Mode Of Transport

Mode of transport Mode of transport (or means of transport or transport mode or transport modality or form of transport) is a general term for the different kinds of transport facilities that are often used to transport people or cargo. Where more than one mode of transport is used for a journey, or for transport analysis, the journey can be described as multi-modal. • • • •

Aeroplane Railway Bus Car

Aeroplane:- A fixed-wing aircraft is an aircraft capable of heavier-than-air flight whose lift is generated not by wing motion relative to the aircraft, but by forward motion through the air. The term is used to distinguish from rotary-wing aircraft or ornithopters, where the movement of the wing surfaces relative to the aircraft generates lift. In the United States and Canada, the term airplane is used; the term aeroplane is more common in the rest of the English-speaking countries, including Great Britain, the rest of the Commonwealth countries (excluding Canada), and the Republic of Ireland. These terms refer to any fixed wing aircraft powered by propellers or jet engines. The word derives from the Greek αέρας (aéras-) ("air") and -plane. The spelling "aeroplane" is the older of the two, dating back to the mid-late 19th century. Some fixed-wing aircraft may be remotely or robot controlled. Causes The majority of aircraft accidents are a result of human error on the part of the pilot(s) or controller(s). After human error, mechanical failure is the biggest cause of air accidents, which sometimes also can involve a human component; e.g., negligence of the airline in carrying out proper maintenance. Adverse weather is the third largest cause of accidents. Icing, downbursts, and low visibility are often major contributors to weather related crashes. Birds have been ranked as a major cause for large rotor bursts on commercial turboprop engines, spurring extra safety measures to keep birds away. Technological advances such as ice detectors also help pilots ensure the safety of their aircraft. Rail transport

Rail transport is the conveyance of passengers and goods by means of wheeled vehicles running along railways (railroads). Rail transport is part of the logistics chain, which facilitates international trade and economic growth. Typical railway tracks consist of two parallel rails, normally made of steel, secured to crossbeams, termed sleepers (U.K. and Australia) or crossties or ties (U.S. and Canada). The sleepers maintain a constant distance between the two rails, a measurement known as the "gauge" of the track. To maintain the alignment of the track it is either laid on a bed of ballast or secured to a solid concrete foundation. The whole is referred to as permanent way (U.K. and Australia) or right-of-way (North America). Railway rolling stock, which is fitted with metal wheels, moves with low frictional resistance when compared with road vehicles. Locomotives and powered cars normally rely on the point of contact of the wheel with the rail for traction and adhesion (the part of the transmitted axle load that makes the wheel "adheres" to the smooth rail). This is usually sufficient under normal conditions, but adhesion can be reduced or lost through the presence of unwanted material on the rail surface, such as moisture, grease, ice or dead leaves. To counteract such reduction of adhesion, many locomotives have devices which blow fine sand on the rail ahead of the wheels. Safety and railway disasters Train wreck, 1907, in Canaan, New HampshireMain article: List of rail accidents Trains can travel at very high speed, but they are heavy, are unable to deviate from the track and require a great distance to stop. Although rail transport is one of the safest forms of travel, there are many possibilities for accidents to take place. These can vary from the minor derailment (jumping the track), a head-on collision with another train and collision with an automobile or other vehicle at a level crossing/grade crossing. Level crossing collisions are relatively common in the United States where there are several thousand each year killing about 500 people (the comparable figures for the United Kingdom are 30 collisions and 12 casualties). For information regarding major accidents, Interlocking tower at railway crossings between rail linesThe most important safety measures are railway signalling and gates at level/grade crossings. Train whistles warn of the presence of a train, while trackside signals maintain the distances between trains. In the United Kingdom, vandalism or negligence is thought responsible for about half of rail accidents. Railway lines are zoned or divided into blocks guarded by combinations of block signals, operating rules, and automatic-control devices so that one train, at most, may be in a block at any time. Historically, when a railway wished to construct a rail line that crossed an existing railway, an interlocking tower had to be constructed and manned, equipped with semaphore signals and derails controlled by rods and linkages. In this way a major accident could be avoided by signalling or derailling. Compared with road travel railways are safe. Annual death rates on roads are over 40,000 in the U.S., about 3,000 in the U.K. and 900 in Australia, compared with 1,000 rail-related fatalities in the U.S., under 20 in

the U.K. and 10 in Australia. (These figures do not account for differences in passengermiles traveled by mode; see e.g. Transportation safety in the United States. Long-distance trains Interior of a passenger car in a long-distance train in Finland Long-distance trains travel between many cities and/or regions of a country, and sometimes cross several countries. They often have a dining car or restaurant car to allow passengers to have a meal during the course of their journey. Trains traveling overnight may also have sleeping cars. Bus A bus (or omnibus or autobus) is a road vehicle designed to carry passengers. A bus can generally seat a maximum of anywhere from 8 to 200 passengers; many more passengers than a minivan. Buses are the most widely used form of public transportation, although they are also used in tourism and as private transport. The most common type of bus is the single-decker bus, with larger loads carried by double-decker buses and articulated buses, and smaller loads carried by midibuses and minibuses. A more luxurious version of the bus is the coach. Buses are usually powered by a diesel engine, although early buses were horse drawn and there were experiments with steam propulsion. Trolleybuses use power drawn from overhead power lines. In common with the car industry bus manufacturing is increasingly a globalised activity, with the same design of bus appearing on roads around the world. Uses • • • • •

Public transport Schools Private charter Promotion Tourism

Automobile An automobile or motor car is a wheeled motor vehicle for transporting passengers, which also carries its own engine or motor. Most definitions of the term specify that automobiles are designed to run primarily on roads, to have seating for one to eight people, to typically have four wheels, and to be constructed principally for the transport of people rather than goods.[1] However, the term automobile is far from precise, because there are many types of vehicles that do similar tasks. Automobile safety Automobile safety is the avoidance of automobile accidents or the minimization of harmful effects of accidents, in particular as pertaining to human life and health. Numerous safety features have been built into cars for years, some for the safety of car's occupants only, some for the safety of others. Distance covered by vehicles in one second. As a result of improvements in highway and automobile design, the incidence of injuries and fatalities per mile driven has decreased

significantly, but road traffic injuries still represent about 25% of worldwide injuryrelated deaths (the leading cause) with an estimated 1.2 million deaths (2004) each year.

Safety trends Despite technological advances, about 40,000 people die every year in the U.S. Although the fatality rates per vehicle registered and per vehicle distance traveled have steadily decreased since the advent of significant vehicle and driver regulation, the raw number of fatalities generally increases as a function of rising population and more vehicles on the road. However, sharp rises in the price of fuel and related driver behavioral changes are reducing 2007-8 highway fatalities in the U.S. to below the 1961 fatality count.[14]