Minerals

Minerals (Major elements) minera ls

Functions – –

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Calcium

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(Ca²⁺)

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Help in blood clotting Transmission of nerve impulse. development of bones and teeth. Increased permeability of cell membrane. Contraction of skeletal and cardiac muscles.

Food sources – –

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milk and milk products. meat exchange list fish (sardine) dark green vegetables.

Important Notes – –

most abundant mineral in the body.

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Absorption : adult (10 - 30 % ) , children and pregnant women (50 60 % ) factors that can increase Ca absorption: ○ Acid environment in the GIT. ○ Calcium and phosphorus ratio (1:1 to 2:1) in the diet. ○ increase vitamin D intake.

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99% is stored in the bones and teeth, 1% in the blood.

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Calcium binders: Oxalic acid (in vegetables), phytic acid (in cereals).

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RDA : 800 mg/day for men, 1000 mg for women, 1500 mg/day for pregnant women.

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Deficiency diseases:

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Osteoporosis Rickets Osteomalacia

Presence of lactose in the diet .

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Potassiu – m (K+) –

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Phospho rus (P) – –

Contraction of muscles (skeletal, especially cardiac muscles). Maintanance of water balance. Transmission of nerve impulses. Carbohydrate and protein metabolism.

development of bones and teeth. Transfer of energy in cell (ATP). Component of phospholipids. Buffer system.

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Oranges Bananas dried fruits meat and vegetables

Milk and meat are the best sources.

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Most abundant cation in intracellular fluid (98% in cells)

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Level of potassium in the blood is regulated by aldosterone hormone.

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Deficiency diseases: ○ Hyperkalemia (Symptoms: Weakness of heart contraction and respiratory muscles.) ○ Hypokalemia (Symptoms: Tachycardia) It is the Second most abundant mineral in the body. 85% with calcium in the bones to form calcium phosphate. Closely related to calcium. 70% of dietary compared to 10-30% of Ca. Deficiency disease: ○ End stage renal disease. ○ Hypophosphatemia

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Magnesi um (Mg+)

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Synthesis of ATP. Nerve impulse. Activator of enzymes. Relaxation of skeletal muscles.

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Green vegetables. whole grains.

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70% is located in the bones. combines with calcium and phosphorus. 30% is located inside cells.

Hatem Alsrour -King Saud

Minerals ( minor elements OR trace elements ) minerals

Functions – – –

hemoglobin synthesis. iron excretion. synthesis of new RBC's .

Food sources – – – – –

Iron

meat fish poultry cereals dark green vegetables

Important Notes –

Physiological needs: need the more is absorb (as in pregnancy, during growth).

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factors decreases iron absorption: High fiber diet. Surgical removal of stomach. About 10% of iron in mixed diet is absorbed.

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Deficiency : (iron deficiency anemia , hypochromic macrolytic anemia )

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deficiency anemia are:

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(Fe)

Serum ferritin/Total iron binding capacity/Hemoglobin/hematocrit

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Fatgue : decreased work performance/Risk of infection increased/Growth impairment in infants.

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high risk groups are: infants/pregnant women/Adolescents/menstruation.

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Iodine

Zinc (Zn)

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component of thyroid hormones. regulate basal metabolic rate.

Formation of collagen. component of insulin, and many enzymes.

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Sea food is the best source. Iodized table salt is the major dietary .

Egg sea food milk

treatment: Iron supplementation and dietary management

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Present in the body in very small quantities (20-30 mg).

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Diseases Deficiency:

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○ goiter or enlargement of thyroid gland. ○ Cretinism Zinc is second to iron in the amounts present in the body. It is located in eyes , reproductive organs, liver,

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about 75% is concentrated in thyroid glands. Requirement : the average person is very low / Increased amount is needed for the pregnant and lactating women.

Copper (Cu) Selenium (Se) Fluorine (F) Molybden um (Mo)

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enzymatic reactions. synthesis of hemoglobin and collagen.

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It works with vitamin( E) antioxidant. help to protect the liver against cirrhosis.

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Reduces the incidence of carries (cavities). involved in the metabolism of nucleic acids to uric acid

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vegetables.

muscles and bones.

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Oyster shell fish liver legumes. Liver sea foods other meats

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– Drinking water – Tea – sea foods – Liver – Kidney – Bread Hatem Alsrour -King

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found mainly in bones and the enamel of teeth. Excessive intake can cause tooth mottling.

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It is a component of many enzymes.

Copper and iron are metabolized in much of the same ways and share some funtions

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