Modul E4160 Unit 2 Mikrocontroller Mikro Processor

Introduction To Microcontrollers DataBus AccessLogic Address Control Logic Interrupt& Control Logic

ALU

Registers

Microprocessor

Microprocessor Core

(E)EPROM/ Flash SRAM

Peripheral I/O Logic

Microcontroller 1

What is a Microcontroller ? • A microcontroller is a single chip microprocessor system which contains: – – – – –

A processor core. Data and program memory. Serial and parallel I/O. Timers. External and internal interrupt handling mechanism.

all integrated into a single chip. 2

Block Diagram of a Microprocessor • A microprocessor consists of an ALU to perform arithmetic and logic manipulations, registers, and a control unit. • In addition, its has some interfaces to the outside world in the form of busses. • What is missing? – Memory and the peripherals. 3

Block Diagram Of A Microcomputer

• Too much. – For the limited applications intended, this system has too much of everything. • Meaning – too expensive. 4

Block Diagram Of A Microcontroller • It is the specialized circuitry compared to the microprocessor that makes the microcontroller such a unique device. • The microcontroller operates on data that is fed in through its serial or parallel input ports controlled by the software stored in the on-chip memory. 5

Example Of 8 bit & 16 bit Microcontroller •µC 8 bit •Motorola 68HC05, 68HC08, 68HC11 •Intel 8051 (dan varian spt 8031, 8751, 8052BASIC) •Atmel AVR •Microchip PIC (dan varian spt BASIC STAMP) •Hitach H8/300, H8/300L •µC 16 bit •Intel 8096, 80251 •Motorola 68HC12, 68HC16 •Hitachi H8/300H, H8S 6

Example Microcontroller Families • MC6811 from Motorola – – – – – – – –

8-bit stack-based architecture. 2 accumulators and 2 index registers. Built in EEPROM and RAM. Digital I/O. Timers. ADC. RS232 communication. Was the most powerful and flexible controller available at introduction. • Around 1970.

– Still very popular. 7

•The MCS-51 From Intel • Originally introduced by Intel in 1981. – Currently, the most widely used microcontroller. – 8-bit processor. – 2 distinct separately addressable memory areas. • Maximum of 64K on-chip ROM. – Usually 0 to 4K. • Maximum of 64K external data memory. • Maximum of 64K external code memory. • Basic version (8051) contains: – 4K Bytes of on-chip ROM instruction memory. – 128 Bytes of on-chip RAM for temporary data storage and the stack. – 2 timers, one serial port, and four 8-bit parallel I/O ports. – Speeds starting from12 MHz. 8

The 8051 Microcontroller Internals

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Advantages of using microcontrollers • Fast and effective – The architecture correlates closely with the problem being solved (control systems). • Low cost / Low power – High level of system integration within one component. – Only a handful of components needed to create a working system. • Compatibility – Opcodes and binaries are the SAME for all 80x51 variants. • Multi-sourced – Over 12 manufacturers, hundreds of varieties. • Constant improvements – Improvements in silicon/design increase speed and power annually. 10

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