Musculoskeletal.pdf

musculoskeletal system Dale dimaano Diane Sarmiento q4a

Skeletal

System

Skeletal system

Functions

F u n c bones tions Total

Around 206

Around 305

15% of body mass

F u n c bones tions Total

General features *Based on shapes*

Structures of a long bone 1.

Epiphysis -Epiphyseal plate or growth plate -Epiphyseal line

2. 3. 4.

Diaphysis Articular Cartilage Periosteum

Inside a long bone

1. 2. 3. 4.

Medullary cavity Red marrow Yellow marrow Endosteum

Histology

4 types of bone cells

2 major types of bone tissue

2 major types of bone tissue 1. Compact bone

2 major types of bone tissue 2. Spongy bone

2 major types of bone tissue Compact Bone

Spongy Bone

Made up of osteons

Made up of trabeculae

Calcium is present in high quan7ty

Very small amount of calcium

Almost 80% or above weight of human The rest 20% weight of the skeleton is skeleton is contributed by compact bones contributed by spongy bones Cylindrical in shape

Cuboidal in shape

Contain yellow marrow

Mostly contain red bone marrow

Compact bones form major part of human Spongy bones form major part of our body’s long bones. For e.g. arms, legs, etc. short bones. For e.g. ankles or wrist

Cartilage Types of cartilage 1. 2. 3.

Hyaline cartilage Fibrocartilage Elastic cartilage

Fibrous connective tissue Makes up… 1. 2.

Ligaments Tendons

o s s i f i c at i o n os

facio

“bone” “to make” 1. 2.

Intramembranous ossification Endochondral ossification

Ossification

Ossification

factors affecting bone growth 1. 2.

Vitamin D Growth Hormone (GH)

F u nhomeostasis ctions Calcium

1. 2.

PTH CT

Bone remodeling

Bone repair

F u nmarkings ctions Bone

1. 2. 3.

Angle Ramus Body

F u n c tofi obones ns Features

Functions Organization

2 main divisions 1. 2.

Axial Appendicular

AXIAL skeleton

AXIAL skeleton

The skull

AXIAL skeleton Cranium 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Frontal bone Parietal bones Occipital bones - Foramen magnum Temporal bones Sphenoid bone Ethmoid bone

AXIAL skeleton Facial bones 1. 2. 3. 4.

Mandible Maxilla Zygomatic bone Nasal bone

AXIAL skeleton

The hyoid bone

AXIAL skeleton

The vertebral column 33 vertebrae

AXIAL skeleton Vertebrae 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Cervical (7) - atlas & axis Thoracic (12) Lumbar (5) Sacrum Coccyx

*Intervertebral disks

AXIAL skeleton

The rib cage

AXIAL skeleton Ribs 1. 2. 3.

True ribs False ribs Floating ribs

AXIAL skeleton Sternum 1. 2. 3.

Manubrium Body Xiphoid process

Appendicular skeleton

Appendicular skeleton Pectoral Girdle 1. 2.

Scapula (shoulder blade) Clavicle (collarbone)

Upper limb 1.

Humerus - capitulum - trochlea

2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Pectoral Girdle & Upper Limb

Radius Ulna Carpal Metacarpal Phalanges

Appendicular skeleton Pelvic Girdle 1.

Coxal bones (hip bones) a. Ilium b. Ischium c. Pubis

Lower limb 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Pelvic Girdle & lower Limb

Femur (thigh bone) Tibia Patella (kneecap) Fibula Tarsal Metatarsal Phalanges

Functions Articulations

3 types of joints 1. 2. 3.

Fibrous Cartilaginous Synovial

Functional Classification 1. 2. 3.

Synarthrosis Amphiarthrosis Diarthrosis

F u n c t i joint ons Synovial

F u n c t i joint ons Synovial

Diseases Osteoporosis

Scoliosis

Diseases Lordosis “swayback”

Kyphosis “hunchback”

Diseases Osteogenesis imperfecta

Diseases Arthritis

Diseases Rickets/Osteomalacia

Muscular

System

general features 1. Contractility

2. Excitability

3. Extensibility

4. Elasticity

homeostatic function

flow of blood and other lymphatic fluids

thermoregulation

tendons

3 major types of muscles s

structure of a muscle

structure of a muscle

classes of muscle fibers s

Slow Oxidative (SO) Type I

Intermediate Type- IIB

Fast Glycolytic (FG) Type II

muscle contraction

origins and insertions

opposer

stationary supporter

coupled movement

moves

actions

1.Prime mover

2.Antagonist

3.Synergist

4.Fixator

how to name muscles Sternocleidomastoid Rectus femoris

nomenclature major

Deltoid

Trapezius

Platysma Vastus

shape

minor

size

nomenclature What’s the difference? longus vs longissimus minor vs minimus magnus vs major vs maximus

nomenclature location transverse Tibialis anterior muscles

rectus

oblique

Direction of muscle fibers

Function

Risus - “to laugh” Risorius muscle

nomenclature Flexor carpi radialis

Levator anguli oris

Pronator teres

Extensor indicis muscle Flexion/extension

Depressor anguli oris Supinator Supination/pronation

actions

Levator/Depressor

nomenclature Abductor policis brevis

Adductor policis brevis

Pyloric sphincter Adductor/Abductor Sphincter

actions

Muscular system divisions

muscles & facial expressions

eye muscles

abdominal muscles

postural muscles

back muscles

arm muscles

forearm muscles

Leg muscles

Leg muscles

Leg muscles

common muscular conditions

strain

cramp

spasms

facial ticks

muscular diseases

Fibromyalgia

Muscular Dystrophy

Myasthenia Gravis Rhabdomyosarcoma

Botulism