Mbr Papers Analysis
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COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS
RESEARCH PAPER ANALYSIS
COURSE
METHODS IN BUSINESS RESEARCH SUBMITTED BY
MUHAMMAD HAMZA CLASS
BBA VI-II DATE
FEBRUARY 19, 2007 ARTICLES
‘Life would be pretty dull without risk’: voluntary risk-taking and its pleasures Deborah Lupton & John Tulloch
‘I was like a wild wild person’: Understanding feelings of anger using interpretative phenomenological analysis Virginia Eatough* and Jonathan Smith School of Psychology, Birkbeck University of London, UK
‘Life would be pretty dull without risk’: voluntary risk-taking and its pleasures Deborah Lupton & John Tulloch SAMPLING Size
A total of 74 people were interviewed in this study during 1997–98:
Location
32 Sydney & Blue Mountains - Largest Australian city and neighboring rural area respectively 28 Wollongong - large post-industrial city near Sydney 14 Bathurst - a small country town some 210 km west of Sydney All these area are in state of New South Wales and were chosen to provide geographical diversity.
Interviewees
First few interviewees were recruited and interviewed by research assistants living in the locales, who used pre-existing social networks and snowball sampling for recruitment. The group of interviewees was dominated by well-educated, young and middle-aged adults of British ancestry Participants Gender
Education
Ethnicity
Age
RESEARCH TECHNIQUES
42 female 32 male. 44 with at least some university education 7 had trade or technical qualification Of remainder; 2 high school graduates 16 didn’t complete high school 2 were still school students 56 with British ancestry Of the remainder, 15 of continental European ethnicity 2 were of Lebanese ethnicity 1 was Aboriginal Concentrated around early and middle adulthood 8 were aged 20 or less 20 were aged between 21 and 30 19 aged between 31 and 40 13 aged between 41 and 50 7 aged between 51 and 60 6 aged 61 or over (one unknown).
In-depth Interviews The reason why qualitative research was preferred over the quantitative research, as mentioned in paper, was ‘to identify the role played by risk epistemologies and experiences in people’s everyday lives. A qualitative approach allows us to elicit to a greater depth the meanings imputed to risk and risk-taking.’ The reason for choosing in-depth interviews as primary research technique, in my opinion, is that no other technique can dig into the feelings and reasons of the voluntary risk taking. Through interviews, they have been able to gather comments which express the deep reasons for which voluntary risks are pursued. Each participant was interviewed individually using a semi-structured interview schedule, except for two group discussions comprised of four university students in Sydney and a similar group in Wollongong. The questions asked of participants were directed at eliciting their views and experiences of risk in relation to their personal biographies, so as to contextualize risk in their everyday lives. They were asked to define risk, to describe the risks they saw as threatening themselves personally, both in the past and the present, and threatening Australians in general, how they had learnt about risks and who or what they saw as the cause of risks. The analytical emphasis was on key themes, narratives, definitions, discourses, personal/social histories, rhetorical and expressive devices and so on, emerging from the transcribed interviews. In particular, researchers wished to identify the meanings that our interviewees gave to the concept of ‘risk’, the ways in which they identified risks as affecting themselves and how they sought to express these ideas using specific discursive strategies. ANALYSIS Researchers conducted interviews with the sample and recorded them and then prepared its transcript. Researchers them analyzed the transcript and looked for the generalizations in them and then grouped the common reasons why people feel pleasure in voluntary risk taking. SHORTCOMINGS Though there are 3 non-white people in the sample, but there is a previous research mentioned in this research paper that indicates that white men tend to be more risk seeking than non-white people. Hence this research may be a better generalization for white men only and not for any sample containing
‘I was like a wild wild person’: Understanding feelings of anger using interpretative phenomenological analysis Virginia Eatough* and Jonathan Smith School of Psychology, Birkbeck University of London, UK
SAMPLING This research involves only one respondent making it an idiographic case study. Initially, Marilyn, the only respondent, was to be one of the participants in a small-scale study looking at how women experience and resolve conflict in their lives. However, the depth, richness and texture of Marilyn’s narrative led to the decision to change the focus of the project and to carry out a detailed idiographic case study.
RESEARCH TECHNIQUES An interview schedule was developed and the first author carried out two semi-structured interviews over a period of 3 weeks, which resulted in 4 hours of data. The interviews took place in Marilyn’s home and were recorded onto a mini-disk recorder. Although there were specific issues researchers hoped to address, the primary aim was for Marilyn to tell her story and not simply be a respondent. The interview aimed to capture the richness and complexity of Marilyn’s emotional experiences of anger. Thus, it progressed down avenues Marilyn opened up rather than those dictated by the schedule. The interview data were transcribed in full.
ANALYSIS The procedure adopted in this study involved treating the interviews as one set of data. The stages used throughout the analysis were as follows: the transcript was read several times and the left-hand margin used to make notes of anything that appeared significant and of interest. With each reading, the researcher should expect to feel more ‘wrapped up’ in the data, becoming more responsive to what is being said. The second stage involved returning to the transcript afresh and using the right-hand margin to transform initial notes and ideas into more specific themes or phrases, which called upon psychological concepts and abstractions. This process moved between inductive and deductive positions;
the participant’s account can bring to light issues unanticipated by the researcher and their questions, and the researcher taking a theoretically sensitive stance begins to think about how these issues can be conceptualized. The third stage consisted of further reducing the data by establishing connections between the preliminary themes and clustering them appropriately. These clusters were given a descriptive label (higher-order theme title) which conveys the conceptual nature of the themes therein. Finally, a table was produced that showed each higher-order theme and the sub-themes which comprise it. A brief illustrative data extract is presented alongside each theme. This table was the outcome of an iterative process in which the researcher has moved back and forth between the various analytic stages ensuring that the integrity of what the participant said has been preserved as far as possible A narrative account of the interplay between the interpretative activity of the researcher and the participant’s account of the experience in their own words was produced. Analysis continued into this formal process of writing up. The researcher should aimed to provide a close textual reading of the participant’s account, moving between description and different levels of interpretation, at all times clearly differentiating between them. Enough data had to be presented for the reader to assess the fit between the participant’s accounts and the researcher’s understanding of them.
SHORTCOMINGS A very apparent short coming of this study is the sample size. Though the research is an astonishing dive into the way body feels with the emergence of different emotions, but its use can be of very limited scope.
RESEARCH PAPER ANALYSIS
COURSE
METHODS IN BUSINESS RESEARCH SUBMITTED BY
MUHAMMAD HAMZA CLASS
BBA VI-II DATE
FEBRUARY 19, 2007 ARTICLES
‘Life would be pretty dull without risk’: voluntary risk-taking and its pleasures Deborah Lupton & John Tulloch
‘I was like a wild wild person’: Understanding feelings of anger using interpretative phenomenological analysis Virginia Eatough* and Jonathan Smith School of Psychology, Birkbeck University of London, UK
‘Life would be pretty dull without risk’: voluntary risk-taking and its pleasures Deborah Lupton & John Tulloch SAMPLING Size
A total of 74 people were interviewed in this study during 1997–98:
Location
32 Sydney & Blue Mountains - Largest Australian city and neighboring rural area respectively 28 Wollongong - large post-industrial city near Sydney 14 Bathurst - a small country town some 210 km west of Sydney All these area are in state of New South Wales and were chosen to provide geographical diversity.
Interviewees
First few interviewees were recruited and interviewed by research assistants living in the locales, who used pre-existing social networks and snowball sampling for recruitment. The group of interviewees was dominated by well-educated, young and middle-aged adults of British ancestry Participants Gender
Education
Ethnicity
Age
RESEARCH TECHNIQUES
42 female 32 male. 44 with at least some university education 7 had trade or technical qualification Of remainder; 2 high school graduates 16 didn’t complete high school 2 were still school students 56 with British ancestry Of the remainder, 15 of continental European ethnicity 2 were of Lebanese ethnicity 1 was Aboriginal Concentrated around early and middle adulthood 8 were aged 20 or less 20 were aged between 21 and 30 19 aged between 31 and 40 13 aged between 41 and 50 7 aged between 51 and 60 6 aged 61 or over (one unknown).
In-depth Interviews The reason why qualitative research was preferred over the quantitative research, as mentioned in paper, was ‘to identify the role played by risk epistemologies and experiences in people’s everyday lives. A qualitative approach allows us to elicit to a greater depth the meanings imputed to risk and risk-taking.’ The reason for choosing in-depth interviews as primary research technique, in my opinion, is that no other technique can dig into the feelings and reasons of the voluntary risk taking. Through interviews, they have been able to gather comments which express the deep reasons for which voluntary risks are pursued. Each participant was interviewed individually using a semi-structured interview schedule, except for two group discussions comprised of four university students in Sydney and a similar group in Wollongong. The questions asked of participants were directed at eliciting their views and experiences of risk in relation to their personal biographies, so as to contextualize risk in their everyday lives. They were asked to define risk, to describe the risks they saw as threatening themselves personally, both in the past and the present, and threatening Australians in general, how they had learnt about risks and who or what they saw as the cause of risks. The analytical emphasis was on key themes, narratives, definitions, discourses, personal/social histories, rhetorical and expressive devices and so on, emerging from the transcribed interviews. In particular, researchers wished to identify the meanings that our interviewees gave to the concept of ‘risk’, the ways in which they identified risks as affecting themselves and how they sought to express these ideas using specific discursive strategies. ANALYSIS Researchers conducted interviews with the sample and recorded them and then prepared its transcript. Researchers them analyzed the transcript and looked for the generalizations in them and then grouped the common reasons why people feel pleasure in voluntary risk taking. SHORTCOMINGS Though there are 3 non-white people in the sample, but there is a previous research mentioned in this research paper that indicates that white men tend to be more risk seeking than non-white people. Hence this research may be a better generalization for white men only and not for any sample containing
‘I was like a wild wild person’: Understanding feelings of anger using interpretative phenomenological analysis Virginia Eatough* and Jonathan Smith School of Psychology, Birkbeck University of London, UK
SAMPLING This research involves only one respondent making it an idiographic case study. Initially, Marilyn, the only respondent, was to be one of the participants in a small-scale study looking at how women experience and resolve conflict in their lives. However, the depth, richness and texture of Marilyn’s narrative led to the decision to change the focus of the project and to carry out a detailed idiographic case study.
RESEARCH TECHNIQUES An interview schedule was developed and the first author carried out two semi-structured interviews over a period of 3 weeks, which resulted in 4 hours of data. The interviews took place in Marilyn’s home and were recorded onto a mini-disk recorder. Although there were specific issues researchers hoped to address, the primary aim was for Marilyn to tell her story and not simply be a respondent. The interview aimed to capture the richness and complexity of Marilyn’s emotional experiences of anger. Thus, it progressed down avenues Marilyn opened up rather than those dictated by the schedule. The interview data were transcribed in full.
ANALYSIS The procedure adopted in this study involved treating the interviews as one set of data. The stages used throughout the analysis were as follows: the transcript was read several times and the left-hand margin used to make notes of anything that appeared significant and of interest. With each reading, the researcher should expect to feel more ‘wrapped up’ in the data, becoming more responsive to what is being said. The second stage involved returning to the transcript afresh and using the right-hand margin to transform initial notes and ideas into more specific themes or phrases, which called upon psychological concepts and abstractions. This process moved between inductive and deductive positions;
the participant’s account can bring to light issues unanticipated by the researcher and their questions, and the researcher taking a theoretically sensitive stance begins to think about how these issues can be conceptualized. The third stage consisted of further reducing the data by establishing connections between the preliminary themes and clustering them appropriately. These clusters were given a descriptive label (higher-order theme title) which conveys the conceptual nature of the themes therein. Finally, a table was produced that showed each higher-order theme and the sub-themes which comprise it. A brief illustrative data extract is presented alongside each theme. This table was the outcome of an iterative process in which the researcher has moved back and forth between the various analytic stages ensuring that the integrity of what the participant said has been preserved as far as possible A narrative account of the interplay between the interpretative activity of the researcher and the participant’s account of the experience in their own words was produced. Analysis continued into this formal process of writing up. The researcher should aimed to provide a close textual reading of the participant’s account, moving between description and different levels of interpretation, at all times clearly differentiating between them. Enough data had to be presented for the reader to assess the fit between the participant’s accounts and the researcher’s understanding of them.
SHORTCOMINGS A very apparent short coming of this study is the sample size. Though the research is an astonishing dive into the way body feels with the emergence of different emotions, but its use can be of very limited scope.
