Maulana Muhammad Ali Jauhar

I would like to dedicate my first ever report to my loving and caring parents. Because of their prayers and support I am able to stand here and to those who are essential parts of my life

TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER

PAGE

Introduction.......................................................................................................... .....................1 Early Life............................................................................................................................... ....2 Political Career........................................................................................................ ..................5 Journalism Career........................................................................................................ ..............8 Khilafat Movement........................................................................................................ ..........10 Muslim Separatism.................................................................................................. ................14 Last days........................................................................................................................... .......16 Muhammad Ali Jauhar in the eyes of subcontinent............................................................... ...17 Legacy 19 Conclusion...................................................................................................................... .........20 References........................................................................................................ ......................22 Bibliography............................................................................................................. ..............24

Introduction My research methodology is historical because I have to write a report on the life of great Muslim leader “Maulana Muhammad Ali Johar”.When I started to write on this topic I could not found any book on this topic in university’s library because history section in our library is too small. I was helpless but I know that when we start a work we have to face limitations. That’s why I started to write and got help from internet. Muslim leaders played a great role in Pakistan Movement. Just like all leaders “Maulana Muhammad Ali Johar” led Muslims towards Independence. He defended Muslim’s rights and started different Movements for it. In short he was a great Muslim leader but unfortunately this noble person and great

leader is not recognized completely by the whole nation but very few know about him. Due to this fact I want to write about his life in such a way that people can recognize the personality and services of their leader. That’s why I divide this report in following important points which will help people to know about him:

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Early phrase of Maulana Muhammad Ali Johar regarding his education.

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Maulana MuhammadAli Johar as a Journalist.

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Political Career of Maulana Muhammad Ali Johar.

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Role in of Maulana Muhammad Ali Johar in Tehreek-E-Khilafat.

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Maulana Muhammad Ali Johar and Muslim separatism.

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Maulana Muhammad Ali’s last days.

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Maulana Muhammad Ali Jauhar in the eyes of subcontinent people.

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Legacy of Maulana Muhammad Ali Jauhar. In the last I am obliged to my high school teacher, Mr. Subhan Khan Sherwani, who’s few moments paid me off. His lecture became a milestone in my life, which changed the course of my thinking and made me capable enough to write this report. Moreover I would like to applaud that guy who made such a valuable resource available on the internet. Mention not the support given by my and younger sister, whose sincerity became an inspiration for me. Last but not the least; I would like to appreciate Mr. Sultan Javed, Mr. Ahmad Ali Ansari and Mr. Zeeshan Qaiser for their priceless efforts for giving this report an ultimate touch.

Early Life In the brilliant galaxy of men and women whom India has produced, few can compare with the two brothers, Shaukat Ali and Muhammad Ali, popularly known as Ali Brothers, who fought the greatest British colonial power then in the first half of the twentieth century so that India may gain its freedom. Muhammad Ali, who became well known as Maulana Muhammad Ali Johar, was born in Rampur state in 1878 to a family of Rohilla, sub tribe of Yousafzai Pashtun ancestry.(1) His grandfather Sheikh Ali Bakhsh served as an official in the court of Nawab Muhammad Yusuf Khan. (2) Maulana Muhammad Ali Johar was the brother of Maulana Muhammad Ali Shaukat Ali and Maulana Zulfiqar Ali.Despite the early death of his father, the family strived and Muhammad Ali attended Ali Garh Muslim University.

In the graph of Muhammad Ali’s life, the steep arc of youth is missing; we see only the flattered curve of maturity. We see him studying few Persian classes, reading Quran in Arabic and observing religious rituals in Sunni Muslim home. Abadi Bano

(His mother), being an enlightened lady sent her sons to Bareilly and afterwards to Aligarh to receive the best education available in the country. At the “Aligarh University”, where Shaukat Ali was the idol of cricket fans, Muhammad Ali became the favorite of the literary circles. During his stay at the university, he took active interest in its extra-curricular activities and earned a high reputation as a student, poet, orator and writer. That’s why, while found in Aligarh he is found writing for College magazine, sharing Shaukat Ali’s love for ‘the noble and many games of cricket’ and nursing the ambition of securing a nomination for the post of Subordinate Magistrate or land revenue collector. In 1896, at the age of 18, he topped the list of successful B.A. students from the

Allahabad University, which conducted the degree examinations for the whole of the United Provinces. (3)His ‘big brother’ was very happy on his unexpected success in B.A. examination and arranged for his studies in England. In Muhammad Ali’s own words: “So before the proverbial nine days of wonder were over, I was on the high seas in the Indian ocean in the teeth of a raging monsoon, bound for England.”(4) Within weeks of his arrival in September 1898, Muhammad Ali made his way to English middle society with the help of T.W. Arnold who had taught philosophy t Aligarh.Theoder beck, Fazl-i-Elahi, also in England found him to be a jolly good fellow. They spent 'exceedingly pleasant evenings’ discussing literary, philosophical and political issues. In England, he remained for four years at the Lincoln College and obtained his BA (Hons.) in Modern History. (5) Mohamed Ali reached Oxford on 11 October to study modern history at Lincoln College. (6) He matriculated a year later and secured a second in 1902, missing a first in History by a narrow margin. He impressed his teacher with his vigor, common sense and resourcefulness. James Williams, his teacher in Roman and English Law noticed his 'great capacity for acquiring and remembering information’. His paper on Macbeth was written by 'a man of ability, capable of thinking for himself'. Yet these skills did not equip him to qualify the civil service examination. (7) Success eluded him even after returning to

India in 1902. Having failed to secure a teaching position at Aligarh, he opted for the Education Department in Rampur, a position for which his tutors in Oxford had found him suitable. But, due to the educational reforms which he wanted to enforce in the state, he had differences with the higher authorities. He resigned from his job and joined the Baroda Civil Service. He served the Baroda State for seven years and his reforms in the state are still remembered with gratitude. In short it is true to say that he not only studied for himself but also tried to aware Muslims for study. For this he worked very hard, once he said about Sir Syed Ahmad Khan: “It is you (Syed Ahmad Khan) that had Taught the community its mischief’s; If we are its culmination; You are its commencement.” (8) Mohammad Ali worked hard to expand the AMU, then known as the Mohammedan Anglo-Oriental College, and He was one of the co-founders of the Jamia Millia Islamia in 1920, which was later, moved to Delhi.(9)

Here ends his education journey and star his political career which made him visible and memorable for his nation.

Political Career “To live for a great cause, and live up to it, is perhaps harder

than to die for it.”

Maulana Muhammad Ali played a vital part in preparing the Muslims in particular and Indians in general for the final struggle of freedom. Thus, to a great extent, he was responsible for shaping their political destiny. Under his dynamic leadership, Muslims grew into a virile and self assertive nation. His heart which surged with the love of his countrymen awakened their self-respect. Being an ardent anti-imperialist, he virtually dominated the national stage for the first quarter of the present century.

The Maulana possessed a restless soul, an undaunted courage and an indomitable will. He had the courage to practice what he preached. Being a valiant fighter of the hundreds of political battles, he magnificently withstood all the trials and temptations that beset his path. He was a true Muslim who had implicit faith in his mission and had always lived up to his convictions. In 1926, he attended the world Muslim Conference (Mu'tamar Alam-I-Islam) called by Sultan Ibni Saud at Makkah, in which he boldly laid down his views, when other delegates hesitated to speak the bitter truth before the despotic monarch. Moreover, Maulana Muhammad Ali Jauhar was one of the co-founders of All India Muslim League. (10) He attended the first session of All India Muslim League at Dhaka in 1906, and was later elected as its President in 1918. He remained active in the affairs of the All India Muslim League till 1928.Along with Mohsin-ul-Mulk and Waqar-ul-Mulk; he was present in Dacca when the Muslim League was founded in 1906. On their suggestion, he wrote in his immaculate style an account of this historic session in the form of a pamphlet called, “The Green Book”. (11) Initially he was a supporter of Hindu-Muslim unity. He wanted to join them. He emphasized, as did Maulana Abul Kalam Azad with greater rigor and consistency, the need for Hindu-Muslim amity and understanding. Without mutual cooperation Hindus and Muslims would 'not only fail but fail ignominiously’. But after that he became against of it and became supporter of Muslim separatism. Maulana Muhammad Ali organized several Hindu-Muslim unity conferences,

but without success. He was instrumental along with Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Jinnah, in formulating the “Delhi Proposals” which demanded among other things, the separation of Sind from Bombay Province and the reforms in N.W.F.P. But, the publication of Nehru Report in 1928, sealed the fate of Hindu-Muslim unity forever, and exposed the Congress as well as the Hindu Nationalists in all their nakedness. It proved to be a bitter pill which neither the Quaid-i-Azam nor Maulana Muhammad Ali could swallow. They tried to modify the report at the Calcutta All Parties Conference held in December 1928, but failed due to want of Hindu support. Later, Quaid-i-Azam and Maulana Muhammad Ali participated in an All Parties Conference held under the president ship of Sir Agha Khan in Delhi. Maulana

Muhammad Ali, at last had to change his course after sixteen years of ceaseless efforts for the cause of Indian freedom. For four years after 1911, he remained involved in the Kanpur Mosque affair. As he was a strong Muslim that’s why when Municipal Corporation decided to take action against Kanpur mosque’s property, he along with the other Muslims started to protest against this action. During initial protest 2 persons died. This news spread all over the India. People became angry and started to protest. At this time Maulana Muhammad Ali Jauhar was the leader, who gave them proper guidance on this issue. The brutal firing of Machhli Bazaar, Kanpore, in 1913, sent a wave of resentment throughout the length and breadth of the sub-continent. It was too painful an incident for the sensitive Muhammad Ali. It shook his heart and made him an active agitator from an armchair politician. He led a deputation England accompanied by Syed Wazir Hassan, secretary of the Muslim League. He canvassed there day and night, lecturing, writing in papers and interviewing the high British authorities for securing an honourable settlement of the Kanpore episode, but all in vain. He came back to India to find that a Great War was declared in Europe in 1914, a few months after his return. Turkey was an ally of Germany and Muhammad Ali wanted that the British government should take into consideration the feelings of Muslim India. His bold and inspiring criticism of the imperialist powers could not be tolerated by the British government during the war and he was interned for a period of about five years, ranging from November 23rd, 1915 to 1919. When he was released in 1919, the international scene was totally changed. The Great War had come to an end. The Turks were badly pressed in the “Treaty of Versailles” and their very existence was at stake. Turkey was in danger of total extinction and Lloyd George was contemplating to obliterate her from the map of Europe. Political storms were raging on the Indian horizon too. The Indian political atmosphere was tense and explosive. Martial Law had been proclaimed in the Punjab following the great tragedy of Jallianwala Bagh in 1919. These political developments only served as an incentive for the fiery Muhammad Ali. It was the most tumultuous period of his life. He rushed to Amritsar where all Indian political parties were holding their sessions. He started the “Khilafat Movement” and joined hands with the Congress in 1919.

During “Khilafat Movement” he was arrested and when he released “Khilafat Movement” had been come to an end. Muhammad Ali, after his release from jail in 1923, he elected president

of the Indian National Congress and he delivered his memorable presidential address in the momentous session at Cocanada in 1923. Pundit Nehru was his secretary and he has devoted one full chapter in his autobiography “Nehru”.

Journalism Career Upon his return to India, he served as education director for the Rampur state, and later joined the Baroda civil service. Mohamed Ali kept himself in the public eye by writing and speaking at conferences; He became a brilliant writer and orator, and wrote for major English and Indian newspapers, in both English and Urdu. He himself launched the Urdu weekly Hamdard and English Comrade in 1911. During his stay in Baroda, he frequently contributed articles to the “Times of India”, "The Times", "The Observer" and "The Manchester Guardian". His article “Thoughts on the Present Discontent” was highly appreciated. His high intellect and his restless soul could not cope with the restrictions of the Civil Service. He was meant for something higher. Nature had endowed him with extraordinary abilities of head and heart which should have been devoted to better and higher purposes. The extreme poverty and sufferings to which the Indian masses were reduced under the alien yoke, only added fuel to his fiery temperament. He left the job and hurried to Calcutta to start his weekly

“Comrade” on January 1st, 1911.An interesting story is related in this connection, which throws light on his determination to fight for the cause of the people through the press. He was offered the Chief Minister ship of an Indian state but he did not open the letter of appointment until the first issue of his paper was out. Maulana Muhammad Ali was an ideal journalist, and the high standard of professional integrity set by him will serve as a beacon light for the coming generations. His paper formed the vanguard of the struggle against exploitation and oppression of the alien government. He was the first to raise his voice against the despotic press laws. He had joined the fourth estate for pleading the cause of the downtrodden humanity inhabiting this sub-continent. His “Comrade” had set an example of independent journalism and was a class by itself. It played a vital role in moulding the political outlook of modern India. Due to its frank views and flawless English, “Comrade” was very popular in official circles too. Its circulation shot up to 8,500 copies. Its office in Kucha-E-Chelan in the old city became a political salon after the paper moved from Calcutta to Delhi. (12)

An ex-British finance member of the government of India took its bound copies with him to England. Writing in the first editorial of “Comrade” on January 1st, 1911, he gave out the policy of his paper: ‘We are the partisans of none, comrades of all. We deeply feel the many hazards of increasing controversy between races and races; creeds and creeds, and earnestly desire a better understanding between the contending elements of the body politic of India'. As time passed, the national and international developments obliged him to be more anti-imperialist in his outlook and more outspoken in his criticism against the British government. In 1914, when Turkey was involved in the Great War, Maulana Muhammad Ali after a continuous sitting of 36 hours wrote his memorable editorial, “The Choice of the Turks” a befitting reply to the insulting article of the London Times under the same caption. The Indian Government forfeited its security. He was marked as a dangerous man by the authorities and his paper forfeited its security many times. The “Comrade” was transferred to Delhi in 1912, when the Indian Capital was shifted from Calcutta to Delhi in 1911. It played a great part along with “Al-Hilal” of Maulana Azad and “Zamindar” of Maulana Zafar Ali Khan in the awakening of the Muslim masses and in forming their political outlook. Muhammad Ali started “Hamdard”, an Urdu Daily, from Delhi in 1913. When he wanted to stop publishing the Hamdard at the beginning of his internment, Wilayat Ali, the well known columnist, begged him not to do so:

“I do not approve of your decision and I do not think many will.... You cannot imagine what the loss of Hamdard will mean to us--the Muslims.” Wilayat Ali recognized, as did others, that the Comrade and Hamdard contributed to a general awakening of educated Muslims who read and financially supported these newspapers. He wrote his autobiography “My Life a Fragment” the only work he has left behind for future generations. Writing in his autobiography he mentions the reasons which impelled him to take up the career of journalism: “The reasons which so irresistibly impelled me to take up journalism were, that the affairs of my community at the juncture made it the only avenue through which I could prove of any appreciable use---I felt, I should now assist my community in taking a proper share in the political affairs of the country.” (13) In short he done his job as a journalist and helped Muslims in every aspect of life. Due to his hard work Muslims got confidence and became aware of his rights which became first step towards the foundation of Pakistan.

Khilafat Movement

Ottoman umpire After Holy Prophet

(Peace Be upon

Him), His companion Hazrat Abu Bakar Siddeque (R.A.) became Khalifa-E-Awal, after His Death Khilafat was transferred to Hazrat Umer Farooq (R.A.) and then transferred to Hazrat Usman Ghanni (R.A.) and then to Hazrat Ali (R.A.). These are called “Khulfa-E-Rashideen”. After these “Khulfa-E-Rashideen”, Khilafat was transferred to Omayyad’s and centre of Khilafat was also transferred to Damascus. Than this Banu Abbas snatched the Khilafat from Banu-Umayyads and transfer its centre from Damascus to Egypt. This Khilafat than transferred to Turkey and then “Khilafat Usmania” was appeared in the world’s map. The office of the Caliphate (Khilafat) functioned as the ultimate symbol of Islam as a dominant force in public life. Without the Caliphate the world of Islam would never have power. There was, however, a permanent link between the Caliphate and control over the Haramain, i.e., the sacred territories in Makkah and Madina. Anyone who could succeed in severing that link would cripple the institution of the Caliphate and, eventually, render the world of Islam powerless!

Now the enemies of Islam paid very careful attention to the study and understanding of the link between the Caliphate, the power of Islam as a world-wide force, and control over the Haramain, and then planned their diabolical strategy to render Islam powerless, and to confine it

to a personal private faith with no authority over public life. In other words they planned their strategy to secularize Islam and so reduce Muslims to the godless European way of life. So long as the Caliphate survived it would always remain a sore in the eyes of the West. The British, realizing the paramount importance of the Hejaz and the Haramain for the legitimacy and even survival of the Ottoman Caliphate, concentrated their diplomacy in the First World War on wresting the Hejaz from the control of the Ottoman Caliph. This was achieved when Sharif Husain, the Ottoman-appointed Sharif of Makkah and great grandfather of the present King Husain of Jordan, was successfully induced by the British to rebel against the Ottoman Caliph and to establish his own authority over the Hejaz under benign British alliance and protection. (14) In so far as the Muslim World was concerned the First World War was much more than a mere European war. It was, rather, a war which brought about upheavals and changes in the Muslim World which were unprecedented in its thirteen hundred years of existence. Firstly, the greatest Muslim power and seat of the contemporary Caliphate, the Ottoman Islamic Empire, entered the war on the side of the Central Powers. While this decision is still clouded in some controversy since, up to the very last moment, the Ottoman leadership had not decided whether to enter the war or not, and if so, which side to support. At last Turkey's decided to join Germany and the Central Powers in the World War. The Ottoman leadership predictably attempted to mobilize support for its war effort from the entire Muslim world. In this connection, on November 23, 1914 the Sheikh al-Islam of the Ottoman Islamic State issued a fatwa and a proclamation declaring jihad and commanding all Muslims to fight against the Allied Powers. British diplomacy, however, succeeded in promoting and exploiting Arab nationalism in the Arabian Peninsula as an effective means of attacking and undermining the formidable strength of universal Islamic fraternity. As a consequence the Arabs rebelled against Ottoman rule on the basis of a British offer of assistance to achieve national independence. In this way the Ottoman Islamic Empire was badly defeated in the war. (15)

Now it was clear that Allies would divide Turkey due to his defeat and Khilafat would come to an end. It was very sad news for the Muslims all over the world. Protest against Allies was started all over the world. Same thing was happened in subcontinent (India). Muslims of India became angry and start to protect Khilafat by protesting and by pressurizing British Government. They started a movement which is known as “Khilafat Movement”.

Maulana Muhammad Ali Jauhar along with Hakeem Ajmal Khan, Mukhtar Ahmad Ansari and Maulana Muhammad Ali, Maulana Abdul Bari Firangi Mehal and Dr. Mushtaq played a great role in this Movement. Maulana Muhammad Ali Jauhar and his elder brother Maulana Muhammad Shaukat Ali was the main and most active leader of this Movement. They joined hand with Indian National Congress to protect Khilafat of Turkey. His appeal with the Turkish aid fund met with a wonderful response. The Muslim ladies parted with their valuables for helping their Turkish brethren. The Maulana led a deputation to Europe to muster public support for the dwindling Khilafat, but returned disappointed. He joined hands with Mr Gandhi to force the British to change their attitude towards the Turks dispute. The massacre of Jallianwala Bagh and non-restoration of Khilafat led to the adoption of NonCo-operation Resolution at the Nagpur Congress in 1921. (16) Muhammad Ali is mainly credited with winning over the influential C.R. Dass Group in the Congress to support the move, thus paving the way for the adoption of the Resolution, which implied surrender of titles, resignation from government services and boycott of educational institutions and courts. He was so sincere in the application of the revolution that when Dr. Zia-ud-din refused to close the Aligarh Muslim University, he founded “Jamia Millia”, a parallel institution at Aligarh with the help of Dr M.A.Ansari, Hakim Ajmal Khan and Dr Zakir Husain. The Institution was opened by Maulana Mahmood Hasan of Deoband. (17)The teachers and the taught passed a truly Islamic life in this institution, being the very embodiment of simple living and high thinking. (18)

He made extensive tours of the subcontinent during the period extending from October 1920 up to his arrest for the Karachi trial on September 1st, 1921. This period was spent virtually in the Railway compartment. He roused the Indian masses from their torpor and infused in them a new political consciousness. He never aspired for any position or privilege for himself. The Indian political

consciousness was the result of his 8 years' untiring efforts---a remarkably short period for such a gigantic work. India was echoing with this song: “Boleen Amman Muhammad Ali Kee; Jaan Baita Khilafat Pai Daido” (19) (So spoke the mother of Muhammad Ali: My son lay down your life for the sake of Khilafat). A resolution was adopted at the Khilafat Conference held at Karachi in 1921 according to which it was considered an irreligious act for the Muslims to enroll in the British army. This resulted in the Karachi trial which commenced in October, 1921 in which Maulana Muhammad Ali, Shaukat Ali, Husain Ahmad Madni, and three others were awarded two years' rigorous imprisonment. His imprisonment evoked a country-wide protest. (20) The resolution for which he was prosecuted was adopted and published throughout India. The statement given by Muhammad Ali before the court brings out his truly Islamic spirit. He acknowledges the supremacy of the Divine Law over the man-made legislations. The boldness and daring exhibited by him before the court was amazing. He was still in prison when Mustafa Kamal abolished the Khilafat, and hence the movement in India for its revival also crumbled down.

Muhammad Ali, when released from jail in 1923, was elected president of the Indian National Congress and he delivered his memorable presidential address in the momentous session at Cocanada in 1923. Pundit Nehru was his secretary. (21) In this way Khilafat Movement came to an end. Although it was not a happy ending but it is that Maulana Muhammad Ali Jauhar struggled hard for its success not for himself but only for Islam and Muslims.

Muslim Separatism Initially he was a supporter of Hindu-Muslim unity. He wanted to join them. He emphasized, as did Maulana Abul Kalam Azad with greater rigor and consistency, the need for Hindu-Muslim amity and

understanding. Without mutual cooperation Hindus and Muslims would 'not only fail but fail ignominiously’.

During “Khilafat Movement” he was arrested and when he released “Khilafat Movement” had been come to an end. Muhammad Ali, after his release from jail in 1923, he elected as

president of the Indian National Congress and he delivered his memorable presidential address in the momentous session at Cocanada in 1923. Pundit Nehru was his secretary and he has devoted one full chapter in his autobiography “Nehru”. (22) But after that he became against it and became supporter of Muslim separatism. He recognized the real face of Congress and British ruler by analyzing their different Anti-Muslim events for example antiMuslim bias of UP's Lieutenant Governor Anthony MacDonnell, the reunification of Bengal (1911), the rejection of the Muslim University scheme (1912), and the fracas over the Kanpur mosque (1913). Speaking increasingly of Muslim fears and Muslim rights, Muhammad Ali felt that Hindu communalism was gaining ground in Congress. He, therefore, shared the dominant Muslim feeling that independence would be a Hindu prize and Muslims would need to battle for their rightful share of the spoils of selfgovernment. That’s why he re-started his weekly Hamdard, and left the Congress Party. He opposed the Nehru Report which was a document, proposing constitutional reforms and a dominion status of an independent nation within the British Umpire written by a committee of Hindu and Muslim members of the Congress Party headed by President Motilaal Nehru. It was a major protest against the Simen Commission which had arrived in India to propose reforms but containing no Indian nor making any effort to listen to Indian voices. Mohammad Ali opposed the Nehru Report's rejection of separate electorates for Muslims, and supported the Fourteen Points of Muhammad Ali Jinnah and the League. He became a critic of Gandhi, breaking with fellow Muslim leaders like Maulana Azad, Hakeem Ajmal Khan and Mukhtar Ahmad Ansari, who continued to support Gandhi and the Indian National Congress. Mohammad Ali said: "Even the most degraded Muhammadan is better than Mahatma Gandhi." (23) Ali attended the Round Table Conference to show that only the Muslim League spoke for India's Muslims. In short he supported Muslim separatism and became an active leader of this movement, that’s why credit of independence of Pakistan also goes to him because once he said in London about the position of an Indian Muslim: “I belong to two circles of equal size, but which are not concentric. One is India, and the other is the Muslim

world…We as Indian Muslims belong to these two circles, each of more than 300 millions, and we can leave neither.”

Last Days He started on the final phase of his life journey. Against all medical advice, he decided to participate in the Round Table Conference in London and was carried on a stretcher (24). Addressing the plenary session of the first R.T.C., he delivered his memorable speech quoted at the top which thrilled his countrymen. He breathed his last on January 4, 1931, when he was in round table conference. In this conference he refused to return to his own country by saying this: “I came here from India for the purpose of freedom, I will return to my country with the message of freedom. Otherwise I will not go back to a slave country, I would prefer to die in a foreign country so long as it is a free country, and if you do not give us

freedom in India you will have to give me a grave here.” (25) That’s why he was died in London and buried in Jerusalem in the court-yard of Masjid-ul-Aqsa, the second holiest mosque of Islam. Iqbal paid him the highest tribute: (The holy land took him in its yearning embrace. He went to Heaven by the path the Prophet had taken). His death cast a gloom all over the East and he was mourned by friends and foe alike. He was paid eloquent tributes by the great men of the world. Dr Iqbal, the poet of the East, said: “Soo-i-gardun raft za aan rahi kih paighambar guzasht” (26) (He proceeded to the heaven by the same route which was taken by the Prophet of Islam.) H.G. Wells, the celebrated English novelist proclaimed: “Muhammad Ali possessed the pen of Macaulay, the tongue of Burke and the heart of Napoleon.” (27) Such was Maulana Muhammad Ali, a dynamic leader, a born poet, an eloquent orator, a forceful writer and above all a true Muslim.

Maulana Muhammad Ali Jauhar in the eyes of Subcontinent people: Despite all these services people have different thoughts about Maulana Muhammad Ali Jauhar. Maulana Muhammad Ali Jauhar is remembered as a fiery leader of many of India's Muslims. He is celebrated as a hero by the Muslims of Pakistan, who claim he inspired the Pakistan movement. But in India, he is remembered for his leadership during Khilafat Movement and the Non-Cooperation Movement (19191922) and his leadership in Muslim education. In other words majority of Muslims of subcontinent remembered him as a great leader as he fought for their rights. They considered him as a true Muslim. For them, he is a hero. But still there are some groups of people who have totally different and opposite thoughts about him. Both Muslims and Non-Muslims are included in these groups. They considered him as a Hawkish leader. According to them, he created many disturbances in the country. For example ‘Mushirul Hasan’ (An Indian Muslim writer) wrote a book about him in which he writes about Maulana Muhammad Ali Jauhar that:

“He always led a clique of noisy and aggressive Muslims of the 'young party'. He left trouble wherever he went, reported the viceroy. He persuaded some students at the Lahore Medical College to raise the tribes against the government in Afghanistan, and caused 'discontent' at Aligarh's M.A.0. College. That is why he and his brother Shaukat Ali were prevented from entering Punjab and the United Provinces (UP).” (28) At another place he writes about his political personality that: “He is a politician greedy for power, an irresponsible declaimer who drove himself and his followers from one disaster to another. He is charged with inspiring the 'young party' Muslims to manufacture issues and whip up agitations to keep their newspapers going, their organizations, active and their coffers full.” (29) Despite all this prejudice he has to be inclined towards his qualities. He admired his qualities and writes: “There are other images of his political personality as well: the image of an energetic, talented and charismatic figure devoted to Islamic resurgence world over.” (30) Hence Maulana Muhammad Ali Jauhar is controversial among some people but overall he is considered as a great Muslim leader. Writers in India stress Mohamed Ali's commitment to Hindu-Muslim unity, his adherence to the Congress movement, his passion for the country's freedom. On the other hand, Scholars in Pakistan values his efforts for promoting and instigating the idea of separatism among the Muslims.

Legacy Maulana Muhammad Ali Jauhar is remembered as a fiery leader of many of India's Muslims. He is celebrated as a hero by the Muslims of Pakistan, who claim he inspired the Pakistan movement. But in India, he is remembered for his leadership during Khilafat Movement and the Non-Cooperation Movement (1919-1922) and his leadership in Muslim education. The famous Muhammad Ali Road in south Bombay, India’s largest city is named after him. The Gulistan-e-Johar in Karachi, Pakistan’s largest city and Mohammad Ali Co-operative Housing Society (M.A.C.H.S.) are named in honor of Maulana Mohammad Ali Johar. Johar Town, Lahore is also named after him. News website twocircles.net inspired by a quote of Maulana Mohammad Ali Jauhar. Ali died at a time when the Pakistan movement had not been formed, and it is a matter of continuing debate if he would have ever supported the idea. (31)

Conclusion Maulana Muhammad Ali, the renowned Indian Muslim leader, was a prince among the patriots. Possessing a dynamic personality, he towered high above his contemporary Indian politicians and instilled courage and confidence in the hearts of the ignorant masses which awakened them from their deep slumber. His fearless leadership and selfless devotion to his mission were greatly instrumental in dispelling the inferiority complex, which, the alien rulers had enshrined in the hearts of the teeming millions inhabiting this vast sub-continent and enabled them to brave the onslaughts of the foreign rule with courage and conviction. His range of articulate emotions, his capacity for analytical arguments, his pathos, fantasy and wit, and his power to marshal all these towards ends clearly discerned and passionately desired. Maulana Muhammad Ali Jauhar was a brave hearted journalist. From his promising acts he saved this profession from the conspiracies of Hindus and Britishers. He gave a message to the journalist of the future that they must use their full energies to protect this noble profession. Moreover he used his newspapers to protect and defend the basic and fundamental rights of Muslims of India. This act of Maulana was true in every sense because it helps a lot to motivate the Muslims about their basic rights. His newspapers brought a political, moral, social, ethical, and religious revolution in the lives of Muslims of India. In other words he did his job honestly. As for as the Khilafat movement is concerned we came to know that the foundations of Khilafat movement were very uncertain. A person with aesthetic sense can’t understand that how a nation which itself is in slavery demands a freedom for another nation, but the intentions of Maulana were sacred that’s why among some disadvantages there are also some advantages which helped Muslims in future. One of the major advantages of Khilafat movement to the Muslims of India was that they came to know the real image of Hindus after the betrayal of Hindus and exposure of the intentions of Gandhi towards the Muslims and Khilafat movement when Gandhi left the Muslims in the lurch. Khilafat movement also tells us briefly that Maulana Muhammad Ali Jauhar had a very close relationship with the religion. His love and devotion for Muslims of Turkey and Muslim ummah and his love for the religious places of Muslims which were situated in Ottoman Empire led him to Khilafat

Movement. During his struggle of Khilafat movement he faced many hardships, which is a perfect role model for the Muslim ummah who is struggling in order to protect his eternal grace and glory. During the causalities of Kanpur Mosque Maulana proved himself a sincere leader towards the Muslim of India. During that controversy he went to England for negotiations with British government. This act of Maulana had proved those people to be wrong who used to say that Maulana always do politics via violence during his political career. It also taught to the Muslim of India that negotiations are best way to solve disputes. Moreover during his stay in England Maulana met Quaid-E-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah and convinced him to join the Muslim league. That act of him depicts that Maulana led the foundation for the creation of Pakistan. In the last I would sum up by saying this that Maulana was a great leader. All the accomplishments of his life are very valuable towards the Muslims. But he also did some mistake as he was a human being. One of his major mistakes was that he shacked hand with Gandhi and became a great champion of HinduMuslim unity. The blunder he made was his assault on the idea of separatism but all the other deeds on his part overshadowed that blunder. He always believed that the way to success and glory is very vague and uncertain but it can only be paved through hard work and strong determination. That’s why Maulana is commonly perceived to be more sensitive than others to the predicaments of the Islamic world and more stridently committed to its well-being.

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