-∂- a-lm-i-Iv-Xn-bp-sS- kr-jv-Sn-I-fn-sem-cp-h≥- am-{X-am-WvXm-s\-∂- t_m-[-am-Wv- Cu- \n-b-a-ß-f-\p-k-cn-°p-∂-Xn-te-°v- a\pj-ys - \- \-bn-°p-∂X - v.- H-scm-‰- am-Xm-]n-Xm-°f - p-sS- a-°f - m-Wv- a-\pjysc-√mw- F-∂- t_m-[w- k-aq-l-Øn-\p-th-≠n- hy-Iv-Xn-bp-sS- kzm¿∞-X-I-sf- _-en-I-gn-°m-\-h-∂v- {]-tNm-Z-\w- \¬-Ip-∂p.{]-]-©-sØ-bpw- a-\p-jy-s\-bpw- kw-_-\v-[n-®- C-kv-em-an-Ik¶¬-∏ß - f - n¬- \n-∂v- im-kv{- X-cw-Ks - Ø- i-cn-sb-bpw- sX-‰n-s\bpwIp-dn-®- X-Xz-߃- \n¿-≤-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p.- a-\p-jy≥- `q-an-bn-se- Jeo^-bm-Wv.- kz-X-{¥-am--b- ssI-Im-c-yI -- ¿-Ør-Xz-ap-≈- Po-hn.- A-h-∂vh-f-cm-\pw- hn-I-kn-°m-\pw- ssZ-hn-Im-\p-{K-l-ß-fm-kzZn-°p-hm-\pap≈- a-Wv-U-e-am-Wv- {]-Ir-Xn.- ]t£,- Cu- {]-]-©w- a-\p-jy-s≥dkz-Ø-√.- A-Xv- A-√m-lp-hn-t≥-d-Xm-Wv.- X-s≥-d- \m-Y-s≥-d- kz-Øvkw-c£ - n-t°-≠- Np-aX - e - b - p-≈h - \ - m-Wv- a-\p-jy≥.- {]-Ir- X - n-sb-°pdn®v- ]-Tn-°m-\pw- A-Xv- kr-jv-Sn-]-c-am-bn- D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-hm-\pw- BkzZn-°m-\pw- a-\p-jy-\v- A-h-Im-i-ap-s≠-∂v- ]-Tn-∏n-°p-∂- C-kv-emw-,]-t£,- {]-Ir-Xn-sb- \-in-∏n-°p-hm-t\m- kzm¿-∞-am-bn- Nq-j-WwsN-bv-X- v- ]-cn-kv-Yn-Xn- k-w-Xp--e-\w- X-I-cm-dn-em-°p-hm-t\m- A-\p-hZn°p-∂n-√.- kq-cy-s\-bpw- N-{µ-s\-bpw- \-£{- X-ßs - f-bpw- k-ap-{ZsØbpw- I-c-sb-bpw- ]¿-∆-X-ß-sf-bp-sa-√mw- a-\p-jy-s≥-d- B-h-i-yØn\pw- B-\µ - Ø - n-\pw- Nn-¥° - pw-th-≠n- D-]tbm-Kn-°m≥- A-\p-hZ- n°p-

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∂- C-kv-emw- A-h-bp-sS-- Aan-X-am-b- D-]-t`m-K-sØ-bpw- Zp¿-h-n-\n tbm-K-sØ-bpw- k-l-Po-hn-I-fp-sS- Xm¬-]-cy-ß-sf- l-\n°p-∂Xns\-bpw- I¿-i-\-am-bn- \n-tcm-[n°p-∂p-≠v.- C-k-vemw- K-th-j-Wßsf-bpw- ]-co-£-W-ß-sf-bpw- t{]m-Xv-km-ln-∏n-°p-∂p.- ]-t£,- Ah{]-Ir-Xn-sb- hn-I-r-X-am-°p-∂-Xn-te-t°m- Zp-cp-]-tbm-K-s]-Sp-Øp∂Xn-te-t°m- \-bn-®p-Iq-sS-∂v- ]-Tn-∏n-°p-I-bpw- sN-øp-∂p.`q-an-bn-se- A-\p-{K-l-߃- a-\p-jy-\p-th-≠n- kr-jv-Sn-°-s∏-´Xm-Wv.- A-√m-lp-hn-s≥-d- A-\p-{K-l-߃- tX-Sn `q-an-bn¬- hy-m-]-cn- n-hn-`h - ß - sf°m≥- Jp¿-B≥- a-\p-jy-tcm-Sm-hi - y-s∏-Sp-∂p1 .- {]-Ir- X D-]t- bm-Kn-°m-\pw- ssZ-hn-Im-\p-Kl - ß - s - f- tX-Sm-\p-ap-≈- A-hI - miwF-√m- a-\p-jy-cp-tS-Xp-am-Wv.- G-sX-¶n-epw- H-cp- hn-`m-K-Øn-\p-am-{Xw{]-]© - Ø - n-se- h-kX v- p-°s - f- B-kz-Zn-°p-hm-\p-≈- A-hI - m-iw- Ckvemw- \¬-Ip-∂n-√.- {]-Ir-Xn-sb- D-]tbm-Kn-°m-\p-≈- Hm-tcm- a-\pjycp-sS-bpw- A-hI - m- i - s - Ø- \n-tj-[n-°m-\p-≈- A-[n-Im-ch - pw- B¿°pan-√.- A-[zm-\n-°m-\pw- [-\w- k-º-Zn-°m-\p-ap-≈- A-h-Im-iw- F√mh¿-°pw- Xp-ey-am-Wv.- k-ºm-Zn-°m-\p-≈- A-h-Im-iw- a-‰v- hy-Iv-Xn-Isf-tbm- k-aq-ls - Ø-tbm- Nq-jW - w- sN-øm-\p-≈- A-[n-Im-cw- \¬Ip∂n-√.- A-Xp-t]m-se-Xs - ∂,- {]-Ir-Xn-hn-`h - ß - s - f- D-]t- bm-Kn-®v- D¬∏mZ-\w- \-S-Øp-tºmƒ- C-h- ssZ-h-Øn-s≥-d- Zm-\-am-sW-∂pw- X-ß-ƒ °v- C-jv-S-ap-≈- co-Xn-bn-se-√mw- Nq-j-Ww- sN-øm-sa-∂- hn-Nm-cwsX-‰m-sW-∂p-ap-≈- t_-m-[w- a-\p-jy-\p-≠m-h-Ww.- A-Xn-√m-Ø-XpsIm-≠m-Wv- "]p-tcm-K-Xn'bp-sS- e-l-cn-bp--am-bn- hy-h-km-bh -- ¬-°-c W-Øn-te¿-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂-h¿ hy-h-km-bn-Im-h-in-jv-S-߃- ]p-d-ØpX-≈m≥- G-‰-hpw- em-`-I-c-am-b- co-Xn- kzoI-cn-°p-∂-Xpw-- A-Xn-\m¬k-ky-ß-fp-sS-bpw- P-¥p-°-fp-sS-bpw- a-\p-jy-s≥-d-X-s∂-bpw- \n-e\n¬-∏n-s\- am-c-I-am-bn- _m-[n-°p-∂- ]-cn-kv-Yn-Xn- {]-iv-\-ß-fp-≠mhp-∂-Xpw.]-c-am-h-[n- D¬-∏m-Zn-∏n-°-W-sa-∂v- C-kv-emw- \n-jv-I¿jn-°p-∂p.D¬-∏m-Zn-∏n-°m-\pw- k-ºm-Zn-°m-\p-ap-≈- A-h-Im-iw- hyIv-Xn-°p≠v.- [m¿-Ωn-I- \n-b-a-߃- ]m-en-®p-sIm-≠v- hy-Iv-Xn- \-S-Øp-∂k-ºm-Zyw- A-h-t≥-d-Xp- X-s∂-bm-Wv.- cm-jv-{S-Øn-s≥-d-tbm- kaq1.- Jp¿-B≥- 62:-10

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l-Øn-t≥-dt- Xm- A-√.- ]-t£,- Cu- k-ºm-Zy-Øn¬-\n-∂v- cm-jv{- SØns≥-db - pw- k-aq-lØ - n-s≥-db - pw- B-hi - y-Øn-\p-th-≠n- sN-eh - g - n°m≥- A-h≥- X-øm-dm-h-Ww.- A-Xv- hy-Iv-Xn-bp-sS- _m-[y-X-bm-Wv.- Xm≥k-ºm- Z- n- ° - p-∂s - Xm-∂pw- X\n-°p-≈X - s - √-∂- t_m-[a - m-Wv- I-ΩyWnkv-‰v- cm-jv-{S-ß-fn-se- D¬-∏m-Z-\-tØm-Xv- Ip-d-bm-\p-≠m-b- Im-c-Ww.X-s≥-d- k-ºm-Zy-sØ- X-\n-°v- C-jv-S-ap-≈-Xv- t]m-se- sN-e-h-gn°m-sa-∂- hn-Nm-c-am-Wv- ap-X-em-fn-Ø-tem-I-Øn-s≥-d- ]m-fn-®.- Cuc-≠v- B-Xy-¥n-I-X-I-sf-bpw- \n-tj-[n-°p-∂- C-kv-emw- k-ºm-Zn°phm-\p-≈- hy-Iv-Xn-bp-sS- A-h-Im-iw- Aw-Ko-I-cn-®p-sIm-Sp-°p-I-bpwA-Xn¬-\n-∂v- sN-eh - g - n-t°-≠X - v- A-hs - ≥-d- _m-[y-Xb - m-sW-∂v- ]Tn∏n-°p-I-bpw- sN-øp-∂p.I-®-h-Sw- C-kv-emw- A-\p-h-Zn-°p-∂p.- ]-en-i- \n-tcm-[n-°p-I-bpwsN-bp-∂p.- em-`w- Aw-Ko-I-cn-°p-I-bpw- ]q-gv-Øn-sh∏-pw- sIm-≈-em`hpw- \n-tcm-[n-°p-I-bpw- sN-øp-∂p.- I-®-h-S-Øn¬- Ir-{Xn-a-ß-fp-≠mhm≥- ]m-Sn-s√-∂m-Wv- C-kv-em-an-s≥-d- I¬-∏-\.D¬-∏m-Z-\cw-Kw- Nq-j-W-ap-Iv-X-am-h-Ww.- A-Xv- F-√m-h¿-°p ap∂n-epw- Xp-d-∂n-S-Ww.- D¬]--∂-Øn-s≥-d- \yq-\-X-Iƒ- a-d-®p-sh®vA-Xn-∂v- am¿-°-‰p-≠m-°p-∂-Xv- C-kv-em-an-I-hn-cp-≤-am-Wv.- A-e-kamb- Po-hn-Xw- C-kv-emw- \n-cp-¬-km-l-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.- A-\-¥-c-kz-Øv[q¿-Ø-Sn-®v- Po-hn-°p-∂-h¿- sIm-≈-cp-Xm-Ø-h-cm-Wv.- C-kv-em-an-se"k-°m-Øv'- hy-h-kv-Y- C-Ø-c-am-fp-I-fp-sS- A-e-k-X- A-I-‰p-∂p.F-{X- h-en-b- k-º-Øm-bn-cp-∂m-epw- h¿-jw-tXm-dpw- c-≠-c- i-Xam-\w- sN-e-h-gn-°p-I-bm-sW-¶n¬- \m¬-∏-Xv- h¿-j-Øn-\p-≈n¬B-k-º-Øv- Xo¿-∂p-t]m-Ip-sa-∂- Nn-¥- A-e-k-X- A-I-‰p-I-bpwkº-Øn-s\- D¬-∏-Z-\cw-K-Øn-d°m≥- t{]-cn-X-\m-°p-I-bpw- sNøp-∂p.i-m-co-cn-I-tam- a-t‰m- B-b- I-gn-hp-tI-Sp-I-fm¬- km-º-Øn-I-cwK-Øv- hn-ja - a - \ - p-`h - n-°p-∂- hy-IvX - n-Is - f- kw-c£ - n-t°-≠- _m-[yXk-aq-l-Ø-n-\m-Wp-≈-Xv.- A-Xn-∂m-bm-Wv- C-kv-emw- k-°m-Øv- hyh-kv-Y- \-S-∏n-em-°n-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.- ap-X-em-fn- X-s≥-d- k-º-Øn-s≥dc-≠c - - i-Xa - m-\w- \n¿-_\ - v[ - am-bn- sN-eh - g - n-°W - s - a-∂m-Wv- Ckveman-s≥-d- im-k-\.- k-°m-Øv- [-\n-I-s≥-d- Hu-Zm-cy-a-√-;- {]-XypX-- Z-cn {Z-s≥-d- A-h-Im-i-a-s{X.- ap-X-em-fn- ]m-h-s∏-´-h-\v- sIm-Sp-°p-∂- \m

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W-b-Øp-´p-I-f-√- k-°m-Øv.- k-º-∂-s≥-d- A-Sp-Øp-\n-∂v- cm-jv-{S tam- k-aq-lw- D-Ø-c-hm-Z-s∏-Sp-Øn-b- a-‰v- kv-Ym-]-\-ß-tfm- ]n-cns®Sp-°p-I-bpw- A¿-l-X-s∏-´-h¿-°v- hn-X-c-W-w- \-S-Øp-I-bpw- sN-øpIbm-Wv- k-°m-Øn-s≥-d- cq-]w.- k-°m-Øv- ssZ-hn-I-am-b- im-k-\-I fp-sS- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-Øn¬- kw-L-Sn-∏n-®v- hn-X-c-Ww- sNøm-≥- k-aq lw- X-øm-dm-bm¬- tem-I-Øp-\n-∂v- Zm-cn-{Zy-sa-∂- {]-iv-\w- G-Xm≠v]q¿-Æ-am-bn-Ø-s∂- ]-cn-l-cn-°m≥- I-gn-bpw.- C-kv-em-an-I- k-aq-l Øn¬- k-°m-Øv- hm-ßm≥- B-cp-an-√m-Xn-cp-∂- A-h-kv-Y-bp-≠mbn´v- A-Sp-Ø- {]-tZ-i-ß-fn-te-°v- A-h- hn-X-c-Ww- sN-bv-X- kw-`-hwN-cn-{X-Øn-ep-≠m-bn-´p-≠v.k-°m-Øv- \n¿-_-\v-[-Zm-\-am-Wv.- k-º-Øn-s≥-d- ip-≤o-I-c-Wambm-Wv- C-kv-emw- A-Xn-s\- ]-cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.- C-Xv- Iq-Sm-X-X-s∂,Z-cn-{Z-sc- k-lm-bn-t°-≠X - v- [-\n-Is - ≥-d- _m-[y-Xbm-bm- W - v- C-kvemwIm-Wp-∂X - v.- A-Xn-∂m-bn- [¿-Ωw- \¬-Im-≥- {]-hm-NI - ≥- B-PR v- m]n®n-´p-≠v.- CØ-cw- sF-On-I-Zm-\-ß-fm-Wv- C-kv-em-an-s≥-d- km-t¶XnI-`m-jn¬- "k-Z-J'-sb-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.D¬-∏m-Z-\-hpw- hy-h-km-b-hpw- Ir-jn-bp-sa-√m-ap-≠mIp-tºmƒap-Xe - m-fn-bpw- sXm-gn-em-fn-bp-ap-≠m-hp-I- kzm-`m-hn- I - a - m-Wv.- Cu- kzm `m-hn-I-X-sb- C-kv-emw- Aw-Ko-I-cn-°p-∂p-≠v.- ]-t£,- sXm-gn-em-fnap-Xe - m-fn-_\ - v[ - w- kw-L´- \ - Ø - n-t≥-dX - m-hW - s - a-∂v- A-Xv- ]-Tn-∏n°p∂n-√.- sXm-gn-se-Sp-°p-∂-Xn-s≥-d- am-lm-Xv-ayw- {]-hm-N-I≥- Du-∂n∏-d-™n-´p-≠v. "sXm-gn-em-fn-bp-sS- ssI-Iƒ-sIm-≠p-≈- k-º-m-Zyam-Wv- G-‰-hpw- \-√- h-n-`-h'-sa-∂v- A-t±-lw- ]-Tn-∏n-®-Xv.- "A-√m-lpX-s≥-d- sXm-gn-em-fn-bm-b- Zm-k-s\- C-jv-S-s∏-Sp∂p.- X-s≥-d- Ip-Sp-w_-Øn-\p-th-≠n- tPm-en-sb-Sp-Øv- £o-Wn-®-h≥- {]-Xm-]-hm-\pwalm-\p-am-b- A-√m-lp-hn-s≥-d- am¿-§-Øn¬- ]-S-s]m-cp-Xp-∂-h-s\t∏m-se-bm-Ip-∂p'-.- "2sXm-gn-em-fn-°v- A¿-l-am-b- Iq-en- \¬-I-Wsa-∂m-Wv- C-kv-em-an-s≥-d- im-k-\.- tPm-en- Xp-S-ßp-∂-Xn-\v- ap-ºpX-s∂- Iq-en-sb-∏-‰n- sXm-gn-em-fn-bpw- ap-X-em-fn-bpw- X-Ωn¬- H-cp[m-c-W-bn-se-Ø-W-sa-∂pw- {]-kv-Xp-X- i-º-fw- sXm-gn-em-fn-bp-sShnb-¿-∏p-h-‰p-∂-Xn-\v- ap-ºp-X-s∂- sIm-Sp-°-W-sa-∂p-am-Wv- A-Xv]-Tn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv.1.-2,- A-lv-a-Zv-

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"sXm-gn-emfn-sb-s°m-≠v- th-e- sN-øn-®v- th-X-\w- \¬-Im-Øh≥- A-¥y-\m-fn¬- A-√m-lp-hn-s≥-d- i-{Xp-hm-bn-cn-°p'-- 1 sa-∂v- ]Tn ∏n-®- C-kv-emw- sXm-gn-em-fn-I-sf- Nq-j-Ww- sN-bv-Xv- k-ºm-Zn-°m\p-≈- ap-Xe - m-fn-bp-sS- A-`n-hm-PR v- ° - v- I-Sn-™m-Wn-Sp-Ib - m-Wv- sNbvX-Xv.- A-tX-t]m-se-X-s∂,- sXm-gn-em-fn-°v- X-m-s\-Sp-°p-∂- tPmenbn¬- B-Xv-am¿-∞-X-bp-≠m-h-W-sa-∂pw- C-kv-em-w- \njv-I¿jn°p∂p.C-kv-em-an-I-am-b- hn-[n-hn-e-°p-Iƒ- ]m-en-®v- cm-jv-{So-b{]h¿Ø\w- \-S-Øp-∂-Xv- ap-kv-en-an-\v- \n-jn≤-a-√.- ssZ-h-Øn-epw- ]-c-temIØn-ep-ap-≈- hn-i-zm-k-Øn-s≥-d- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\Ø-n¬- {]-hm-N-I-amXrI-bn¬-\n-∂v- hy-Xn-Nen-°m-sX-bm-bn-cn-°-Ww- cm-jv-{So-b-{]-h¿-Ø\-sa-∂v- am-{Xw.- cm-jv-{So-b-Øn¬- a-X-˛[m¿-Ωn-I- aq-ey-߃-°v- bmsXm-cp- hn-e-bp-an-s√-∂- sk-°p-e¿- ho-£-Ww- C-kv-em-an-\v- ]-cn-Nb-an-√.- C-kv-em-an-I-tam- C-kv-em-an-tI-X-c-tam- B-b- cm-jv-{S-ß-fn¬cm-jv-{So-b{]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fn¬- ]-¶m-fn-bm-hp-∂- hy-Iv-Xn,- a-X-[m¿Ωn-I- aq-ey-ßf - n¬-\n-∂v- hy-Xn-Ne - n-°m≥- ]-mS- n-√.- A-gn-aX - n-bpw- kzP\-]-£-]m-X-hpw- h-©-\-bpw- Nq-j-hp-sam-∂pw- cm-jv-{So-b- {]-h¿Ø-\-Øn-s≥-d- `m-K-am-bn- ap-kv-enw- kzo-I-cn-®p-Iq-Sm.H-cp- cm-jv-{Sw- C-kv-em-an-I-am-hp-∂-Xv- A-´n-a-dn-bn-eq-sS-tbm- Xo{hhm-Z- {]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fn-eq-sS-tbm- A-√.- {]-Xyp-X- `-c-Wo-b-cn-ep-≠mhp-∂- a-\x-]-cn-h¿-Ø-\-Øn-eq-sS-b-s{X.- C-kv-em-an-I- cm-jv-{S-Øn¬`-c-Wo-b-cpw- `-c-Wm-[n-I-m-cn-I-fpw- A-√m-lph-n-s≥-d- ]-c-am-[n-Im-cØn-epw- ]-c-tem-I-Øn-epw- hn-iz-kn-°p-∂-h-cm-Wv.- Cu- `q-an-bn¬A-\o-Xn- sN-bv-Xm¬- A-Xv- ]-c-tem-I-Ø- v- tNm-Zyw- sN-ø-s∏--Sp-∂hn-izm-k-am-Wv- c-≠v- Iq-´-cp-sS-bpw- Po-hn-X-sØ- \n-b-{¥n-°p-∂-Xv.A-Ø-csam-cp- k-aq-lØn¬- sX-‰p-Iƒ- I-S-∂p-h-cm-\p-≈- km[yX- \-t∂- hn-c-f-am-Wv-.- sX-‰p-Iƒ-°p-≈- F-√m- ]-gp-Xp-I-fpw- AS®p]q-´n-b-Xn-\p-ti-j-hpw- sX-‰p-I-fn-te¿-s∏-Sp-∂-h¿-°v- I-Tn-\-am-bin-£-X-s∂- \¬-Im-\m-Wv- C-kv-em-an-s≥-d- hn-[n.- `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cnssZ-hn-I-I¬-∏-\-Iƒ- D-√w-Ln-°m-Øn-S-tØm-fw- Im-ew-am-{X-sa At±-l-sØ- A-\p-k-cn-t°-≠-Xp-≈q.- {]-hm-N-I≥- ]-d-™p.- "\∑ 1,- 2,-- _p-Jm-cn-

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bn¬- am-{X-sa- A-\p-k-c-W-ap-≈-q.- sX-‰n¬- A\p-k-c-W-an-√'- 1 `-cn°p-∂-h-s≥-d- A-\o-Xn-Iƒ- ap-gp-h≥- I-øpw-sI-´n- t\m-°n- \n¬-°W-sa-∂v- A-Xv- ]-Tn-∏n-°p-∂n-√.- X-߃-°v- i-cn-b-s√-∂v- tXm-∂nb- `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-fp-sS- sN-bv-Xn-I-sf-- km-[m-c-W-°m¿- t\-cn-´vX-s∂- tNm-Zyw- sN-bv-X- F-{X-tbm- kw-`-h-߃- C-kv-em-an-I- N-cn{X-Øn-ep-≠v.- "A-{I-an-bm-b- `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-bp-sS- ap-∂n¬- k-XywXp-d-∂v- ]-d-bp-∂-Xm-Wv- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- Pn-lm-Zv-'- F-∂m-bn-cp-∂pB- k-aq-lw- ]-Tn-∏n-°-s∏-´n-cp-∂-Xv.C-Xm-Wv- C-ke v- mw.- k¿-∆i - I - X v- \ - m-b- {k-jSv- m-hn-\p-≈- k-ºq¿Æk-a¿-∏-Ww.- hy-Iv-Xn-bp-sS- ]-cn-h¿-Ø-\-Øn-eq-sS- k-aq-l-Øn¬hn-π-h-ap≠m-°p-∂- a-l-Ø-m-b- Z¿-i-\w.- A-Xn-s≥-d- B-Nm-c-߃e-£y-Øn-s≥-d- {]tbm-Kn-I- am¿-§-a-s{X.- A-©p-t\-c-sØ-- \-a-kv°m-cw- h-y-Iv-Xn-sb- sX-‰p-I-fn¬-\n-∂v- ap-Iv-X-am-°p-∂p.- k-°m-ØvA-h-s\- hn-\-bm-\-zn-X-\pw- A-[zm-\-io-e-\p-am-°p-∂p.- t\m-ºv- Ah-\n¬- B-Xv-a-k-a¿-∏-W-Øn-\p-≈- k-∂-≤-X- h-f-¿-Øp-∂p.- l-PvPv,- A-h-\n¬- ssZ-hn-I- am¿-§-Øn¬- {]-b-Xv-\n-°p-hm-\p-≈- B-thi-ap-≠m-°p-∂p.- B- hy-Iv-Xn- Ip-Spw-_-Øn-se-Øp-tºmƒ- Ip-Sp-w_-hpw- k-aq-l-Øn-se-Øp-tºmƒ- k-aq-l-hpw- cm-jv-{S-Øn-se-Øptºmƒ- cm-jv-{S-hpw- ]-cn-h¿-Øn-X-am-Ip-∂p.- ]n-im-Nn-s≥-d- I-c-ßfn¬- \n-∂v- A--h- ap-Iv-X-am-hp-∂p.- A-h- hn-tam-Nn-X-am-hp-∂p-˛ A-hb-Ym¿∞- am-\-hn-I-X-bn-se-Øn-t®-cp-∂p.am-\-h-s≥-d- tam-N-\-Øn-s≥-d- am¿-§w- H-t∂-bp-≈q,- C-kv-emw-

1.- _p-Jm-cn,- a-kpv-enw.-

ap-X-em-fn-Øw- a-Xw- am¿-Iv-kn-kw-

Iq-Sp-X-e-dn-b-m≥-:U-b-d-Iv-S¿\n-®v- Hm-^v- {Sq-ØvI-em-`h≥- tdm-UvsIm-®n≥- ˛ 682 018 t^m¨-:- 0484 ˛ 3267810,- 2352421 ^-m-Iv-kv-:- 0484 ˛ 380746 Website: www.nicheoftruth.org E-mail: [email protected]

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