Musahko Katha

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klxnf] ;+:s/0fM @)^! sflt{s l8hfOgM jN8{jfO8 lk|G6 ;kf]6,{ kmf]g %%%)@*( d'b|sM df]n ?================ oL syfx? j]a;fO6df klg x]g{ ;lsG5 M www.kasajoo.com Musa lai Dosalla ra Aru Bal Kathaharu (In Honour of a Rat and Other Stories for Children) Author:

Vinaya Kumar Kasajoo

Publisher:

Media Services International Kathmandu, Nepal,

First Edition: November, 2004 ISBN: 999-46-32-396

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! d';fnfO{ bf];Nnf p6f km'Rr] d';f l;+xsf] k+hfdf k/]sf] lyof] p;n] l;+xnfO{ cfkt k/]sf] a]nfdf d2t u5{' eg]/ cfˆgf] Hofg hf]ufpg vf]hs ] f] lyof] . ;fgf] d';fn] jgsf] /fhf l;+xsf] s] dbt unf{ / eg]/ s;}n] klg kTofPsf] lyPg . l;+xsf] d'vdf Tof] d';f Ps ufF; klg gx'g] ePsf]n] p;n] d';fnfO{ gdf/Lsg 5fl8lbPsf] lyof] . t/ kl5 s'g} lbg l;+x lzsf/Lsf] kf;f]df k¥of] . kf;f]df k/]sf] l;+x ca dg]{ ePF eg]/ 7"nf] :j/n] s/fof] . l;+xnfO{ ;+s6df k/]sf] yfxf kfP/ Tof] d';fn] l;+xnfO{ afFws ] f] kf;f]sf] 8f]/L sf6]/ p;sf] Hofg hf]ufOlbof] . of] syf plxn]sf] xf] .

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d';fnfO{ bf];Nnf

2

d';fnfO{ bf];Nnf

pgLx¿ u'kmfdf k'Ubf dGqL :ofn klg l;+x;Fu} lyof] . l;+xsf] lgs} ljZjfl;nf] ePsf] x'gfn] p;nfO{ ;a}n] hDa'dGqL eGy] . l;+xsf] cg'xf/ x]//] } p;n] l;+xsf] dgsf] s'/f a'‰g;SYof] . l;+xsf] Hofg hf]ufO lbPsf] x'bF f Ogfdsf] ¿kdf d';fnfO{ bf];Nnf cf]9fP/ ;Ddfg ug]{ s'/f hfgj/x¿n] l;+xnfO{ eg] . ;fgf] d';fn] cfˆgf] Hofg hf]ufPsf] s'/fnfO{ w]/} k|rf/ ug{] l;+xsf] OR5f lyPg . pgL o;nfO{ cfˆgf] ckdfg 7fGy] . o;}n] hgfj/x¿sf] s'/f ;'g/] l;+x dg gnfuLgnfuL xfF:of] . hDa'dGqLn] l;+xsf] cfzo a'lemxfNof] . p;n] tL hgfj/x¿nfO{ eGof], æx]/, ;Ddfg t /fhfsf] kf] ug'k{ 5{, sxLF d';fsf] klg ;Ddfg x'G5 < ;/sf/af6 d';fnfO{ Hofg ;hfo dfkm eof] . oxL g} p;sf] nflu 7"nf] Ogfd / ;Ddfg xf] . a? d';fdfly l+;x+ /fhsf] s[kf / pbf/tfk|lt k|hfx¿n] s[t1tf hfx]/ ug{ ;/sf/nfO{ kf] bf];Nnf cf]9fpg' k5{ .Æ hDa'dGqLsf] s'/f ;'g/] hgfj/x¿ cndNn k/] . s]xL hfgj/x¿sf] dg efFl8of] . pgLx¿n] eg], æxf], ;Ddfg t /fhfsf] kf] x'G5, sxLF d';fn] bf];Nnf cf]9s ] f] klg ;'xfpF5 ÛÆ To;kl5 pgLx¿ l;+xsf] l;+b/" hfqf u/]/ clegGbg ug]{ / bf];Nnf cf]9fpg] lg0f{o u/]/ 3/lt/ kms]{ .

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5f]/L u}8F f cln xlRsg\ . s] sfdn] af]nfPsf] xf] ga'emL lsg hfg] < pgn] ghfg] ljrf/ kf]lvg\ . t/ sfG5f u}8F fnfO{ lbbLsf] s'/f lrQ a'em]g . af3sf] 3/df lgDtf] vfg hfg] eg]kl5 pm v'zLn] kmgSs w'd/] gfRof] . af3sf] lgDtf]df s] sf/0fn] ghfg] < kTofpg;lsg] axfgf klg rflxof] . cfpGg eGg] cfF6 klg rflxof] . t/ pgLx¿;Fu tL b'a} s'/f lyPg . o;sf/0f u}8F f kl/jf/ lgDtf] dfGg hfg] tof/Ldf nfUof] . 4

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a:g] emf8Lrf}/df g t sf]7f lyof] g t efG5f g} . rkL{ / kf]v/Lsf] t s'/} ePg . u}8F f a:g] 7fpF x]/k] l5 lrt'jfn] u}8F fnfO{ eGof], æu}8F f bfO, af3 eg]sf] jgsf] /fhf xf] . /fhfsf] ;Ddfg ltd|f] of] emf8Ldf ug{ ufx|f] 5 . t}klg af3n] lgDtf] :jLsfl/;Sg' ePsf] 5 . of] g} ltd|f] nflu 7"nf] ;f}efUosf] s'/f xf] . olb ltdLn] ;fFRr} g} af3sf] ;Tsf/ ug]{ xf] eg] d}n] eg]h:tf] ug'k{ 5{ . clgdfq} af3 kl/jf/ lnP/ oxfF kfNg'xG' 5 .Æ u}8F f / pgLsL >LdtLn] s]s] ug'k{ 5{ xf]nf eg]/ pT;'s x'bF } ;f]w] . lrt'jfn] eGof], æklxnf] s'/f t af3 ;kl/jf/ cfpg'xg] x'gfn] pxfFx¿sf] ;'v;'ljwf x]gs { f] nflu u'kmfsf ;a}h;f] gf]s/rfs/ klg pxfFx¿ ;Fu} cfpF5g\ . ;a} hgf oxfF c6fpFbg} . of] 7fpF Tolt ;'/lIft 5}g . o;}n] ;a} hgf a:g / vfgsf nflu rf}/df kfnn] a]//] a:g] Joj:yf ug'{ k5{ . af3sf] kl/jf/ / gf]s/rfs/ u/]/ hDdf krf; ;f7L hgf hlt cfpnfg\ .Æ lrt'jfsf] s'/f ;'g/] u}8F f bDktL 5Ss} k¥of] . pgLx¿n] 5f]/Lsf] lax]df klg olt w]/n } fO{ Vjfpg'knf{ eg]/ ;f]rs ] f lyPgg\ . lrt'jfsf] s'/f cem} ;lsPsf] lyPg . p;n] eGof], æhxfF;Dd vfg]s ] /' fsf] kl/sf/sf] s'/f 5 af3n] of] jgsf] s'g} klg vfg]s/' f vfg'xG' g . u'kmfdf lbglbg} rflxg] vfg]s/' f ;a} ;ft8fF8f kfl/sf] h+unaf6 cfpF5 . af3nfO{ aFbn ] / d[usf] df;' dgk5{, al3gLnfO{ dh'/, sflnh / 8

af3sf] ;Tsf/

ltqfsf] df;' rflxG5 clg 8d?nfO{ slnnf] v/fof]sf] df;' rflxG5 . c¿ gf]s/rfs/nfO{ cgf{sf] df;' eP klg x'G5 . aFbn ] , d[u, v/fof] / cgf{ u/]/ ;o j6f rf}kfof / krf; j6fhlt dh'/, sflnh / ltqf eP dgUu] k'U5 .Æ 9

d';fnfO{ bf];Nnf

lrt'jfn] tL rf}kfof / r/fx¿sf] ;fy} c¿ rflxg] s'/f k7fpg] sfd ;ft8fF8f kfl/sf] h+unsf] s'g xf]6nn] k7fpF5 eGg] 7]ufgf klg atfOlbof] . ævfg] s'/f ksfpg klg ToxL xf]6nn] efG5] k7fpF5 . rf}/df 6fFUg] kfn, ;f]kmf / 6]an ' x¿ klg xf]6nn] g} k7fOlbG5 . ltdLx¿n] s]xL klg ug'k{ b}g{ , s]jn xf]6nsf] lan ltl/lbP k'U5 . plxn] t af3 cfkm}n] lzsf/ v]Ng hfg' kYof]{ . c¿n] df/]sf] s'/f af3n] vfg klg vfg'xb'F g} Yof] . t/ clxn] t ;fx|} ;lhnf] ePsf] 5 .Æ æcf] xf] lgSs} ;lhnf] kf] /x]5 t af3nfO{ ef]h Vjfpg . lan ltl/lbP dfq} k'Ug] /x]5 . cfkm"n] s]xL klg ug}k{ g]{ /x]g5 .Æ lrt'jfsf] s'/f ;lsPkl5 u}8F f bDktLn] nfdf] ;f; km]b{} eg] . u}8F fn] af3sf] ;Tsf/df ef]h Vjfpg nfu]sf] va/ jgdf 89]nf]em}F km}lnof] . ;a} kz'k5 + Ln] crDd dfg] . w]/n } ] kTofPgg\ . 3fF; vfg]n] lzsf/ vfg]nfO{ s:tf] ef]h Vjfpg] xf]nf Û To;dfly af3 / u}8F f t k':t}gL a}/Lx¿ x'g\ . pgLx¿sf] aLrsf] of]] d]nsf] p2]Zo / kl/0ffd s] xf]nf eg]/ w]/} ;z+lst eP . s]xL lbgkl5 jgsf] dfemsf] 7"nf] rf}/df kfn 6fFu/] ef]hsf] cfof]hgf eof] . u}F8fn] af3 kl/jf/ clg ;a} gf]s/ rfs/x¿nfO{ lgDTofof] . ;ft8fF8f kl/sf] jgsf] xf]6nn] /fd|f] OlGthfd u/]sf] lyof] . lbgel/ rf}/df vfglkg u/]/ 10

af3sf] ;Tsf/

t[Kt ePkl5 ;fFemkv af3, al3gL, 8d? / lrt'jf, :ofn, AjfF;f] cflb gf]s/rfs/x¿ 7"nf]7n " f] :j/n] 8sf8}{ af3sf] u'kmflt/ nfu] . labf x'g] a]nfdf af3n] u}8F fnfO{ ;Ddfg :j¿k jgafx' gfds kbjL lbP . ef]h ;lsPkl5 xf]6nn] u}8F f;Fu ef]h / ;a} ;]jfsf] k};f dfUof] . k};fsf] /sd ;'g/] u}8F f cQflnP/ em08} d'5f{ k/]g . u}8F f kl/jf/n] rg]{ u/]sf] ;Dk"0f{ rf}/ a]r/] klg Tof]] /sd ltg{ k'Ub}gYof] . u}8F fn] xf]6n;Fu Ps ;ftfsf] Dofb dfUof] . af3sf] z/0fdf guO{ xf]6nsf] C0f ltg'{ ;+ej lyPg . af3n] u}8F fk|lt ;xfg'el" t b]vfpFb} eGof], ælsg olt w]/} vr{ u/]/ ef]h Vjfpg'kYof{] Û h] x'g' eOxfNof] . xf]6nsf] C0f ltg{ d}n] ;s]sf] dbt u?Fnf . xf]6njfnfnfO{ d elglbpFnf . yf]/y} f]/} u/]/ ls:tfaGbLdf ltg{ p;nfO{ dgfpFnf . x'bF g} <Æ u}8F f;Fu ls:tfjgbLdf yf]/y} f]/} ltg]{ k};f klg lyPg . p;sf] cfDbfgLsf] s'g} af6} lyPg . p;n] af3nfO{ cfˆgf] jfWotf ;'gfof] . u}8F fsf] s'/f ;'g/] af3n] d'; ' S' s xfF:b} eGof], æTo;f] eP cfDbfgL x'g] Pp6f sfd ug{;lsG5 .Æ af3n] cfDbfgLsf] s] pkfo atfpnf eg]/ ;'Gg u}F8f pT;'s eof] . af3n] eGof], æclxn] xfd|f] jgaf6 klg s]xL kz'x¿ ljb]zdf sfd ug{ uPsf 5g\ . ljb]zdf 11

d';fnfO{ bf];Nnf

sfd u/]/ pgLx¿n] lgSs} sdfP/ oxfF k7fO klg /x]sf 5g\ . ltdL klg ;kl/jf/ ljb]z hfG5f} ls t <Æ ljb]zdf uP/ sfd u/]/ sdfpg] s'/f u}8F fn] slxNo} ;'gs ] f] lyPg . jgsf] xl/of] 3fF; vfP/ lbg u'hfl//x]sf] u}8F fn] s]xL klg sfd hfg]sf] lyPg . p;n] af3;Fu ;f]Wof], æxfdLh:tf cN5Ln] ug]{ sfd s:tf] xf]nf < slt sdfOG5 xf]nf <Æ æljb]zdf uP/ s]xL ug'k{ b}g{} . ToxfF klg a;La;L vfg] g} xf] . ltdLnfO{ Psbd ;'xfpg] sfd 5 . xfd|f] h+undf kfOg] ltdLx¿sf] hftsf] Psl;+u] u}8F f c¿ s'g} klg h+undf kfOGg . o;}n] ljb]zdf xfd|f] hunsf] u}8F fsf] lgSs} 7"nf] dfu 5 . ltdLx¿ k"/} kl/jf/ ljb]zsf] k|fs[lts ;+ux| fnodf uP/ sfd ug{yfNof} eg] ;ft8fF8f kfl/sf] xf]6n g} lsGg;lsg] k};f sdfpg] 5f} .Æ af3sf] s'/f ;'g/] u}8F f /ge'Nndf k¥of] . cfkm" hGd]sf], x'ss {] f], v]ns ] f] Kof/f] jg s;/L 5f8]/ hfg] xf]nf eGg] ljrf/n] pm /Gylgof] eg] csf]l{ t/ ljb]zdf sdfpg hfFbf gofFgofF 7fpF x]g{ kfOg], sdfpg klg kfOg] / C0f klg ltl/g] ljrf/n] pm dVv klg k¥of] . af3sf] s[kfn] clxn] u}8F f kl/jf/sf] rf/} hgf a]nfotsf] lrl8ofvfgfdf hLjg u'hfl//x]sf 5g\ . lrl8ofvfgfn] k7fPsf] /sdn] af3 kl/jf/n] ;ft8fF8f kl/sf] h+unsf] xf]6nsf] ;Tsf/ / d]hdfgLsf] df]h ul//x]sf] 5 . 12

# Eofu'tf, df5f / dfG5] nfsf df5fx¿ e6fe6 dg{ yfn]sf lyP . df5f;Fu} Eofu'tf, uFu6f / kfgLdf a:g] c¿ hLjx¿ klg db}{ lyP . r+v] Eofu'tfsf cfdfafdfq} xf]Og p;sf bf}tF /Lx¿ klg dl/;s]sf lyP .

vf]

Pslbg lbpF;f] r+v] lbSs eP/ vf]nfsf] au/df 3'Db}lyof] . p;n] au/df sfutsf a§f / l/Qf l;;Lx¿ b]Vof] tL sfut / l;;Ldf æls/fdfg]{ ljiffn' cf}iflwÆ n]lvPsf] lyof] . vf]nfsf df5f / c¿ hLjx¿ lsg o;/L crfgs d/] eGg] s'/f r+vn ] ] aNn a'‰of] . of] s'/f c¿ Eofu'tfx¿nfO{ klg ;'gfpg pm pk|mbF } vf]nfn] /xlt/ nfUof] . /xdf s]6fx¿n] df5f dfg{ nfu]sf lyP . r+v] rfn df/]/ /x5]pm k'Uof] / s]6fx¿n] df5f ;dft]sf] x]g{ yfNof] . Pp6f s]6fn] r+v]nfO{ b]lvxfNof] / lrRofof], æx]/x]/, Eofu'tf ÛÆ 13

d';fnfO{ bf];Nnf

r+v] Hofg hf]ufpg kfgLleq xfdkmfNof] . kfgL leq k'Ug] lalQs} p;sf] 6fpsf] b'Vg yfNof] . vKg g;s]/ pm kfgL aflx/ lg:Sof] / 9'uF fsf] sfkdf n'Sg vf]Hof] . t/ p;nfO{ l/u+6f nfUg yfNof] pm lx+8g\ ;s]g / ToxL+ pQfgf] k/]/ k]6 km'nfpFb} kN6\of] . cfsfzdf rLn / sfu pl8/x]sf lyP . ltgLx¿n] r+vn ] fO{ h'g;'s} a]nf klg emD6]/ vfg ;Sy] lsgls pm n'Sg jf efUg ;Sg] cj:yfdf lyPg . p;n] cfkm" kSs} dg]{ ePF eGg] sNkgf ug{ yfNof] . df5f dfg{sf] nflu s]6fx¿n] vf]nfdf jLif /fv]sf] s'/f p;n] a'‰of] . p;n] cfFvf 3'dfP/ otf ptf x]¥of] . p;sf] jl/kl/ df5f dfq} xf]Og Eofu'tf, uFu6f, kFwg] L{ sL/f / kfgLdf a:g] c¿ hLjx¿ klg 56k6fO/x]sf lyP . ptf bxdf s]6fx¿ kfgLdf kf}8bF } kfgLleq 8'Ab} df5f ;dfTb} v'zL x'bF } lyP . rLn, sfu / c¿ r/fx¿ au/df kN6]sf df5f, Eofu'tf uFu6f / sL/fx¿ vfFbl} yP . pgLx¿n] /dfO{/dfO{ df5f vfP . /ft k/]kl5 s]6fx¿ 3/lt/ nfu] . ef]lnkN6 laxfg r+v] p7]/ x]bf{ 5Ss k¥of] . lxFhf] au/df /dfpFb} df5f, Eofu'tf uFu6f / ls/f vfg] r/fx¿ sf]xL kN6]sf lyP sf]xL 56\k6fO/x]sf lyP . d/]sf r/fx¿nfO{ ss'/ / :ofnx¿n] n'5g\ yf]ns ] f lyP . o:tf] lagfznLnf b]v/] r+v] cQflnof] . pm dflg;sf] b'al'{ 4 / ck/fwnfO{ dgdg} lwsfb}{ lyof] . crfgs p;n] z+v km'ss ] f] :j/ ;'Gof] . 14

Eofu'tf, df5f / dfG5]

15

d';fnfO{ bf];Nnf

Ps x'n dflg;x¿ d/]sf] dflg;sf] nf; af]s/] vf]nflt/ cfpFbl} yP . dnfdLx¿dWo] sf]xL 5ftL lk6Llk6L /f]O/x]sf lyP . nf;nfO{ vf]nfsf] lsgf/}df la;fPkl5 dnfdLx¿ nf; hnfpg bfp/f rfª nufP/ lrtf agfpg yfn] . r+vn ] fO{ v'Nb'nL nfUof] . pm la:tf/} nf;sf] glhs} k'Uof] . nf;sf] cg'xf/ b]v/] pm em08} a]xf]; ePg . lsgls Tof] lxhf] bxdf df5f dfg]{ s]6fx¿dWo] p;nfO{ b]v/] æx]/ Eofu'tfÆ eGb} lrRofpg] s]6fsf] nf; lyof] . c¿ slt nf; cfpg] xf]nfg\ eGg] sNkgf ub}{ 8/n] r+v] cflQ+b} ToxfFaf6 la:tf/} aLif gePsf] kfgLsf] kFw/] flt/ nfUof] .

16

$ b'a} xftdf n8\8' srs] d';f ;k{ grfpg] dflg;sf] 3/leq k:of] . ToxfF p;n] afF;sf w]/} 6f]s/L b]Vof] . ;a} 6f]s/Ldf lasf]{ nfu]sf] lyof] .

r

6f]s/Lleq s] vfg] s'/f 5 egL hfGg rsrs] pT;' s eof] . p;n] Pp6f 6f]s/Lsf] ljsf]d{ f Kjfn kf¥of] / leq k:of] . 6f]s/Lleq ;k{ lyof] . ef]sfPsf] ;k{n] p;nfO{ Ps} ufF; agfof] . æk]6 klg el/of] d'Qm klg eOof]Æ eGb} ;k{ 6f]s/Laf6 lg:s]/ b'nf]leq k:of] . 17

% ‰ofk'Nn]sf] lahf]u k'Nn] efn'sf] skfn nfdf] eP/ cfFv} 9flsPsf] lyof] . To;dfly h'df| k/]/ /ftlbg skfn sGofO /xGYof] . pm /ftL cf/fd;Fu ;'Tg klg ;Qm}gYof] . p;sf cfdf, af / tLg j6L lbbLx¿n] p;nfO{ skfn sf6\g\ w]/} k6s eGbf klg p;n] dfg]g .

‰of

Ps lbg ;fFem eft vfg] a]nfdf ‰ofk'Nn]n] pw'd} dRrfof] . p;n] s;}sf] klg s'/f 6]/g] . pN6} l/;fP/ pm eft gvfO{ ;'Tg uof] . ‰ofk'Nn] ;'Tg uPkl5 p;sf cfdf, af / lbbLx¿n] p;nfO{ s;/L tx nfpg] eGg] ;Nnfx u/] . p;sf] skfn gsfl6 x'bF g} eGg] lgwf] eof] . /ftL pm d:t;Fu lgbfPsf] a]nfdf p;sf] skfn sfl6lbg] of]hgf aGof] . t/ d'8n ' f] gb]lvg] u/L skfn 5f]6f] dfq} kfg]{ ;Nnfx eof] .

18

‰ofk'Nn]sf] lahf]u

19

d';fnfO{ bf];Nnf

/ftL ‰ofk'Nn]sL cfdf pl7g\ / ;':t/L p;sf] sf]7fdf uOg\ clg wfl/nf] s}r + Ln] la:tf/} ‰ofk'Nn]sf] skfn clncln sfl6lbOg\ . s]xL a]/kl5 ‰ofk'Nn]sf] af p7Øf] . cfdfrflxFn] ‰ofk'Nn]sf] skfn sfl6;s]sf] s'/f p;nfO{ yfxf ePg . pm klg rfn df/]/ ‰ofk'Nn]sf] sf]7fdf uof] / yfxf gkfpg] u/L skfn 5f]6ØfOlbof] . /ft w]/} l5lKkO;s]kl5 ‰ofk'Nn]sL 7"nL lbbL pl7g\ . ;Nnfx cg';f/ p;n] klg ;':t/L ‰ofk'Nn]sf] sf]7fdf uP/ p;sf] skfn sf6]/ cfˆgf] sf]7fdf cfP/ lgbfOg\ . 7"nL lbbLn] ‰ofk'Nn]sf] skfn sf6]sf] s'/f d:t lgGb|fdf k/]sf b'O6L alxgLx¿n] yfxf kfPgg\ . pgLx¿n] klg kfn};Fu rfn df/]/ ‰ofk'Nn]sf] sf]7fdf uP/ skfn sfl6lbP . ef]ln laxfg ‰ofk'Nn] p7\bf p;n] cfˆgf] cf]5Øfgel/ /f}s + f u'hN' 6f 5l/Psf] b]Vof] . pm xQkQ P]gf x]g{ uof] . P]gfdf p;n] Pp6f d'8n ' f efn' b]Vof] . p;n] xft 6fpsf]df nu]/ 5fDof] . P]gfsf] d'8n ' f efn'n] klg To:t} u/]sf] b]v/] pm PSsf;L lrRofof] . ædnfO{ s;n] d'8n ' f agfOlbof]<Æ pm ?g s/fpg / e'Od F f nl8a'8L ug{ yfNof] .

20

‰ofk'Nn]sf] lahf]u

‰ofk'Nn] /f]Psf] ;'g/] ;a} hgf p;sf] sf]7fdf k'u] . p;sf] d'8n ' f] skfn b]v/] pgLx¿ ;a} 5Ss} k/] . clg Pscsf{nfO{ x]b{} ;f]Wg yfn] . cfdf, æs;n] olt 5f]6f] u/]/ sfl6lbof] < d}n] t yf]/} dfq} sf6]sL lyPF .Æ af, æltdLn] klg o;sf] skfn sfl6lbO5f} <Æ 7"nL lbbL, æs;}n] klg sf6]g xf]nf eg]/ d}n] klg yf]/} sfl6lbPsL lyPF .Æ æx] eujfg d}n] klg o;sf] skfn sf6]sL lyPF .Æ dfOnL lbbLn] elgg\ . ækfFr} hgfn] skfn sfl6lbFbf x]/ d]/f] efOsf] cg'xf/ s:tf] eof] . larf/f ÛÆ eGb} sfG5L lbbL efO;Fu} ?g yflng\ .

21

^ af]sfsf] cfTdsyf nfO{ ah}n] sf7fdf8f}F n}hfG5' eg]sf] kf]xf]/} xf] . t/ o;kfnLsf] bz}d F f t kSs} n}hfG5' eg]sL l5g\ . sf7df8f}F uP/ /fd'nfO{ e]6g\ ] d]/f] 7"nf] /x/ 5 .

d

/fd' d]/f] ;fg}bl] vsf] ;fyL xf] . d p;s} 3/df hGd]/ x'ss {] f] x'F . d]/L cfdfsf] k]6af6 Ps} a]tdf xfdL rf/ j6f kf7fkf7L hGd]sf lyof}F . b'O6f lgVv'/ sfnf lyP Pp6f ;]tf] lyof] . d eg]F ldu{h:tf] ;'gf}nf] / aLraLrdf ;]tf] 6f6]kf6] lyPF . d]/f] lgwf/df lqz'nh:t} ;]tf tLg j6f wsf{ lyP . /fd'n] tLg ws]{ eg]/ af]nfpFYof] . /fd'n] dnfO{ lgSs} dfof uYof]{ . dnfO{ af]sLaf]sL d]/L cfdfsf] 5]pdf n}hfGYof] / b"w r':g nufpFYof] . b"w Vjfpg lemFhf] nfu]/ cfdf efUg vf]lhg\ eg] /fd'n] ;dft]/ dnfO{ b"w vfg ;3fpFYof] . xfdL 7"nf ePkl5 PsPs j6f u/L ah} cyf{t\ /fd'sL xh'/cfdfn] c¿ tLg j6fnfO{ a]lrlbOg\ . t/ dnfO{ /fd'n] a]Rg lbPg . dnfO{ a]Rg 22

af]sfsf] cfTdsyf

23

d';fnfO{ bf];Nnf

vf]Hof] sL /fd' d]/f] 3fF6Ldf em'l08GYof] / dnfO{ n}hfg lbGgYof] . w]/} k6s ah}n] dnfO{ lsGg cfpg];uF lnPsf] a}gf kmsf{PsL lyOg\ . To;kl5 ah}n] slxNo} dnfO{ a]Rg] s'/f ul/gg\ . jgdf e}; F L r/fpg hfFbf /fd'n] dnfO{ klg ;Fu} n}hfGYof] . xfdL lbgel/ ;Fu} x'GYof}F} . pm e}; F Lsf] cfªdfly a;]/ d}n] 3fF; vfO/x]sf] x]Yof]{ . w]/} k6s p;n] dnfO{ lrt'jf / :ofnaf6 hf]ufPsf] 5 . d;Fu e'Nbf e}; F L v]tdf k;]/ /fd'n] lk6fO vfg' k/]sf] 5 . Ps kN6 /fd'n] dnfO{ klg e}; F Ldfly r9fpg vf]Hbf e}; F L laRs]/ xfdL b'as } f] em08}n] v'§f efFlrPsf] lyof] . rl//x]sf] e}; F Ldfly /fd' cf/fd;fy ;'ts ] f], e}; F Ldfly a;]/ vf]nfdf g'xfOlbPsf] x]bf{ dnfO{ lgSs} dhf cfpFYof] . To:tf] a]nfdf d klg v'zLn] pk|mGy]F . t/ e}; F Lsf] glhs hfg / kfgLdf a'8g\ dnfO{ 8/ nfUYof] . ufpFsf c¿ s]6fs]6Lx¿ :s'n hfGy], t/ /fd' :s'n hfGgYof] . p;nfO{ :s'n k7fpg s/ ug]{ sf]xL lyPg . ah}nfO{ p;n] 6]bg{} Yof] . pm :s'n uof] eg] uf]7sf a:t'efp x]g{] sf]xL klg x'bF g} Yof] . b'O{ jif{cl3 /fd'sf] dfdf ufpFdf cfPsf lyP . efGhf k9fOdf gnfuL uf]7fnf] jg]sf] dfdfnfO{ slQ klg lrQ 24

af]sfsf] cfTdsyf

a'em]g 5 . pgn] /fd'nfO{ kmsfO{kmsfO{ cfkm";uF } sf7df8f}F nu] . /fd' uPb]lv d]/f] v]Ng] ;fyL g} ePg . /fd' uPkl5 d w]/} lbg /f]P/ a;]F . t/ kl5 afgL kb}{ uof] . ah}n] l5d]sLx¿;Fu /fd'sf] s'/f u/]sf] ;'Gy]F . /fd'sf] dfdfsf] sf7df8f}dF f 7"nf] 3/ 5 /] . /fd' :s'ndf k9\g yfn]sf] 5 /] . p;n] c+uh ]| L af]Ng l;ls;Sof] /] . o:tf s'/f ;'Gbf dnfO{ v'zL nfUYof] / slxn] pm;nfO{ e]6g\ kfpF5' xf]nf eg]/ sNkGy]F . kf]xf]/sf] bz}dF f klg pm 3/ cfPg . ah} cfkm} dnfO{ lnP/ sf7df8f}F hfG5' eg]sf] klg hfg;lsgg\ . o; kfnL klg /fd' bz}dF f 3/ gcfpg] va/ cfPkl5 ah}n] dnfO{ lnP/ hfg] lgwf] ul/g\ . dnfO{ sf7df8f}F hfg kfPsf]df v'zL ePsf] b]v/] d;Fu} rg]{ d]/f bf}tF /Lx¿ eGy], æsf7df8f}F uPkl5 sf]xL klg kms{Gg /]Æ . d hfg kfPsf]df Ov u/]/ o;f] eg]sf xf]nfg\ . 8/fP/ ghfcf];\ eGg] rfx]sf xf]nfg\ . eGg]n] eg'g\ . km"nkftLeGbf s]xL lbgcl3 ah}n] sf7df8f}F hfg] tof/L ;lsg\ . /fd'sf] nflu ;]n /f]6L, s'/fpgL / kmnkm"n t/sf/Lsf] ef/L sl;g\, clg Pslbg el/ofnfO{ cl3 nufpFb} dnfO{ 8f]¥ofFb} ahf/lt/ nflug\ . Ps 306fhlt lxF8k] l5 ahf/ cfOk'Uof] . a; :6];gdf k'uk] l5 ah}n] sf7df8f}F hfg] a; s'g xf] eg]/ ;f]lwg\ . l6s6 lslgg\ . ;fdfgsf] ef/L a;sf] 5fgfdf /fVg nufOg\ . d 25

d';fnfO{ bf];Nnf

a;leq hfg lgSs} xtfl/Psf] lyPF . t/ Ps hgf dflg; cfP/ d]/f] af6] 5]Sb} eGof], æof] gfO6 a;df klg sxfF v;L af]sfnfO{ a;leq /fVg] < o;nfO{ t l8SsLdf /fVg] xf] .Æ Tof] dfG5]sf] s'/f ;'g/] ah}n] d]/f] bfDnf] Tof] dflg;nfO{ lbOg\ . p;n] dnfO{ hah{:tL 8f]¥ofpFb} a;sf] k5fl8 nUof] / h'?Ss af]s/] ;fdfg /fVg] 7fpFdf /flvlbof] . ToxfF d}n] slxNo} gb]vs ] f, glrg]sf rf/kfFr j6f v;Laf]sf lyP . tLdWo] s;}sf lgSs} nfdf l;ª lyP eg] s;}sf] bfx|L lgSs} nfdf] lyof] . pgLx¿ klg bz}F dgfpg sf7df8f}F hfg nfu]sf /x]5g\ . Ps l5gkl5 l8SsLsf] 9f]sf aGb ul/of] / aflx/af6 tfNrf df/]sf] ;'lgof] . leq 3f]/ cGwsf/ eof] . a; xlNnof] / u'8g\ yfNof] . klxnf] k6s a;df a;]sf]n] xf]nf dnfO{ lgSs} 8/ nfUof] . t/ /fd'nfO{ e]6g kfpg] s'/fn] d]/f] 8/ x/fof] . k"/} /ft lat]kl5 xfdL a;]sf] l8SsLsf] 9f]sf v'Nbf ljxfgsf] pHofnf] b]lvof] . xfdL sf7df8f}F cfOk'lu;s]5f}F . aflx/ lg:sFbf hf8f] eof] . dnfO{ lng kSs} klg /fd' cfPsf] xf]nf eGg] dnfO{ nfu]sf] lyof] . ah}nfO{ lng cfPsf /fd'sf] dfdfnfO{ d}n] lrg]F . dfdf;Fu} cfPsf] cf]7F df h'uF fsf] /]vL a;]sf] Pp6f s]6f]n] ah}nfO{ xftdf 9f]Uof] . pm /fd' g} x'gk' 5{ eGg] dnfO{ nfu]sf] lyof] . t/ p;n] dnfO{ c+ufnf] dfg{ gcfPsf]n] dnfO{ z+sf nfUof] . v]tsf sfGnfdf gf+u} v'§f bu'g{] /fd' Tof] kSs} klg xf]Og lsgls Tof] s]6fsf v'§fdf 6Nsg] h'Qf lyP . e}; F Lsf 26

af]sfsf] cfTdsyf

cfFudf r9]/ vf]nfdf gf+u} g'xfpg] /fd'sf] lhp s:tf] 5 eGg] dnfO{ /fd|/L yfxf lyof] . t/ Tof] s]6fsf] lhpdf ;'lsnf] n'uf lyof] . dlt/ ss]{ cfFvfn] x]bf{ klg Tof] s]6f] d]/f] Kof/f] ;fyL /fd' g} xf] eg]/ d}n] c8sn g} ug{ ;lsg . p;n] dlt/ cf}NF ofpFb} ah}nfO{ eGof], ælsg Nofpg' ePsf] of] tLg ws]n { fO{ < sxfF /fVg] o;nfO{ < zx/df 3fF; kfOGg, s] Vjfpg] <Æ p;sf] s'/f ;'g/] d 5fFufaf6 v;]em}F ePF . ah}n] s] hjfkm lbOg\ d}n} ;'Gg kfOg, ;'Gg] dg klg ePg . /fd'n] l/;n] v'§f ahfb}{ u/]sf] b]vF] . dnfO{ ToxLFaf6 ufpFdf kms'h F{ :tf] nfUof] . t/ kms{g] s;/L < efu"F eg] df]6/n] lsRnf eGg] 8/ . sxfF hfg] < dnfO{ sf7df8f}F cfPsf]df k5'tf] nfUgyfNof] . afWo eP/ d /fd'sf] kl5kl5 nfu]/ p;sf] dfdfsf] 3/df k'uF] . dnfO{ x]g{ dfdfsf] 3/sf s]6fs]6Lx¿ cfP . ;fgf s]6fs]6Lx¿ æv;L cfof], bz}F cfof] . /fd' bfOsf] v;L cfof]Æ eg]/ s/fP . d]/f] 9f8 5fd]/ df]6} /x]5 eGb} /fd'sf dfdf d';S' s xfF;] . æv;L t cfof] t/ o;nfO{ /fVg] sxfF xf] < s;}nfO{ kfNg lbg'k5{ ls <Æ /fd'sL dfOh'n] dfdflt/ x]b{} elgg\ . ah};uF 5'l§g' knf{ eg]/ dnfO{ 8/ nfUof] . æv}, of] bz}s F f] a]nfdf s;n] kfN5 / Û clkm;sf] kfn] klg 5'§L lnP/ 3/ uO;Sof] . ca h;f]t;f] oxLF st} /fVg'knf{ .Æ dfdfn] eg]sf] ;'gk] l5 d cln 9'Ss ePF . 27

d';fnfO{ bf];Nnf

pgLx¿sf] s'/f ;'Gbf dfdfsf] 3/leq d k:g} gx'g] xf] ls h:tf] nfUof] dnfO{ . leq s] /x]5 eg]/ x]g{ dg nfUof] . 9f]sf glhs uP/ lrofPF . leq e'Od F f st} klg 9'u+ f, df6f] jf OF6 la5ØfPsf] /x]g5 . 9f]sb} l] v afSnf] nrsnrs nRsg] un}r F f cf]5ØfPsf] /x]5 . s]xL a]/ 5nkmn u/]kl5 9f]sfleq e/]ªsf] 5]pmdf un}r F fdfly 7"nf] Knfl:6s cf]5ØfP dnfO e/]ªsf] af/df afFw/] /fv] . dnfO{ ef]s nfUg yfNof] . t/ ToxfF xl/of] 3fF; lyPg . udnfdf km"nx¿dfq lyP . cfugdf ;fgf] 6'qmf hldgdf xl/of] b'af]h:tf] 3fF; b]vF] . sf7df8f}s F f dflg;x¿ u'Gb|Lhqf] hldgdf eP klg xhf/f}F ?k}ofF kg]{ c:6]l« nog b'af] /f]Kg kfpFbf cfkm"nfO{ efUodfgL 7fG5g\ eg]sf] ;'gs ] f] lyPF . ;fob Tof] ToxL b'af] xf]nf . dnfO{ To:tf] bfdL b'af] vfg lbg] s'/f klg ePg . ca s;/L ef]s d]6g\ ] < /ftL ;a}n] vfgf vfO;s]kl5 dnfO{ klg vfg] s'/f NofOlbP— bfn eft / pa|s ] f] t/sf/L . dfG5]n] vfg] s'/f af]sfn] s;/L vfg] < t}klg ef]ssf] ;'/df b'Or { f/ ufF; vfPF . /ft l5lKkFb} uPkl5 dnfO{ ef]sn] rfKg yfNof] . ufpFsf] xl/of] 3fF; ;Dem]/ clg ef]sn] cflQP/ ?g s/fpg yfn]F . d s/fPsf]n] 3/sf dflg;x¿ ;'Tg kfPg5g\ . /fd'sf] dfdfn] tn cf]n/{] aQL afn] . e'Oe F l/ d]/f] aSof}n { f 5l/Psf], lk;fkn] uGxfPsf] / un}r F f leh]sf] b]v/] pgL lrRofpg 28

af]sfsf] cfTdsyf

yfn], æx]/ /fd', ltd|f] af]sfn] t aaf{b} u/]5 . nf} o;nfO{ em§} aflx/ /fVg'k¥of] .Æ /fd' klg cfFvf ldRb} cfOk'Uof] . p;n] e/]ªsf] af/df afFws ] f] d]/f] bfDnf] km'sfof] / dnfO{ tfg]/ aflx/ nUof] . aflx/ /fd' / d PSn} ePkl5 p;n] dnfO{ dfof b]vfpnf, d]/f] s'/f ;'Gnf eGg] cfzn] d s/fpg yfn]F . t/ /fd'n] l/;fpFb} dnfO{ nfQLn] es'g{ yfNof] . d emg 7"nf] :j/n] s/fpg / ?g yfn]F . /fd'n] df]6f] nf}/f] vf]h/] Nofof] / dnfO{ a]:;/L lk6\g yfNof] . dnfO{ klg l/; p7Øf] . d klg /fd'dfly hfOnfu]F . pm e'OdF f kN6Øf] . p;sf] xftaf6 d]/f] bfDnf] 5'6Øf] . oxL df}sf 5f]kL d ToxfFaf6 efu]F . dnfO{ d]/f] ufpF hfg] af6f] yfxf 5}g . t/ d efUb}5' . h;sf] ufpFdf eP klg k:b}5' . ;x/b]lv ;s];Dd 6f9f hfFb5 } ' / bz}d F f sf7df8f}F hfg x'Gg eGg] va/ htftt} k'¥ofpg kfP c¿ af]sfv;Lsf] enf] x'GYof] eg]/ cfˆgf] syf ;'gfpFb5 } '.

29

& :ofn / s's/' sf] ldt]/L p6f :ofn ufpFdf uP/ s'v/f vfg kNs]sf] lyof] . :ofnaf6 s'v/' fnfO{ hf]ufpg ufpFnx] ¿n] ldn]/ Pp6f ef]6] s's/' kfn] . ef]6] s's/' b]v/] :ofn 8/fof] / s]xL lbg s'v/' f rf]g{ hfg 5f8\of] . t/ p;nfO{ s'v/' fsf] df;' vfg] afgL kl/;s]sf] lyof] . o;}n] pm w]/} lbg r'k nfu]/ a:g ;s]g .

P

Ps lbg p;n] s's/' nfO{ lh:SofpFb} h+undf k'¥ofof] / ToxfF p;n] s's/' nfO{ r/fsf] df;' vfg lbof] . r/fsf] df;' vfg kfP/ s's/' v'zL eof] . klxnf] k6s r/fsf] df;'sf] :jfb kfpFbf p;nfO{ lgSs} dL7f] nfUof] . s's/' nfO{ v'zL kf/]kl5 :ofnn] eGof], æx]/ bfO, xfdL Pp6} hftsf xf}F . lsg a}ug' L dfG5]sf] kl5 nfu]/ dnfO{ b'Mv lbG5f} < dfG5]sf] rfs8L u/]/ ltdLn] s] kfpF5f} / Û pxL Ps d'7L h'7f]k/' f] t xf] . slxNo} Ps 6'qmf df;' lbG5 < d]/f] s'/f dfGof} eg] d}n] df/]sf] lzsf/sf] cfwf efu ltdLnfO{ lbG5' . cab]lv d ufpFdf k:bf dnfO{ s]xL gu/ x} .Æ 30

:ofn / s's'/sf] ldt]/L

31

*

d';fnfO{ bf];Nnf

s's/' nfO{ :ofnsf] s'/f lrQ a'‰of] . p;n] ufpFaf6 :ofnn] hlt j6f s'v/' f rf]/] klg To;sf] cfwf cfkm"nfO{ lbg] jfrf u/fof] . Tof] lbgb]lv :ofn ;fFem k¥of] ls ufpFdf k;]/ s'v/' f rf]g{ yfNof] . :ofn ufpFsf] Psflt/ hfFbf s's/' csf{l] t/ uP/ e'Sg yfNof] / ufpFsf] lgSs} /vjf/L u/]h:tf] uYof]{ . :ofnn] klg OdfGbf/L;fy cfwf efu df;' s's/' nfO{ lbGYof] . lbgx'h F ;f] df;' vfg kfP/ s's/' df]6fpFb} / cN5L x'bF } uof] . :ofn / s's/' sf] of] ldt]/L lar/f ufpFnx] ¿n] kQ} kfpg ;s]gg\ . a?, pgLx¿n] Pp6f s's/' n] k'ug] c¿ b'Or { f/ j6f s's/' kfNg k¥of] eGg] ;Nnfx ug{ yfn] .

32

* pNn' / ;'kf/L p6f d';f l;+u} ;'kf/L af]s/] ;sL g;sL b'nf]lt/ hfFb} lyof] . crfgs dflyaf6 pNn'n] emD6g nfu]sf] b]Vof] . ;'kf/L ToxLF 5f8]/ d';f b'nf]leq k:of] . pNn'sf] k+hfdf ;'kf/L k¥of] .

P

pNn'n] Tof] ;'kf/L cfkm" a:g] ?vsf] 6f]8F sfdf nUof] . p;n] To;nfO{ cf]N6fO{ kN6fO{ x]¥of] . To;nfO{ stflt/af6 vfg] egL p;n] 7Dofpg ;s]g . k]6 g} sdnf] xf]nf eg]/ p;n]] ;'kf/Lsf] lkFw cyf{t\ ;Dd k/]sf] efudf cfˆgf] efnfh:tf] tLvf] r'Rrf]n] y'UF of] . ;fgf] 3fp eof] t/ /ut df;' s]xL klg lg:s]g . ;fx|f] s'/fdf 7f]lSsP/ p;sf] r'Rrf] em08} efFlRrPg . vfpF ls gvfpF bf]dg ub}{ p;n] km]l/ csf]l{ t/ y'UF of] . ;'kf/Lsf] ;fgf] rf]S6f pl5l§of] . ;fy} pNn'sf] d'vdf 3fp klg eof] . p;sf] d'vaf6 /ut au]/ ;'kf/Ldf n6\kl6of] . p;nfO{ /utsf] :jfb lgSs} dg k¥of] . p;n] cem} hf]8n] ;'kf/LnfO{ y'UF g yfNof] . 33

d';fnfO{ bf];Nnf

p;n] hlt hf]8n] y'UF Yof] plt w]/} p;sf] d'vaf6 /ut cfpFYof] / hlt w]/} /ut cfpFYof] plt p;nfO{ dHhf cfpFYof] . o;/L ;'kf/LnfO{ y'UF bfy'UF bf pm /utn] n'5K' k} leHof] . p;sf] z/L/af6 w]/} /ut lg:s] kl5 pm cr]t eP/ ?vaf6 v:of] . 34

( cfˆgf] cfˆgf] 8Dkm" nfkfl/ xl/of] snsnfpFbf] 3fF; pd|s ] f] b]v/] Pp6f af]sfnfO{ nf]e nfUof] . t/ pm vf]nf t/]/ kfl/ hfg ;Qm}gYof] . p;n] Pp6f pkfo ;f]Rof] .

vf]

vf]nfsf] lt/}df Pp6f ;'l/nf] ?v lyof] . ?v d'lGt/ d';fsf] kl/jf/ a:Yof] . af]sfn] d';fnfO{ eGof], æd';f efO, dnfO{ Pp6f u'g nfpg' k¥of] . ltdLx¿ h'g ?vsf] h/fdf a;]sf 5f} Tof] ?vsf] h/f vg]/ To;nfO{ vf]nfdfly kN6fO lbof} eg] d To;dfly r9]/ vf]nfkfl/ uP/ xl/of 3fF; vfg kfpF5' . ltdLx¿n] klg vf]nfkfl/ uP/ 3fF;sf kf]l6nf lap vfg kfpF5f} .Æ d';fn] eGof], æbf9Ljfn bfO, of] sfd xfdLaf6 x'bF g} , lsg eg] cfkm" a;]sf] 3/ cfkm} eTsfpg' a'l4dfgL xf]Og .Æ af]sf lg/fz eof] . Tof] ;fn TolQs} laTof] . 35

*

d';fnfO{ bf];Nnf

vf]

csf]{ jif{ Tof] ?vsf] xfFufdf rLnn] u'8 agfof], km'n kf¥of] / rNnf sf9Øf] . dfp rLnn] ?vsf] km]bF df a:g] d';fx¿nfO{ kfn}kfnf] df/]/ cfˆgf rNnfnfO{ Vjfpg yfNof] . d';fx¿ l/;n] r"/ eP . pgLx¿n] ?vsf] jl/kl/ vfN6f] vGg yfn] . ?v 9n]/ rLnsf] u'8F eTSof] . rNnfx¿sf] nnx lanx eof] . 9n]sf] ?vsf] 6'Kkfn] vf]nfkfl/sf] au/df 6]ss ] f] b]v/] af]sf dVv k¥of] . pm lbglbg} ?vsf] k'ndflyaf6 vf]nfkfl/ uP/ xl/of 3fF; vfg yfNof] / lgSs} df]6fof] . 36

!) kfgL36\6 ls atf;]36\6 < t]ls/fn] agfPsf] hfFtf]df lk;]sf] ds}, ux',F rfdnsf] lk7f]sf] /f]6L ld7f] x'G5 eg]/ jgsf hLjhGt'x¿n] eGy] . p;n] a8f] d]xgt u/]/ jif{el/df kfFr5 j6f hfFtf] agfpFYof] . p;n] agfPsf] hfFtf] vf]nfsf] lt/df 3§ /fv]/ a:g] Eofu'tfx¿n] lsGy] . vf]nf lsgf/fdf Eofu'tfx¿n] n:s/} 3§ /fv]sf lyP . 36]/f Eofu'tfx¿sf] 3§sf] hfFtf] lvOP/ a]nfa]nfdf km]gk{' Yof]{ . slxn]sfxLF vf]nfdf af9L cfP/ 3§ aufpFYof] . To;f] x'bF f klg Eofu'tfx¿nfO{ gofF hfFtf] rflxGYof] . o;/L hfFtl] s/f / 36]/f Eofu'tfx¿sf] u'hf/f x'GYof] .

hfF

t/ of] jif{ hfFt] ls/fn] agfPsf] hfFtf] Pp6f klg las]g . Eofu'tfx¿sf] 3§ klg grn]sf] x'gfn] pgLx¿ lbgel/ au/df k]6 kN6fP/ ;'Ty] / ;fFem vf]nfsf] lsgf/fdf hd]sf] n]pm / ls/fkm6]u+ f| vfP/ u'hf/f uy]{ . vf]nf lsgf/fsf kfgL3§df ds}, ux',F rfdn lk;fpg ;Fw} cfpg] sldnf, d';f, 5]kf/f] cflb hLjx¿ ca kfgL3§df cfpg 5f8]/ atf;]3§df lk7f] lk;fpg hfg yfn]sf lyP . 37

d';fnfO{ bf];Nnf

jgsf] dfemdf uf]al]| s/fn] atf;af6 rNg] 3§ /fv]sf] lyof] . kfgL3§df lk;]sf] lk7f]eGbf atf;]3§df lk;]sf] lk7f]sf] /f]6L ld7f] x'G5 eg]/ jgdf xNnf rn]sf] lyof] . atf;]3§df lk7f] lk;fpFbf Hofnf klg kfgL 3§sf] eGbf ;:tf] lyof] . atf;]3§df kfgL3§df h:tf] 9'u+ fsf] ux|uF' f] hfFtf] rflxFbg} Yof] . atf;]3§df xn'uF f] vfnsf] kmnfd] rSsfn] lk7f] lk:Yof] . kfgL3§ vf]nfsf] lsgf/df ePsf] x'gfn] ToxfF hfg cfpg psfnf] cf]/fnf] lxF8g' kYof]{ / w]/} ;do nfUYof] . t/ atf;]3§ jgsf] dfemdf ePsf] ;lhn};uF cfpghfg ;lsGYof] . o;}n] jgsf ;a}h;f] hLjhGt'x¿ uf]al]| s/fsf] atf;]3§df cGg lk;fpg hfGy] . kfgL3§df cGg lk;fpg jgsf hLjhGt'x¿ hfg 5f8]kl5 36]/f Eofu'tfx¿sf] cfDbfgLsf] af6f] x/fof] . hfFt] ls/fsf] klg sfd ePg . pgLx¿ atf;]3§sf] abVjfO ub}{ jgsf hLjhGt'x¿nfO{ cfˆgf] 3§df cfpg k|rf/ ug{ yfn] . Ps lbg atf;]3§ laU¥of] . jgsf hLjhGt'x¿ cGg lk:g km]l/ kfgL3§df hfg' k¥of] . Eofu'tfx¿n] of] df}sfsf] kmfObf p7fpg vf]h] . pgLx¿n] lk7f] lk:g] Hofnf a9fOlbP . o;/L jgsf hLjhGt'x¿n] dxFuf] Hofnf lt/]/ km]l/ k'/fg} 3§df lk7f] lk:g hfg'k¥of] . ptf uf]al]| s/fn] Eofu'tf / hfFtl] s/f ldn]/ cfˆgf] atf;]3§ laufl/ lbPsf] cf/f]k nufP/ jgsf hLjhGt'x¿nfO{ 36]/f Eofu'tfx¿sf] lj?4 pS;fof] . jgsf hLjhGt'x¿dWo] s;}n] Eofu'tfsf] kIfdf 38

kfgL36\6 ls atf;]36\6 <

t s;}n] uf]al]| a/fsf] kIfdf nfu]/ s'/f ug{ yfn] . kmn:j¿k jgdf czflGt x'gyfNof] . Ps lbg kFwg] L{ls/fn] Eofu'tf, hfFtl] s/f / uf]al]| s/f ;a}nfO{ kFw/] fdf 8flsg\ . pgn] Pp6} jgdf a;]/ afemfafem ug'{ a]; xf]Og eg]/ ;DemfOg\ . pgn] cfcfˆgf] kL/dsf{ ;'gfpg ;a} kIf;Fu cg'/f]w ul/g\ . 36]/f Eofu'tfn] eGof], æjgdf atf;] 3§ rNg yfn]kl5 d]/f] 3§df hLjhGt'x¿ cfpg 5f8] . d]/f] cfDbfgL x/fof] . hxfg s]6fs]6L ef]s} x'g yfn] . hfFt] ls/fsf] klg sfd ePg . ca xfdL s;/L afFRg] <Æ Eofu'tfsf] s'/f ;lsPkl5 uf]al]| s/fn] eGof], ækNnf] jgdf uPsf] a]nfdf d}n] ToxfF atf;] 3§ rnfPsf] b]vF] . kfgL 3§sf] bfFhf]df of] 3§ lgSs} ;lhnf] / lskmfotL klg x'g/] x]5 . jgsf hLjhGt'n] ;lhnf] / ;:tf];uF cGg lk;fpg ;s'g\ / dnfO{ klg b'O{ rf/ k};f kmfObf xf];\ eg]/ d}n] atf;] 3§ /fv]sf] x'F . ;+;f/df k'/fgf] rng ;Fw} /lx/xGg . ;a} s'/f km]l/G5 . gofF Ond cfPkl5 k'/fgf] Ond x/fpF5 . ca Eofu'tf dfdfn] klg k'/fgf] Ond 5f8]/ gofF sfddf xft xfNg' k¥of] . olb dfdfn] kfgL3§ g} rnfpg] xf] eg] klg cGg lk:g'eGbf klg lah'nL lgsfNg] 3§ rnfpg' a]; x'G5 .Æ 3§af6 lah'nL lgsfNg] s'/f ;'g/] Eofu'tfn] kTofPg . t/ kFwg] L{ls/fn] kNnf] ufpFdf kfgL3§af6 lah'nL lgsfn]sf] 39

d';fnfO{ bf];Nnf

cfkm}n] b]vs ] f] s'/f ;'gfPkl5 Eofu'tfn] kTofof] . t/ p;n] Pp6f z+sf lgsfNof], æolb kfgL3§af6 lah'nL lg:sG5 eg] atf;]3§af6 klg t lah'nL lg:sG5 xf]nf . To;f] eP uf]a]| efGhfn] g} lah'nL lgsfNg] sfd u/]/ cGg lk:g] sfd kfgL3§nfO{ 5f8] eOxfNof] lg .Æ uf]al]| s/f rnfs dfq} xf]Og a'l4dfg klg lyof] . p;n] eGof], æx]g; {' \ dfdf, lah'nL lgsfNg Ps gf;n] ldl;g 3'Dg'k5{ . ldl;g slxn] l56f] slxn] l9nf] 3'Dof] eg] lah'nLsf] zlQm tndfly x'G5 / lah'nLaf6 rNg] ldl;g / aQLx¿ klg lau|G5g\ . kfgLaf6 ldl;g rnfpFbf Ps} gf;n] rN5 / Ps} gf;sf] lah'nL lg:sG5 . t/, atf;sf] ult Ps} gf;sf] x'bF g} . o;n] ubf{ ldl;gsf] ult l9nf] rfF8f] eP/ lah'nL slxn] dw'/f] x'G5 eg] slxn] rxlsnf] x'G5 . o;}n] kfgL3§af6 lah'nL lgsfNg' a]; x'G5 eg]sf] xf] .Æ kFwg] L{ls/fn] klg uf]al] | s/fsf] s'/fdf ;xL yflkg\ . Eofu'tfx¿nfO{ klg uf]al] | s/fsf] s'/f lrQ a'‰of] . 36]/f Eofu'tfx¿n] kfgL3§df lah'nL lgsfNg] 8fOgfdf] h8fg u/]/ jgdf lah'nL afNg] / cGg lk;fpg cfpg]x¿sf] cGg klg lk:g] lg0f{o eof] . hfFtl] s/fsf] u'hf/fsf] nflu kFwg] L{ ls/fn] p;nfO{ cfˆgf] kFw/] fdf cfP/ a:g lgDTofOg\ . hfFtl] s/f klg lrKn]ls/fn] em}F hfFtf] kmfn]/ xn'uF f];uF kFw/] fdf 3'Db} kfgLsf] n]pm, kft / ls/fx¿ vfP/ u'hf/f rnfpg d+h/' u¥of] . 40

kfgL36\6 ls atf;]36\6 <

jgdf d]nldnfk Nofpg vf]hs ] f]df ;a}n] kFwg] L{ ls/fnfO{ wGojfb lbP . jgdf lah'nL afNg kfOg] eof] eg]/ ;a} hLjhGt' b+u k/] . Eofu'tf / uf]al]| s/fn] Ps csf{nfO{ ;3fpg] clg kfgL3§af6 lah'nL lgsfNg] sfddf uf]al]| s/fn] klg dbt ug]{ eof] . /ftL/ftL aQL afNb} af6f] b]vfpg] lhDdf lnPsL h'gls/L klg ca d]/f] sfd xn'uF f] x'g] eof] eg]/ v'zL eOg\ . 41

!! v'jf / la/fnf] r kfyL c6fpg] s/fxLdf b"w es\es\ plDn/x]sf] lyof] . Pp6f la/fnf] b"wsf] s/fxLsf] 5]pmdf a;]/ x]l//x]sf] lyof] . b"w afSnf] eP/ v'jfsf] ld7f] af; cfpg yfn]sf] lyof] . la/fnf]n] s/fxLsf] afSnf] b"w vfg w]/} k6s sf]l;; u¥of], t/ tftf] afkmn] kf]n/] la/fnf] DofpF u/]/ kl5 ;Yof]{ . slxn] b"w lr;f] xf]nf / vfpFnf eg]/ kv{g] w}o{ p;Fu lyPg, lsgls w/sf a"9fa"9L cfOk'u] eg] p;n] v'jfsf] ;§f nÝL vfg'kYof]{ .

kfF

Tof] la/fnf]sf] lhh'aj' fnfO{ klg Tof] 3/df p;sf] s'g k':tf cfPsf] xf] / slxn]bl] v Tof] 3/df v'jf agfpg yflnPsf] xf] eGg] yfxf lyPg . Tof] la/fnf]nfO{ oltdfq yfxf lyof] ls ufpFel/sf 3/x¿dWof] Tof] 3/df hlQsf] b"wsf] kf}n c¿ 3/df lyPg . ufpFdf rf8kj{ ltly ;/fb kbf{ h;n] klg ToxL 3/df b"w lng cfpFy] .

42

v'jf / la/fnf]

43

d';fnfO{ bf];Nnf

a"9fa"9Lsf] uf]7 klg x]g{ nfossf] lyof] . n:s/} cf7b; j6f e}; F L afFlwPsf x'Gy] . kfn}kfnf] Jofpg] x'gfn] tLdWo] rf/kfFr j6f hlxn] klg b'xg' f x'Gy] . uf]7sf] 5]pdf kxf8h:tf] k/fnsf] s'lgpF x'GYof] . 3/sf] 5]pd} afx|} dlxgf g;'Sg] ;fgf] vf]N;L lyof] . glhs} afSnf] jg ePsf] x'gfn] xl/of] 3fF; slxNo} 6'6b\ g} Yof] . s'8F f] ksfpg bfp/fsf] 5]nf]vn ] f] lyof] . s]xL jif{ eof] 3/df a"9fa"9L b'O{ hgfdfq} lyP . nf7] 5f]/fx¿ uf]7N\ ofOF ug]{ b'Mvn] sf]xL ;x/df t sf]xL ljb]zdf uPsf lyP . pgLx¿ a]nfa]nfdf 3/ cfpFbf kxf8sf] hUufhldg a]r/] ;x/df a;fO ;g]{ s'/f uy]{ . a"9fa"9Lsf] eg] ufpF 5f]8g\ ] dg lyPg . sfG5f] 5f]/fn] t ;x/df g;g]{ eP p;sf] efu c+z rflxof] eGg klg yfln;ssf] lyof] . 5f]/fx¿n] cGt} kfv'/f lvofpg yfn]kl5 3/sf] cfo:tf 36\g] g} eof] . t} klg a"9fa"9Lsf] d]xgtn] b'Or { f/ kfyL b"w kfSg 5f]8s ] f] lyPg . b"w, Wo', v'jf, bxL cflb a]r/] pgLx¿sf] 3/vr{ / n'ufkmf6fsf] vr{ rn]s} lyof] . la/fnf]nfO{ oL ;a} s'/fsf] rf;f] lyPg . a]nfa]nfdf s/fxL, ua'jf / 7]sLdf d'v uf8]/ clg dbfgL rf6]/ klg p;sf] u'hf/f rn]s} lyof] . rf/kfFr a]t 5fp/f 5fp/L x'sf{pbF f klg c¿sf] 3/ 9'Sg hfg' k/]sf] lyPg . t/ Tof] lbg cgf}7} eof] . a"9fa"9L efG5fdf cfpFb} cfPgg\ . cu]gfdf ch+usf d'9fx¿ Psgf;n] aln/x] . s/fxLsf] 44

v'jf / la/fnf]

b"3 pDnFb} ;'Sb} uof] . la/fnf]n] v'jf vfg] cfz cem} df/]sf] lyPg . 5fp/f5fp/Lx¿ ef]sfP xf]nfg\ eg]/ pm cflQFb} lyof] . ca clncln b"w 89]sf] uGw cfpg yfNof] . efG5fsf]7fdf b"w 89]/ w'jfF /ªdlug yfn]kl5 la/fnf] lgs} cflQof] . pm DofpFDofpF ub}{ 5fp/fx¿ ePsf] wG;f/df uof] . wG;f/sf]7fsf] 9f]sf kmf]l/Psf] lyof] / ToxfF Ps u]8f klg cGg afFsL lyPg . 5fp/fx¿ ef]s / 8/n] Pp6f s'gfdf n's/] s/fO/x]sf lyP . To;kl5 p;n] a"9fa"9LnfO{ vf]Hg yfNof] . sf]7frf]6f rxf/]kl5 pm a'OuF ndf k'Uof] . ToxfFsf] b[Zo b]v/] p;nfO{ l/+uf6f nfUof] . ToxfF u/uxgf ¿k}ofFk; } f /fVg] ;Gb's kmf]l/Psf] lyof] . a"9fa"9L /utsf] cfxfndf 8'as ] f lyP . pm bu'b{} km]l/ efG5fsf]7fdf k'Uof] . ToxfF p;n] v'jfdfq} xf]Og s/fxL g} 89]sf] b]Vof] . cfuf]sf] /fkn] ubf{ sf]7fleq k:g klg ufx|f] lyof] . pm bu'b{} cfˆgf 5fp/fx¿ ePsf] 7fpFdf k'Uof] . p;n] PsPs ub}{ 5fp/f5fp/Lx¿nfO{ d'vdf RofFKb} 3/af6 uf]7df cf];fg{ yfNof] . ‰ofnx¿af6 w'jfF / cfuf]sf] nKsf lg:sg yfNof] . la/fnf] s/fpFb} l5d]sLx¿sf] 3/df k'Uof] . l5d]sLx¿ bu'b{} cfP . s]xL dflg;x¿n] a"9fa"9LnfO{ c:ktfnlt/ nu] . s;}n] df6f] xfn] s;}n] kfgL xfn] . s;}n] s]/fsf] yfd NofP/ 9fn] . s]xL If0fdf cfuf] lgEof] . a"9fa"9Lsf] Hofg aRof], 3/ hf]luof] . cfsfzdf rflxF cem} w'jfF p8b} lyof] . 45

!@ dflg;nfO{ s;/L lrGg] < un] cfˆgf kf7fx¿nfO{ lzIff lbFb} lyO{ . lzIffsf] d"n ljifo lx+;s / clx+;s hLj s;/L 5'6Øfpg] eGg] lyof] . cGTodf d[un] kf7fx¿nfO{ ;f]Wg yfnL M

d[

d[u M af3 s] xf] < kf7f M af3 lx+;s hLj xf] lsgls p;sf] bfx|f / g+uf| x'G5 . d[u M l7s eGof} . xfdLx¿ af3;Fu hf]lug' k5{ . Jjf+;f] s] xf] eg t . kf7f M Tof] klg lx+;s hLj xf] . To;sf] klg tLvf bfFt / g+uf| x'G5g\ . d[u M l7s . ca eg h/fof] s] xf] < kf7f M Tof] t xfdL h:t} clx+;s hLj xf] . p;sf bfx|f g+uf| s]xL klg x'bF g} . 46

dflg;nfO{ s;/L lrGg] <

47

d';fnfO{ bf];Nnf

d[u M Psbd l7s eGof} . ltdLx¿n] lx+;s hLj / clx+;s hLj 5'6Øfpg ;Sg] eP5f} . ca ltdLx¿ jgdf 3'Dg hfg ;S5f} . t/ PSnfPSn} glxF8g' lg . olQs}df Pp6f ;fgf] kf7f]n] ;f]Wof] . cfdf, xfd|f] h:t} rf/ j6f v'§f eP/ klg kl5Nnf b'O6f v'§fn] dfq} 6]s/] lx+8g] . afFb/ h:tf hLj s] xf] lg < d[u M P Tof] t dflg; xf] . ;a} k7fx¿n] Ps} :j/df ;f]w] M Tof] lxF;s xf] ls clxF;s xf] lg < d[u M To;nfO{ lrGg ufx|f] 5 . To;n] s] u5{ eg]/ o:;} eGg ;lsFbg} . sf]xL lxF;s x'G5g\ eg] sf]xL clx+;s klg x'G5g\ . To;sf] g t d'v, bfFt / xft v'§f x]//] c8sn ug{ ;lsG5 g t :j/ ;'g/] } . lx+;s hLjx¿af6 t xfdL k/}af6 xf]l;of/ x'G5f}+ . t/ dflg;sf] rfn yfxf kfpg ufx|f] x'G5 . p;n] dfof klg u5{ . ld7f] vfg klg lbG5 . ld7f] af]nL klg af]N5 t/ p;n] sxfF hfn jf kf;f] yfk]sf] x'G5 / s'g a]nf sxfF s;/L em'SofpF5 eGg} ;lsFbg} . To;}n] dflg;af6 ;Fw} 6f9} a:g' x} .

48

!# u'gsf] abn u'g nfsf] b'O{ lsgf/fdf cfFksf b'O6f af]6 lyP . cfFk kmNg] df};ddf b'a} af]6df n6/Dd cfFk kmNYof] . af]6df cfFk x'bF f;Dd ljxfgb]lv ;fFem;Dd s]6s]6L, tGg]/L / a"9fa"9Lx¿ klg af]6d'lg em'lDd/xGy] . sf]xL emf]nf af]s/] ?v r9y] / kfs]sf] gkfs]sf] cfFk 5fgL5fgL l6Ky] . t/ w]/h } ;f] dflg;x¿ au/sf 9'u+ f / bfp/fsf] em6f/f]n] xfg]/ cfFk emfy]{ . o;/L cfFk emfbf{ kfs]sf]eGbf klg sfFrf /; gk;]sf lala/f cfFk w]/} v]/ hfGy] .

vf]

u'lnof] kmn lbg] u'lgnf] cfFksf] af]6nfO{ 9'u+ f / em6f/f]n] xfg]/ xfFuf eflrlbg] sfFrf cfFk v]/ kmflnlbg] dflg;x¿sf] o:tf] Jojxf/ b]v/] b'a} af]6x¿ b'vL x'Gy] . t/ pgLx¿ nfrf/ lyP . Ps ;fn klZrd lsgf/fsf] af]6n] ;fx|} lbSs eP/ k"jL{ lsgf/fsf] af]6;Fu u'gf;f] kf]Vb} eGof], æo:tf] ld7f] kmn kmnfpg] xfdLnfO{ 9'u+ f / em6f/f]n] xfg]/ xfdLdfly dflg;x¿n] ;fx|} cGofo ug{ yfn] . ca xfdL ls t kmNg} 5f8f}F ls cldnf] kmndfq} kmnfcf}F .Æ 49

d';fnfO{ bf];Nnf

p;sf] s'/f ;'g/] k"jL{ af]6n] eGof], æx]/ efO, cfFk kmnfpg' xfd|f] wd{ xf] . ld7f] u'lnof] cfFk kmnfpg] xfd|f] u'0fnfO{ lsg Jofy{df v]/ kmNg] < hxfF;Dd 9+u' f / em6f/f] xfg]/ b'Mv lbg] s'/f 5 Tof] cfcfˆgf] :jefj / u'0f wd{ xf] . dnfO{ t dflg;x¿ d]/f] 5xf/Ldf a;]/ cfFk r';Lr';L, xft rf6Lrf6L vfPsf] b]Vbf a8f] cfgGb nfU5 . pgLx¿n] cfFk l6Kg xfg]sf] em6f/f] dnfO{ cfˆg} s]6fs]6Ln] ;fgf;fgf kfOtnfn] xfg]/ dfof u/]h:tf] nfU5 .Æ b'O{ af]6sf] ;Nnfx ldn]g . cfFksf] df};d cfPkl5 b'a} af]6df cfFk kmNof] . klZrdsf] af]6df k"js { f]df eGbf yf]/} kmNof] . cfFk kfSg yfn]kl5 dflg;x¿ klZrdsf] af]6sf] cfFk cldnf] ePsf] b]v/] 5Ss} k/] . k"jL{af]6sf] cfFk eg] klxn]h:t} :jflbnf] lyof] . dflg;x¿ k"jL{ af]6df em'lDdP/ 9+u' f / em6f/f] xfg]sf] b]v/] klZrdL af]6nfO{ cfkm"n] yf]/} / cldnf] cfFk kmnfPsf]df l7s} u/]5h ' :tf] nfUof] . t/ Tof] af]6df s;}n] ls/f nfu]sf], s;}n] cfFvf nfu]sf] t s;}n] af]S;L nfu]sf] c8\sn u/]/ pkrf/sf] nflu yf]qf k'/fgf h'Qf, km'6s ] f xfF8L, yf]qf n'uf To;sf xfFufdf em'08ofpg yfn] . s;}n] af]6d'lg emf/kft / 3'/ a6'n/] cfuf] afn]/ v';f{gL kf]n/] w'jF fP . cfFksf] af]6 emg b'MvL eof] . s]xL lbgkl5 jiff{sf] df};d ;'? eof] . af9L cfP/ vf]nf lgSs} pln{of] . b'a} af]6sf] km]bF df vf]nfn] xfg]/ af]6 g} 50

u'gsf] abn u'g

9Ng] 8/ eof] . vf]nfdf kfgL s]xL 36]kl5 dflg;x¿ vf]nfsf] lsgf/fdf cfFksf] af]6 jl/kl/ e]nf eP . pgLx¿n] tf/ hfnLx¿ NofP / k"jL{ cfFksf] af]6nfO{ hf]ufpg af]6sf] jl/kl/ hfnL /fv]/ To;leq 9'u+ f e/]/ af]6nfO{ af9Ln] aufpg g;Sg] u/L alnof] jfFw afFw] . cldnf] kmn lbg] klZrdlt/sf] af]6nfO{ s;}n] klg jf:tf u/]g . 51

!$ ;fu/ / Aofª sfz sfnf] afbnn] 9fs]sf] lyof] . a]nfa]nfdf afbn uh{GYof] / ljh'nL klg rDsGYof] . k+w]/fsf Eofu'tfx¿ c+Wof/f] cf]9f/ / s'gfsfKrfaf6 lg:s]/ kf]v/Lsf] l8ndf a;]/ 7"nf]7n " f] :j/n] aft dfl//x]sf lyP . pgLx¿ w]/} kfgL k¥of] eg] ;+;f/ hnn] 9flsG5 . clg k|no x'G5 . k|nodf sf]xL klg afFRb}g eGg] ukm ul//x]sf lyP . crfgs d';nwf/] kfgL kg{ yfNof] . kfgL;Fu} Pp6f 7"nf] Eofu'tf k+w/] fdf olt hf]8n] v:of] ls kfgLdf w]/} a]/;Dd 5fn pl7/Xof] . k|nosf] yfngL kf] xf] ls eg]/ ;a} Eofu'tfx¿ a]tf]8n] cfcfˆgf] cf]9f/lt/ s'nn ] d 7f]s] .

cf

kFw/] fsf] kfgL rNg 5f]8k] l5 Eofu'tfx¿ lxDdt u/]/ km]l/ aflx/ lg:s] . pgLx¿n] kFw/] fsf] l8ndf Pp6f gofF Eofu'tf b]v] . kFw/] fdf a:g] Eofu'tfeGbf Tof] Eofu'tf a]Un} lyof] . p;sf] lhpm lgSs} 7"nf] lyof] / /+u klg km';f| ] lyof] . p;sf cfFvf ufhn nfPsfh:tf /fd|f lyP . cfˆgf] jl/kl/ w]/} Eofu'tfx¿nfO{ b]v/] Tof] h+uL Eofu'tfn] eGof], æ x]nf] .Æ 52

;fu/ / Aofª

kFw/] fsf Eofu'tfx¿n] s;}n] gd:t], s;}n] hbf}, s;}n] :j:tL t s;}n] ;nfd u/]/ kfx'gf Eofu'tfsf] :jfut u/] . pgLx¿ ;a} kfx'gf Eofu'tf sxfFaf6 cfPsf], gfd s] xf], s] hft / y/sf] xf], s'g wd{ dfG5 cflb s'/f hfGg pT;'s lyP . 53

d';fnfO{ bf];Nnf

kfx'gf Eofu'tfn] cfˆgf] kl/ro lbFb} eGof], æd]/f] gfd ;fu/ xf] . d]/f] 3/ lxGb dxf;fu/df a+ufnsf] vf8L glhs 5 . ;d'bd| f rNg] cfFwLa]/Ln] dnfO{ p8fP/ afbndf k'¥ofof] / d afbn;Fu;Fu} oxFf cfPsf] x'F .Æ ;fu/sf] s'/f ;'g/] ;a} Eofu'tf 5Ss} k/] . pgLx¿sf] dgdf Ps} rf]6L y'k}| k|Zgx¿ cfP . h:t} dxf;fu/ eg]sf] s] xf] < ToxfF slt kfgL x'G5 < p s;/L ToxfF k'Uof] < p;n] g]kfnL efiff af]Ng s;/L hfGof] < pm s'g hftsf] xf] < p;sf] lax] ePsf] 5 ls 5}g < OToflb . p;n] ;a} ;jfnx¿sf] d]n; } uF hjfkm lbg] sf]l;; u¥of] . dxf;fu/ sqf] x'G5 / ToxfF slt kfgL x'G5 eGg] s'/f k+w/] fsf Eofu'tfx¿nfO{ a'emfpg ;fu/nfO{ lgSs} wf}wf} k¥of] . ;d'bd | f a:g] Xj]n, ;fs{ df5f, cS6f]k;, d'uf, z+v] ls/fh:tf hLjx¿, efFtLefFtLsf kfgL hxfhx¿sf] af/]df t p;n] a'emfpg} ;s]g . k+w/] fsf] glhs} Pp6f 7"nf] 9'u+ f lyof] . Eofu'tfx¿ a]nfa]nfdf ToxfF a;]/ 3fd tKb} ukm uy]{ . ;fu/n] ;d'bd | f s'g} s'/f slt 7"nf] x'G5 eg]/ atfpFbf pgLx¿n] ToxL 9'u+ fnfO{ b]vfpFb} ;f]Wy], æs] Tof] hLj Tof] 9'u+ fhqf] x'G5 <Æ ;fu/ s;/L ;d'bd| f k'Uof] / s;/L p;n] g]kfnL s'/f ug{ hfGof] eGg] ;f]wfOsf] p;n] a8f] /dfOnf] hjfkm lbof] . p;sf] egfO cg';f/ p;sL ah} g]kfnaf6} uPsL x'g\ . w]/} 54

;fu/ / Aofª

jif{cl3 g]kfndf w]/} kfgL k/]/ kFw/] f kf]v/L / vf]nfgfnfx¿df lgSs} kfgL el/of] . 7"nf] af9L cfof] . kFw/] fdf a:g] p;sL ah} klg af9Ldf au]/ 7"nf] gbLdf k'lug\ . gbLn] ah}nfO{ a+ufnsf] vf8Ldf k'¥ofof] . dxf;fu/sf] Pp6f 6fk'df a:g] Eofu'tf;Fu p;sf] lax] eof] . pgLx¿af6 xhf/f}F ;Gtfg hGd] . o;/L ;fu/ pgsf] gfltsf] ¿kdf hGd]sf] xf] . æah}nfO{ dfOtL b]zsf] ;Demgf cfO/xGYof] . pxfFn] g]kfndf kfOg] :jflbnf vfg]s/' f, ls/fkm6]ªu\ f| x¿sf] s'/f xfdLnfO{ ;'gfpg] ug'x{ G' Yof] . c¿ s'/f la;]{ klg pxfFn] g]kfnL efiff la;{g' ePg . xfdLnfO{ g]kfnL efiffdf g} lzIff lbg'eof] .Æ kFw/] fsf Eofu'tfx¿n] ;f]ws ] f] p;sf] hft, y/ / wd{sf] s'/f ;fu/n] a'‰g} ;s]g . p;n] eGof], æxfdLnfO{ ah}n] o;af/] s]xL klg l;sfpg' ePg . ;d'bd | f ;a} Eofu'tf a/fa/L x'G5g\ . ToxfF sf]xL 7"nf] sf]xL ;fgf] eGg] x'bF g} .Æ ;fu/sf] s'/f ;'g/] kFw/] fsf Eofu'tfx¿ lgSs} k|efljt eP . pgLx¿ ;a}n] ;fu/nfO{ cfcfˆgf] b'nf]df a:g lgDtf] u/] . t/ p;sf] hftsf] 7]ufg gnfuL s;/L p;nfO{ 3/df /fVg] < efG;fdf s;/L n}hfg] < eGg] ;d:of p7\of] . ;fu/n] eGof], ædnfO{ a:g] 3/ rflxFbg} . ;d'bd | f ;a} v'nf x'G5 . d klg oxL kFw/] fsf] l8ndf s'g} 9'u+ fsf] sfkdf a;'n F f . tkfO{x¿n] lrGtf lng' kb}g{ . a? d s;/L 3/ kms{g;S5' Tof] pkfo atfOlbg' eof] eg] u'g dfGg] lyPF .Æ 55

d';fnfO{ bf];Nnf

t/ ;d'bd | f k'Ug] af6f] kFw/] fsf Eofu'tfx¿dWo] s;}nfO{ klg yfxf lyPg . Tof] ;fn lgSs} /fd|f] jiff{ eof] . Eofu'tfx¿sf] lax] ug]{ ;fOt jiff{df dfq} h'Yof]{ . o;}n] pgLx¿ ljx]sf] sfddf h'6] . tGg]/L 5f]/f ePsf Eofu'tx¿n] /fd|L a'xf/L vf]Hg yfn] eg] t?gL 5f]/Lsf afa'cfdfx¿n] c;n s]6f] vf]Hg nfu] . t/ kFw/] fsf w]/} h;f] tGg]/L t?gL Eofu'tfx¿ afa'cfdfn] /f]hs ] f] eGbf cfkm}n] /f]h/] dfof lk/tL ufF;/] dfq} lax] ug{ rfxGy] . kFw/] fsf w]/h } ;f] t?gL Eofu'tfx¿sf] cfFvf ;fu/dfly lyof] eg] ;fu/n] klg s]xL t?gL Eofu'tfx¿dfly cfFvf uf8]sf] lyof] . s'gs } g' } cfdfafa' Eofu'tfsf] klg ;fu/nfO{ 5f]/L lbg] dg lyof] . t/ p;sf] hftsf] 7]ufg gnfu]sf] x'gfn] pgLx¿n] d'v vf]Ng ;s]sf lyPgg\ . Ps lbg ;fu/sf] e]6 kFw/] fsf] d'lvofsL 5f]/L Aofª;Fu eof] . ;fu/n] AofªnfO{ a]nfa]nfdf n'sLn'sL x]g{] uYof]{ . Aofª klg ;fu/nfO{ ?rfpFyL . ;fu/n] pgL;Fu lax]sf] k|:tfj /fVof] . Aofªn] egL, æxfd|f] lax]sf] s'/f afcfdfn] k6Ss} dfGg' x'g] 5}g .Æ æTo;f] eP xfdL of] kFw/] f 5f]8/] d]/} 3/ dxf;fu/df hfcf}F / cf/fd;fy hLjg u'hf/f}F g t .Æ ;fu/sf] s'/f ;'g/] Aofª 8/fO{ . æs;/L hfg] ltd|f] 3/ < dxf;fu/ k'Ubf;Dd 56

;fu/ / Aofª

d afFRg;S5' ls ;lSbg . dnfO{ t 8/ nfU5 . a? of] kFw/] f 5f8]/ csf]{ kFw/] fdf a:g uP x'bF g} <Æ Aofªn] egL . æltdLn] eg]sf] pkfo Ps l5gsf] nflu t l7s xf]nf . t/ h'g kFw/] fdf uP/ a;] klg ;a}n] xfd|f] hft, y/, wd{ ;f]Wg] 5g\ . clg g]kfndf a:bf;Dd h'g kFw/] fdf a;] klg xfd|f] b'Mv ;lsg] 5}g .Æ ;fu/n] z+sf JoQm u¥of] . Ps kN6 w]/} lbg;Dd 3g3f]/ kfgL k¥of] . kxf8sf kFw/] f, vx/], vf]N;f, vf]nf, gbLgfnf ;a} kfgLn] el/P . oxL df}sf 5f]k/] ;fu/ / Aofª kFw/] faf6 pn]/{ lg:s]sf] kfgLsf] en;Fu} kf}8L v]Nb} vf]N;fdf k'u] . vf]N;fsf] kfgLsf] a]u b]v/] Aofª 8/fO{ . p;n] ;fu/nfO{ a]:;/L c+7o\ fP/ ;fdftL . ;fu/n] klg AofªnfO{ km'Tsg gldNg] u/L ;dfTof] / b'ah } gf vf]N;fsf] kfgLdf kf}8L v]Nb} vf]nfdf k'u] . vf]nfsf] kfgL cem} alnof] lyof] . ;fu/n] AofªnfO{ cem} hf]8n] ;dfTof] / kfgLdfly au]sf] Pp6f d'9fdfly r9\of] . d'9fdfly r9]/ b'an } ] nfdf] ;f; km]/] . d'9f ;Fu;Fu} pgLx¿ dxf;fu/lt/ nfu] . ef]s nfUbf d'9fsf] n]pm, kfgLdf a:g] ls/f / glhsglhs p8g] ls/fx¿ vfP/ k]6 e/] . dxf;fu/df k'u/] ;fu/ / Aofªn] gofF hLjg yfn] . 57

!% df5f, Eofu'tf / km'r] r]nfO{ p;sL cfdfn] vf]nfdf g'xfpg lnP/ uPsL lyOg\ . km'r] lr;f] kfgLdf g'xfpg dflg/x]sf] lyPg . cfdfn] p;nfO{ kfgLdf tfg]/ nu]kl5 pm lrRofP/ ?g yfNof] .

km'

km'r] /f]Psf] ;'g/] kfgLleqsf df5f / Eofu'tfx¿n] kfgLdfly 6fpsf] lgsfn]/ x]gy{ fn] . km'r] s/fO/x]sf] lyof], æcfdf, hf8f] eof] . gfOF d lr;f] kfgLdf g'xfpGg eg]sf] .Æ km'rs ] f] s'/f ;'g/] df5fx¿ xfF:g yfn] . pgLx¿n] eg], æs:tf] s]6f] xf]nf . Ps l5g kfgLdf a'8g\ klg slt 8/fPsf] xf]nf < xfdL hLjgel/ kgLd} a:5f}F t slQ klg /f]Psf 5}gf}F . 8/5]?jf km'r] .Æ df5fx¿sf] s'/f ;'g]/ Pp6f a"9f] Eofu'tfn] eGof], æltdL sTn]x¿nfO{ hf8f] / udL{sf] s'/f s] yfxf Û p;sf] lhpmsf] 5fnf klg ltdLx¿sf] h:t} ePsf] eP pm klg ltdLx¿h:t} kfgLdf /dfpg] lyof] .Æ 58

df5f, Eofu'tf / km'r]

km'r]n] w]/} lh2L u/]kl5 cfdfn] vf]nfsf] 5]pmdf lemFhf bfp/f a6'n]/ cfuf] aflng\ clg vF8s'nf]df kfgL ttfP/ km'r]nfO{ g'xfOlbOg\ . km'r]n] tftf] kfgLn] 5ØfKnf eGg] 8/n] df5f / Eofu'tfx¿ kfgLleq k;] . 59

!^ xfF;sf] rNnf] p6f s'v/' f uf]7dfly 8fnf]df rNnf sf]/Ng a;]sL lyO{ . pm km'nx¿nfO{ lbgel/ 5f]k/] Gofgf] kf/]/ a:yL . ef]snfUbf slxn]sfxLF uf]7 glhs} dnvfN6f]df k'UyL / g+uf| n] vf];/]| ls/f lgsfn]/ vfGyL .

P

Ps lbg s'v/f rf/f] vf]Hg uPsf] a]nfdf sfG5fn] Pp6f km'n ;'6S' s lemSof] / ksfP/ vfof] . km'n rf]/s ] f] s'/f cfdfn] yfxf kfplng\ eg]/ p;n] ef]lnkN6 ;fyL;Fu Pp6f km'n dfUof] / s'v/' fsf] 8fnf]df /flvlbof] . aL;afO; lbgkl5 km'naf6 rNnfx¿ lg:s] . rL+rL+ s/fO/x]sf rNnfx¿nfO{ cl3kl5 nfpFb} s'v/' f uf]7af6 aflx/ cfO{ . s'v/' fsf rNnfnfO{ b]v/] cfdf v'zL eOg\ . pgn] rNnf ulgg\ . aL; j6f /x]5g\ . t/ Pp6f rNnf eg] s'v/fsf] rNnfh:tf] lyPg . lu4h:tf] nfu]/ pgn] elgg\, æxf]Og of] lu4sf] rNnf xf] ls s] xf] < o:sf] 7f]8F t a]Un} 5 P . s;/L Pp6f rNnf a]Un} eof] <Æ 60

xfF;sf] rNnf]

61

d';fnfO{ bf];Nnf

sfG5fsL cfdfsf] s'/f ;'g/] sfG5fsf] afn] Tof] rNnfnfO{ xftdf lnP/ x]b{} eg], æxf]Og of] t xfF;sf] rNnfh:tf] 5 . x]/\ t o;sf v'§fsf kfOnf . xfF;sf] h:tf] 5 .Æ sfG5fn] afcfdfsf s'/f 8/fO{8/fO{ ;'lg/x]sf] lyof], lsgls p;nfO{ lsg Pp6f rNnf a]Un} lg:Sof] eGg] s'/f yfxf lyof] . t/ p;n] s]xL eg]g . xfF;s} l6p/f] eP klg s'v/' fn] To;nfO{ c¿ rNnfnfO{ hlQs} dfof u/]/ x'sf{pg yflng\ . rf/f] VjfpFbf p;nfO{ klg glhs} 8fs]/ VjfpFlyg\ . t/ p;sf] 7f]8F RofK6f] ePsf] x'gfn] p;n] c¿ rNnfn] em}F slgsf / ls/f km6fkm6 e'OaF f6 l6k]/ vfg ;Qm}gYof] . o;}n] s'v/' fn] p;nfO{ cln a9L x]/larf/ ug'k{ Yof]{ . kfgL el/Psf] efF8f, vfN6f] jf kf]v/L b]Vof] ls l6p/f] Totflt/ hfg vf]HYof] . t/ s'v/' fn] c¿ rNnfnfO{ em}F p;nfO{ klg kfgLdf hfnf eg]/ lgSs} xf]; k'¥ofpFyL . t}klg pm df}sf kfpg] lalQs} s'v/' fsf] cfFvf 5n]/ kfgLdf k:g vf]HYof] . lxnf] e]§fof] ls 7f]8F 3';f/]/ 6/// ub}{ rf/f] vfOxfNYof] . l6p/f]nfO{ o;/L vfg kfP dfq} vfPh:tf] x'GYof] . t/ o;/L vfPsf] s'v/' fn] ?rfpGgyL / p;nfO{ ufnL uyL{ . l6p/f]nfO{ c¿ rNnfx¿n] klg lh:SofpFy] . slxn] p;sf] v'§fsf kfOtnf t slxn] 7f]8F nfO{ b]vfP/ ltgLx¿n] luNnf 62

xfF;sf] rNnf]

uy]{ . p;sf] :j/ klg c¿ rNnfx¿sf] eGbf a]Un} lyof] . o;n] ubf{ pm rNnfx¿sf] dfemdf a;]/ klg cfkm"nfO{ PSnf] 7fGYof] . slxn]sfxLF ;a}nfO{ 5f8]/ hfpF ls h:tf] p;nfO{ nfUYof] . Ps lbg 7"nf] kfgL k¥of] . kfgL k/]sf] a]nfdf s'v/' fn] rNnfx¿nfO{ uf] 7 aflx/ hfg /f] l sg\ . uf] 7 aflx/ vfN6fv'N6Lx¿ jiff{sf] kfgLn] el/P . kfgLsf vfN6fx¿ b]v/] l6p/f]nfO{ aflx/ hfg / kfgLdf v]Ng dg nfUof] . ToxL a]nf p;n] s]xL k/ Pp6f xfF; Ps ayfg l6p/fx¿;Fu kfgLdf ?‰b} st} hfg nfu]sf] b]Vof] . p;n] dg yfDg;s]g . s'v/' fn] aflx/ ghfpm eg]/ 7"nf] :j/n] s/fpFbf s/fpFb} klg c6]/ u/]/ pm uf]7af6 aflx/ lg:Sof] . l6p/f] kfgLdf ?‰b} xfF;sf] ayfg ePlt/ uof] . xfF; / p;sf rNnfx¿ glhs}sf] kf]v/Llt/ hfg nfu]sf lyP . pm klg tL xfF;sf] kl5kl5 nfUof] . xfF;sf] ayfg kf]v/Ldf k'u/] kfgLdf kf}8L v]Ng yfn]sf] b]v/] p;nfO{ /dfOnf] nfUof] . pm klg kf]v/Lsf] l8ndf uof] / kfgLleq x]¥of] . kfgLdf cfˆgf] ;SsnL ¿k b]Vbf pm b+u k¥of] . pm t kf]v/Ldf kf}l8/x]sf c¿ xfF;sf rNnfx¿h:t} /x]5 . pm v'zLn] lrRofof] . pm lrRofPsf] ;'g/] ayfgsf l6p/fx¿ klg hf]8n] s/fP . pm 5Ss k¥of] lsgls p;sf] :j/ klg tL l6p/fx¿;Fu 7ØfSs} ldNg] /x]5 . 63

d';fnfO{ bf];Nnf

cfkm" klg xfF; /x]5' eGg] k"/f ljZjf; ePkl5 Tof] l6p/f] kfgLdf k:of] . p;n] cfkm"nfO{ a8f] xn'u+ f] dx;'; u¥of] . p;n] v'§f rnfpFbf pm ;/// kfgLdf cufl8 a9\of] . olt ;lhnf]l;t kfgLdf otfplt hfg;lsg] yfxf kfP/ pm v'zLn] gfRg yfNof] . kfgLleq df5f b]v/] p;n] 8'aN' sL df¥of] / Pp6f ;fgf] df5f ;dft]/ vfof] . olt~h]n p;nfO{ lng eg]/ s'v/' f klg ToxfF k'lu;s]sL lyO{ . p;n] k/}af6 rNnf kfgLdf gflr/x]sf] b]vL . klxn] t pm l6p/f] kfgLdf 8'a/] dnf{ eg]/ cflQO{ . t/ pm l6p/f]h:t} kfgLdf lgw{Ss;Fu gfRg, v]Ng / df5f ;dft]/ vfg yfn]sf] b]v/] p;nfO{ Tof] s'v/' fsf] rNnf xf]Og /x]5, xfF;sf] rNnf /x]5 eGg] ljZjf; eof] . xfF;sf] rNnf kf]v/Lsf] dfemdf k'u/] xfF;sf] ayfgsf rNnfx¿;Fu ldn]/ kfgLdf v]Ng yfNof] . p;n] klg c¿ rNnfn] em}F kfgLdf 8'aN' sL dfb{} kfgLleqsf df5f, Eofu'tf / ls/f vf]Hg yfNof] . of] b]v/] ca xfF;sf] rNnf afFRg] eof] eg]/ s'v/' f 9'Ss eO{ . To;kl5 s'v/' fn] kv]6f km6km6fP/ 7"nf] :j/n] s/fpFb} Tof] xfF;sf] rNnfnfO{ ;Fws } f] nflu labf lbO{ / lj:tf/} uf]7lt/ kmsL{ .

64

!& afFb/sf] xftdf ad 8]bD' ;Ln] b'nf] vGbfvGb} Pp6f ;fx|f] uf]nf] a:t' e]6fof] . Tof] a:t' ;fx|f] ePsf] x'gfn] vfg ldn]g . t/ Tof] 9'u+ feGbf ux|u'F f] ePsf] x'bF f kSs} klg ;'g rfFbL jf o:t} s'g} bfdL a:t' xf]nf eg]/ 9f8]n] c8sn u¥of] . p;n] v'zL x'bF } Tof] a:t'nfO{ 3/ n}hfg] lgwf] u¥of] .

9f

9f8]bD' ;L a:g] 7fpF ufpFsf] glhs} lyof] . pm :jf:gL / 5f]/f5f]/L;Fu Pp6f cf]9f/df a:Yof] . cf]9f/ vf]N;fsf] 5]pmdf lyof] . cf]9f/df p;n] vfg]s/' f hDdf u/]/ /fVYof] . v8]/L k/]sf] a]nfdf / hf8f] ofddf v]t af/Ldf vfg]s/' f gkfOg] a]nfdf p;sf] kl/jf/n] cf]9f/df /fv]sf] ds}, wfg, ;'ss ] f kmnkm"n / t/sf/L vfP/ u'hf/f uYof]{ . cfkm"n] e]6fPsf] Tof] ux|s 'F f] a:t'nfO{ klg vfg]s/' fx¿;Fu} cf]9f/df /fVg] ljrf/ ub}{ 9f8]bD' ;L cf]9f/lt/ hfFb} lyof] . af6f]df nfDsfg] v/fof] e]6 eof] . 9f8]sf] xftdf ad b]v/] nfDsfg] t;]/{ efUg vf]Hof] . nfDsfg] efUg vf]hs ] f] b]v/] 65

d';fnfO{ bf];Nnf

9f8]n] p;nfO{ /f]Sg vf]Hb} lrRofof], æP nfDsfg] stf hfg nfu]sf] < dnfO{ b]v/] lsg 8/fPsf] <Æ nfDsfg]n] eGof], æklxn] ltd|f] xftdf ePsf] s'/f la:tf/} e'OFdf /fv]/ d]/f] glhs cfpm clg ltdL;Fu s'/f u?Fnf .Æ 9f8]n] htg;Fu Tof] ux|uF' f] a:t' e'Od F f /fVof] / eGof], ænf} eg ltdL lsg d;Fu 8/fP/ efUg vf]hs ] f]<Æ æltdLn] of] s'/f sxfFaf6 Nofof} < s;n] lbof] < klxn] of] s'/f eg, clg d cfˆgf] s'/f eg'n F f .Æ nfDsfg]n] sDd/df xft /fVb} eGof] . 9f8]bD' ;Ln] ;fFrf] s'/f atfof], ævf]N;fsf] afF;sf] ufFhdf vfg]s/' f vf]Hg b'nf] vGbf d}n] of] a:t' e]6fPsf] x'F . s;}n] lbPsf] xf]Og . of] a:t' 9'u+ feGbf ux|fF} ePsf]n] kSs} klg ;'g rfFbLh:t} s'g} bfdL s'/f xf]nf eg]/ 3/df n}hfg nfu]sf] xf] .Æ 9f8]sf] s'/f ;'gk] l5 nfDsfg]n] nfdf] ;f; km]b}{ eGof], æx]/ 9f8] ltdLnfO{ Tof] s] lrh xf] eGg] yfxf /x]g5 . ltdL em08}n] hf]luof} . olb Tof] k8s]sf] eP ltd|f] Hofg hfg] lyof] . c¿nfO{ klg gf]S;fg ug]{ lyof] . ufpFdf o:tf] s'/f k8s]/ w]/} dflg; d/]sf] d}n] b]lv;]sf] 5' .Æ 66

afFb/sf] xftdf ad

nfDsfg]sf] s'/f ;'g/] 9f8]nfO{ 5f+uf]af6 v;]em}F eof] . p;n] cflQFb} ;fWof], æxf]Og, s] xf] / of] lrh dnfO{ a'emfpm t nfDsfg] .Æ æx]/ 9f8] of] k8\sg] s'/f xf] . dflg;n] dflg;nfO{ dfg{ eg]/ o:tf] s'/f agfPsf] xf] . t/ o;n] dfG5]dfq} dfb}g{ xfdL hfgj/x¿nfO{ klg df5{ . o;leq k8sg] s'/f, uf]nL / af?b x'G5 . o;nfO{ lj:kmf]6s kbfy{ klg elgG5 . o;sf cg]s gfd 5g\ h:t} ad, df]6f{/, lu|g8] , Nof08dfOg cyf{t\ hldgleq n'sfP/ /flvg] ad . logLx¿nfO{ k8sfpg] tl/sf klg a]Unfa]Un} x'G5 . s'g} tf/ hf]8/] k8lsG5 eg] s'g} lagftf/ 6f9}af6 l:jr lyr]/ klg k8sG5 . s'g} hf]8n] v:bf k8\sG5 . Nof08 dfOgdfly 6]Sof] eg] k8sG5 / jl/kl/sf dflg;, hLjhGt' / df]6/ uf8Lx¿ 6'qmf6'qmf x'G5g\ .Æ nfDsfg] v/fof]n] 9f8]bD' ;LnfO{ adsf] af/]df ;DemfpFb} lyof] . ToxL a]nf s'GgL stfaf6 rsrs] afFb/ crfgs ToxfF cfOk'Uof] / b'as } f] cfFvf 5n]/ Tof] ad lnP/ ?vdf r9\of] . ?vsf] 6'Kkfdf k'u/] rsrs] v'zLn] rxrx ub}{ s/fpg yfNof] . ?vdfly afFb/, clg p;sf] xftdf ad . of] b]v/] nfDsfg] / 9f8] b'a} 8/fP . pgLx¿n] ?vb]lv k/k/ x6\b} rsrs]nfO{ ;fjwfg ug{ vf]h] . 67

d';fnfO{ bf];Nnf

æP rsrs] t]/f] xftdf ePsf] s'/f vfg]s/' f xf]Og . Tof] t dfG5] dfg]{ ad xf] . t]/f] xftaf6 Tof] v:of] eg] tF r9]sf] ?v h/}blv pv]lnP/ 6'qmf6'qmf x'G5 . tF klg d5{;\ . c¿ hfgj/ klg d5{g\ . lj:tf/} tn cf]n/{] Tof] ad e'Od F f /flvxfn .Æ nfDsfg]n] Gjf/fgb]lvsf] an lgsfn]/ lrRofof] . t/ rsrs] 8f/fpg'sf] ;§f emg v'zLn] s/fpFb} xfFufxfFufdf pk|mg yfNof] . p;n] eGb}lyof], æx]/ d;Fu s] 5 . of] ad xf] . ltdLx¿ d]/f] glhs gcfcf] . d;Fu ad 5 . ca dnfO{ af3n] klg s]xL ug{;Qm}g . cfxf Sof dHhf ÛÆ rsrs]n] xftdf ad lnP/ lrRofPsf] c¿ hfgj/x¿n] klg ;'g] . ?vsf] jl/kl/, t/ k/k/ jgsf hfgj/x¿ hDdf x'g yfn] . Tof] ?vdf w]/} y/Lsf r/fx¿sf] u'8F lyof] . s'g} u'8F df r/fx¿n] km'n sf]/Nb} lyP eg] s'gd } f ev{/ lg:s]sf rNnfx¿n] rLFrLF ub}{ lyP . o;}n] r/fx¿ klg r+vs ] f] pkb|fa] f6 lrlGtt eP . rsrs]n] s;}sf] s'/f klg gdfg] kl5 tL r/f / hfgj/x¿n] p;nfO{ kmsfpg yfn] . ad la:tf/} e'Od F f /flvlbof] eg] p;nfO{ ahf/af6 rsn]6 / ld7fO NofOlbG5' eg]/ e]uF /] Ln] egL . 9's/' r/fn] jgaf6 ld7fld7f kmnkm"n NofOlbG5' egL . h'/n ] Ln] ld7f] uLt ;'gfpF5' egL . c¿ r/fx¿n] klg cg]s s'/f NofOlbG5' eg]/ kmsfP . t/ rsrs]n] s;}sf] klg s'/f dfg]g . 68

afFb/sf] xftdf ad

69

d';fnfO{ bf];Nnf

olQs}df cfsfzaf6 Pp6f rLn p8\b} cfof] . rLn;Fu wfl/nf] g+uf| / tLvf] r'Rrf] ePsf]n] pm ;a}eGbf zlQmzfnL r/f lyof] . p;n] cfkm"nfO{ r/fx¿sf] /fhf 7fGYof] . p;n] c¿ r/f / ltgsf] u'8F sf] /Iff ug'{ cfˆgf] st{Jo 7fGof] . p;n] rfXof] eg] Ps emD6fd} afFb/nfO{ k+hfn] ;dft]/ cfsfzdf k'¥ofpg / dfg{;SYof] . t/ o;f] ubf{ afFb/sf] xftsf] ad v;]/ jgdf 7"nf] gf]S;fg x'g] vt/f lyof] . o;}n] c¿ r/fx¿n] rLnnfO{ /f]s] . hgfj/x¿n] klg rsrs]nfO{ kmsfpg yfn] . s;}n] p;nfO{ a:g] 3/ agfOlbG5' eg], s;}n] /fd|f/fd|f n'uf l;OlbG5' eg], s;}n] p;nfO{ jif}e { l/ vfg k'Ug]hlt kmnkm"nsf] au}r F f / v]taf/L lbG5' eg] . efn"n] t rsrs]sf] lax] cfˆgL 5f]/L;Fu ul/lbG5' klg eGof] . t/ rsrs]n] dfg]g . s;}n] klg rsrs]nfO{ dgfpg g;s]kl5 kz'x¿df ;a}eGbf zlQmzfnL af3n] eGof], æx]/ rsrs] tFnfO{ ;a}eGbf w]/} 8/ d;Fu} nfU5 . t/ t}n F ] Tof] ad /flvlbO;\ eg] d}n] tFnfO} slxNo} gdfg]{ lsl/of vfG5' .Æ af3sf] s'/f ;'g/] rsrs] cln zfGt eof] . p;n] eGof], ædnfO{ r/fx¿n] lbG5' eg]sf] s'/f klg ;a} rflxG5 . ltdLx¿ ;a}n] lbg sa'n u/]sf s'/fx¿ klg rlxG5 . tL s'/fx¿afx]s dnfO{ c¿ yf]s klg rflxG5 . Tof] lbg;Sof} eg] dfq} of] ad e'OdF f /flvlbG5' . gq ltdLx¿ klg r6\ d klg r6\ .Æ 70

afFb/sf] xftdf ad

æTof] s] s'/f xf] nf} xfdLnfO{ eg .Æ ;a}n] Ps} :j/n] rsrs];Fu ;f]w] . rsrs]n] eGof], ædnfO{ dfG5]h:t} x'g dgnfu]sf] 5 . o;}n] dnfO{ dfG5]n] nfpg] n'uf, bf}/f, ;'?jfn, cf:sf]6, sf]6, 6f]kL, df]hf, h'Qf, 5ftf clg u'8u'8] x'Ssf NofOlbof} eg] ltdLx¿sf] s'/f dfG5' .Æ p;sf] s'/f ;'g/] hfgj/ / r/fx¿ d';S' s xfF;] . pgLx¿n] rsrs]n] vf]hs ] f] s'/f t'?Gt} NofOlbg] afrf u/] . t/ rsrs]n] cfkm"n] dfu]sf] s'/f gkfP;Dd ad gla;fpg] lh2L u¥of] . To;kl5 rsrs]sf] s'/f s;/L k'¥ofpg] eg]/ hfgj/ / r/fx¿n] ;Nnfx u/] . dflg;sf] a:tLdf hfg]cfpg] afgL k/]sf s]xL r/f / hfgj/x¿n] dflg;sf] n'uf, 5ftf / x'Ssf Nofpg] lhDdf lnP . pgLx¿ ufpFlt/ nfu] . c¿ hfgj/ / r/fx¿ rsrs]nfO{ /]vb]v ub{} a;] . s]xL a]/kl5 rsrs]n] dfu]sf ;a} s'/f cfOk'Uof] . ?vaf6 cf]n/{] p;n] ad la:tf/} e'Od F f /flvlbof] . ca Tof] ad s] ug]{ eGg] ;d:of cfof] . r/f / hfgj/x¿n] lgSs} a]/ 5nkmn u/] . jgdf af6f]3f6f] agfpg l;kfn' efn'n] Pp6f pkfo lgsfNof] . p;sf] ;'emfj cg';f/ jgsf] kNnf] 5]pmsf] 7"nf] kx/fsf] af6f] lgSs} ;fFu/' f] 5 . 71

!*

d';fnfO{ bf];Nnf

Tof] af6f] lxF8bf w]/} hfgj/x¿ nf]6/] v'§f efFlRrO;s]sf] 5 . o;}n] kx/fsf] Tof] 7"nf] 9'u+ f adn] km'6fNg] lgwf] eof] . ;Nnfxcg';f/ sf}jfn] jgsf ;a} r/f / kz'x¿nfO{ kx/fsf] 9'u+ f adn] km'6fNg] s'/f yfxf lbof] . kx/f jl/kl/ a:g] v/fof], Gofp/L d';f / afFb/x¿ clg eL/df u'8+ agfpg] r/fx¿n] cfcfˆgf] 3/, u'8F / afnaRrfx¿nfO{ hf]ufpg] pkfo u/] . Ps lbg jg ysf{pg] lj:kmf]6;Fu} kx/fsf] 7"nf] 9'u+ f km'6o\ f] . To;kl5 jgdf cf]xf]/bf]xf]/ ug{ hfgj/x¿nfO{ lgSs} ;lhnf] eof] . 9f8]bD' ;L, nfDsfg] v/fof] / 8sdL{ efn'nfO{ jgdf a:g] kz'k5 + L ;a}n] wGojfb lbP .

72

!* as'Nnf] / w"t{ la/fnf] s lbg la/fnf]nfO{ df5f vfg] tntn nfUof] . cfˆgf] ldt as'NnfnfO{ vf]Hb} pm kf]v/Lsf] lsgf/fdf uof] . as'Nnf cfFvf lrDn]/ df5fsf] rfnsf] r]jf ul//x]sf] lyof] . la/fnf]nfO{ kfgLdf k:g 8/ nfUof] . p;n] kf]v/Lsf] lsgf/af6} lrRofP/ as'NnfnfO{ af]nfof] .

P

as'Nnf] la/fnf]sf] 5]pmdf cfOk'uk] l5 la/fnf]n] eGof], ældHh' Û cfh d}n] ltdLnfO{ df5fsf] ;'?jf Vjfpg] ljrf/ u/]sf] 5 . ;'?jf ksfpg dnfO{ b'Or { f/ j6f df]6f3f6f df5f rflxG5 . 3/df df5f l;l4Psf] 5 . d kfgLdf k;]/ df5f dfg{ ;lQmg . o;sf/0f ltd|f] dbt rflxof] . d]/f] nflu b'Or { f/ j6f df5f ;dfTg ;S5f} ls <Æ la/fnf]sf] s'/f ;'g/] as'Nnf] b+u k¥of] lsgls p;n] sfFrf] df5f hlQ klg vfPsf] lyof] . t/ ksfPsf] df5f / To;sf] ;'?jf vfPsf] lyPg . o;}n] p;n] ulx/f] kfgLdf uP/ a8f] d]xgt u/]/ df]6fdf]6f df5fx¿ ;dfTof] . 73

d';fnfO{ bf];Nnf

la/fnf] v'zL x'bF } df5f af]s/] 3/lt/ nfUof] . 3/ k'u/] p;n] df5fsf] ;'?jf agfof] / cfˆgf] ;fyL as'Nnf]nfO{ ;'?jf vfg 8fSof] . as'nfnfO{ ;a}eGbf ld7f]nfUg] s'/f df5f g} xf] . Pp6f df5f ;dTg pm 306f}; F Dd tk:of u/]em}F Pp6f v'66\ fn] kfgLleq pleP/ a:g;S5 . df5fsf] ;'?jf vfg] lgDtf] kfPsf] x'gfn] Tof] lbg p;n] df5f dfg]{ sfd 5f8]/ xfjfdf sfjf vfFb} latfof] . ;fFem k/]kl5 p;n] cfˆgf ;]tf KjfFvx¿nfO{ r'Rrf]n] 3f]6/] 6Nsfof] / 7fFl6P/ la/fnf]sf] lgDtf] dfGg uof] . la/fnf] as'NnfnfO{ kv]/{ a;]sf] lyof] . 6]an ' dfly b'O6f yfndf df5fsf] ;'?jf ;hfP/ /flvPsf] lyof] . as'Nnf k'Ug] lalQs} la/fnf]n] eGof], ældHh' Û dnfO{ t ;fx|} ef]s nfu]sf] 5 rfF8rfF8} vfOxfnf}F / ukm ug{ a;f}n F f x'Gg <Æ la/fnf]sf] cg'/f]w gdfGg] t s'/} lyPg lsgls as'Nnf klg Tof] ;fFem lgDtf] dfGg hfg' 5 eg]/ lbgel/ df5f gdf/L a;]sf] lyof] . o;}n] p;n] æx'G5 ldHh' Û vfg yfnf}ÆF eGof] . as'Nnfsf] ;xdlt kfPkl5 la/fnf]n] yfndf ePsf] ;'?jf lha|fn ] ] rf6\b} vfg yfNof] . t/ as'Nnfsf] r'Rrf] nfdf] ePsf] x'gfn] p;n] yfndf d'v uf8]/ vfg ;s]g . df5fsf b'Or { f/ j6f dl;gf 6'qm 7'8F f]n] l6k] klg ;'?jfdf r'Rrf] uf8g ;s]g . 74

as'Nnf] / w"t{ la/fnf]

ef]s} a:g'eGbf d'v kmf]g'{ a]; eg]/ as'Nnf]n] la/fnf];uF ;f]Wof], ældHh', d}n] t yfndf vfg} ;lsg . tkfOF sxfF ;'/fxL jf ulx/f] a6'sf] xf]nf gL .Æ 75

d';fnfO{ bf];Nnf

la/fnf]n] ;'?jf vfFb} xfF:b} eGof], æsxfF x'g' d;Fu ;'/fxL / a6'sf] . d}n] t To:tf] efF8fdf vfg} ;lSbg . d]/f 3/df t yfn / Kn]6 dfq} 5 .Æ ef]s} kms{g' kg]{ 5fF6 b]vk] l5 as'Nnf]n] km]l/ ;f]Wof], ældHh', cl3 ;dft]sf df5fx¿dWo] s]xL t afsL xf]nf ls <Æ æcf]xf] ldHh', d}n] t ldHh';uF a;]/ k]6el/ vfpFnf eg]/ b'a} hgfnfO{ k'Ug] u/L ;a} df5fsf] ;'?jf agfPF . 3/df t slQ klg df5f afFsL 5}g . a? uFu6fsf s]xL va6f 5g\ vfg'xG' 5 eg] NofOlbG5' .Æ la/fnf]n] ljgd| x'bF } s'l6n d':sfg;fy eGof] . x]bf{xb] {} la/fnf]n] ;'?jf l;Wofof] / lha|fn ] ] d'v k'5g\ yfNof] . ef]sf] as'Nnf]nfO{ l/; p7\of] . t/ s]xL af]ng] . pm lg/f; eP/ 3/ kmSof]{ . s]xL lbgkl5 as'Nnf]n] la/fnf]nfO{ df5fsf] ;'?jf vfg lgDtf] lbof] . la/fnf] klg cfˆgf] 6f6]kf6] sf]6df lha|fn ] ] a'?; nfP/ 6NsfP/ ;'lsnf] eof] / as'Nnf]sf] lgDtf] dfGg uof] . as'Nnfn] la/fnf]nfO{ klv{/x]sf] lyof] . 6]a'ndf b'O{6f 7"nf7"nf ;'/fxLel/ ;'?jf /flvPsf] lyof] . ;'/fxLleq tftf]tftf] ;'?jfaf6 dudu af;gf cfO/x]sf] lyof] . la/fnf] k'Ug] lalQs} as'Nnf]n] la/fnf]nfO{ ;'?jf vfg cg'/f]w u¥of] . 76

as'Nnf] / w"t{ la/fnf]

t/ la/fnf]n] nfdf] 3fF6L ePsf] ;'/fxLleq d'v k;fn]/ ;'?jf vfg ;Qm}gYof] . p;n] as'Nnf];uF 3/df yfn jf Kn]6 5 ls eg]/ ;f]Wof] . as'nfn] ;a} ef8f ulx/f] ;'/fxL h:t} ePsf] atfP kl5 la/fn]n] eGof], æeOxfNof] d ;'/fxL leqaf6 vfg] sf]lz; u5'{ lg .Æ olt eg]/ la/fn]n] ;'/fxLdfly r9g vf]Hof] . la/fnf]sf] wSsfn] ;'/fxL 9Nof] . Pp6f ;'/fxL 9Nbf csf]{ ;'/fxLnfO{ klg wSsf nfUof] / Tof] ;'/fxL klg 9Nof] . 6]an ' dfly 9n]sf b'O6} ;'/fxL u'lN6Fb} e'Od F f v;] . b'O6} ;'/fxL km'6/] ;'?jf e'Od F f kf]lvof] / vfN6fv'N6L k/]sf] e'Od F f ;'?jfsf] tfn hDof] . la/fnf]n] cfˆgf] c;fjwfgLn] ubf{ ;'/fxL km'6/] ;'?jf kf]lvPsf]df as'Nnf;Fu dfkmL dfUof] . p;n] eGof], æs] ug]{ ldHh' o:tf] ld7f] ;'?jf kf]lvOxfNof] . o;nfO{ v]/ kmfNg ePg . d t e'Od F f kf]lvPsf] eP klg vfG5' .Æ la/fnf]n] e'OdF f kf]lvPsf] ;'?jf dhfn] vfof] . b'O{ ;'/fxL ;'?jfdWo] Ps ;'/fxLeGbf w]/} ;'?jf la/fnf]n] vfg kfof] . k]6 el/Pkl5 8sfb}{ la/fnf]n] eGof], æwGojfb 5 ldHh' tkfOFnfO{ . tkfOFn { ] ;'?jf vfg gkfP klg d}n] k]6el/ vfg kfPF . ca ;'?jf Vjfpg] kfnf] d]/f] xf] . cjZo cfpg' xf]nf .Æ as'Nnf]n] s]xL eGg gkfpFb} la/fnf]n] z'e/fqL eg]/ labf lnP/ uof] . ef]sf] as'Nnf] slxn] ;a}/} xf]nf / kf]v/Ldf df5f dfg{ hfpFnf eg]/ sNkb} ef]s} / clgFbf] eP/ /ft sf6\of] . 77

!(

!( efn'sf] au}Frf gdf Pp6f cUnf] / df]6f] efn' a:Yof] . b'O6f v'§fn] pleFbf Tof] efn' dfG5]eGbf cUnf] b]lvGYof] . pm aFb]n;Fu klg n8\gle8\g ;SYof] . o;}n] jgsf c¿ hLjhGt'x¿n] p;sf] gfd kxndfg efn' /flvlbPsf lyP .

j

kxndfg efn'sL :jf:gL / Pp6L 5f]/L lyOg\ . pgLx¿ jgsf] dfemdf 7"nf] cf]8f/df a:y] . pm a:g] cf]8f/sf] clnk/ Pp6f ;fgf] vf]nf lyof] . pgLx¿ 306f}; F Dd vf]nfsf] kfgLdf v]Ny] . vf]nfdf df5f, Eofu'tf / uFu6f kfOGy] . pgLx¿n] df5f ;dft]/ cf]8f/df NofP/ vfGy] . cf]8f/sf] jl/kl/ vlgof, cfFk, s6x/, hd'gf, kmF8/] , sfkmn, lsDa', P]; + n ] ,' Dofn, cf]v/, r'qf], a8x/ cflb efFltefFltsf kmnkm"nsf ?vx¿ lyP . 7"nf ?vsf 6f]8s \ fdf df}/Lsf 3f/ lyP . kxndfg efn'nfO{ df5f w]/} dgkYof]{ eg] efn'sL :jf:gL gSsnL s6x/ / hd'gf w]/} ?rfpFyL . 78

efn'sf] au}Frf

79

d';fnfO{ bf];Nnf

efn'sL 5f]/L r'na'nnfO{ cfFk, sfkmn / P]; + n ] ' dgkYof]{ . dx / vlgof eg] ;a}n] plQs} ?rfpFy] . pgLx¿ a]nfa]nfdf 6f]8F sfsf] df}/Lsf] 3f/af6 dx sf9\y] . pgLx¿n] afF;sf] 9'uF f| d ] f dx ;+ufn]/ /fVy] . pgLx¿ a:g] cf]9f/sf] leQfdf sf7sf] lsnf 7f]s/] dxn] el/Psf 9'uF f| x¿ n:s/} em'08\ofOPsf x'Gy] . ljxfg df5f, dx, kmnkm"n vfPkl5 pgLx¿ jgdf 3'Dg lg:sGy] . jgdf 3'Dbf pgLx¿n] af6fdf e]l6Psf kmnkm"n a6'Ny] . ;fgfltgf hLjhGt' / r/fx¿ klg pgLx¿n] dfy]{ / cf]9f/df NofpFy] . pgLx¿nfO{ vfg] s'/fsf] b'Mv lyPg . lbpF;f] km';t{ df pgLx¿ cfugdf a;]/ v]Ny] . jl/kl/sf ?vx¿df h'/n ] L, 9's/' , sf]OnL, ltqf, sflnhsf u'8F lyP . efn' kl/jf/ cfugdf a;]/ 3fd tfKb} r/fx¿sf] uLt ;'Gy] / gfr x]y{] . kxndfg efn' / p;sf] ;fgf] kl/jf/ /dfOnf];uF jgdf hLjg latfO/x]sf] lyof] . Tof] jgdf c¿ hLjhGt' klg lyP . slxn]sfxLF afFb/sf] ayfg cf]9f/ glhs} cfpFYof] . afFb/x¿n] kmnkm"n l6Ky] . ?vsf] 6f]8sfaf6 dx lems]/ vfGy] . /ftL rd]/fx¿ cfpFy] / efn'sf] dgkg]{ vlgof vfOlbGy] . kmnkm"n vfg c¿ r/fx¿ klg cfpFy] . vf]nfsf] 5]pmdf a:g] cf]tx¿nfO{ df5f geO{ x'bF g} Yof] . /ftL/ftL 306f}; F Dd kfgLleq k;]/ df5f ;dfTg' pgLx¿sf] zf]v g} lyof] . o;/L Tof] jgsf] /dfOnf] / ToxfF kfOg] kmnkm"n, 80

efn'sf] au}Frf

dx, df5fh:tf ld7f vfg] s'/fx¿ efn'n] dfq} xf]Og c¿ hLjhGt' / r/fx¿n] klg pkef]u uy]{ . of] s'/f kxndfg efn'nfO{ dg kb}g{ Yof] . Tof] jgdf ePsf] ;a} s'/f cfˆgf] Psnf}6L xf]h:tf] p;nfO{ nfUYof] . Ps lbg p;n] x'nfsL sf}jfnfO{ af]nfP/ eGof], æx]/ sf}jf, d]/f] cf]9f/ jl/kl/sf] jg / of] vf]nf] d]/f] xf] . oxfF kmNg] kmnkm"n, dx / vf]nfsf] df5f ;a} d]/f] xf] . cab]lv afFb/, rd]/f, r/f, cf]t / c¿ hLjhGt'n] ;d]t of] jgsf] kmnkm"n, dx / df5f vfg kfpFbg} . dnfO{ g;f]wLsg d]/f] jgleq l5g{ klg kfpg] 5}g . gq d}n] To;nfO{ ;hfo lbg]5' . of] s'/f jgsf ;a} hfgj/ / r/fr'?u+ LnfO{ ;'gfOb]pm .Æ kxndfg efn'sf] cfb]z sf}jfn] jgsf ;a} hLjhGt' / r/fx¿nfO{ ;'gfof] . efn'sf] s'/f ;'g/] jgdf a:g] ;a} k|f0fL l/;fP, lsgls Tof] jg pgLx¿ ;a}sf] ;femf xf] / ;a}n] jgaf6 cfcfˆgf] vfFrf] k"/f ug{ kfpF5 eGg] lylt al;;s]sf] lyof] . of] lylt tf]8g\ ' eg]sf] t anldRofOF xf] . t/ s;}n] klg efn'sf] cfb]zsf] v'n/] lj/f]w ug{;s]g . lsgls kxndfg efn'sf] an;Fu ;a} hLjhGt' 8/fpFy] . To;kl5 kxndfg efn', p;sL :jf:gL / 5f]/L df]6f] nf}/f] lnP/ g+uf| ltvfb}{ cfugdf 3'Dg yfn] . /ftL klg pgLx¿ kfn}kfn] hfuf a;]/ jgsf] kmnkm"nsf] /vjf/L uy]{ . 81

d';fnfO{ bf];Nnf

kmnkm"n, dx / df5f vfg cfpg] kz'k5 + Lx¿nfO{ pgLx¿n] s;}nfO{ t;f{P/ wkfP eg] sltkonfO{ df/] klg . df5f gvfO{ gx'g] cf]tsf] kl/jf/ a;fO ;/]/ vf]nfsf] l;/fglt/ a:g uof] . r/fx¿n] klg cf]8f/sf] jl/kl/ u'8F agfpg 5f8] . kxndfg efn'sf] 8/n] ToxfF afFb/, b'D;L, v/fof]dfq xf]Og r/f / ls/fx¿;d]t cfpg 5f8] . s]an x'nfsL sf}jf slxn]sfxLF ;'ss ] f] df5f vfg kfOG5 ls eg]/ cfpFYof] / jgsf xfnva/ ;'gfP/ hfGYof] . ld7f] uLt ufpg] r/fx¿ cfpg 5f8]kl5 efn' kl/jf/n] uLt ;'Gg kfPgg\ . lapm / s];/ cf];f/k;f/ u/]/ kmnkm"n kmnfpg / gofFgofF la?jf pdfg{ ;3fpg] r/fr'?u+ Lx¿ cfpg 5f8]sf] x'gfn] ToxfF kmnkm"n kmNg klg 5f8\of] . kmnkm"n gePkl5 df}/Ln] dx agfpg /; kfPg . o;}n] df}/Lx¿ klg csf]{ jgdf a;fO ;/] . cf]tx¿ vf]nfsf] l;/fgd} uP/ df5f dfg{ yfn]sf] x'gfn] cf]8f/ glhssf] vf]nfdf df5f kfOg 5f8\of] . s]xL lbgkl5 cf]8f/jl/kl/sf] jg p/f7 nfUbf] b]lvg yfNof] . jgdf vfg]s/' f kfOg 5f8\of] . efn' / p;sf] kl/jf/nfO{ jgdf lbgel/ 8'Nbf klg k]6el/ vfg]s/' f a6'Ng ufx|f] eof] . dx / vlgof vfg gkfPkl5 pgLx¿sf] hfFu/} x/fof] . pgLx¿ vfg] s'/f vf]Hg jgdf PSnfPSn} rfxfg{ yfn] . 82

efn'sf] au}Frf

Ps lbg efn'sL 5f]/L r'na'n df5f vf]Hb} lyO{ . df5fsf] ;§f p;n] uFu6f / Eofu'tfdfq} e]§fO{ . pm lgSs} ef]sfPsL lyO{ . o;}n] p;n] dg gk/] klg Eofu'tf / uFu6f ;dftL . ToxL a]nf vf]nfkl/sf] jgdf p;n] jgla/fnf]nfO{ b]vL . jgla/fnf]n] y'k}| df5f df/]/ nx/fdf pg]/ sfFwdf af]ss ] f] lyof] . af]Sg;Sg] hlt df5f lnP/ pm 3/lt/ hfFb} lyof] . r'na'nn] dg yfDg ;lsg . pm bu'b{} jgla/fnf]sf] 5]pmdf k'uL / ef]sf] k]6 b]vfpFb} ;fx|} l67nfUbf] :j/df jgla/fnf];uF b'Or { f/ j6f df5f dfuL . jgla/fnf]n] ;f]Wof], æltdL ToxL vf]nfkl/sf] cf]8f/df a:g] efn'sL 5f]/L t xf]Ogf} <Æ r'na'nn] xf] eg]kl5 jgla/fnf]n] eGof], æx]/ r'an'n, ltd|f] afn] jgsf kz'k5 + Lx¿dfly w]/} cGofo u¥of] . p;n] ;femf jgnfO{ Psnf}6L agfof] . jgsf kmnkm"n, dx, df5f ;a}n] vfg kfpg] kz'k5 + Lx¿sf] clwsf/ p;n] vf]:of] . o;} sf/0f ltdL a;]sf] cf]9f/ cf]l/kl/sf] jgsf] of] cj:yf ePsf] xf] . ltd|f] rfp/L k/]sf] k]6 / dlngf] cg'xf/ b]v/] l67 nfU5 . t/ d}n] ltdLnfO{ df5f vfg lbPsf] s'/f c¿ kz'x¿n] yfxf kfP eg] dnfO{ of] jgdf a:g lbg] 5}gg\ . o;n} d ltdLnfO{ of] df5f lbg ;lQmg . a? ltdL uP/ cfˆgf] afnfO{ ;Demfpm . of] jg km]l/ ;a}sf] ;femf eof] eg] jgsf kz'k5 + Lx¿sf] dfq} xf]Og ltdLx¿sf] klg enf] x'G5 .Æ 83

d';fnfO{ bf];Nnf

df5f vfg gkfPkl5 r'na'n ?Fb} cf]9f/lt/ uO{ . cf]9f/leq p;sL cfdf gSsnL Pp6f s'gfdf klN6/x]sL lyO{ . p;n] ?Fb} jgla/fnf]n] eg]sf] s'/f cfdfnfO{ ;'gfO{ . gSsnLn] r'na'nnfO{ ;DemfpFbe} gL, æx'gt xf], of] jg ;a}sf] ;femf xf] . t]/f] afn] cfˆgf] ansf] z]vLn] of] jgnfO{ Psnf}6L agfPsf x'g\ . o;f] ug{ gx'bF f] /x]5 . ca t t]/f] afsf] a'l4 knfof] xf]nf .Æ olQs}df kxndfg efn' cfOk'Uof] . p;n] df5f /fVg] km'nª{' df uFu6f / Eofu'tf NofPsf] lyof] . afn] vfg]s/' f Nofpnf eg]/ cf; u/]sL r'na'nn] km'nª{' df uFu6f / Eofu'tfdfq} b]vk] l5 pm 8fFsf] 5f]8/] ?g yfnL . gSsnLn] klg nf]Ug]nfO{ 3f]rk]r ub}{ egL, æxfd|f] Psnf}6L jgdf kmnkm"n / dx x'g 5f8]5 ls Sof xf] < 5f]/L ef]sn] cflQPsL 5] . vf]nfsf df5f klg p8]/ uP5g\ ls s;f] <Æ ef]s t efn'nfO{ klg nfu]sf] lyof] . klxn] :jf:gL / 5f]/LnfO{ VjfPkl5 dfq} vfpFnf eg]/ cf]8f/df cfPsf] efn' :jf:gLsf] Jo+Uo ;'g/] l/;fof] . p;n] km'nª{' Pslt/ ˆofFSof] / b'O{ xftn] gSsnLsf] huN6f n'5/] e'Od F f k5f¥of] . afa'sf] l/; b]v/] r'na'n] cf]8f/sf] s'gfdf n'Sg uO{ . Tof] lbg kxndfg efn'sf] kl/jf/ ef]s} ;'Tof] . lbgel/ jgdf vfg]s/' f vf]Hbfvf]Hbf yfs]sf x'gfn] pgLx¿ ef]s} lgbfP . lgFbdf kxndfg efn'n] ld7f] ;kgf b]Vof] . 84

efn'sf] au}Frf

;kgfdf p;n] cf]9f/ cf]l/kl/ r/fx¿ rxrxfpFb} ufPsf], df}/Ln] e'ge'g ub}{ km'nsf] /; cf];f/]sf], ?vsf] 6f]8s \ f df}/Lsf] u'lnof] dxn] el/Psf], vf]nfdf kf}8L v]Nb} df5f ;dft]sf] b]Vof] . ToxL a]nf Ps x'n rd]/f cfP/ vlgof vfg yfn]sf] b]v/] p;nfO{ l/; p7\of] . p;n] 9'u+ f l6k]/ rd]/fnfO{ xfGg vf]Hbf p;sf] xft ;fx|f] s'/fdf 7f]lSsP/ pm lapF‰of] . aflx/ emndNn 3fd nflu;s]sf] /x]5 . cf]8f/aflx/ x'nfsL sf}jf sf sf u/]/ s/fO/x]sf] lyof] . efn'n] cf]8f/sf] cfugdf r/f / afFb/nfO{ wkfpg y'kf/]sf] 9'u+ f / nf}/f] ldNsfpg yfNof] . of] b]v/] sf}jfn] crDd dfGb} ;f]Wof], æxf]Og kxnfdfg sfsf tkfO{nfO{ s] eof] cfh < au}r F fsf] /Iff ug{ y'kf/]sf] 9'u+ fd'9f lsg kmfNg yfNg'eof] < b'Mv lbg cfpnfg km]l/ c¿ hfgj/ / r/fx¿n] .Æ sf}jfsf] s'/f ;'g]sf] g;'g]em}F u/]/ kxndfg efn'n] eGof], æx]/ sf}jf, ltdL d]/f] enf] lrtfpF5f} eg] t'?Gt} hfpm / jgdf ;f/f kz'k+5L ls/fkm6\of+u|fx¿nfO{ oxfF lgDTofpm . cfhb]lv of] jg ;a}sf] ;femf xf] eg]/ va/ km}nfpm . r/fx¿nfO{ oxfF cfP/ u'F8 agfpm / uLt ufpm eg . cf]tx¿nfO{ a;fO ;/]/ oxLF cfP/ vf]nfdf /dfpm eg . rd]/fnfO{ vlgof vfg 8fs . df}/LnfO{ km"nsf] /; a6'n]/ dx agfpm eg . afFb/nfO{ kmnkm"n / dx vfg af]nfpm .Æ 85

d';fnfO{ bf];Nnf

efn'sf] lgDtf kfP/ jgsf k|f0fLx¿ v'zL eP . pgLx¿n] efn'sf] cf]9f/ l/Qf] 5 eGg] yfxf kfO;s]sf lyP . To;}n] cf]tx¿n] df5f af]s/] cfP . r/fx¿n] vlgof, hd'gf, sfkmn, P];n ] ' / /l;nf kmnx¿ lnP/ cfP . afFb/n] dxsf rfsfx/ NofP . Tof] lbg kxndfg efn'sf] cf]8f/sf] cfFugdf kxndfg efn'sf] kl/jf/;Fu jgsf kz'k5 + Lx¿n] cgf}7f] jgef]h vfP/ v'zL dgfP . 86

@) la/fnf]sf] 3fF6Ldf 306L sL d';f b/fhleq a;]/ 6]lnlehg x]b{} lyof] . a}7s sf]7fdf ;/]bl] v n'sLnfO{ w]/} s'/fdf ;lhnf] ePsf] lyof] . a}7sdf cfPsf kfx'gfn] vfP/ 5f]8s ] f] jf v;fn]sf] vfg]s/' fn] p;sf] k]6 el/GYof] eg] la/fnf]af6 hf]lug klg ;lhnf] lyof] . a}7s sf]7fdf /fv]sf] lzzfsf] vfkf ePsf] lstfa /fVg] b/fhleq p;n] cfˆgf] Gofgf] 3/ agfPsf] lyof] . To;dfly yk dHhf s] lyof] eg] b/fhsf] ;fd'Gg] 6]lnlehg lyof] . b/fhleq a;]/ lzzfleqaf6 n'sLn] 6]lnlehg x]g; { SYof] .

n'

3/df 3/k6L afa', cfdf, 5f]/L / 5f]/f u/L rf/ hgf lyP . afa'n] 6]lnlehg vf]n/] ;dfrf/ x]Yof]{ . slxn]sfxLF 1fg lj1fg, k|ljlw / cfljisf/sf s'/f klg x]gu{] Yof]{ . cfdfn] syf >[v + nf sfo{qmd x]g{ ?rfpFyL . 5f]/LnfO{ lkmNd / km];g dgkYof]{ eg] ;fgf] 5f]/f sf6'g{ x]g{ eg]kl5 x'?Ss uYof]{ . sf6'g{ df klg p;n] 6d / h]/L gfds d';f / la/fnf]sf] syf lgSs} ?rfpFYof] . 87

d';fnfO{ bf];Nnf

n'sLnfO{ klg 6d / h]/Lsf] sf6'g{ syf dgkYof]{ . ;'?df t la/fnf] 6d / d';f h]/Lsf] emu8f, df/fdf/ b]Vbf n'sL lgSs} 8/fpFYof] . h]/Ln] 6dnfO{ em'SofPsf] / b'Mv lbP/ x}/fg kf/]sf] b]v/] p;nfO{ lgSs} /dfOnf] nfUg yfNof] h]/Ln] 6dnfO{ xfonsfon kf/]sf] b]Vbf n'sL k]6 ldrLldrL xfF:Yof] . laxfg 5f]/L / 5f]/fn] :s'nsf] u[xsfo{ ug'{ kg]{ / lbgel/ :s'n hfg] x'gfn] n'sLn] ljxfg / lbpF;f] sf6'g{ x]g{ kfpGgYof] . lbpF;f] cfdfn] ?rfPsf] 6]ln>[v + nf x]yL{ . lbgel/ afa' klg 3/df x'GgYof] . afa'n] ljxfgdfq} 6]lnlehg x]g]{ ;do kfpFYof] . 6]lnlehgdf p;n] ;dfrf/ / lj1fg tyf cfljisf/sf Rofgnx¿ x]Yof]{ . n'sLnfO{ dg k/] klg gk/] klg tL sfo{qmdx¿ x]gk{' Yof]{ . Ps ljxfg afa'n] 6]lnlehg x]bl{} yof] . jgsf hLjhGt'x¿nfO{ hf]ufpg s] k|of; ul/Fb} 5 eGg] sfo{qmd b]vfOFb} lyof] . Tof] sfo{qmd x]//] n'sLn] gofF s'/f yfxf kfof] . jgdf a:g] s]xL kz'k5 + L ltgLx¿ a:g] jg / af;:Yffg dfl;g yfn]sf] /x]5 . ltgLx¿n] vfg] kmnkm"n, jg:klt klg gkfOg yfn]5 . clg dflg; / c¿ hLjhGt'n] ltgsf] lzsf/ ugf{n] of] ;+;f/af6} s]xL hLjhGt' x/fpg nfu]sf /x]5g\ . ltgLx¿sf] a:g] jftfj/0f ;+/If0f ug],{ dgUu] vfg] s'/f k'¥ofpg] / ltgnfO{ dflg; / c¿ hLjx¿af6 hf]ufpg] k|of; eOx/]sf] s'/f klg 6]lnlehgdf b]vfOFb} lyof] . 88

la/fnf]sf] 3fF6Ldf 306L

n'sLn] 6]lnlehg x]b{} lyof] . s]xL dflg;x¿n] jgla/fnf]nfO{ /a/sf] uf]nL xfg]/ a]xf]; kf/]/ ;dft] . pgLx¿n] jgla/fnf]sf] sfgsf] k5fl8 l;dLsf] bfgfhqf] oGq afFlwlbP . s]xL a]/ kl5 jgla/fnf] xf];df cfof] / bu'//] jgdf x/fof] . dflg;x¿ v'zL eP / pgLx¿n] Pp6f oGqdf x]/] . To;df jgla/fnf] s'g lbzfdf / slt 6f7f 5 eGg] b]vfO/x]sf] lyof] . dflg;x¿n] 3]/} jgla/fnf] ;dft] / tL ;a}sf] sfgsf] k5fl8 6«fG;ld6/ oGq h8fg u/]/ 5fl8lbP . o;/L jgla/fnf]sf] b}lgs ultljlw kQf nufP/ ltgLx¿sf] af;:yfg, ef]hg / ;'/Iffsf] Joj:yf ug{ ;lhnf] ePsf] s'/f n'sLn] klg yfxf kfof] . Tof] sfo{qmd gl;l4Fb} n'sLsf] dgdf Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ ljrf/ cfof] . la/fnf]af6 hf]lug ;lhnf] xf]nf eg]/ d';fx¿n] la/fnf]sf] 3fF6Ldf 306L afFWg] k|of; u/]sf] w]/} jif{ eof] . of] k|of;df w]/} d';fn] Hofg klg u'dfP . t} klg ltgLx¿n] of] k|of; /f]ss ] f lyPgg\ . d';fx¿sf] of] P]ltxfl;s k|of; ca ;kmn x'G5 eGg] n'sLnfO{ nfUof] . pm cfˆgf ;fyLx¿nfO{ vf]Hg uof] . ;fyLx¿nfO{ e]6/] n'sLn] d';fx¿sf] e]nf 8fSof] . e]nfdf a"9fkfsf d';fx¿, b'nf]bl] v b/af/;Dd a:g] d';fx¿, tGg]/L d';f, a'l4dfg d";f, hf]l;nf d';f, alnof d';f, n8\gle8g vlKk; d';f cflb cg]s y/Lsf cg]s ;Lk ePsf d';fx¿ cfP . n'sL d';fn] 6]lnlehgdf jgla/fnf]sf] lhpdf 89

d';fnfO{ bf];Nnf

6«fG;ld6/ h8]/ To;sf] ultljlw yfxf kfpg] pkfo u/]sf] b]v]sf] s'/f ;'gfof] . n'sLsf] s'/f ;'g/] w]/} d';fx¿ pT;flxt eP . x'g t la/fnf]n] 3fF6Lsf] 306L r'8F fn]/ kmfn]em}F 6«fG;ld6/ kmfNg ;Qm}gYof] . t/ ;d:of pxL lyof] . la/fnf]sf] lhpdf s;/L 6«fG;ld6/ h8g] < a"9f d";fx¿n] o;df klg k'/fg} ;d:of b]v] . t/ hf]l;nf / xf]l;of/ d';fx¿n] o;sf] klg pkfo lgsfn] . pgLx¿n] sfdsf] jfF8kmfF6 u/] . OlGhlgol/ª SofDk;sf] Nofadf a:g] d';fn] o:tf] 6«fG;ld6/ oGq Nofof] h;af6 lg/Gt/ Ps k|sf/sf] dl;gf] Wjlg lg:sGYof] . d';fx¿n] dfq} Tof] Wjlg ;'Gg;Sy] . cf}ifwL k;nsf] :6f]/df a:g] d';fn] lgFb nfUg] cf}ifwL Nofof] . la/fnf]n] vfg] b"w jf df;'df Tof] cf}ifwL ld;fOlbof] eg] la/fnf] lbgel/ a]xf]; eP/ lgbfpg;SYof] . c:ktfnsf] ck/];g sIfdf a:g] d';fn] 8fS6/n] lr/kmf/ ug]{ / l;pg] cf}hf/ / ;fdfg Nofof] . o;af6 la/fnf]sf] k'R5/ jf s'g} c+udf 6«fG;ld6/ h8fg u/]/ l;pg ;lhnf] eof] . s]xL d';fx¿n] 9f8] la/fnf] sxfF a:5 / sxfF sxfF rf]//] vfG5 eGg] kQf nufP . ;a} ;fdfg h'6k] l5 9f8] la/fnf]n] h'g efG5faf6 ;Fw} b"w rf]//] vfg] u5{ ToxL efG5f sf]7fdf 90

la/fnf]sf] 3fF6Ldf 306L

91

@!

d';fnfO{ bf];Nnf

a:g] d';fn] b"wdf lgFb nfUg] cf}ifwLsf] w]/} rSsL ld;fOlbof] . To;kl5 s]xL d';fx¿ slxn] la/fnf]n] b"w rf]5{ / a]xf]; x'G5 eg]/ lrof] u/]/ a;] . /ftL 3/sf ;a} dflg; lgbfO;s]kl5 9f8] la/fnf] rfn df/]/ efG5f sf]7fdf k:of] . pm ;/f;/ b"wsf] s'8F l] t/ uof] / s'8F l] eqsf] b"3 dHhfn] lkof] . b"w ;lsPkl5 s'8F s ] f] jl/kl/ nfu]sf] vf]t/ rf6]/ vfof] . clg d'v / h'uF f rf6\bfrf6\b} la/fnf] lgFbn] n7\7 k/]/ ToxL efG5fsf] e'Od F } kN6\of] . df}sf 5f]k/] d'; ' fx¿ cfcfkm"n] lhDdf lnPsf] sfd ug{ xtfl/P . c:ktfndf a:g] tLv] d';fn] rSs'n] la/fnf]sf] df]6f] k'R5/df ulx/f] 3fpm agfof] . OlGhlgol/ª SofDk;df a:g] d';fn] 6«fG;ld6/ k'R5/df h8]kl5 tLv]n] 3fpm l;Olbof] . p;n] 3fpsf] jl/kl/ Jof08]h a]//] gkm':sg] u/L alnof];uF afFlwlbof] . ca 9f8] la/fnf] hxfF uP klg To;sf] k'R5/df h8]sf] 6«fG;ld6/af6 lg:s]sf] Wjlg ;+st] kfFr ld6/ jl/kl/sf d';fn] ;'Gg;Sy] . o;/L 9f8]af6 hf]lug d';fx¿nfO{ lgSs} ;lhnf] eof] . d';fx¿nfO{ ca la/fnf]n] em'SofP/ dfg{ g;Sg] eof] . pgLx¿sf] hLjg ca ;lhnf] / /dfOnf] klg eof] . t/ la/fnf]n] eg] d';fsf] ;§f b"w clg efG5f / e08f/ sf]7fdf ePsf] df5f df;' /f]6L vfP/ u'hf/f ug'k{ g]{ eof] . 92

@! la/fnf]sf] p8fg ;f vfFbfvfFbf ;'/L la/fnf] jfSs eO;s]sf] lyof] . p;nfO{ s'v/' fsf] df;' dg kYof]{ . t/ s'v/' f df/]/ vfFbf 3/k6Ln] 76fpg] x'bF f p;n] r/f df/]/ vfg yfn]sf] lyof] .

d'

lbpF;f] ;'/L uf]7sf] 5fgfdf lgbfPh:tf] u/]/ klN6/xGYof] . k/]jf, 9's/' , e]uF /] f glhs cfof] eg] ‰ofKk emD6GYof] / s¥ofks'¿k kf/]/ uf]7leq e'; /fVg] sf]7fdf nu]/ dhfn] vfGYof] . r/fsf] df;' vfP/ c3fPkl5 ;'/Ln] lha|fn ] ] d'v k'5Y\ of] / h'uF f d';fYof]{ . p;n] h'uF f d';f/]sf] b]Vbf d';fx¿ v'zL x'Gy] . To;kl5 pgLx¿ 9'Ss;Fu pk|mg / v]Ng yfNy] . t/, ;'/LnfO{ ;Fw} r/fsf] df;' h'bg{} Yof] . r/fx¿ klg ;'/Lsf] rfnaf6 ;ts{ eO;s]sf lyP . o;}n] ;'/Ln] ?v r9]/ r/f ;dfTg yfn]sf] lyof] . pm ?vsf] xfFufdf / 6'Kkfdf klg r9\g;SYof] . xfFufdfly r/fsf] u'8F df k'u/] p;n] km'n / ar]/fx¿ vfGYof] . Ps kN6 Pp6f cUnf] ?vsf] 6'Kkfdf k'u/] u'8F df ePsf] km'n vfg vf]Hbf lu4n] 93

d';fnfO{ bf];Nnf

;'/Lsf] 6fpsf]df a]:;/L y'u+ / pm e'Od F f v;]sf] lyof] . To; lbgb]lv pm lu4;Fu lgSs} hf]lug vf]HYof] . 5fgfdf 9's/] clg ?vdf r9]/ klg r/fsf] df;' vfg wf}wf} x'g yfn]kl5 ;'/LnfO{ r/fem}F p8g kfP t /f]hL/f]hL r/fsf] lzsf/ ug{ kfOGYof] eGg] nfUg yfn]sf] lyof] . Ps lbg ;'/L 3/sf] 5fgfdfly al;/x]sf] lyof] . p;nfO{ b]v/] k/]jf / eFu/] fx¿ k/k/ efUy] . s;/L k/]jf ;dfTg] eGg] sNkgf ubf{ub}{ pm lgbfof] . clg p;n] Pp6f ld7f] ;kgf b]Vof] . ;'/Ln] r/fsf] km'n w]/} vfPkl5 p;sf] lhpmdf r/fsf] h:t} KjfFv pd|g yfn]5 . s]xL lbgkl5 b'a} s'ddfly kv]6f pld|P5g\ . kv]6f ePkl5 ;'/L xfjfdf p8g / dflydfly hfg yfn]5 . dfly cfsfzdf k'uk] l5 hf8f] 5Ng blIf0flt/ nfu]sf hnxfF;sf] ayfg;Fu ;'/Lsf] e]6 eof] . tL/sf] 6'Kkf]h:tf] cfsf/ agfP/ pl8/x]sf ;}of}F hnxfF;x¿sf] aLrdf ;'/L klg ldl;of] . p;nfO{ b]v/] klxn] t hnxfF;x¿ ;ts{ eP / s/fP . t/ ;'/L r'krfk s]xL la/fd gu/L pgLx¿sf] aLrdf p8gnfu]sf] x'gfn] pgLx¿n] afwf lj/f]w u/]gg\ . s]xL a]/ xfF;x¿;Fu p8]kl5 ;'/LnfO{ ef]s nfUof] . p;n] Pp6f df]6f] xfF; ;dfTg] larf/ u¥of] . lar/f xfF;x¿nfO{ la/fnf]sf s'lgot s] yfxf Û ;'/Ln] crfgs p;sf] cufl8 pl8/x]sf] Pp6f xfF;sf] 3fF6L RofKk ;dfTof] / a]un] tnlt/ 94

la/fnf]sf] p8fg

95

d';fnfO{ bf];Nnf

em¥of] . pm ;f]em} 3/sf] 5fgfdf cfOk'Uof] . cfˆgf] k+hfdf k/]sf] xfF;nfO{ ;'/Ln] bfFtn] 6f]s/] dfg{ vf]Hbf xfF; a]:;/L 56\k6fof] . xfF;nfO{ sfa'df /fVg ;'/Ln] xft v'§f rnfpFbf glhs} cfOk'us ] f] s'v/' fsf] efn] t;]/{ a]:;/L lrRofof] . efn] s/fPsf] ;'g/] ;'/L Ao'‰F of] . cfˆgf] cufl8 df]6f] xfF; gePsf] b]v/] la/fnf]nfO{ ;fx|} l/; p7Øf] . ;'/Ln] cfˆgf] kv]6f gePsf] s'/f la:of]{ . p;n] r/fn] kv]6f km}nfPh:t} u/L cufl8sf b'O{ v'§f tGsfof] / efUg nfu]sf] efn]dfly hfOnfUof] . o;f] ubf{ lar/f la/fnf] 5fgfaf6 v'dl{' /P/ 3/sf] cfugdf aHhfl/of] . p;sf] Pp6f v'§f efFlRrof] . 3/k6Ln] dfof u/]/ ;'/Lsf] v'§fdf cf}ifwL nfP/ k§L afFlwlbof] . clxn] ;'/L la/fnf] d';f dfg{ ;Qm}g . cfhef]ln 3/k6L / p;sf s]6fs]6Ln] lbPsf] h'7f]k/' f] vfP/ ;'/Lsf] u'hf/f rln/x]sf] 5 .

96

@@ la/fnf]sf] jgaf; /L la/fnf] s;}sf] 3/sf] kfNt' la/fnf] xf]Og . pm zx/sf] Pp6f afSnf] a:tLdf a:Yof] . lbgel/ 3/3/ rfxfYof]{ . s;}sf] 3/ / efG5fdf ‰ofn 9f]sf v'nf b]Vg] lalQs} pm n';S' s leq k:Yof] / ToxfF ePsf] b"w, df;', df5f r6 kfYof]{ . o;/L p;sf] u'hf/f rln/x]sf] lyof] .

;'

t/ s]xL ;dob]lv p;nfO{ k]6 eg{ ufx|f] x'g yfn]sf] lyof] . rf]/sf] 8/ / c;'/Iffn] ubf{ dflg;x¿ 3/sf 9f]sfx¿ alnof] agfP/ ;Fw} aGb /fVg yfn]sf lyP . ‰ofnx¿df klg kmnfdsf hfnL /fv]/ xfjfdfq} l5g{;Sg] agfOPsf lyP . ahf/df dfn ;fdfg dxFuf] ePsf]n] dflg;x¿n] cGg bfn / t/sf/L cflb vfB ;fdu|L a8f] ;'/lIft u/L /fVy] . 3/leq d';f cfpg glbg ljleGg pkfo uy]{ . ;'/LnfO{ efG5fdf k:g lgs} ufx|f] lyof] . d';f klg kfOg 5f8]sf] lyof] . kmn:j¿k ;'/LnfO{ cfugdf / kmf]xf]/ kmfNg] 7fpFdf kmflnPsf af;L / ˆofFlsPsf vfg]s/' fx¿ vfP/ u'hf/f ug'{ k¥of] . 97

d';fnfO{ bf];Nnf

kmf]xf]/ kmfNg] 7fpFdf klg s's/' / sf}jf;Fu hDsfe]6 x'GYof] . s's/' n] ;'/LnfO{ b]vL ;xFbg} Yof] . t/ sf}jf;Fu eg] pm 8/fpFbg} Yof] . la:tf/} sf}jf;Fu p;sf] ldt]/L a9g yfn]sf] lyof] . ;'/L vfg gkfP/ b'AnfpFb} uPsf] b]v/] sf}jfnfO{ l67 nfUof] . Ps lbg p;n] eGof], æP ;'/L, ltdL oxfF b'Mv kfP/ a:g'eGbf jgdf uP/ lsg cf/fd;Fu a:b}gf} < jgdf ltdL h:t} y'k}| hfgj/x¿ dhf;Fu a;]sf 5g\ . ltd|} ;fOgf] kg]{ jgla/fnfx¿ klg df5fdf;' vfP/ cf/fd;Fu afFrs ] f 5g\ . s's/' n] ltdLnfO{ b]vL ;xGg . ltdL oxfF o;/L x]lkP/ a;]sf] b]Vbf dnfO{ t ;fx|} b'Mv nfUof] . ltdL jgdf uP/ a:5f} eg] d}n] ltdLnfO{ ToxfF k'¥ofO lbg;S5' . jgdf d]/f ;fyLx¿ klg 5g\ . pgLx¿n] klg ltdLnfO{ ;3fpg] 5g\ .Æ sf}jfsf] s'/f ;'g/] la/fnf]nfO{ jgdf hfg] OR5f t hfUof], t/ p;n] jgdf af3, lrt'jf, efn', :ofnh:tf 8/nfUbf / lx+;s hfgj/x¿ x'G5g\ . ltgn] e]§fof] eg] df/]/ vfG5g\ eGg] ;'gs ] f] lyof] . o;}n] p;n] la/fnf];uF ;f]Wof], æsf}jf efO, ltd|f] s'/f ;'Gbf t jgdf hfg' a];} xf]nf h:tf] nfUof] . t/ ToxfF af3, efn', lrt'jf, :ofn, aFbn ] h:tf 8/nfUbf hLjhGt' 5g\ eG5g\ . ltgn] dnfO{ afFsL /fVnfg\ <Æ sf}jfn] eGof], æltd|f] s'/f l7s xf] . ToxfF 8/nfUbf hfgj/x¿ 5g\ . t/ dg]{ dfg]{ 8/ sxfF 5}g / < oxfF klg t s's/' n] 98

la/fnf]sf] jgaf;

99

d';fnfO{ bf];Nnf

e]§fof] eg] ltdLnfO{ afFsL /fVb}g . jgdf klg To:t} xf] . ToxfF w]/} ;fyLx¿ agfof] eg] vt/faf6 hf]lug Tolt ufx|f] 5}g . v/fof] / d[uh:tf ;f]emfl;wf hfgj/ klg t ToxfF dhf;Fu afFrs ] } 5g\ . xf], ToxfF c¿;Fu d]nldnfk u/]/ a:g hfGg'k5{ . zq'af6 hf]lug] pkfo hxfF klg ToxL xf] .Æ sf}jfsf] s'/f ;'/LnfO{ lrQ a'‰of] . Ps lbg sf}jfsf] kl5 nfu]/ ;'/L jgdf k'Uof] . jgdf ;'/LnfO{ b]v/] Gofp/Ld';f, v/fof], Eofs'/, 9's/' , h'/n ] Lh:tf r/fx¿ 8/fP . ltgLx¿ ‰ofª / emf8Lx¿df n'Sg uP . sf}jfn] 7"nf]7n " f] :j/n] cfˆgf ;fyLx¿nfO{ 8fSof] . Ps} l5gdf jgsf] dfemdf sf}jf / la/fnf]sf] jl/kl/ r/fx¿ e]nf eP . sf}jfn] ;a};uF la/fnf]sf] kl/ro u/fof] . p;n] jgdf la/fnf]nfO{ a:g] Joj:yf sxfF ug]{ eg]/ c¿;Fu ;Nnfx u¥of] . ;f/f}n F ] ;'emfj lbof], æoxfFaf6 klZrdlt/ Pp6f 7"nf] kmF8/] sf] af]6 5 . To;df Pp6f 7"nf] 6f]8sf] 5 . clxn]nfO{ ;'/L ToxLF a:g' a]; xf]nf .Æ Gofp/Ld';fsf] s'/f ;'g/] 9's/' n] eGof], æt/ Tof] ?vsf] 6'Kkfdf t rLnn] u'8F agfPsf] 5 . p;n] ;'/LnfO{ ToxfF a:g b]nf / <Æ 100

la/fnf]sf] jgaf;

æTof] kmF8/] sf] ?vdf t cl:t d}n] Pp6f sfnf] ;k{ b]vs ] f] lyPF . Tof] ;k{ ToxL 6f]8sf]df kf] a:5 ls s] yfxf < ToxfF a:g' ;'/LnfO{ a]; xf]nfh:tf] dnfO{ nfUb}g .Æ h'/n ] Ln] yKof] . ;a}sf] s'/f ;'gk] l5 sf}jfn] eGof], æd]/f] larf/df ;'/L clxn] kmF8/] sf] 6f]8sf]df a:g' g} a]; xf]nf h:tf] nfUof] . lsg eg] clxn] rLnn] u'8F df rNnf sf]/Ng nfu]sf] 5 . sfnf] ;k{ p;sf] km'n vfg ToxfF uPsf] x'gk' 5{ . rLnn] b]Vof] eg] p;nfO{ afFsL /fVb}g . ;fob rLnn] ;k{nfO{ dfl/ kf] ;Sof] ls . t}klg, cfˆgf] km'n / rNnfnfO{ ;k{af6 hf]ufpg / pm rf/f] vf]Hg uPsf] a]nfdf p;sf] u'8F sf] /]vb]v ug{ rLnnfO{ Ps hgf w/fn] eP a];} x'G5 . ;'/Ln] of] sfd ul/lbof] eg] t p;nfO{ rLnn] g} kfNg klg ;S5 .Æ æof] t ;fx|} /fd|f] pkfo eof] .Æ c¿ hLj / r/fx¿n] sf}jfsf] s'/fdf ;xL yfk] . t/ ;'/L slxn] klg 6f]8sf]df af; a;]sf] lyPg . p;nfO{ 8/ klg nfUof] . zx/df 3/leq Gofgf] e'uF f| d] f jf yfªgfdf ;'Tg] p;sf] afgL lyof] . p;n] 6f]8sf]df a:g] ;'ljwf s:tf] xf]nf eg]/ ;f]Wof] . sf}jfn] zx/df ;'/L s;/L a:g] uYof]{ eGg] s'/f jgsf ;fyLx¿nfO{ ;Demfof] . sf}jfsf] s'/f ;'g/] r/fx¿n] t'?Gt} ;'ss ] f 3fF; / lem+hfx¿ a6'n/] kmF8/] sf] ?vsf] 6fF8] sfdf y'kf/] . uF8' agfpg l;kfn' 9's/' n] ;'ss ] f 3fF; / lemFhf /fd|/L ldnfP/ ;'/Lsf] nflu Gofgf] cf]5o\ fg agfOlbof] . 101

d';fnfO{ bf];Nnf

r/fx¿n] rLnnfO{ klg ;'/Lsf] s'/f ;'gfof] . ;'?df t p;nfO{ cfkm" a:g] ?vdf la/fnf]nfO{ a:g lbg] s'/f lrQ a'em]g . t/ sf}jfn] la/fnf]n] p;sf rNnf / u'8F sf] /vjf/L u5{ eg]kl5 pm r'knfUof] . t} klg st} la/fnf] ef]sfPsf] a]nfdf rNnfdfly cfFvf uf8g] t xf]Og eg]/ p;n] z+sf u¥of] . p;n] eGof], æd]/f rNnfdfly cfFvf uf8]sf] yfxf kfPF eg] d}n] la/fnf]nfO{ afFsL /fVg] 5}g . of] s'/f p;nfO{ /fd|/L ;DemfOlbg" .Æ rLnsf] r'Rrf] / g+uf| slt ltvf / alnof x'G5g\ eGg] ;'/LnfO{ yfxf lyof] . p;nfO{ Ps kN6 uf]7sf] 5fgfdf ;'ts ] f] a]nfdf Pp6f rLnn] emD6]sf] lyof] . To;sf] bfu p;sf] lhpmdf gd]l6g] u/L sf]l/Psf] lyof] . /ft k/]kl5 ;'/L ?vsf] 6f]8sf]df ;'Tg uof] . pm 6f]8sf] leq k:g nfUbf Pp6f ;fgf] hLj cflQP/ aflx/ lg:Sof] / ?vaf6 pk|m/] e'Od F f k5fl/of] . 6f]8sf] vfnL / Gofgf] b]v/] jgsf] s'g} hLj ToxfF a:g yfln;s]sf] /x]5 . ;'/L la:tf/} leq k:of] / ;'ss ] f 3fF;sf] cf]5o\ fgnfO{ v'§fn] rfFk/] ldnfP/ To;dfly a:of] . 6f]8sf]leq lg:k§ cFWof/f] lyof] . zx/ ahf/df h:tf] lah'nL ToxfF lyPg . ;'/LnfO{ lgb nfu]g . p;nfO{ Ps dg lsg sf}jfsf] s'/fdf nfu]/ jgdf a:g cfPF x'n F f eg]/ k5'tf] klg nfUof] . /ft l5lKkFb} lyof] . ;'/Lsf] dgdf s'/f v]ln/x]sf] lyof] . olQs}df Pp6f 7"nf] r/f cfP/ hf]8n] 102

la/fnf]sf] jgaf;

kv]6 Eof6Eof6 ub}{ 6f]8sf]sf] aflx/ xfFufdf a:of] . ;'/L lgSs} 8/fof] . p;n] rfndf/]/ 6f]8F sfaf6 aflx/ x]¥of] . rLn hq} Pp6f nf6f]sf];/] f] d';f, ls/fkm6]u+ f| vf]Hg lg:s]sf] /x]5 . nf6f]sf];/] f] lbgel/ ;'T5 / /ft k/]kl5 dfq} pm rf/f] vf]Hg lg:sG5 . lsgls p;n] lbpF;f]eGbf /ftL /fd|/L b]Vg;S5 eGg] ;'/LnfO{ yfxf lyof] . /ftL d';f dfg{ pm zx/ ahf/df klg k'UYof] . slxn]sfxLF /ftL d';f vf]Hg lg:sFbf ;'/L;Fu nf6f]sf];/] f]sf] hDsfe]6 x'GYof] . nf6f]sf];/] f]sf tLvf cfFvfn] 6f]8sf]leq la/fnf] ePsf] yfxf kfof] . zx/ahf/df a:g] la/fnf] s;/L jgdf cfof] eg]/ pm 5Ss k¥of] . Tof] 6f]8sf]df p;n] a;fO ;g]{ larf/ u/]sf] lyof] . la/fnf] cfP/ al;;s]sf] yfxf kfP/ p;nfO{ l/; klg p7\of] . t/ la/fnf];uF pm hf]/L vf]Hg ;Qm}gYof] . pm x'ss ' , x'ss ' ub}{ 7"nf] :j/n] s/fof] / km]l/ Eof6Eof6 ub} ToxfFaf6 p8]/ csf]{ ?vsf] xfFufdf a:g uof] . ;'/L cf]5o\ fgdf kN6]/ lgbfpg] sf]lz; u¥of] . ;'/Ln] cfFvf vf]Nbf aflx/ pHofnf] eO;s]sf] lyof] . r/fx¿ kmF8/] sf] ?vsf] xfFufdf a;]/ uLt ufO/x]sf lyP . ;'/L slxn] aflx/ lg:snf eg]/ sf}jf sf sf ub} klv{/x]sf] lyof] . ;'/L cfFvf ldRb} aflx/ cfof] . /ftL ca]nf;Dd lgbfpg g;s]sf]n] laxfg ;a]/ p7g g;s]sf] s'/f p;n] ;fyLx¿nfO{ ;'gfof] . 103

d';fnfO{ bf];Nnf

sf}jfn] ;'/LnfO{ jg b]vfpg lng cfPsf] /x]5 . pgLx¿ ;a}eGbf klxn] jgsf] aLrdf aUg] vf]nfdf uP . vf]nfdf la/fnf]h:t} t/ kfgLleq k;]/ df5f ;dfTg] hLj cf]tx¿ kf}l8v]Nb} df5f dfl//x]sf lyP . sf}jfn] pgLx¿;Fu ;'/Lsf] kl/ro u/fOlbof] . cf]tx¿n] ;'/LnfO{ kfgLdf cfP/ df5f dfg{ lgDTofP . ;'/LnfO{ kfgLdf k:g 8/ nfUof] . pm slxNo} kf}8L v]n]sf] lyPg . ;'/Ln] l5kl5k] kfgLdf v]ln/x]sf ;fgf;fgf df5fx¿ ;dft]/ lrQ a'emfof] . w]/} a]/ d]xgt u/]kl5 ;'/Ln] rf/kfFr j6f e'/f df5f ;dfTg ;Sof] . Tolt df5f ;'/LnfO{ Ps ufF; klg x'Fb}gYof] . kms{g] a]nfdf cf]tx¿n] ;'/LnfO{ s]xL 7"nf df5f lbof] . ;'/L b+u k¥of] . ;'/Ln] sf}jfnfO{ klg df5f vfg lbof] / cfkm"n] klg vfof] . To;kl5 sf}jf / ;'/L vf]nfsf] lsgf/} lsgf/ jgsf] dflyNnf] efudf 3'Dg uP . cln dfly 8fF8fsf] sfvdf cf]8f/x¿lt/ b]vfpFb} sf}jfn] eGof], æltdL ;s];Dd Totflt/ ghfg" . tL cf]8f/x¿df af3, lrt'jf, :ofnx¿ a:5g\ . vf]nfkfl/ jg la/fnf] a:5 . cf]tx¿n] df5f df/]sf] 7fpFdf slxn]sfxLF dflg;x¿ klg df5f dfg{ / ufO{ e}F;LnfO{ kfgL Vjfpg cfpF5g\ . lrt'jfn] ufO{ afv|f vfOlbof] eg] ufpFsf dflg;x¿ lrt'jf dfg{ cfpF5g\ . To;a]nf pgLx¿n] lrt'jf dfq} xf]Og jgsf hLjhGt' h;nfO{ kfP klg df5{g\ . To; a]nf dflg;x¿;Fu hf]lug 104

la/fnf]sf] jgaf;

ufx|f] x'G5 .Æ sf}jfsf] s'/f ;'/LnfO{ /dfOnf] nfUof], lsgls p;nfO{ dflg;;Fu 8/ nfUb}gYof] . o;/L ;'/L sf}jf;Fu w]/} a]/ jgdf 8'Nof] . ef]s nfu]sf] a]nfdf slxn] h+unL d';f, slxn] df5f, slxn] Eofu'tf vfof] . sf}jfn] p;nfO{ c¿ hLjhGt' / r/fx¿;Fu klg kl/ro u/fOlbof] . jgsf af6fx¿ kfgLsf d'xfg / vf]N;fx¿, aFbn ] / b'D;L a:g] cf]8f/x¿ b]vfOlbof] . kFw/] f / vx/]df nu]/ Eofu'tf / uFu6f ;dfTg l;sfof] . lbgel/ 8'nk] l5 pgLx¿ ;'/L a:g] kmF8/] sf] ?vdf kms]{ . sf}jfn] c¿ kz'k+5LnfO{ klg 8fSof] . kmF8]/sf] ?vd'lg a;]/ pgLx¿n] lbgel/ s;n] s] u¥of] eg]/ ;'gfP . ef]lnkN6 laxfg} rLnn] ;'/LnfO{ af]nfof] / eGof], æ;'/L, cfh d rf/f] vf]Hg cln 6f9f hfG5' . d gePsf] a]nfdf sfnf] ;k{ cfpnf xf]; ug"{ . ltdLn] ;s]gf} eg] c¿;Fu klg dbt dfUg" .Æ ;k{;uF la/fnf] slxNo} n8]sf] lyPg . nf6f]sf];/] f]n] ;k{n { fO{ dfg{ t ;SYof] t/ pm;Fu ;'/Ln] lrghfg / ldt]/L ul/;s]sf] lyPg . csf]{ s'/f nf6f]sf];/] f] /ftL dfq} lzsf/ v]Ng lg:sGYof] . rLnsf rNnfnfO{ ;k{af6 hf]ufpg] sfd ;'/LnfO{ ufx|f] nfUof] . p;n] rLn;Fu ;f]Wof], ærLn lbbL, ;k{;uF clxn];Dd d n8]sf] 5}g . p;Fu n8g k¥of] eg] s;sf] dbt dfUg' knf{ <Æ 105

d';fnfO{ bf];Nnf

rLnn] cfFvf 7"nf] kfb}{ hjfkm lbof], æolt ;lhnf] s'/f klg ltdLnfO{ yfxf /x]g5 . ;k{sf] Ps gDa/sf] zq' Gofp/L d';f xf] . pm;Fu u'xf/ dfu] eOxfN5 .Æ t/ ;'/LnfO{ b]v/] Gofp/Ld';f 8/fpFYof] . Gofp/L;Fu ;'/Lsf] lrghfg eO;s]sf] lyPg . o;}n] ;'/L bu'b{} sf}jfsxfF uof] / rLn;Fu ePsf] ;a} s'/f ;'gfof] . sf}jfn] ;'/LnfO{ Gofp/Ld';fsf] b'nf] 5]pm lnP/ uof] . Gofp/Ld';f kmF8/] sf] ?vb]lv s]xL k/ a/sf] ?vdl'g a:Yof] . p;nfO{ a/sf] af]6df kmNg] /ftf / kx]n F f u]8f v'a} ld7f] nfUYof] . sf}jfn] af]nfPsf] ;'g/] pm b'nf]af6 aflx/ lg:Sof] . t/ aflx/ la/fnf]nfO{ b]Vg] lalQs} pm b'nf]leq} kmSof]{ / leqaf6} sf}jfnfO{ eGof], æltdLn] dnfO{ em'SofP/ dfg{ cfF6Øf} ls Sof xf] < lsg d]/f] 3/df d]/f] zq'nfO{ lnP/ cfPsf] < d]/f] 3/ b]vk] l5 ca p;n] d]/f j+z g} ;vfk kfg{ a]/ nfpg] 5}g .Æ ældHh', ltdL 8/fpg' kb}g{ . pm s'g} h+unL la/fnf] xf]Og . p t d]/f] ;fyL ;'/L xf] . zx/af6 cfPsf] . lgw{Ss eP/ aflx/ cfP x'G5 . clg ;Fu} a;]/ c¿ s'/f u/f}n F f .Æ sf}jfn] eGof] . sf}jfsf] s'/fdf ljZjf; u/]/ Gofp/Ld';f aflx/ cfof] . sf}jfn] ;'/L;Fu p;sf] kl/ro u/fOlbof] . ;'/L / 106

la/fnf]sf] jgaf;

Gofp/Ld';fn] cfktljkt kbf{ Pscsf{nfO{ ;3fpg] afrf u/] . ;'/Ln] sfnf] ;k{sf] af/]df Gofp/LnfO{ eGof] . Gofp/Ln] eGof], æxf], Tof] sfnf] ;k{ s]xL lbg eof] ot}lt/ cfPsf] 5 . s'g} 7"nf] laHofOF gu/];Dd t p;nfO{ dfg{ ePg . t/ ltdLnfO{ b'Mv lbgyfNof] eg] d}n] p;nfO{ afFsL /flVbg . k/]sf] a]nfdf af]nfof} eg] d cfOxfN5' .Æ Gofp/Ld';fsf] ;xof]u kfpg] ePkl5 ;'/L 9'Ss eof] / 3/lt/ nfUof] . geGb} lbpF;f] rLn aflx/ uPsf] a]nfdf sfnf] ;k{ kmF8/] sf] ?vdf cfof] . To; a]nf ;'/L vfg] s'/f vf]Hg cln k/ uPsf] lyof] . sfnf] ;k{n] ;'/L a;]sf] 6f]8sf]leq lrofof] . ToxfF sf]xL gb]vk] l5 pm dfly r9\of] . ;k{ rLnsf] u'8F lt/ hfg nfu]sf] b]v/] h'/n ] L s/fof] . h'/n ] L hf]8n] s/fPsf] ;'g/] ;'/L la/fnf] cflQFb} cfkm" a;]sf] kmF8/] sf] ?vdf k'Uof] . p;n] k/}af6 df]6f] sfnf] ;k{ ?vsf] 6'Kkfdf k'Ug nfu]sf] b]Vof] . ;k{nfO{ wkfpg ;'/L l56f]l56f] ?vdf r9\g yfNof] . t/ cflQP/ xtf/df r9f pm aLr}df gk'Ub} lrlKnP/ e'OFdf v:of] . ;k{ rLnsf] u'F8df k'Ug} cfF6]sf] lyof] . la/fnf]n] Gofp/Ld';fnfO{ ;D‰of] / lrRofP/ p;Fu u'xf/ dfUg yfNof] . ;+of]un] Gofp/Ld';f 3/}df /x]5 . pm bu'b{} cfof] . la/fnf]n] ?vsf] 6'Kkfdf sfnf] ;k{ b]vfof] . 107

d';fnfO{ bf];Nnf

sfnf] ;k{ ;/f;/ ?vsf] 6'Kkfdf k'Uof] . p;n] rLnsf] u'8F df rNnfx¿ b]Vof] . tL rNnfx¿ rf/f vf]Hg uPsL cfdfnfO{ kv]/{ a;]sf lyP . sfnf] ;k{nfO{ b]v/] ltgLx¿n] cfˆgL cfdf kms]h { :tf] 7fg] . ltgLx¿n] rf/f] vfgsf] nflu d'v afpg yfn] . oxL df}sf 5f]k/] sfnf] ;k{n] Pp6f rNnfnfO{ ufFHof] . lzsf/ d'vdf /fv]/ pm la:tf/} kmSof]{ / tnlt/ cf]ng{ yfNof] . oxL a]nf Gofp/L d';f ?vsf] 6'Kkfdf k'Uof] / ;k{sf] kl5lNt/af6 p;sf] 3fF6L cF7Øfof] . Gofp/Lsf] crfgssf] xdnfn] ;k{ cflQof] . ;k{sf] d'vdf rNnf ePsf] x'gfn] pm Gofp/Ldfly hfO{ nfUg;s]g . ;k{ / Gofp/L b'a} ?vaf6 e'Od{F f k5fl/P . ;k{ ;Deflng gkfpFb} Gofp/L km]l/ ;k{dfly hfOnfUof] . p;n] ;k{sf] 3fF6L a]:;/L cF7Øfof] . ;k{n] a]:;/L k'R5/ xNnfof] / 56k6fpg yfNof] . w]/} a]/ 3fF6L cF7ØfPkl5 ;k{ rNdnfpg 5f8Øf] . sfnf] ;k{ d/]sf]df r/fx¿n] v'zL dgfP . pgLx¿n] Gofp/Ld';f / la/fnf]sf] lgSs} u'g dfg] . Gofp/Lsf] ldt]/L b]v/] la/fnf] b+u k¥of] t/ rLnsf] Pp6f rNnf d/]sf] x'bF f ca s;/L rLnnfO{ d'v b]vfpg] xf]nf eg]/ pm lgSs} lrlGtt eof] . ;fFemkv rf/f] af]s/] rLn u'8F df cfof] . p;n] cfˆgf] u'8 nyfln+u ePsf], rNnfx¿ 8/n] u'6d ' 6' ' k/]/ a;]sf] b]Vof] . 108

la/fnf]sf] jgaf;

Pp6f rNnf 36]sf] klg p;n] yfxf kfof] . p;n] la/fnf]dfly g} z+sf u¥of] . p;nfO{ ;'/L la/fnf];uF l/; p7Øf] . rNnfx¿nfO{ rf/f] gVjfOsg pm ;'OOF oF p8]/ ?vsf] 6f]8sfdf k'Uof] . 6f]8sf]leq la/fnf] b'MvL eP/ al;/x]sf] lyof] . rLn cfPsf] yfxf kfP/ ;'/L la:tf/} aflx/ lg:Sof] . t/ pm 6f]8sf]aflx/ k"/f lg:sg gkfpFb} l/;fPsf] rLnn] p;nfO{ tLvf g+uf| n] Rofk]/ cfsfzlt/ p8Øf] . lar/f ;'/L DofpFDofpF ub}{ u'xf/ dfUg yfNof] . rLnn] la/fnf]nfO{ cfsfzlt/ nu]sf] b]v/] h'/n ] L cflQof] . pm sf}jfnfO{ vf]Hg uof] . sf}jf ufpFaf6 ;'/Lsf] nflu vfg] s'/f lnP/ cfpFb} lyof] . h'/n ] Lsf] s'/f g6'lF ub} sf}jf klg cfsfzlt/ p8Øf] . p;n] rLnnfO{ lgSs} dfly cfsfzdf k'us ] f] b]Vof] . ToxfFaf6 rLnn] la/fnf]nfO{ v;flnlbof] eg] t p;sf] xf8vf]/ klg afFsL /xg] lyPg . sf}jf cflQFb} rLn ePlt/ xflgof] . sf}jf rLnsf] glhs k'Ubf rLnn] la/fnf]nfO{ y'l+ u/x]sf], la/fnf]sf] 6fpsf]af6 /ut alu/x]sf] b]Vof] . p;n] l/;fPsf] rLnnfO{ jf:tljs s'/f eg]/ ;Demfpg] sf]lz; u¥of] . ;'?df t ;k{n] p;sf] rNnf df/]sf] s'/f rLnn] kTofPg . t/ d/]sf] ;k{ b]vfOlbg] afrf u/]kl5 p;sf] l/; clnslt 36\Øf] . t}klg ;'/L x'bF fx'bF } ;k{n] s;/L ?vdf r9g] df}sf kfof] < o;df p;sf] klg bf]if 5 eGof] . sf}jfn] rLnsf rNnfx¿sf] /Iff ug{ la/fnf]n] Gofp/Ld';f;Fu ldt]/L u/]sf] s'/f ;'gfPkl5 pm cln g/d eof] . To;kl5 pgLx¿ la:tf/} e'OdF f cf]ng{ yfn] . 109

d';fnfO{ bf];Nnf

jgsf] aLrdf kmF8/] sf] ?vd'lg Gofp/Ld';f, h'/n ] L, 9's/' / c¿ r/fx¿ la/fnf]sf] b'bz { fdfly lrlGtt eP/ al;/x]sf lyP . pgLx¿sf] glhs} d/]sf] ;k{ nDk;f/ k/]sf] lyof] . e'Od {F f cfOk'Ubf la/fnf]sf] ;f; afFsL lyof] . Gofp/Ld';fn] p;sf] 3fp ;kmf u/]/ ældHh', s:tf] 5 ltdLnfO{ <Æ eg]/ ;f]wk] l5 p;n] dw'/f] :j/df DofpF u¥of] . e'Od F f ;k{sf] nf; / jl/kl/ Gofp/Ld';f / r/fx¿nfO{ b]vk] l5 rLnsf] l/; d¥of] . t/ ;k{sf] d'vdf cfˆgf] Kof/f] rNnfnfO{ b]vk] l5 p;n] cfF;' yfDg ;s]g . p;sf] rNnfnfO{ ;k{af6 hf]ufpg g;s]sf]df la/fnf]sf] tkm{af6 sf}jfn] dfkmL dfUof] . Gofp/Ld';f / c¿ r/fx¿n] klg rLnnfO{ ;DemfP . To;kl5 rLn cfˆgf afFsL rNnfnfO{ cfxf/ Vjfpg la:tf/} ?vsf] 6'Kkflt/ p8Øf] . 3fOt] la/fnf] t+lu|g s]xL lbg nfUof] . p;nfO{ sf}jf, Gofp/Ld';f / r/fx¿n] ldn]/ x]/larf/ u/] . pgLx¿n] jgaf6 h8L a'6L NofP/ p;sf] 3fpmdf nufOlbP . cf]tx¿n] df5f k7fOlbP . rLnn] klg rNnfsf] nflu NofPsf] df5f / df;'dWo] clnslt ;'/LnfO{ klg lbg yfNof] . ;'/L alnof] eP/ lxF8g;Sg] ePkl5 p;n] jgsf ;fyLx¿nfO{ cfkm" zx/ kms{g] larf/ ;'gfof] . jgsf] r/f jgd} /dfPem}F zx/sf] la/fnf] zx/d} /dfpg] /x]5 eGg] s'/f ;'/Lsf ;fyLx¿n] a'lem;s]sf lyP . o;}n] pgLx¿n] dg ux|u'F f] u/]/ ;'/LnfO{ 110

la/fnf]sf] jgaf;

111

d';fnfO{ bf];Nnf

labf lbg] lgwf] u/] . pgLx¿n] ;'/LnfO{ a]nfa]nfdf pgLx¿;Fu jgdf e]6g\ cfpg] afrf u/fP . sf}jfn] jgsf ;fyLx¿ / ;'/Lsf] aLr ;+rf]la;+rf]sf] va/ k'¥ofpg] sa'n u¥of] . jgaf6 labf x'g] a]nfdf ;'/LnfO{ Gofp/Ld';fn] Ps y}nL cf]v/ / ;'kf/L pkxf/ lbof] . rLnn] df;'sf] ;'s6' L lbof] . cf]tx¿n] ;'ss ] f df5fsf] ef/L g} lbP . r/fx¿n] z'esfdgf lbP . clg sf}jfnfO{ cl3 nfpFb} lk7Ø'd F f pkxf/x¿sf] ef/L af]s/] ;'/L zx/lt/ nfUof] .

112

cfef/ of] k':tsdf k/]sf afnsyfx¿dWo] s]xL syf lgDglnlvt k':ts tyf kqklqsfdf k|sflzt ePsf lyP . ;DalGwt k|sfzsx¿k|lt xflb{s cfef/ JoQm u5f}F{ . d';fnfO{ bf];Nnf af3sf] ;Tsf/ df5f, Eofu'tf / dfG5], b'a} xftdf n•', ‰ofk'Nn]sf] lahf]u, af]sfsf] cfTdsyf, :ofn / s's'/sf] ldt]/L, pNn' / ;'kf/L, cfˆgf]cfˆgf] 8Dkm", v'jf / la/fnf] < dflg;nfO{ s;/L lrGg] < u'gsf] abnf u'g, ;fu/ / Aofª, la/fnf]sf] 3fF6Ldf 3+6L, la/fnf]sf] p8fg,

dw'ks{ dfl;s, @)%$ h]7 zAb–;+of]hg, ;flxlTos dfl;s, c+s– ! j}zfv, @)^! d'gf dfl;s, @)%) h]7 yf]kfyf]kf n3'syf ;+u|x, @)%& sflGtk'/, sf]lknf ;fKtflxs, @)%( d+l;/ @) sflGtk'/, sf]lknf ;fKtflxs, @)%( c;f]h !! ;To ;fKtflxs, @)$# yf]kfyf]kf n3'syf ;+u|x, @)%& yf]kfyf]kf n3'syf ;+u|x, @)%& sflGtk'/, sf]lknf ;fKtflxs, @)%( j}zfv @) yf]kfyf]kf n3'syf ;+u|x, @)%& sflGtk'/, sf]lknf ;fKtflxs, @)%* kmfu'g # sflGtk'/, sf]lknf ;fKtflxs, @)^) d+l;/ $ sflGtk'/, sf]lknf ;fKtflxs, @)^! h]7 ! d'gf dfl;s @)^! c;f]h

113

d';fnfO{ bf];Nnf

114

g]kfnL n3'syfsf Vofltk|fKt n]vs ljgos'df/ s;h" s f n3' s yfx¿ kfsfx¿n] dfq} xf] O g afnaflnsfx¿n] klg ?rfP/ k9g] u/]sf 5g\ . pxfFsf 5f]6f, k|ltsfTds / Jo+UofTds sltko syfx¿ s'g s]6fs]6Lsf nflu xf] / s'g kfsf dflg;x¿sf] nflu xf] eg]/ 5'6o\ fpg ufx|f] x'G5 . ;a} pd]/sf / ;a} If]qsf dflg;x¿n] pxfFsf syfx¿sf] cfcfˆg} cy{ lgsfN5g\ / ld7f] dfG5g\ . pxfFsf] syfsf] of] cfˆg} ljz]iftf xf] . ;'kl| ;4 k/Lsyfsf/ xfG; lqmlZrog PG8/;gn] n]vs ] f lyP, æ;'?df d}n] s]6fs]6Ldf ;'gs ] f syfx¿nfO{ ;Dem]/ k/Lsyfx¿ n]Vy]F . t/ ca d cfˆg} dgn] syf n]V5' . kfsf dflg;x¿sf nflu sfd nfUg] Pp6f ljrf/ lnG5' / Tof] ljrf/sf] cfwf/df ;fgf;fgf gfgLx¿sf nflu syf n]V5' . of] d];f]df d}n] ltGsf afcfdfn] klg of] syf ;'Gg]5g\ eGg] ;lDem/xG5' . pgLx¿sf] lbdfusf] nflu klg s]xL v'/fs t rflxG5 g} .Æ of] egfO s;h"sf syfx¿df klg nfu" x'G5 .

ldl8of ;le{ ; ] h OG6/g] ; gn yfkfynL, sf7df8f}F .

ljgos'df/ s;h"

ljgo s;h"sf tLg j6f n3'syf ;+ux| , b'O{ j6f ;+rf/;DaGwL k':ts / Pp6f afnsyf ;+ux| k|sflzt eO;s]sf 5g\ . of] k':tsdf afO; j6f syfx¿ ;+slnt 5g\ . ;s];Dd w]/} afnaflnsfsf] xftdf k'¥ofpg] p2]Zon] k|sfzg vr{dfq} p7\g] p7fpg] u/L of] k':ts k|sflzt ul/Psf] 5 . OG6/g]6df kx'r F ePsf hf];s ' n } ] klg oL syfx¿ j]a;fO6df x]g{ ;Sg]5g\ . g]kfnL afn;flxTosf] k/Dk/fut z}nLeGbf a]Un} 9+un] n]lvPsf afnsyfx¿sf] of] k':ts afnaflnsfx¿n] dfq} xf]Og cfdfafa' / xh'/afx¿n] klg plQs} ?rfpP/ k9g' x'g5 ] eGg] ljZjf; 5 .

d';fnfO{ bf];Nnf / c¿ afnsyfx¿

n]vs / k':ts