Mgnrega ( Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme - Andhra Pradesh State Of India)

2008 APMAS JATINDER HANDOO

[

NATIONAL RURAL EMPLOYMENT GURANTEE ACT, 2005: CHANGES IN

WAGE RATES AND

ISSUES RELATED TO THE DIVERSION OF UNSKILLED FARM LABOURERS FROM FARM TO NON FARM AREAS IN

]

THE STATE OF ANDHRA PRADESH

[This report is a product of field based research conducted as a part of an internship in Adilabad and Kadapa District of Andhra Pradesh State.]

NATIONAL RURAL EMPLOYMENT GURANTEE ACT, 2005 ---- CHANGES IN WAGE RATES AND ISSUES RELATED TO THE DIVERSION OF UNSKILLED FARM LABOURERS FROM FARM TO NON FARM AREAS IN THE STATE OF ANDHRA PRADESH.

The ICFAI School of Public Policy,Hyderabad 38 Nagarjuna Hills, Panjagutta, Hyderabad - 500 082 Oct - Nov 2008

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Acknowledgement This report is an outcome of field research based study carried out as a part of an internship programme at adilabad and Kadapa districts of Andhra Pradesh state of India. I would humbly like to place on record my gratitude to a few very special individuals and institutions without whom this internship study would not have been taken place. I extend my sincere thanks to Mr. C.S.Reddy – Chief Executive Officer, APMAS for allowing me to be a part of the APMAS Organization as an intern. My vehement thanks to Dr. Sridhar AVP Livelihoods, APMAS for being the guidepost and his interactive and valuable suggestions. I would like to put on record special thanks to Mr. Ch. Srinivas, Manager Livelihoods, and APMAS for his guidance in conducting the field research and sharing his wealth of rich experience with me. In addition, I would like to thank and make a special mention of Sh. Venkateshwara Rao and his team at DLRC Adilabad and Sh. Hemsundra Reddy and his team at DLRC Kadapa for their unflinching support and cooperation during primary data collection in the field. I would like to acknowledge and thank all the stakeholders viz farmers, farm labourers, NREGA Staff etc who spent their valuable time with me for making the study possible. I would like to acknowledge help and cooperation of all those individuals and institutions that have played a part in making this internship a success for me.

Jatinder Handoo November 08th, 2008 Hyderabad, India

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Contents S. No

Particulars

Page No.

Cover Page Internship Certificate Acknowledgement Executive Summary 1

1 3 4

2.

Introduction Analytical Framework - Objectives, - Unit of Study, - Methodology, - Tools Applied, Scope &Limitations Findings of the Study (Diagrams)

3.

Adilabad – Profile

14

4.

Kadapa -- Profile

16

5.

APNREGS Status and Focused Group Discussions

18

06.

Analysis and Conclusion

47

07.

Select Bibliography

49

08.

(a) Annexure-1A (b) List of Govt. Department staff members interviewed

49 58

6

4

Executive Summary:

National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA), 2005 is a landmark act that has been enacted after sixty years of independence in the country (Act notified on 2/1/2006). It is an extraordinary piece of legislation in the field of socio-economic security of rural poor. NREGA was first mooted in year 2004 and it was pointed out that once fully rolled out, the scheme would cost Rs 150,000 crore a year against the estimate of Rs 40,000 crore. The Rs 40,000 crore estimates were based on the assumption that just the poor would opt for the scheme simply explains the financial magnitude of the act. The main premise for the legislation was to provide a social security and livelihood security net to rural poor especially during the non crop lean season so as to forbid them to fall below to levels of the designated poverty line. The distinguishing feature of the act which sets it apart from any other public scheme/programme is that fact that this act is enacted by the highest body of policy making in the country ---The Parliament of India which has granted it a unique strength and legitimacy. This Act provides a guarantee for a minimum of one hundred days of employment for all households in rural areas across India in manual work, if demanded. The act is endowed with the multi facets of good governance like participatory approach, transparency, accountability, right to information, social audits etc which play a pivotal role in maneuvering the operational part of the act and make it a successful public initiative in employment provisioning. Although the act represents an interventionist statist approach but interestingly the act has brought alterations in the existing power structures at various levels in “state agents” (Government officials) “society” and “rural markets” (particularly in labour market) due to its “target group participation” feature which is ‘by design’ and has rested the onus of NREGA implementation on both the parties: the implementers as well as the target beneficiary stakeholders. It is quite natural that a public policy of such a dynamic nature and magnitude which has influenced the socio economic status of a vast majorty of marginal and poor is bound to have both intended and unintended consequences at various levels at least during first few years of its implementations across the country and same is true for NREGA . One such reported “consequence” of the act is the horizontal movement of unskilled traditional farm labour to non farm sectors like construction of roads, construction of water harvesting structures, Afforestation programmes etc under NREGA works which are implemented by the Gram Panchayats .It has become an important issue in agriculture (as labour is an important input in agriculture) in some parts of the country and particularly those states where the NREGA funds inflow has shown an increase and has resulted into inflation in agriculture inputs and output. Some similar consequences have also been reported in media (Newspapers) in the state of Andhra Pradesh in the recent times (in some areas). The scheme is vouched as a successful public programme particularly for its implementation and coverage in the state but at the same time there have been concerns in some quarters of the society

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including academia about the scarcity of farm labour and the increased labour cost with reduced working hours affecting the agriculture as a whole particularly during cropping seasons . It was reported that this has increased input (agri labour) cost of agricultural produce and led to ripple effects like inflation. The internship study is a result of these reports and it aims to plug the “information lacuna” based on empirical evidences from the field. The study was carried out in the two districts of Andhra Pradesh State in Adilabad in the north and Kadapa in the southern part at village levels. The methodology adopted for data collection and was the use of ‘key informants’ and ‘focused group discussions ‘(FGDs) at villages that were selected randomly based on the information of the maximum number of total house holds which have completed 100 days of employment and average number of days of employment provided per house hold. Both quantitative and qualitative data was obtained and analyzed. The evidence based information when analyzed has pointed that there has been sharp increase in the wage rates of unskilled farm labourers after rollout of the Employment Guarantee Scheme (EGS). Before the implementation of EGS manual wage rates used to be around Rs 30/day for women labourers and Rs 50/day for men. But after the rollout of EGS Scheme, the wage rates have increased as high as more than one hundred percent which means around Rs 60-80 per day for women and Rs 100-120 for men. Interestingly although wage rates have increased but diversion or scarcity is less of a concern for farming community in these areas because of various peculiar reasons like strong social capital and use of improved technology in agriculture particularly transgenic seeds (Bt Cotton cultivars) which have higher yields and therefore higher profits. The study has comes out with some interesting and unexpected results from the field which are discussed at length in the report.

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NATIONAL RURAL EMPLOYMENT GURANTEE ACT, 2005 ---- CHANGES IN WAGE RATES AND ISSUES RELATED TO THE DIVERSION OF UNSKILLED FARM LABOURERS FROM FARM TO NON FARM AREAS IN THE ANDHRA PRADESH STATE INTRODUCTION: National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA) 2005 was passed by the Government of India and was notified on February 2nd 2006 .Under the act every rural household in the country is guaranteed at least 100 days of wage employment in unskilled manual work. This legal commitment is a landmark event in the history of poverty reduction strategies in India. It is a dynamic pro-poor public policy which employs strategies to provide livelihood security net to the under privilege and bringing poor inside the inclusive economic cycle. It is unique in the sense that no country in the world has ever given a right of this kind to such a large section of the population so far! (Amartya Sen). The formulation of the act is a great success of the long struggle in which academics, NGOs, and policy makers participated. The act has two major implications for the Indian economy. Firstly, it will address the rural crisis and the consequent demand deficiency (effective market demand) that has emerged in the post economic reforms period (since the early nineties), and secondly, it will use the surplus manpower for generating assets that expand the labour absorbing capacity of the mainstream economy to raise the rate of growth of sustainable employment in the economy. Both these implications are interrelated and together, they are capable of promoting pro-poor growth in the economy. The focus on promoting ‘modern sectors’(Services sectors like Information technology, Biotechnology , ITES etc) under globalization on the one hand and reducing fiscal deficits by cutting down public expenditure on the other hand has resulted in the neglect of the rural sector including agriculture during the last decade and a half in India. As a result, the average rate of growth of agriculture remained at less than 2.00 percent during 1991 – 2004, as against 7.00 plus rate of growth of the non agricultural sectors. This crisis resulted in starvation of people in the states like Orissa, Chhattisgarh, and Jharkhand etc in the face of 80 m tones of food grains lying unused in the godowns of the Food Corporation of India. It also led to suicide of farmers in the states like Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra where farmers did not get adequate support from public investment. On the employment front, the rate of growth of employment declined despite of the high rate of growth of the economy. In short, it became clear that there was an urgent need to revive the rural economy and consequently the Government of India and the other Non Govt stakeholders came up with a comprehensive policy instrument in the shape of NREGA.

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ANALYTIC FRAMEWORK

The study is an exploratory one and is based on the evidence based research with preponderance of qualitative techniques used in the field. It is carried out to find out if there is any change in the farm labour wage rate after implementation of EGS in the state of Andhra Pradesh and is there any diversion of unskilled farm labourers from agriculture to non agriculture works being generated at village level under NREGA scheme. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY :


Effect of NREGA on an important economic indicator—“Wage rate” of farm labour in agriculture sector.


Percent change in the wage rates before (2000-2004) and after (2005 onwards) the NREGS implementation in the cluster and difference in the wage rate between men and women farm labourers, hours of work and division of work.
Effect(s) of change in labour wage rate on agriculture productivity and the cost of cultivation
Effect(s) of NREGA on the unskilled farm labour market from the perspective of supply & demand of labour in agriculture sector and horizontal movement of farm labour from agriculture sector to non agricultural works provided under NREGA scheme. UNIT OF ANALYSIS AND SAMPLING METHOD : Unit of analysis is a household in a Mandal/cluster as the scheme has targeted the poverty and livelihood security at the household level by issuing one NREGA Job card per household and the method of sampling used for research is purposive sampling as sample is drawn on the basis of purpose of the study and further stratified on the basis of the division of work, nature of work allotted and gender etc from the set of stakeholders (labourers, farmers etc) of the NREGA programme. METHODOLOGY: The study is carried out in the Adilabad and Kadapa districts of the Andhra Pradesh state where labour intensive agriculture is carried out and an attempt is made to draw conclusions for locations with similar profile (socio-economic,demographic,agricultural ) therefore the research design is based on an inductive analysis framework. The analytical framework of the study involves a set of mix of qualitative and quantitative research methodologies with preponderance of qualitative data and techniques more precisely triangulations (data and methodological triangulations)

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TOOLS APPLIED
Focus Group Discussion (FGD).
Key Informants  DATA:  Types:


Quantitative (Numerical records, Tables etc ),




Qualitative (Photographs, Video Recordings and non participant observation etc).

 Sources :


Primary Sources(Labourers, farmers, line department officials),




Secondary Sources( Published reports, Social audit reports, online sources etc)

SCOPE OF THE STUDY: The scope of the study covers stakeholders in the NREGS including wage seekers, farmers, and government agencies. LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY


Level of participation of the major stakeholders particularly farmers and the availability of line department officials,




Non availability of the farm records pertaining to cost of cultivation and exact labour requirements by farmers.




Resources including availability of time and information,




Non-availability of the Published data about the change in wage rate and diversion of farm labour.




The proposed objective of the study - the effect(s) of increase of wage rate (in the wage of labour wage rate under NREGS) on cost of cultivation of crops which remains unaddressed in the study due to fact that farmers do not keep written records of cost of cultivation with them and hence it becomes a difficult and time consuming process to collect this information and make comparisons for various crops. This objective may be addressed in future studies on a similar topic.

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 MAJOR FINDINGS OF THE STUDY :  There is an increase in the wage rate of unskilled farm labour after implementation of the AP-NREG Scheme in the rural areas of Andhra Pradesh State (tables 3&4), The Percent increase of the Wage Rates is as high as one hundred percent especially in case of female labourers (table 4).  Acreage under the major cash crop cotton has increased over past six years(2001 to 2007) from 169 thousand acres to 179 thousand acres ( table No-5 Source- Directorate of Economics and Statistics GoAP) and table 11 (Source- FGD). This is primarily due to increase in productivity and yield(Table – 5a) by use of transgenic crops in adilabad district . On the other hand area under paddy has been shrinking for last seven years from 2001 to 2007(tables 6a & b and table 11)  In the surveyed area there was hardly any mention of scarcity of manual labour in agriculture (table – 9_), however analysis have revealed that wage rates have gone up, but even though farmers have increased the area under cash crop cultivation(cotton) – table- 5 a and table 11 .

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TOTAL RESPONDENT FARMERS (INCLUDING LANDLESS LABOURERS: 167

TABLE 1 (A)

GENDER WISE PROFILE TABLE –B

(SOURCE- FGD)

7

TABLE- 2.

(SOURCE: FGD)

WAGE LABOUR TABLE – 3

(Source : FGD

8

TABLE - 4

(Source- FGD)

TABLE - 5 (a)

(Source: Directorate of Economics and Statistics GoAP)

9

TABLE- 5 (b)

(Source: Directorate of Economics and Statistics, GoAP)

TABLE – 6(a)

(Source: Directorate of Economics & Statistics GoAP)

10

TABLE – 6(b)

(Source: Directorate of Economics & Statistics GoAP)

TABLE - 7

(Source: Directorate of Economics & Statistics GoAP)

11

TABLE – 8

(Source: Directorate of Economics & Statistics GoAP) TABLE - 9

(Source – FGD)

12

TABLE - 10

(Source – FGD)

TABLE -11

(Source: FGDs)

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DISTRICT PROFILE: ADILABAD The district is the fifth largest district of the state of Andhra Pradesh in terms of geographical area and is the northern most district of Andhra Pradesh. It is situated with the geographical coordination of 18'-56' of northern longitude and 77'-46' and 80'-40' of eastern longitude and is 286 meters above sea level. It is bounded on the west, northland east by Maharashtra state and on the south by Karimnagar and Nizamabad District. There are 1745 Revenue villages out of which 1574 are inhabited and remaining are uninhabited. There are (11) urban towns and the district is administered through (5) Revenue Division consisting of (52) Revenue mandals. The District has a total population of 24, 79,347 [as per 2001 census] of which 15.98 lakhs is the rural population. The District has got very high population of scheduled castes (3.86lakhs) and scheduled tribes (3.55 lakhs). About 3.04 lakhs are agriculture labourers 2.98 lakhs are cultivators. The literate persons in the District are 11,34,631 forming 45.76% of the total population. Agriculture is the main occupation of the people in the District. The irrigated area in the District is 1.85 lakhs acres which is very limited when compared in the other district accounts 13% of the total cropped area. The District is backward both in live stock and poultry population. AGRICULTURAL PROFILE OF THE DISTRICT: As compared to the other districts of the state, agriculture is the main occupation of the people in the district. The geographical area of the district is 4004035 Acres. The land use pattern of the district is as under: Forest: 42.8% Non Agriculture use: 3.7% Net Sown Area: 35% The Net area sown in the district is 35.4 %( total cropped area of the district is 5.93 lakh hectares) of the total geographical area while for the state the relative percentage is 40.2. The percentage of the area sown more than once to the net area sown in the district is 23% and it is far below the relative percentage of state viz. 15.7% which speaks of Lack of cropping pattern existing in the district. The predominant Crop grown in the district is Jowar which accounts for 31.8% of the total cropped area. Paddy account for 10.8% pulses and each crops, and non food crops for 34.7% of the total cropped area. The southern part of the district consisting of Nirman, Luxettipet, Khanapur and surrounding mandals is fairly developed agriculturally, owing to the availability of irrigation facilities there. The principal crops of the district are Jowar, paddy, Cotton, Wheat, Maize, Chillies, Sugarcane and Soybean. Cotton occupies an 14

important place in the agriculture sector of this district. Adilabad has got 27% area under cotton in all the Telengana districts put together and 16% of the area under cotton in the entire state. However the yields are not in accordance with the above ratios, which accounts to only 11.76% cotton production of Telengana districts and only about 5% of the states' total cotton production.

AREAS AND ESTIMATED YIELDING OF AGRICULTURE CROPS FOR 2002. Sl. No. Crop Areas sown in (Ha) Estimated Yields Kgs/Ha) 1 Paddy 58641 3852 2 Jowar 39364 1453 3 Maize 23433 2545 4 Red gram 40954 330 5 Green gram 15632 210 6 Black gram 19955 548 7 Other Pulses 1265 250 8 Soybean 30612 900 9 Cotton 168530 650 10 Turmeric 4555 3000 11 Chillies 3869 2552

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DISTRICT PROFILE: KADAPA Kadapa district is said to be the heart of the Rayalaseema as it is centrally located and connected with 4 districts. Kadapa district continues to be one of the most backward districts in Rayalaseema area, with un-even, isolated rainfall in different parts of the district and with large dry tracts. Recurring drought is the common phenomenon in Kadapa district. The total geographical area of the district is 15,359 sq. km. compromising of 958 Revenue villages of which 82 are un-inhabited. There are 51 mandals out of which only Kadapa and Proddatur are urban mandals. The Kadapa district covered by 3 Revenue divisions, 51 mandals, 834 gram panchayats, 958 Revenue Villages and 3706 hamlets. The district is one of the important districts of the state with respect to its richness in the natural resources, particularly minerals. Kadapa has three Revenue Divisions and fifty one mandals and according to 2001 Census (Provisional) the population of the District is 26, 01797 of which the Rural Population is 20,14,044 and the Urban Population is 5,87,753. Some other features in brief are as under: • • • • • • • • •

Total area : 15359 sq.KM % of Area in the state : 5.58% No of Municipal Corporations : 01 (Kadapa) No of Municipalities : 06 No of inhabitated Villages : 887 No of un inhabitated villages : 71 No of Revenue divisions : 03 No of Mandals : 50 No of Revenue Villages : 958 No of Hamlets : 3706

AGRICULTURE PROFILE: Based on the Agro-climatic conditions the District falls both in Southern and scarce rainfall zone. In southern zone rainfall ranges from 700 to 800 m.m. covering 26 mandals of the district viz., Kadapa, Kamalapuram, Rayachoty, Rajampet and Railway Kodur divisions while it is 500 to 700 m.m. rainfall in scarce rainfall zone covering 25 mandals viz., Mydukur, Proddutur, Muddanur, Pulivendula, Badvel and Porumamilla division . A major irrigation sources in the district are K-C canal, the Mydukur and the Chapadu Project, the upper Sagileru and lower Sagileru and the Pincha Projects. Soil types: Kadapa district is endowed by both red and black soil which makes it suitable for cultivation of horticulture crops, pulses and paddy.

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Main Crops Cultivated: Agronomical Crops: Paddy, Groundnut, Red gram, Cotton, Bengal gram are the major Agricultural crops. Horticultural Crops: Mango, Citrus, Banana, Melons, Papaya are the fruit crops. Spice and other commercial crops: Turmeric, Onion, Chillies, Coriander, Vegetables and Chrysanthemum are other commercial crops grown in the district.

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Andhra Pradesh National Rural employment Guarantee Scheme (APNREGS) status and Focussed Group Discussions As a part of research methodology, Focussed Group discussions (FGDs) were carried out at villages in various mandals in both the districts. Villages were selected randomly based on following parameters 1. Total number of households (HH) which have completed 100 days of employment 2. Average number of days employment provided per household MANDAL: ADILABAD Villages: 1. Pippaladhari, 2. Kachkanthi. GRAM PANCHYAT: PIPPLADHARI

(As on 26.10-2008) Total No of Habitations Total No of Jobcards Issued Total No of Adult members enrolled in Jobcards Issued

Works administrativ ely Sanctioned Works inprogress Total No of Works Completed Total Expenditure

Number Value-(Rs in Lakhs) Number Value-(Rs in Lakhs) Number Value-(Rs in Lakhs) Wages (Rs in Lakhs) Material and Skilled Wages (Rs in Lakhs) Contingency (Rs in Lakhs) Total (Rs in

1 547 1,398 Financial Year of 2008-2009 50 76.66 27 44.36

Cumulative Since Inception 103 1,38.63 -

9 12.33

62 74.30

17.44

48.57

2.43

2.60

.00

.00

19.87

51.17 18

Lakhs) Wage Household Employment (Nos) Provided Individual (Nos) Men (Nos) Women (Nos) SC Individual(N os) ST Individual(N os) Disabled (Nos) Total No of Person days generated Average Wage rate per day per person (Rs.) Average No of days employment provided per Household Total No of Households completed 100 Days of Wage Employment Labour Vs Material (%)

384

474

808

1,110

365 443

541 569

207

256

513

736

16

20

21,013 83

53,389 90.97

54.72

-

37 88.7 1

11.2 9

106 95.6 2

4.3 8

DETAILS OF THE FGD AT PIPPALADHARI VILLAGE Sr. No 01

02

Date of the FGD

30/9/2008

Village and Panchayat

Pippladhari

Mandal District Total Number of Participants in FGD Male

Adilabad Adilabad Ten

Female Average Land Holdings of Participants(Range) Major Crops cultivated by farmers

00 04 to 06 acres

10

Cotton, Chillies

19

Nature of the Group 03

04

Specific Remarks/Observations

Homogenous Group of medium sized farmers with average land holdings of 4-06 acres of agricultural land. . There were various points which were revealed during the FGD but pertaining to the farm labour aspect. The wage labour pre EGS for men was Rs60/day and for women Rs35-45/day but after EGS wage rate of labour has increased to Rs 100/day and Rs 60/day respectively. Framers work in each other’s fields during peak season and after that only they attend to EGS works, hence there was no diversion or scarcity observed in the village. It was revealed that some chilly farmers bring a few tribal labourers from adjoining areas of border states especially Maharashtra for chilly harvesting because the local labourers do not prefer to work in chilly fields.

GRAM PANCHYAT: KACHKANTHI (As on 1.11.2008) Total No of Habitations

1

Total No of Job cards Issued Total No of Adult members enrolled in Job cards Issued

282 771 Financial Year of 2008-2009

Works administrativ ely Sanctioned Works inprogress Total No of Works Completed Total Expenditure

Number Value-(Rs in Lakhs)

87 37.17

Number Value-(Rs in Lakhs) Number Value-(Rs in Lakhs) Wages (Rs in Lakhs) Material and Skilled Wages (Rs in Lakhs)

43 26.90

Cumulative Since Inception

120 53.95 -

15 1.50

48 18.28

7.07

15.43

.54

.70

20

Contingency (Rs in Lakhs) Total (Rs in Lakhs) Wage Household Employment (Nos) Provided Individual (Nos) Men (Nos) Women (Nos) SC Individual(N os) ST Individual(N os) Disabled (Nos) Total No of Person days generated Average Wage rate per day per person (Rs.) Average No of days employment provided per Household Total No of Households completed 100 Days of Wage Employment Labour Vs Material (%)

.00

.00

7.61

16.13

89

127

197

321

90 107

164 157

8

11

97

168

0

0

8,307

16,879

85.15

91.44

93.34

-

37

94 .5

5. 5

63

97 .4

2. 6

FGD AT KACHAKANTHI VILLAGE Sr. No 01

02

Date of the FGD

30/9/2008

Village and Panchayat

Katchakanthi

Mandal District Total Number of Participants in FGD

Adilabad Adilabad Ten

Male

10

Female Average Land Holdings of Participants(Range)

00 04 to 18 acres

21

Major Crops cultivated by farmers

Cotton, Chillies

Nature of the Group

Homogenous Group of medium sized farmers with average land holdings of 418 acres of agricultural land. . There were various points which were revealed during the FGD but pertaining to the farm labour aspect it was revealed that increase in the farm wage rate has taken place. Prior to the EGS it was around Rs 30 to Rs 40 per day for women and Rs 60 for men , but post EGS it has increased to Rs 60/day and Rs 100/day in case of women and men respectively. Despite of increase, some of the farmers have increased their acreage under cotton as it fetches good market price and labour scarcity issue was not considered a priority by farmers .Albeit there were issues pertaining to other inputs like irrigation, electricity, fertilizers availability, etc. Farm labour although costly as compared to last two years but is readily available in the village itself.

Specific Remarks/Observations

22

MANDAL: NIRMAL GRAM PANCHAYAT: RATANAPUR KONDLI (As on 2.11.2008) Total No of Habitations Total No of Job cards Issued Total No of Adult members enrolled in Job cards Issued

1 452 931 Financial Year of 2008-2009

Works administrati vely Sanctioned Works inprogress Total No of Works Completed Total Expenditure

Wage Employmen t Provided

Number Value-(Rs in Lakhs) Number Value-(Rs in Lakhs) Number Value-(Rs in Lakhs) Wages (Rs in Lakhs) Material and Skilled Wages (Rs in Lakhs) Contingenc y (Rs in Lakhs) Total (Rs in Lakhs) Household (Nos) Individual (Nos) Men (Nos) Women (Nos) SC Individual( Nos) ST Individual(

184 1,14.70 94 61.26

Cumulative Since Inception 221 1,24.32 -

24 5.61

61 15.23

13.46

28.37

1.06

1.46

.00

.00

14.52

29.83

360

377

561

602

261 300

287 315

105

114

49

55

23

Nos) Disabled (Nos) Total No of Person days generated Average Wage rate per day per person (Rs.) Average No of days employment provided per Household Total No of Households completed 100 Days of Wage Employment Labour Vs Material (%)

0

0

18,132

39,855

74.25

71.18

50.37

-

30

93. 86

6. 14

119

96. 18

3. 82

DETAILS OF THE FGD AT RATNAPUR KONDLI VILLAGE Sr. No 01

02

Date of the FGD

30/10/2008

Village and Panchayat

Ratanapur Kondli

Mandal District Total Number of Participants in FGD

Nirmal Adilabad 12

Male

10

Female Average Land Holdings of Participants(Range)

02 04 to 15 acres (MediumLarge Farmers) 4-15 acres

Average Land Holdings of Participants(Range) Major Crops cultivated by farmers

Cotton, Paddy, Sunflower and Maize

Specific Remarks/Observations

Interestingly, it was revealed that scarcity of farm labourers was not an issue at all in the village, albeit, now agriculture wages rates have increased, primarily because of APREGS. The FGD in the agriculture hub of the district, the Nirmal Mandal revealed a very interesting fact, although the labour wage rates have

24

increased but medium and large farmers were able to manage the farm labour requirements by paying some premium or higher wages to local labourers during the peak seasons. Personal inquiry at Ratnapur kondali village revealed that in this particular village, in fact some of the farmers have increased the acreage under cotton crop, primarily because of high productivity and yields of transgenic varieties. This indicates that technology (Bt seeds) have made it economically feasible for farmers to pay competitive wage to farm labour in the village

GRAM PANCHAYAT: BHAGYANAGAR (As on 2.11.2008)

Total No of Habitations

1

Total No of Jobcards Issued

259

Total No of Adult members enrolled in Jobcards Issued

524

Financial Year of 2008-2009

Works administrativ ely Sanctioned

Number

Value-(Rs in Lakhs)

Cumulative Since Inception

101

158

62.38

79.73

25

Works inprogress

Number

Value-(Rs in Lakhs) Total No of Works Completed

Total Expenditure

Wage Employment Provided

Number

72

-

45.40

-

4

61

Value-(Rs in Lakhs)

5.41

22.76

Wages (Rs in Lakhs)

7.05

31.11

Material and Skilled Wages (Rs in Lakhs) Contingenc y (Rs in Lakhs) Total (Rs in Lakhs)

4.04

4.92

.00

.00

11.09

36.03

Household (Nos)

206

232

Individual (Nos)

311

390

Men (Nos)

125

177

Women (Nos)

186

213

86

101

90

104

SC Individual(N os) ST Individual(N os)

26

Disabled (Nos)

0

0

Total No of Person days generated

8,829

41,501

Average Wage rate per day per person (Rs.)

79.86

74.97

Average No of days employment provided per Household

42.86

Total No of Households completed 100 Days of Wage Employment Labour Vs Material (%)

-

8

65. 92

34. 08

173

87. 85

12. 15

DETAILS OF THE FGD AT BHAGYANAGAR Sr. No 01

02

Date of the FGD

30/10/2008

Village and Panchayat

Bhagayanagar

Mandal District Total Number of Participants in FGD Male

Nirmal Adilabad Eighteen

Female Average Land Holdings of Participants(Range) Major Crops cultivated by farmers Nature of the Group Labour Wage Rates

Eight 0 to 3 acres

Ten

Cotton, Chillies Homogenous Group of marginal farmers with less than 2.5 acres of land. .

27

Specific Remarks/Observations

MANDAL: UTNUR GRAM PANCHAYAT:

All the participants in the FGD and Almost all of the households have NREGS Job cards. Although marginal but the farmers in this village have a strong social capital and they cooperate to each other during peak seasons by working in each other’s fields. Hence scarcity of farm labour is countered this way. Since everyone has a job card, therefore practically everyone is wage labour as well as farmers, so less or no incidence of diversion of farm labour.

LUXETTIPETA (As on 2.11.2008) 9

Total No of Habitations Total No of Job cards Issued Total No of Adult members enrolled in Job cards Issued

Works adminis tratively Sanctioned Works inprogress

Number Value-(Rs in Lakhs) Number

Value-(Rs in Lakhs) Total No of Number Works Value-(Rs in Completed Lakhs) Total Wages (Rs in Expenditure Lakhs) Material and Skilled Wages (Rs in Lakhs) Contingency (Rs in Lakhs) Total (Rs in Lakhs) Wage Household Employment (Nos)

600 1,411 Financial Year of 2008-2009 151 1,41.82

Cumulative Since Inception 196 1,69.66

47

-

48.36

-

11 7.06

56 34.89

15.19

37.95

6.17

8.03

.00

.00

21.36

45.98

426

521

28

Provided

Individual (Nos) Men (Nos) Women (Nos) SC

864

1,152

335 529

488 664

58

81

760

1,020

30

38

19,417

44,537

78.24

85.21

Individual(Nos)

ST Individual(Nos)

Disabled (Nos) Total No of Person days generated Average Wage rate per day per person (Rs.) Average No of days employment provided per Household Total No of Households completed 100 Days of Wage Employment Labour Vs Material (%)

45.58

-

23

72.09

27.91

75

83.62

16.38

DETAILS OF FGD AT THE LUXETTIPETA Sr. No

Date of the FGD

1/10/2008

01

Village and Panchayat

Luxettipeta

Mandal District Total Number of Participants in FGD Male

Utnoor Adilabad Fifteen

Female

00

Average Land Holdings of Participants(Range) Major Crops cultivated by farmers Nature of the Group

01to 03 acres (Marginal-Small farmers)

02

Fifteen

Cotton, Paddy,Soyabean Homogenous Group of small holder farmers with average land holdings of 01-03 acres of agricultural land. 29

. Specific Remarks/Observations

During the FGD and conversational interview with key informants it was revealed that the nature of labour market is not affected due to the EGS works. Farm Labour is very much readily available in the village; the one difference is change is labour wage rates pre and post EGS implementation.

GRAM PANCHAYAT DHANTHANPALLE (As on 2.11.2008) 24 2,081 4,558

Total No of Habitations Total No of Jobcards Issued Total No of Adult members enrolled in Jobcards Issued Financial Year of 2008-2009 Works administrati vely Sanctioned Works inprogress Total No of Works Completed Total Expenditur e

Wage Employmen

Number Value-(Rs in Lakhs)

183 2,33.49

Number Value-(Rs in Lakhs) Number Value-(Rs in Lakhs) Wages (Rs in Lakhs) Material and Skilled Wages (Rs in Lakhs) Contingenc y (Rs in Lakhs) Total (Rs in Lakhs) Household (Nos)

81 1,22.99

Cumulative Since Inception 363 3,43.16 -

30 27.89

210 1,37.56

39.98

1,11.26

6.67

12.54

.00

.00

46.65

1,23.80

1,269

1,737

30

t Provided

Individual (Nos) Men (Nos) Women (Nos) SC Individual( Nos) ST Individual( Nos) Disabled (Nos) Total No of Person days generated Average Wage rate per day per person (Rs.) Average No of days employment provided per Household Total No of Households completed 100 Days of Wage Employment Labour Vs Material (%)

2,615

3,501

1,059 1,556

1,484 2,017

705

896

1,666

2,240

23

32

48,502

1,28,513

82.44

86.58

38.22

-

49

86. 18

13. 82

276

90. 38

9. 62

DETAILS OF THE FGD AT VILLAGE DANTHANPALLE Sr. No 01

02

Date of the FGD Group Type

01/10/2008

Village and Panchayat

Landless farm labourers Danthanpalle

Mandal District Total Number of Participants in FGD

UtnurS Adilabad Twelve

Male

Three

Female Nine Average Land Holdings of Participants(Range) Zero Acres, Landless farm labourers Major Crops cultivated by farmers NA

31

Nature of the Group

The group selected for the FGD was a homogenous group of landless farm labourers, predominately women belonging to Scheduled Castes.

Specific Remarks/Observations

The main aspect that came out during the discussion was change in wage Rates, nearly 100% increase, particularly in case of women labourers. No one reported that labourers preferred non farm works to farm works and therefore any sort of movement of farm labourers from farm to non farm works . The prime reason for this preference to farm works was a reliable nature of work and a long relationship with farmers whereas the EGS works were reportedly erratic and there were delays in payments of dues.

32

MANDAL: MANCHRAEL GRAMPANCHAYATS: 1. SINGAPUR AND 2. HAJIPUR.

GRAM PANCHAYAT SINGAPUR (As on 2.11.2008) Total No of Habitations Total No of Jobcards Issued Total No of Adult members enrolled in Jobcards Issued

2 702 1,497 Financial Year of 2008-2009

Works administrativel y Sanctioned Works inprogress Total No of Works Completed Total Expenditure

Wage Employment Provided

Number Value-(Rs in Lakhs) Number Value-(Rs in Lakhs) Number Value-(Rs in Lakhs) Wages (Rs in Lakhs) Material and Skilled Wages (Rs in Lakhs) Contingency (Rs in Lakhs) Total (Rs in Lakhs) Household (Nos) Individual (Nos) Men (Nos) Women (Nos) SC Individual(No s)

67 64.40

Cumulative Since Inception 85 77.58

33 26.21

-

1 15.52

19 28.70

4.04

23.68

1.71

8.37

.00

.00

5.75

32.04

301

342

418

525

154 264 245

213 312 319

33

ST Individual(No s) Disabled (Nos) Total No of Person days generated Average Wage rate per day per person (Rs.) Average No of days employment provided per Household Total No of Households completed 100 Days of Wage Employment Labur Vs Material (%)

2

4

1

1

4,419 91.38

30,428 77.81

14.68

-

0 72.4 3

27.5 7

90 7 5

2 5

DETAILS OF THE FGD AT GRAM PANCHAYAT SINGAPUR Sr. No 01

02

Date of the FGD

2/10/2008

Village and Panchayat

Sinapur

Mandal District Total Number of Participants in FGD Male

Mancherial Adilabad Twenty Five

Female Average Land Holdings of Participants(Range) Major Crops cultivated by farmers Nature of the Group

Ten 03 to 06 acres

Specific Remarks/Observations

Fifteen

Cotton and Paddy Homogenous Group of medium sized farmers with average land holdings of 4-06 acres of agricultural land. . There was an unequivocal response of the participants that EGS has not, in any way had its negative impact on the labour dynamics in the village. In fact a very interesting fact was revealed that despite of EGS Works in the village there was surplus labour available.

34

GRAM PANCHAYAT HAJIPUR (As on 2.11.2008) Total No of Habitations

4

Total No of Jobcards Issued

739

Total No of Adult members enrolled in Jobcards Issued

1,750 Financial Year of 2008-2009

Works administrativel y Sanctioned Works inprogress Total No of Works Completed Total Expenditure

Wage Employment Provided

174

Cumulat ive Since Inceptio n 198

Value-(Rs in Lakhs) Number

74.95

93.76

50

-

Value-(Rs in Lakhs) Number

26.60

-

30

54

Value-(Rs in Lakhs) Wages (Rs in Lakhs) Material and Skilled Wages (Rs in Lakhs) Contingency (Rs in Lakhs) Total (Rs in Lakhs) Household (Nos) Individual (Nos) Men (Nos)

28.48

47.29

19.91

42.31

7.56

11.99

.00

.00

27.47

54.30

516

636

838

1,106

325

476

Women (Nos)

513

630

SC Individual(Nos ) ST Individual(Nos ) Disabled (Nos)

571

745

5

44

0

0

Number

35

Total No of Person days generated

23,046

50,446

Average Wage rate per day per person (Rs.) Average No of days employment provided per Household Total No of Households completed 100 Days of Wage Employment Labour Vs Material (%)

86.38

83.87

44.66

73.2 8

-

26

82

26.7 2

78.73

(Source: Dept of Rural Dev AP State)

DETAILS OF THE FGD AT VILLAGE HAJIPUR Sr. No 01

02

Date of the FGD

2/10/2008

Village and Panchayat

Hajipur

Mandal District Total Number of Participants in FGD

Mancherial Adilabad Ten

Male

Ten

Female Average Land Holdings of Participants(Range)

Zero 01 to 05 acres

Major Crops cultivated by farmers

Cotton, Chilly and Paddy

Nature of the Group

Group of small-medium sized farmers with average land holdings of 01-05 acres of agricultural land. . The issue of the diversion of farm labourers from agriculture to non agriculture works was not raised or reported, in fact, this was less of an issue among farmers. An inspirational success story of came out, where an additional 80 acres of land (which was earlier a barren land covered by weeds)was brought under cotton cultivation and this land under cultivation was allotted to a group of landless

Specific Remarks/Observations

36

labourers to provide livelihood security net.

them

GRAM PANCHYAT NAMBAL (As on 2.11.2008) Total No of Habitations Total No of Job cards Issued Total No of Adult members enrolled in Job cards Issued

Works administratively Sanctioned Number Value-(Rs in Lakhs) Works in-progress Number Value-(Rs in Lakhs) Total No of Works Completed Number Value-(Rs in Lakhs) Total Expenditure Wages (Rs in Lakhs) Material and Skilled Wages (Rs in Lakhs) Contingency (Rs in Lakhs) Total (Rs in Lakhs) Wage Employment Provided Household (Nos) Individual (Nos) Men (Nos) Women (Nos) SC

9 893 2,024 Financial Year of 2008-2009 154 1,34.67 43 34.21

Cumulative Since Inception 252 1,84.02 -

44 35.25

142 84.60

27.33

81.08

3.04

5.42

.00

.00

30.37

86.51

689

825

1,261

1,622

625 636 369

804 818 493 37

Individual(Nos) ST Individual(Nos) Disabled (Nos) Total No of Person days generated Average Wage rate per day per person (Rs.) Average No of days employment provided per Household Total No of Households completed 100 Days of Wage Employment Labour Vs Material (%)

214

296

0 34,323 79.63 49.82

0 99,237 81.71

22 91.13 8.87 94.46

229 5.54

DETAILS OF THE FGD AT VILLAGE KUMMANGUDA IN NAMBAL MANDAL Sr. No

Date of the FGD

2/10/2008

01

Village Panchayat

Kummaguda Nambal

Mandal District Total Number of Participants in FGD

Rebbana Adilabad Twenty two

Male

Twelve

Female Average Land Holdings of Participants(Range)

Ten 01 to 03 acres

Major Crops cultivated by farmers

Cotton and Paddy

Nature of the Group

Homogenous Group of smallmedium sized farmers with average land holdings of 01-03 acres of agricultural land. . The issue of surplus labour was revealed in the village during FGD. No mention of scarcity or diversion of farm labour was made by the participant farmers. The farmers in the village are small and marginal in nature, all of them have a job card and they work in their village in each other’s fields during peak season, once agriculture season is over

02

Specific Remarks/Observations

38

only then farmers move to EGS works.

GRAM PANCHAYAT: NARAYANGUDA (As on 2.11.2008)

Total No of Habitations

3

Total No of Jobcards Issued

516

Total No of Adult members enrolled in Jobcards Issued

1,241 Financial Year of 20082009 159

Cumulative Since Inception

1,48.95

Works administratively Sanctioned

Number

1,13.76

Works in-progress

Value-(Rs in Lakhs) Number

22

-

24.02

-

Total No of Works Completed

Value-(Rs in Lakhs) Number

26

88

Value-(Rs in Lakhs) Wages (Rs in Lakhs) Material and Skilled Wages (Rs in Lakhs) Contingency (Rs in Lakhs) Total (Rs in Lakhs) Household (Nos) Individual (Nos) Men (Nos)

19.86

55.05

16.61

49.26

.31

1.38

.00

.00

16.93

50.64

402

471

787

994

417

509

Women (Nos)

370

485

SC Individual(Nos) ST Individual(Nos)

305

385

89

115

Total Expenditure

Wage Employment Provided

221

39

Disabled (Nos)

31

31

22,145

63,155

Average Wage rate per day per person (Rs.)

75.03

77.99

Average No of days employment provided per Household

55.09

Total No of Person days generated

Total No of Households completed 100 Days of Wage Employment Labour Vs Material (%)

-

24 100

207

0 98.39 1.61

DETAILS OF THE FGD AT CHILKAMARIGUDA VILLAGE IN NARAYANPUR PANCHYAT Sr. No 01

02

Date of the FGD

2/10/2008

Village Panchayat Mandal District Total Number of Participants in FGD

Chilkamariguda Narayanpur Rebbana Adilabad Twelve

Male

Five

Female Average Land Holdings of Participants(Range)

Seven 02 to 04 acres

Major Crops cultivated by farmers

Redgram,Cotton and Paddy Homogenous Group of medium sized farmers with average land holdings of 02-04 acres of agricultural land. . There discussion revealed that the EGS has not, in any way had its negative impact on the labour dynamics in the village. Labour wage rates, like other at places have increased but farm labour is readily available in the village . In fact a very interesting fact was revealed that despite of EGS Works in the village there was surplus labour

Nature of the Group

Specific Remarks/Observations

40

available, therefore the issue of scarcity or diversion of labour from farm to non farm sector was not a serious point in the FGD for participant farmers.

FOCUSED GROUP DISCUSSIONS AT KADAPA DISTRICT In Kadapa district, Three FGDs were conducted at three different mandals details of which are provided as below: DETAILS OF THE GRAM PANCHYAT PABBAPURAM ( 2.11.2008)

Total No of Habitations Total No of Jobcards Issued Total No of Adult members enrolled in Jobcards Issued

Works administrati vely Sanctioned Works inprogress Total No of Works Completed Total Expenditur e

Number Value-(Rs in Lakhs) Number Value-(Rs in Lakhs) Number Value-(Rs in Lakhs) Wages (Rs in Lakhs) Material and Skilled Wages (Rs in Lakhs) Contingen cy (Rs in Lakhs) Total (Rs in Lakhs)

3 231 556 Financial Year of 2008-2009 59 41.91 24 19.96

Cumulative Since Inception 75 48.88 -

3 1.42

19 8.39

1.93

10.62

1.76

5.52

.00

.00

3.69

16.13

41

Wage Employme nt Provided

Household (Nos) Individual (Nos) Men (Nos) Women (Nos) SC Individual( Nos) ST Individual( Nos) Disabled (Nos) Total No of Person days generated Average Wage rate per day per person (Rs.) Average No of days employment provided per Household Total No of Households completed 100 Days of Wage Employment Labour Vs Material (%)

139

215

231

396

87 144

152 244

86

146

0

0

1

3

2,644

15,356

73

69.14

19.02

-

12

54. 26

45. 74

54

66. 96

33. 04

(Source: Dept of Rural Dev AP State)

DETAILS OF THE FGD AT VILLAGE PABBAPURAM Sr. No 01

02

Date of the FGD

15/10/2008

Village and Panchayat

Pathpabbapuram

Mandal District Total Number of Participants in FGD

Chintha Kommadinne Kadapa Twelve

Male

Seven

Female Average Land Holdings of Participants(Range)

Five 01 to 02 acres

Major Crops cultivated by farmers

Sunflower, Groundnut, Cotton and Paddy

42

Nature of the Group

Specific Remarks/Observations

Homogenous Group of Marginal farmers with average land holdings of 01-02acres of agricultural land. . There was an unequivocal response of the participants that EGS has not, in any way had its negative impact on the labour dynamics in the village. In fact a very interesting fact was revealed that despite of EGS Works in the village there was surplus labour available.

GRAM PANCHAYAT SEETARAMAPURAM (As on 2.11.2008) Total No of Habitations 9 Total No of Jobcards Issued 247 Total No of Adult members 622 enrolled in Jobcards Issued Financial Cumulative Year of 2008Since Inception 2009 Works Number 69 80 administrati Value-(Rs 76.47 80.54 vely in Lakhs) Sanctioned Works inNumber 44 progress Value-(Rs 52.63 in Lakhs) Total No of Number 4 15 Works Value-(Rs 6.62 10.69 Completed in Lakhs) Total Wages (Rs 7.91 24.42 Expenditure in Lakhs) Material .16 4.36 and Skilled Wages (Rs in Lakhs) Contingenc .00 .00 y (Rs in 43

Lakhs) Total (Rs in Lakhs) Wage Household Employmen (Nos) t Provided Individual (Nos) Men (Nos) Women (Nos) SC Individual( Nos) ST Individual( Nos) Disabled (Nos) Total No of Person days generated Average Wage rate per day per person (Rs.) Average No of days employment provided per Household Total No of Households completed 100 Days of Wage Employment Labour Vs Material (%)

8.07

28.77

149

177

279

370

139 140

193 177

184

242

2

2

0

0

9,113

29,700

86.84

82.21

61.16

-

44

99. 75

. 2 5

124

86. 06

13. 94

(Source: Dept of Rural Dev AP State)

DETAILS OF THE FGD AT SEETHARAMAPURAM Sr. No 01

02

Date of the FGD

16/10/2008

Village and Panchayat

Seetharamapuram

Mandal District Total Number of Participants in FGD Male

Rajampeth Kadapa Fourteen

Female Average Land Holdings

Six Up to 01 acres and landless labourers

Eight

44

of Participants(Range) Major Crops cultivated by farmers Nature of the Group

Specific Remarks/Observations

Paddy Group of landless and marginal farmers with average land holdings of upto 01 acres of agricultural land. . It was observed during the discussions that EGS did not have its negative impact on the labour dynamics in the village. The only change was change in the wage rates for labourers. These farmers/labourers used to work in nearby villages earlier as manual labourers or for 2-3 months they used to work in banana gardens near rajampeth, rest of the months in the year the only source of subsistence was wood cutting and selling it at rajampeth. In fact a very interesting fact was revealed that despite of EGS Works in the village there was surplus labour available and .

MANDAL: CHENNUR GRAMPANCHAYAT: CHENNUR (As on 2.11.2008)

Total No of Habitations Total No of Job cards Issued Total No of Adult members enrolled in Job cards Issued

Works administrati vely Sanctioned Works inprogress Total No of Works Completed Total Expenditur e

Number Value-(Rs in Lakhs) Number Value-(Rs in Lakhs) Number Value-(Rs in Lakhs) Wages (Rs in Lakhs) Material and Skilled

2 2,959 6,677 Financial Year of 2008-2009 91 60.39 47 30.35

Cumulative Since Inception 182 1,16.93 -

11 4.27

102 60.80

4.65

41.59

5.87

27.94

45

Wages (Rs in Lakhs) Contingen cy (Rs in Lakhs) Total (Rs in Lakhs) Wage Household Employme (Nos) nt Provided Individual (Nos) Men (Nos) Women (Nos) SC Individual( Nos) ST Individual( Nos) Disabled (Nos) Total No of Person days generated Average Wage rate per day per person (Rs.) Average No of days employment provided per Household Total No of Households completed 100 Days of Wage Employment Labour Vs Material (%)

.00

.00

10.51

69.52

962

1,628

1,439

2,601

574 865

1,190 1,411

516

1,006

10

30

1

3

6,370

52,934

72.95

78.57

6.62

-

1

46. 58

53. 42

47

60. 43

39. 57

46

DETAILS OF THE FDG AT CHENNUR Sr. No 01

02

Date of the FGD

17/10/2008

Village and Panchayat

Chennur

Mandal District Total Number of Participants in FGD Male

Chennur Kadapa Ten

Female Average Land Holdings of Participants(Range) Major Crops cultivated by farmers Nature of the Group

Zero 03 to 05 acres

Specific Remarks/Observations

Ten

Sunflower, Groundnut, Cotton and Paddy Homogenous Group of Small farmers with average land holdings of 01-02acres of agricultural land. . All the farmers in the village have a Job card, so all of them work in EGS works. During peak labour requirement season they hire local farm labour which is readily available. Diversion of farm labour or scarcity was not an issue for farmers.

ANALYSIS AND CONCLUSIONS: 1. The villages in the districts of Adilabad and Kadapa are dominated by small, marginal and landless lease farmers [Table -1(a)] and the major crops cultivated in the area is cotton, paddy, redgram, chillies, maize etc. 2. Prior to the EGS Scheme agriculture wage labour which was offered to men for a day’s hard work was Rs 50-70 and to women it was Rs 30-40 per day1. Post EGS implementation, wage labour has increased more than one hundred percent in rural villages (Table 3 &4), now wage labour for male is Rs 100-120/day whereas to female labourers it is about Rs 50-60/day. 4. Interestingly, it was revealed that there no scarcity of farm labourers in the villages, albeit, now agriculture wages rates have increased (Tables 3&4), primarily because of APEGS2. Discussions in the agriculture hub of the district, the Nirmal Mandal (Ratnapur Kondli and Bhagyanagram villages) have revealed a very interesting fact, although the 1 2

Based on the information collected from farmers and labourers in villages during survey. Wage rate under APEGS is Rs 80/day

47

labour wage rates have increased3 but medium and large farmers were able to manage the farm labour requirements by paying some premium or higher wages to local labourers during the peak seasons. Personal inquiry at villages revealed the farmers have increased the acreage under cotton crop4, primarily because of high productivity and yields of transgenic varieties. This indicates that technology (Bt seeds) have made it economically feasible for farmers to pay competitive wage to farm labour in the village 5. During discussions it was revealed that the EGS has not lead to the diversion or scarcity of farm labour and did not have any strikingly adverse effect on agriculture productivity5 Farm labourers are available in the village during peak season, primarily because of high social capital among farm community in the village. 6. Although each household has a job card in the village but they manage to get adequate farm labour during peak seasons. 7. Cropping patterns have changed for last few years before and after implementation of the EGS (see Annexure -1 and Table - 11). Interestingly it was revealed during field visits that acreage under cotton has increased across the surveyed area and the area under paddy has shrunk primarily because paddy is a water intensive crop and fetches fewer market prices as compared to cotton which is a cash crop. The acreage under cotton has increased (Table 5(a) ) despite of the fact that cotton is labour intensive crop which clearly shows that labour is adequately available in local areas albeit the wage rates have gone high

3

In Ratanapur wage rates have increased nearly one hundred percent (see tables 3 &4) See Tables 5(a &b),6(a & b), table 11 and Annexure - 1 5 See Tables 5,6,7,8 4

48

SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY:

1. Debraj Ray (2001), Developmental Economics( OUP) 2. www.nrega.ap.gov.in 3. www.nrega.nic.in

(ANNEXTURE – 1A)

VILLAGE : PIPPALDHARI MANDAL - ADILABAD

GHULE MOHAN P.UMAJI T.SUBASH

Total Land In acres 7 4 3.20

Pre EGS 4 3 2.20

Post EGS 5 3 2.20

Pre EGS 3 1 1

Post EGS 2 1 1

B.GANGANNA

4

2

2

2

2

G.VITTHAL

4

2

2

2

2

S.DAULAT

8

4

6

4

2

P.REDDIL

8

5

5

3

3

B.BUCCHAKA

4

2.5

3

1.5

1

L.OOSHANNA

2

1

1

1

1

P.SATTAYA

3

2

2

1

1

TOTAL % Change

47.20

27.5

31.20 +11.85%

17.5 8.5%

16

NAME OF PARTICIPANTS WHO OWN LAND

COTTON

PADDY

CHILLI Pre EGS

SOYABEAN Post EGS

Pre EGS

Post EGS

49

VILLAGE : KATCHKANTHI MANDAL : ADILABAD NAME OF PARTICIPANTS WHO OWN LAND

Pre EGS

D.SHANKAR K.BACCHANNA VENKATI

Tota l Lan d In acre s 3 18 4

COTTON

PADDY

CHILLI

SOYABEA N

Post EGS

Pre EGS

Post EGS

Pre EG S

Post EGS

Pre Post EGS EGS

2 12 3

2 14 2

1 4 1

1 2.5 1

2 0

1.5 1

K.SHANKAR

3

2

2

1

1

0

0

DANNA SRINIVAS 14

8

10

4

3

2

1

KASTURI LASMAYIA MACHA MARKANTYA GANGADHAR

10

6

6

2

2

2

2

4

3

3

3

3

0

0

4

2.5

2.5

1.5

1.5

K.SRINIVAS

6

3

4

2

2

1

0

D.SUBBAYA TOTAL % Change

4

2

3

2

1

0

0

70

43.5

48.5

21.5 18

7

5.5

+10.3 %

-16%

27%

50

VILLAGE : RATANAPUR KONDLI NAME OF PARTICIPANTS WHO OWN LAND

MANDAL - NIRMAL COTTON PADDY

Pre EGS

Post EGS

Pre EGS

Post EGS

K.RAMREDDY M.LINGANNA P.BHOONA

Tota l Lan d In acre s 15 10 5

SUNFLO WER

MAIZE

Post EGS

Pre Post EGS EGS

2 2 1

Pre EG S 4 3 1

5 4 2.5

8 5 3

3 3 1.5

3 3 1

3

2

P.GANGANNA

12.5

5.5

7

2.5

2.5

4.5

3

P.GANGAYYA

5

2

3

3

2

P.KISHAN

6

3

4

2

1

1

1

R.MUTTANA

15

6

8

4

4

3

2

2

1

L.RAMANA

6

3

4

2

1

1

1

M.MUTTANA

4

S.BHOOMAYA TOTAL % CHANGE

6.3 84.8

3.3

4

2

1.3

34.3

46

23

16.3

1 6

1 4 _33 %

+25.3 %

-29%

17.5

14 20%

51

VILLAGE : LUXETTIPETHA MANDAL-UTNUR NAME OF PARTICIPANT WHO OWN LAND

Tota l Lan d In acre s 5 3

COTTON

PADDY

CHILLI

SOYABEA N

Pre EG S 0 0

Post EGS

Pre Post EGS EGS

0 0

1 1

2 2

0

1

Pre EGS

Post EGS

Pre EGS

Post EGS

2 0

2 0

2 2

1 1

3

2

2

1

1

3

1.5

1

1.5

1

ARKA KHAMMU

5

3

3

2

2

KASHI RAM

12

5

6

3

3

4

3

K.SHANKAR

8

5

5

3

2

0

1

P.NARAYANAN

5

3

2

2

2

0

1

S.BALAYA

3

2

2

1

1

TOTAL % CHANGE

47

23.5

23

17.5 0

14

6

10

VISHNU DASS HARKA NARAYANA THORIYA PRABHU BHIM RAO

_1%

_20 %

0

0

66%

52

VILLAGE : SINGAPUR MANDAL-MANCHREAL NAME OF Tota PARTICIPANT l WHO OWN LAND Lan d In acre s A.MADUNAIAH 6 A.SAAYILU 4 A.KALAVAATI 3.4

COTTON

PADDY

CHILLI

SOYABEA N

Pre EGS

Post EGS

Pre EGS

Post EGS

Pre EG S

Pre Post EGS EGS

2 3 2

2 3 2.4

4 1 1.4

4 1 1

A.MALLESH

3

1

2

2

1

PIDUGU SRINIVAS P.RAJAIAH

6

3

4

3

2

4

2

2

2

2

J.SARRAYIA

4.8

2.8

3.5

2

1.3

SATISH

5

2

2

3

3

JAAGIRI RAJESH

6

2

3

4

3

IRIKELLA RAJAIAH TOTAL % Change

4

2

2

2

2

46.2

21.8

25.9

24.4

20.3 _20%

+15.83%

Post EGS

53

VILLAGE : SUBBAPALLE GRAM .PANCHAYATHAJIPUR MANDAL-MANCHREAL COTTON PADDY

NAME OF Tota PARTICIPANT l WHO OWN LAND Lan d In acre s J.POCCHAYA 6 M.BALAYA 2 D.LAKSHMAN 2

Pre EGS

Post EGS

Pre EGS

Post EGS

3 2 1

4 2 2

2

2

1

0

N.DURGAYA

3

2

2

1

1

ASADI BEEMA

3

2

2

1

1

D.BHOOMAYA

1

1

1

BAMNIYA

1

1

1

D.PRABHAKAR

1

1

1

S.BALAYA

3

2

2

1

1

RAJAYIAH TOTAL % CHANGE

2

1

1

1

1

24

16

18

7

6

+12.5 %

CHILLI

SOYABEA N

Pre EG S 1

Post EGS

Pre Post EGS EGS

1

0

0

17 %

54

VILLAGE : KUMMANGUDA GRAM .PANCHAYAT : NAMBALA MANDAL-REBBANA COTTON PADDY

NAME OF Tota PARTICIPANT l WHO HAVE LAND Lan d In acre s D.HANAMANTHU 3 G.MALLAIAH 2.6 R.VISWAYIAH 2

Pre EGS

Post EGS

Pre EGS

Post EGS

2 1.6 1

2 2 1

1 1 1

1 0.6 1

DENAJI DONGRE

3

1

2

2

1

R.MANOHAR

1

1

1

G.RAMALLU

1.5

1

1

0.5

0.5

P.RAMAIAH

2

1

2

1

0

D.SUBBAIYA

2

2

2

BAPU RAO

2

2

2

D.JAMUNA TOTAL % CHANGE

1 20.1

1

1

6.6

8

6.5

5.1

15.5%

CHILLI

SOYABEA N

Pre EG S

Pre Post EGS EGS

Post EGS

-21.5%

55

VILLAGE : CHILKAMARIGUDA G.P- NARAYANPUR MANDAL-REBBANA NAME OF Tota COTTON PADDY PARTICIPANT l WHO HAVE LAND Lan d In Pre Post Pre Post acre EGS EGS EGS EGS s Y.RAJAYA 3 1 2 1 1 U.ANJAYA 2 1 2 1 V.SHAKARIYYA 5 2 3 2 2 P.SHANKARIYYA

5

2

2.5

2

2

Y.RANGAYYA

2

2

2

2

2

E.PINTAYYA

3

2

2

1

1

U.YADAYYIA

4

Y.SHAMLA

2

2

1

0

1

E.GANGAYA

2.2

2.2

2.2

TOTAL % CHANGE

24.2

14.2

16.7

9

9

CHILLI

REDGRAM

Pre EG S

Pre Post EGS EGS

Post EGS

1

0

1 1

0.5

3

0.5

+17.6

56

VILLAGE : CHENNUR G.P- CHENNUR MANDAL-CHENNUR COTTON PADDY

NAME OF Tota PARTICIPANT l WHO HAVE LAND Lan d In acre s S.SUDARSHAN 4 T.RAMMANAA 3 M.PULLAYIA 2.3

Pre EGS

Post EGS

Pre EGS

Post EGS

2 2 2

3 2 2

2 1 1.3

1 1 1.3

Y.SRINIVAS

3

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.5

G.RAJAIYAH

5

2

3

2

1

N.VENKATESH

4

2

2

2

2

S.NAGASUBAYY A G.PENTAYIA

2

2

2

4

2

2

2

1

N.SRINIVAS

3

2

2

1

1

M.ANJAYIA TOTAL % CHANGE

3 33.3

2

2

1

1

19.5

21.5

13.8 10.8

+9.30 %

-21%

SUGARC ANE

REDGRAM

Pre EG S

Pre Post EGS EGS

Post EGS

1

1

1

1

2 +50 %

57

LIST OF GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS WHO COOPERATED DURING THE STUDY 1. Mr. Alok Kumar, Project Director, District Water Management Agency (DWMA), Adilabad district, 2. Mr. Srinivas, APNREGS- APO, Adilabad mandal (Adilabad district) 3. Ms. Divya Reddy, APNREGS-APO, Nirmal mandal (Adilabad district) 4. Mr. Naveen, APNREGS-APO Rebbana Mandal (Adilabad district) 4. Mr. Shankarayia, APNREGS-Field Assistant, Chintekommedine Mandal (Kadapa district), 5. Mr. Panchalayia, APNREGS- Field Assistant, Chennur Mandal (Kadapa district)

58