Masonry Construction Manual - References

Example1

Housein Hallertau,Germany 1999 Architect: WalterStolz,Rosenheim Assistants: GeorgTrengler, ElisabethMehrl(colourscheme),Hofberg Structuralengineers: BauerIngenieure, Landshut

The plot is locatedin a new development with heterogeneous, detachedfamilyhouseson the edge of this littletown in Bavaria.The house and garageare positionedat the top end of this gentlyslopingsite.Togetherwiththe wall in between,theyforma boundaryon the road side and enclosethe west-facinggardenwith its viewtowardsthe town in the valley.The northelevationof the mainbuildinghas very few openingsbut includesa glazedporch, whichacts as a climatebufferand lobbyfor the entranceto the house.The livingroomis a few steps belowthe levelof the rest of the open-plangroundfloorlayoutin orderto follow the slopeof the gardenoutside.The careful choiceof materialsand the simple,precise detailinghavecreateda buildingthat relatesto bothcontemporary architecture and regional buildingtraditions.Thewallsare of 365 mm lightweight clay brictaarork withthree-coatlime renderingpaintedsiennared.The shallow revealsof the windowsleavethemalmostflush withthe outsideface and the amountof incomingsunlightcan be regulatedby meansof louvreblindsfittedinternally. The natural-colour concreterooftilesterminateat the eavesand vergeswithoutan overhang,simplywith sheet metalflashings. The pitchedroof is supportedon two glulam purlins.Thereis glazingto part of the ridge betweenthese two purlins.The roof structure appearsonce againabovethe groundfloorin the formof two steelbeamsspanninglengthwiseto shortenthe spanof the timberjoist floor.

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Housein Hallertau

Site layout scale 1:1000 1st floor Groundfloor Sections s c a l e1 : 2 5 0

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Sections Verge s c a l e1 : 2 0

Roof construction: natural-colourconcrete roof tiles battens and counterbattens roofing felt, open to diffusion wood fibre insulationbatts, 22 + 40 mm 80 x 176 mm rafters,with 100 + 60 mm thermal insulationbetween vapourbarner 16 mm spruce boarding Reinforcedconcrete ring beam, 240 x 300 mm Lightweightclay toothed bricks, large block 8-0.8-12DF 3-coat lime rendering

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Steelangle,60 x 190 x 10 mm, with welded dowels Timber .ioists,60 x 190 mm Wall heating Glassfibre fabric Heat-absorbingglass (2 panesof toughened safety glass) Titanium-zincpedorated sheet Wall plate,60 x 160 mm Angle,90 x 90 x 7 mm, to.bothsides of rafter Toughenedsafetyglass,I mm Stainlesssteelangle,25 x 25 x 3 mm WoocYaluminiumwindow Louvreblind Prefabricatedclay lintel Drainagechannel Laminatedveneer lumber (LVL)board, 30 mm Titanium-zincverge flashing Clav channelblock

Housein Hallertau

Horizontalsections through chimney 1stfloor. Groundfloor s c a l e1 : 5 0 22 23 24 25

Seat Refractoryclay briclarvork,sharp-edge moulding, 70 mm Wood-burningoven 2 No. 60 x 190 x 10 mm anglesas supportfor floorjoists

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Example 2

Housingcomplex in Ludwigsburg,Germany 1998 Architects: HartwigN. Schneider, withGabrieleMayer, Stuttgart Projectarchitects: AndreasGabriel,IngoPelchen Assistant: FranzLuIz

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Thishousingcomplex,comprising a totalof 60 rentedapadmentsdistributedaccordingto type amongthe groupof three-storey blocks,is locatedon the easternedge of Ludwigburg's citycentre.Thereis one mainblockover80 m longwhichfacessouth,Attachedto this are threeL-shaped wingson the roadside,whose end facadesbreakup the streetscape. The openspacesbetweenthesewingscontainthe entrancesto the basementgaragesand the outsidestairsto the landscapedcourtyards nrror

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The buildingfollowsthetopography withvery smallchangesin heightbetweenthe different partsof the complex.Accessto the apartments is by way of variousstaircasearrangements or an openwalkway. All the housingunitsreceive daylightfromat leasttwo sidesand faceeither ontothe semi-public courtyards or the garden to the south.Furtherdifferentiation is provided by the different facadeelements: ribbonwindowswith slidingwoodenshuttersalternate with regularfenestration, cedar-cladaccess blockscontrastwiththe areasof darkrendering. Thewallsof the blockscomprise,in the main, 300 mm aeratedclay brickworkcoveredwith a colouredmineralrendering, Thejunctions betweenthe areasof rendering and adjoining elements, suchas windowsand plinths,are carefully detailed. Themasonryon the long southelevation facingthe gardenis cladwith cedarwoodelements. Similarelements serve glazing. as slidingshutters to the room-height The balconiesare precastconcreteunitssuspendedin frontofthe facadeand providedwith a thermalbreak.

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Housingcomplexin Ludwigsburg

Locationplan scale 1:2500 2nd floor. Groundfloor North elevation. Section s c a l e1 : 7 5 0

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Example2

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Housingcomplexin Ludwigsburg

Sectionthroughwest facade Horizontal sectionthroughslidingglazingin renderedfacade scale 1:20 Section scale 11500 Sectionthrouohsouthfacade scale 1:20 1 Aluminiumtrack,with brushes 2 Toughenedsafetyglass,I mm, rearface enamelled 3 Aluminiumguide shoe,with guide wheel A Alumrniumtrack 5 Wallconstruction: 20 mm mineralrendering 300 mm Hlz lightweightclay bricks 15 mm internalplaster 6 Lightweightclay channelblock,300 mm 7 Aluminium c h a n n e l1, 0 0x 5 0 x 5 m m 8 Aluminiumexternalwindowsill windowwith insulatingglazing I Wood/aluminium 10 Reconstituted stoneinternalwindowsill 11 Toughenedsafetyglass,S mm 12 Steelhollowsection,60 x 20 x 3 mm, galvanized 1 3 T h e r m ailn s u l a t i oenl e m e n tl,o a d b e a r i n g

14 Floorconstructionl 5 mm floor covering 50 mm cementscreed 0.2 mm polyethyleneseparatingmembrane 20 mm impact sound insulation 60 mm thermalinsulation 180 mm reinforcedconcreteslab tc Aluminium a n g l e ,6 0 x 3 0 x 5 m m to Parapetcladding:14 mm cemenlbound wood fibre board 17 Uppertrack for slidingshutters 18 Lowertrack 19 Cedarwood shutters,58 mm 20 Wall construction: 15 mm internalplaster 240 mm Hlz lightweightclay bricks 80 mm mineralwool thermalinsulation protectivecovering(non-wovenfabric) prefabricatedcedar wood cladding,58 mm 21 Timberclosingpiece,22o x 48 mm 22 Precastconcreteelement,coloured 23 Balustradeof steelsections,galvanized, colour-coated

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Example 3

Screensand sand catcher facility to sewage works in Hannover,Germany 1994

Architect: RolfRamcke, Hannover Municipal BuildingAuthority Structural engineers: Schulke& Gerke,ErichSchulke,Hannover

Situated on the raisedbankof the RiverLeine, thisutilitybuildingappearsas a concisestatementdominating the recreational zoneof the Leinefloodplain. Thisplantand processing buildinghousesthe preliminary mechanical sedimentation of the city'swastewater.The buildingis dividedinto two sectionsto matchthe processingof the wastewater:separatingout solidsby meansof coarseand finescreensandthe subsequent separationof the depositsvia sand catcher lines,as wellas the collection of mineralsettlingmaterial for furtherprocessing in the wastewatertreatmentplant.Thewastewater passesthroughthetwo sectionsin openchannels. Theunheatedprocessing areashavea constantinternal temperature of 12 "C and a relativehumidity of approx.90%.Addedto the extremebuildingscienceconditions arethe loadsgeneratedby the aggressivegasesfrom the wastewater.Temperatures belowthe dew pointareunavoidable in thissituation, whichis whyallthewallswerebuiltin single-leaf facing masonry of solidengineering bricks. Theclearlyarrangedcomplexwiththe external wallsand stairsmatchedto the mainbuilding livesfromthe useof the changingcoloursof the Bockhorn engineering bricksbuiltin an irregular bond.Thesmallnumberof formal interventions are restrictedto the arrangement of the verticalwindows,whichareformedwith approx,10 mm thickprofiledpiers.All window openingsemployglassbricks.Thesouth-east corneris particularly emphasized by dogtoothingat an angleof 45'. Thissedatestructurewith its longmasonrywallsand handfulof interruptions to edgesand enclosures representssimplebut powerfulindustrial architecture.

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Sectionthroughscreensbuilding Sectionthroughsand catcher s c a l e1 , 2 5 0

Southelevation Plan s c a l e1 : 7 5 0

Screensand sandcatcherfacilityto sewageworksin Hannover

1 Screensbuilding 2 Screens containers 3 Sand screening 4 Sandcatcherlines I and ll 5 Rainwaterretentionbasin 6 Inletpumpingplant I

247

Example 3

Sectionthrough north facade Horizontalsection through windows Elevationon and sectionthroughdoor s c a l e1 : 2 0

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2 NF engineeringbricks 3 Thermalinsulation,40 mm Roof construction: 50 mm gravel waterproofing,3 layers thermalinsulationwith 1.57ofall, 150-270mm vapourbarrier

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Screensand sandcatcherfacilityto sewageworksin Hannover

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Example4

Extensionto school in Gebenstorf, Switzerland 1997 Architects: Urs Burkard,AdrianMeyer& Partner,Berlin Assistants: DanielKrieg,AdrianStreich Structuralengineers: Gerber+ Partner,Munich

Thisextensionto the existingschoolcomplex consistsof two sections;a three-storeyclassroomwing facingsouth,and to the easta twostoreyblock with staff-roomand libraryplus the schoolkitchenon the upperfloor.The north facade of the three-storeyblock formsthe boundaryto the schoolyard and features glazing,which permitsa viewof storey-height the stairsand the internalwallswiththeirwindowsto the classrooms. The buildings,the proportionsof whichremind us of bricks,are builtentirelyof masonry: single-leaf 610 mm externalwallsclad internally,and 250 mm internalwallswithfacing brickrryork on bothsides.Thetensionwhich resultsfromthe heavinessof the brickvolumes and the lightnessof the glazinghelpsto create this impressivearchitectural statement. The 320 mm reinforcedconcretefloorslabs are prestressed to supportthe cantilever. Theirgood heat storagecapacity reinforces the simpleenergyconceptof the building. The single-leaf wall construction employsa preciselyspecifiedtwo-layercomposite.Hard clay brickson the outsidewith a bulk densityof 1800kg/mshavebeencombinedwith aerated masonryunitswith a bulk densityof 1400kg/m3, Withinthe masonrybond,everyfourthcourse of engineeringbrickspenetratesdeeperinto the externalwall.Thisconstruction achievesa U-valueof 0.34Wm2K,which lieswithinthe statutoryrequirements for thistype of building. The advantagesof this systemfoundexpres- the southelevation, sionin the architecture withtall,simplewindowslitsand deep reveals, doesnot requireany sunshading. The classroomwallsadjacentto the corridorsalso includewindowopeningsto enablethose passingto observethe activitieswithin.This schoolhas pointeda new way forwardfor masonryconstruction in termsof the precise implementation of the buildingconceptand the credibility of the designand the details.

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Library Staffroom Hall Cloakroom Workshop

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Textilesworkshop School kitchen Diningroom Classroom Group room

Extensionto schoolin Gebenstorf

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Section South-eastelevation scale 1:400 Section scale 1:200 Sectionthrough parapet s c a l e1 : 1 0

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Aluminium capping,2 mm Waterproof chipboardlaidto fall,18mm Brick-on-odge courseof facingcantbricks Thermal insulation, rigidexpanded foam,30mm Roofconstruction: 60 mmgravel waterproofing,2 layersof bitumensheeting thermalinsulation, 100mmrigidexpandedfoam vaDourbarrier 320-440mmreinforcedconcreteslab

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Example4

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Extensionto schoolin Gebenstorf

Sections s c a l e1 : 2 0 1 Wall construction: clay facing bricks in bond with lightweighl clay bricks,610 mm MDF boards on timber battens 2 Plinth construction: 250 mm clay facing bricks 250 mm reinforced concrete wall 80 mm thermal insulation MDF boards on timber battens 3 Floor construction: linoleumfloor covering, black 10Omm floating cement screed 80 mm thermal insulation 250 mm reinforced concrete slab perforated plasterboard on timber battens 4 Lintel of clay facing bricks 5 Artificial stone window sill, oainted brick red 6 Floor construction: linoleumfloor covering, black 45 mm cement screed polyethyleneseparating membrane 320 mm prestressedconcrete slab 7 Wooden window with insulatingglazing 8 Laminatedsafety glass, matt finish I Insulatingglazing 1 0 Internalwall construction: 250 mm clay briclovork MDF boards on timber battens

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Example 5

Housein Bad Sdckingen,Germany 1978 Architect: Gunterffeifer, L6rrach Assistant: RolfBuhler Structuralengineer: JUrgenBdhr,Schopfheim

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.l Thishousestandson the north-westboundary of a plotwherein the past it formeda counterweightto a villadatingfromthe Bauhausera, whichhas sincebeendemolished. The owners possessan extensivecollectionof contemporary art. In orderto providean appropriatesettingfor the paintings,with differentiated lighting,the internalroomsare of differentheights. The shapeofthe houseis basedon a square planwhichincludeslargerooftopterraceson two sides. The garageand a pergola,whichdenotethe entrance,enclosea smallplay areain frontof thechildren's bedrooms. The buildingis set outon a 1.25m grid.Thecalciumsilicate masonryleftexposedinternallyand externally was whitewashed afterthe jointswerefinished in the sameoperationas the bricklaying. Justtwo differentwindowsizeswith blinds behindthe soldiercourselintelsdeterminethe simplisticappearanceof the house. The detailswhichwouldtoday no longerbe acceptablefromthe buildingscienceviewpoint havenot led to any damageto the building thanksto the extensivelow-temperature heatingat groundfloorlevel.

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Housein BadSdckingen

Axonometricview not to scale Plans Sections scale 1:400

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Titanium-zincsheet capping Soldiercourse,calcium silicate2 DF bricks f lashing Titanium-zinc Roof construction: gravel walerproofing 80 mm thermalinsulation vapour barrier 180 mm reinforced concrete slab Steelangle,galvanized, gux /bx / mm Wooden window, red cedar with insulating grazrng Louvreblind Wall construction: 1 1 5m m c a l c i u ms i l i c a t e 2 DF bricks, without rendering,with whitewash finish 15 mm air space 50 mm mineralfibre thermalinsulation 240 mm calciumsilicate 2 DF bricks,with whitewash finish Floor construction: 18 mm quarrytiles in thin-bed mortar 70 mm screed with underfloorheatingpipes 40 mm thermalinsulation damp proof membrane 100 mm reinforced concrete slab

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Example6

Housein Hellerup,Denmark 1995 Architects: Frederiksen & Knudsen,Copenhagen Assistants: UlrikSchwanenf[igel, CarstenNohrLarsen Structuralengineer: KurlThybo,Hellerup

The captivatingdesignof thisthree-storey detachedhouseis due to its distinctivepositionwithinthe streetscape,its forecourtenclosedby masonrywalls,the capacioussetting of the entranceand the clearlinesof the building itself.The housewas sitedtowardsthe rear of the plot in orderto retainan existingbay whichdeterminedthe atmosphereof the location.The simpleplan layoutresultsfroma distinct north-south zoningof the functionalareas of the house.Arrangingthe levelsof the house ofiset by half a storeywith respectto the surroundinggroundlevelplacesthe entranceon the levelof the children's bedrooms. Dining areaand kitchenlookout ontoa sunkenterracein the gardenon the southernside.The spaciouslivingroomwithfireplaceis located on the secondfloor;it facessouthand commandsa good viewacrossthe watersof The Sound.The secondflooralsocontainsa study and the masterbedroom. The skillof the designis not apparentat first sight.The externalwallsof the houseare constructedfromtwo 110 mm leaveswith 130mm cavityinsulation, whilethe single-leafloadbearingtransversewall is 170mm thick.Precast concreteplankswere usedfor the floors, the roofstructureis of timber.Largespans,like overthe windowopeningsof the southelevation,makeuseof additionalsteelmembers. Theotheropeningshavebeenkept smalland correspondto the structuralrequirements of the 110mm masonry.The unorthodoxfacade arrangement is explainedby the fact thatthe fenestration was chosento suitthe atmosphere of the interiorand providecertainpicturesque views. Thewhitewashed masonryis leftexposed internally as well,withthe exceptionof the blue wallsto the staircase. Thisprojectshowsthat carefulplanning,particularlywith respectto the buildingservices normallyencounteredin the walls,and accuratestructuralanalysiscan providea futurefor masonryin a "slimline"construction as well.

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Location plan scale 1:750 Sections Upperfloor Ground floor Basement scale 1:200

Housein Hellerup

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Lobby Hall Room Bathroom Kitchen Diningarea Guest'sbedroom Wine cellar Livingroom Bedroom

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Example 6

Sectionthroughsouthfacade Horizontalsectionthroughcornerglazingdetail Sectionthroughnorthfacade s c a l e1 : 2 0

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Housein Hellerup

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1 Sheetzinc capping Laminatedveneer lumber (LVL), 16 mm Window frame, 50 x 100 x 3.2 mm st€el hollow section Floorconstruction: 20 mm wooden planks 50 x 50 mm timber supporting construction timber levellinglayer 180 mm lightweightconcrete slab 5 Column,115 mm dia. steelcircularhollowsection o Woocyaluminiumwindow, with insulatingglazing 7 Extendingmarquise 8 Sliding door fittings o Slidingdoor 1 0 Concrete paving slabs 1 1 Floorconstruction: 20 mm naturalstone tiles in varying lengths 30 mm mortar bed 100 mm reinforced concrete 75 mm rigid mineralwool 20Omm gravel 12 Bitumensheeting,welded on 13 Lightweightconcrete brickwork 1 4 Insulatingglazing, flush with outside face

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Reinforcedolaster Corner column, 60 x 60 x 4 mm steel hollow section Guard rail mounted on window frame Roofconstruction: waterproofing 21 mm wateroroof LVL Firringpieces 75x2OO mm rafters thermal insulation,180 mm mineralwool vaoour barrier 50 x 50 mm battens 13 mm plasterboard,2 layers Wall construction: 115 mm clay brickwork with whitewashfinish 110 mm thermalinsulation 115 mm clay brickworkwith whitewashfinish Steelangle, 100 x 150 x 10 mm Steelangle,75 x 100 x I mm Cavity closer, 2 mm aluminiumsheet Cladding,aluminiumsheet Steel channel. 220 mm Steel angle, 50 x 30 x 4 mm, with white coating Glass door to lobby Entrancedoors

Wooden planks, courbaril Lightweightconcrete slab, 180 mm Chipboard,20 mm Doormat Steel open-grid flooring Steel angle, 80 x 80 mm 34 Reinforcedconcrete wall, 135 mm

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Example7

Housein Brfih!,Germany

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1997 Architect: HeinzBienefeld,Swisttal-Ollheim Structural engineer: R. Mertens, Cologne

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Thefullyglazedeastside,togetherwiththe roof,seemsto encloseand shelterthe large, steppedmasonryblock.HeinzBienefeld's house,completedin 1997,hasalsobecome his legacy- the archetypalformof the housein whichthe experiencesand thoughtsof the architectare portrayed.The steppedformof the masonryblock,adjacentto the largeopen hallrisingto the roof,guaranteesinternalperspectiveswhichvaryfromfloorto floor.Our attentionis drawnagainand againto the solid masonryblock.The sizeof this hallis madeall the moreobviousby the dramaticchange betweenthis commodiousvolumeand the relativelysmall,separaterooms.Thisexperienceis reflectedin the appearanceof the structure,in the immediatelegibilityfrom insideand outside. Thesettingdirectsour viewto the essential components, to the depthof the three-dimensionalencounterand the spatialperception. Thetwo longitudinal elevationsof the house exhibitverydifferentcharacters.To the southwestthereis the regimentalfenestration of the clay brickfacadewith only minordifferencesin the sizesof the openings.At almost500 mm thick,the massof wallwith its seemingly detachedroofand multilevellintelshas an almostphysicalpresence Contrasting withthis is the glazedlightnessof the north-east facade,which,paradoxically, supportsthe largeroofof claytiles,whichconveysa moreheavyweight impression. However,the glassfacadeis merelya "second skin",a concessionto the climaticconditions. lnside,behindthe glass,thereis the external wallof the masonrystructurewiththe "open-air stairs"leadingto the upperfloors,and the cascade-likeprofileof the brickwork. Bienefeld's beliefthat "theeffectsof the surfacesare partofthe architecture" has been provedto stillholdtrue in this buildingwith its precisedetailing.

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Locationplan scale 1:2000 South-westelevation Attic floor 1st floor Groundfloor Basement s c a l e1 : 2 5 0 1 Master bedroom 2 Bathroom 3 Child'sbedroom 4 Kitchen 5 Livingroom 6 Study 7 Hall 8WC I Hobby room 10 Workshop 11 Sauna

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Example7

Longitudinal section throughhall North-west elevation Section scale1:200

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o Camberedarch lintel, ',|5 mm rise Galvanizedsteel glazed door, micaceous iron oxide 7 finish,with insulatingglazing I Column,120 x 40 x I mm galvanizedsteel channel, micaceous iron oxide finish Precast concrete step Floor construction: clay tiles 60 mm mortar bed 60 mm screed with under

floor heating pipes 80 mm thermal insulation separating membrane 200 m reinforced concrete slab Steel channel, 40 x 35 mm, integrated in steel hollow section, 50 x 25 mm Fixing lug, bent steel flat, 200 mm long Wall construction: facing bricks Taunusstone,NF, 115 mm, with 20 mm bed Joints 20 mm mortar wall joint lightweightclay brickwork 25 mm lime Dlaster neat lime finish with marble dust

Housingcomplexin Lonach

Housingcomplex in Liirrach, Germany I OOe

Architect: GunterPfeifer in partnership with RolandMayer,Lorrach Assistants: PeterB6hrle,HermannVester, ElkeHudetz Structural engineers: Greschik& Falk,Lorrach

Thebuildingis situatedon a mainroad leading intothe bordertownof Lorrach.The urban approachand the triangularshapeof the plotbroughtaboutby its positionbetweena fork in the road- led to the building'sstrikingformof a semicircleplusa straightwing placedtangentiallyon one side. In keepingwiththe geometricalappearance, the buildingis dividedintotwo parts.First,the semicircular sectioncontainssevenhousing units.Theseare arrangedradiallyso that living roornsand balconiesface moreor lesswest, whileaccessis viathe semicircular courtyard to the east.Second,thereare anotherfive housingunitsin the straightwing.Thesehave basically the sameinternallayoutbut herethe unitsarealignedin a north-south direction,with accessvia an openwalkwayon the northern sideandthe livingroomsand balconiesfacing south.Thepositionsof the small,walledgardenschangelikewise.An open passagewayat the junctionbetweenthe two blockslinksthe basementgarageswiththe courtyard. Thisfeatureis bothentranceand link,and illustrates the reversalof the layoutsin an attractive, tangiblemanner.The different finishesto the externalwallsclarifythe changingalignmentand hencehelpthe observerto comprehend the internalzoningof the building. Thethree-storeysouthelevationmakesuse of rendered300 mm lightweightclay brickrivork, whileconcretebrickworkwith air space,insulationanda 175mm calciumsilicateloadbearing leafwas preferredfor the two-storeyentrance elevation facingnorth.fhe 24Qmm thick dividingwallsto the walledgardensrepeatthe exposedmasonryof the accesszone.

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Example8

Sections scale 1:20O Elevation' Section Concrete brickwork facade s c a l e1 : 5 0

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Concrete lintel Wooden window with insulatingglazing Wall construction: 90 mm concrete bricks in stretcher bond 40 mm air soace 60 mm thermal insulation 175 mm calciumsilicatebricks 15 mm lime-cementolaster

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Housingcomplexin Lonach

269

Example 8

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Housingcomplexin Lorrach

Windowsill,titanium-zinc sheet 2 Letter box J Entrancedoor Door threshold, 5 mm galvanizedsteel sheet 5 Cavity closer 6 Wall construction: 90 mm concrete bricks 40 mm air space 60 mm thermal insulation '175 mm calciumsilicate bricks 15 mm lime-cement plaster Parapetcapping, titanium-zinc sheet Parapetconstruction: 20 mm rendering thermalinsulation,35 mm rigid expandedfoam reinforced concrete wall thermalinsulation,25 mm rigid expandedfoam waterproofing

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Roof construction: 50 mm gravel waterproofing thermalinsulation, 100 mm rigid expanded foam vapour barrier 180 mm RC slab 15 mm lime-cementplaster Thermalinsulation,25 mm Woodenwindowwith insulatingglazing Wall construction: 20 mm rendering 30Omm ltM clay bricks 15 mm lime-cementplaster Floorconstruction: linoleum 45 mm screed separating membrane 30 mm thermal insulation 200 mm RC slab 15 mm lime-cementplaster Precast concrete lintel Blind Floorconslruction: linoleum

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55 mm screed separatingmembrane 60 mm thermal insulation waterproofing,bitumen sheeting 200 mm RC slab blinding Wall construction: 20 mm rendering thermalinsulation,50 mm rigid expandedfoam 240 mm RC wall 15 mm lime-cementplaster Flashing,titanium-zincsheet Titanium-zinc sheet,plasticlaminated Monopitchroof construction: waterproofing 24 mm timber boarding 120 x 180 mm rafters 120 mm thermalinsulation 25 mm timber battens 15 mm plasterboard Rollerblind box, '100 x 100 mm Steelangle, 120 x 80 x 8 mm

Horizontalsections Concrete brick facade ' Rendered facade Verticalsections scale 1:20

271

Example 9

Housingcomplex in Groningen, The Netherlands 1993 Architects: FelixClaus,KeesKaan,Amsterdam Assistant: AndrewDawes Structural engineers: Ingenieurb0ro Wassenaar, Haren

The surroundingstreetsand pathsdetermine the urbanarrangement of the wholecomplex, whichformsan intermittent boundaryon two sidesof a triangularparkopen at the westend. On the south-westsidethereareterraced houseswithwalledgardens,whileon the nodheastsidethereare threeblockscontaining apartments. Theseformthe backboneof the complex,splitup by the intervening access pathsand play areas,On the southernside facingthe park,the apartmentsarefullyglazed with slimbalconies.On the otherside,facing the road,the openwallouayson the upper floorsarewell lit via the generousexpanseof glazing.The slimapartmentscontaintwo deep roomsfacingsouth-west, whichcan be used as livingroom,bedroomor studyas required. The kitchenand a furtherroomlie on the walkway side. Theterracedhouseson the southernboundary of the siteare arrangedin groupsof six,separated from each other by narrowaccess passageways. The loadbearingconstruction consistsof twinleafmasonrywallswith precastconcretefloors. The externalsurfaces- red facingbrickwork adjacentthe alleyways,verticaltimberboarding facingthe gardensand on the gables- are skilfullyrelatedto eachother.On the ground floorthe almostsquarehousesare dividedinto an entrancelobby,kitchenand living/dining area.A windingstairleadsfromthe lobbyup to the firstfloor,whichcontainsthreeroomsand a small,separatetoilet,plus bathroom.The plan layoutsare suchthatthe housescould be dividedintoseparateapartmentson ground floorand firstfloorat a laterdate.The apartmentblocksare differentiated in a similarfashion:storey-height slidingwindowsin frontof glassfacadeson the parkside,clay brickwork to the gables.The groundfloor"plinth" facingthe road is likewisebuiltin red brickwork.A partial{illcavitywall is usedthroughout,withthe stretcherbond alsocontinuing acrossthe lintels.Thewindows,withwooden subframesand insetcasements,are positioned in the olaneof the thermalinsulationand air space.Theyemploya contrastingcolournear the entrancesand are dividedup with a few reinforcedconcreteelements.

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Locationplan scale 1:2000 Shelteredhousing West elevation ' Ground floor s c a l e1 : 2 5 0

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2 48 shelteredhousingunits 3 24 houseswith walled gardens

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Houseswill walled gardens Section' Groundfloor s c a l e1 : 2 5 0 Sections s c a l e1 : 2 0 1 Laminatedveneer lumber (LVL) board, with bitumen sheet waterproofing 9

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Two apartment blocks in Berlin, Germany 1997 Architects: Tim Heideand Verenavon Beckerath,Berlin Assistants: RainerSchmitz(projectmanager), HeikeLauterbach, WolfgangRehn Sitemanager: WolfgangGdrsch,Berlin Structuralengineer: JdrgWiese,Berlin

Following on fromthe inter-cityhousingdevelopmentsof the 1980s,housingestatescontinued to be builtand addedto on the north-east boundaryof BerlinafterGermanunification. Newurbandevelopment strategieswere intendedto do justiceto the greatdemandfor housing.Thesetwo isolatedblocksare partof a generalplan.Thefour-storeybuildingswithout basementsbothcontainthreeapartments on eachupperfloor(eachwiththreerooms pluskitchen,bathroom)and two smallerapartmentson the groundfloor,which leavesspace for ancillaryrooms. Thesimpletwo-apartment formatwas developedwithinthe scopeof the guidelinesfor publiclyassistedhousebuilding. Thestaircase and the groundfloorstoragerooms,which replacecellars,formthe centralcore.This arrangement enablesa slimplanlayoutand enablesoccupantsto utilizethe spaceto the full.The spacioushallwayscan be usedfor differentpurposesas requiredand may also be subdivided by way of a slidingdoor.Bathroomsand kitchensare placedon external wallsto permitnaturallightingand ventilation. Wallsof calciumsilicatemasonrywith reinforcedconcretefloorsand beamsformthe loadbearing structure.The outerleaf,with air spacebehind,of blue-brown, facingbricks, hard-burned almostto vitrification, formsthe finishon threesidesof eachblock;on the gardenelevationall floorshavefull-widthbalconies.The masonryfacadesare regularand identical. Theroom-height glazingis positioned in the planeof thethermalinsulation and is combinedwitha slidingshutterof perforated stainlesssteeland a galvanizedsteel balustrade. The shutterfinishesflushwiththe facadeand can be slid intoa shallowrecessin the masonry,whichresultsfromthe outerleaf of masonrybeingset back intothe cavity.

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277

Example'l 1

Housingcomplex in Amsterdam, The Netherlands 1994 Architect: HansKollhoff. Bedin withChristianRapp,Berlin/Amsterdam Structuralengineers: Heijckmann Consulting Engineers, Amsterdam

Thisextensivebuildingcomplex,on a former docksand industryislandnotfar fromthe centre of Amsterdam,is part of an urbanredevelopmentprogramme. Thisprogrammeallows for individuallargebuildingsto responddifferentlyto the localconditions,existingbuildings and theiroositionin relationto the water.The basicoutlineof thisfour-to nine-storey structureis determined by an existingbuildingon the southernside of the plot. Thereare morethan300 aoartmentsaccessiblevia a networkof staircases,variousopen walkwaysand individualstairs.The very deep apartmentsin mostcasesreceivedaylightfrom bothsideswhenthey are not locatedon one of the - sometimes- very longaccesscorridors. Theentirebuildingcomplexwas builtusing twin-leaffacingmasonrywith 100mm hardburnedbricks.Standardstretcherbondwas usedthroughout,evenfor the single-leaf 240mm facingmasonryof the balconywalls and the wallsadjacentthe openwalkways.In theseinstancestwo 115 mm wallswerebuilt, one directlybehindthe other,and the undersidesof balconies and loggiasadaptedto suit the windowlintels.Therefore, the entirebuilding has beengivena consistentmasonrytexturewhichreinforcesthe placidimmensityof the complex.The edgesof the roofsare finishedwithfoldedaluminium sheetwiththe guttersplacedinternally. Thewoodenwindows are set back in the planeof the insulation, while the steelwindowsto the loggiasarefittedflush withthe masonryfacadein a steelliningwith joint.Thefoldingmechperipheral ventilation anismof thesewindowsallowsthemto be openedoutwardsand thus createan everchangingpattern, whichanimates thishuge sculoture.

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Housingcomplexin Amsterdam

Example12

Extensionto Hirschberg Palace near Beilngries,Germany 1992 Architects: KarljosefSchattner and Karl-Heinz Schmitz,Eichstat Structuralengineers: Sailer,Stepan,Bl0os,Munich

palacestructuredatingfrom The symmetrical the 18thcenturystandson a narrowhilltopand thereforeofferedlittlescopefor any extension. Thiscompletelyrefurbishedbuildingis used by the churchfor spiritualexercisesand education.Besidesextensiveconversionwork,a new annexwas builtto accommodatekitchen, dininghalland storagefacilities. The newsectionis positionedin frontof the southwing of the palaceand is partlybuiltinto the side of the hill.A row of tall concrete columnssupportsthe long,slimstructureclear of the slopeand henceemphasizes the contrastwiththe strictlyuniform,renderedfinishto the palace.Fair-faceconcreteand concrete bricksfor the outerleafof the partial-fill cavity wallunderline the independence of the new structure.A long,narrow,steel-and-glass hall providesa cleardemarcationbetweenold and new. Theouterleafis clearlydistinguished fromthe restof the construction; thereis an air soace behindand thereforethe leafis oositioned 40 mm proudof the reinforcedconcretewall and the rowof columns.Greysteelangles markthe cornersof the facingbrickwork,and a steelchannelformsan elegantfinishto the top of the walls.The deeplyrecessed,narrow, verticalwindowslitsare alsoframedin grey steelwhichprojectsbeyondthe facadeand so conveysthe impression of very preciselylocated cut-outs.The steelexternalstairemploysa particularly delicateconstruction in ordernotto disturbthe carefulbalancebetweenharmonizationand indeoendence. Alltheseclear,simpledetailslendthe annexa lightness and obviouslanguagewhichis quite distinctfromthat of the old palace,

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Example13

Youth hostel in Dachau,Germany 1998 Architect: RudolfHierl,Munich Assistants: PeterHofman(projectmanager), DominikFischer, MaleenFromm, NadjaHerrmann,MichaelaOswald, JeannetteQuecke,UlrikeRechler, BernhardSchambeck,OliverSchubert, TanjaWienecke Structuralengineer: HansTischner, Dachau

Thisfacility,run by the GermanYouthHostels Association, is morethanjust a youthhostel. Situatednearthe formerNaziconcentration and extermination camp,it acts as a centrefor gettingto gripswiththe darkside of Germany's history.The architectural form is intendedto reflectboththe functionsof the buildingbut alsothis specialtask.Apartfromthe main building,thereis alsoa buildingfor the staff and the separate"Raumder Stille"(Roomof Silence).Thesethreestructuresframea tranquil innercourtyard- a gardenand structured space,which is idealfor understanding and experiencing the seriousissuesthat dominate this place.The restrainedarchitecture respondsto its surroundings by limitingthe materialsusedto timberand facingbrickrarork of light-coloured concretebricks.Thetexture of the buildingemphasizes the low-rise,elongatedform;bothin termsof the sizeand the styleof the facade.The mainbuildingcoversa largeareaand so two storeysare adequate.lt measures24.5x60 m and is arrangedas two parallelblockseitherside of a centralcirculationzone.The architectural settingdistinguishesbetweenthe differentmaterials.For instance,on the westside of the building,the woodenrecessesfor windowsand sunshades on the groundfloorare juxtaposedwiththe concretemasonrylintelsand spandrelpanels of the upperfloor.Placingthe masonryabove the timberis a reversalof our customaryideas and introducesa differentrealityto challenge the perceptionof the observer.This is an artistic contrivance for remindingus of the special importanceof this place.Thewall construction - paftial{illcavitywallwith is conventional outerleafsupportedon individualbracketsbut incorporates specialdetailsthat emphasize and preservethe restfuluniformityof the stretcherbond.Suchdetailsincludethe mortar jointsrakedout to a depthof 15 mm and the movementjointswhich zigzaglo followthe bond.

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289

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Canopy construction: 0.7 mm titanium-zinc sheet metal roof covering, with standing seams bitumenizednon-wovenglass fibre sheeting welded bitumen sheeting, 1 layer 24 mm timber boarding battens to form fall orecast concrete element Wedge-shaped insulation,with foil, 45' Gravel,40/50 mm Flat roof construction: 80 mm vegetation layer filter, 5 mm non-wovenfabric 40 mm drainage layer waterproofing,2 mm PVC thermalinsulation,140 mm rigid expanded foam welded bitumen sheeting, 1 layer bituminousundercoat 180 mm reinforced concrete slab Liningto opening,larch,20 mm, glazedfinish Wooden window, larch, glazedfinish,insulatingglazing RolFoverstop, steel channel, 70x60x1mm Wall construction: 90 mm concrete bricks, water+epellent 60 mm air soace thermal insulation,80 mm mineralfibre 160 mm reinforced concrete wall Joints,water-repellent, recessed15 mm reinforcementto some bed joints Supportfor masonry outer leaf, individualbrackets Steelangle,85 x 85 x 10 mm Insectscreen, oerforated aluminiumsheet Multiplexboard,veneered,16 mm Woodenwindow,oak, glazedfinish, insulatingglazing Terraceconstruction: 20 mm reconstitutedstone pavings 60 mm screed, reinforced separatingmembrane,0.2 mm polyethylenesheeting thermalinsulation,80 mm rigid exoanded foam welded sheeting,2 layers bituminousundercoat screed laid to 1.SVofall 120 mm reinforced concrete slab Grating,galvanized,40 x 3 mm Steel angle, 60 x 60 x 8 mm Waterproofreinforced concrete, 300 mm Plinth construction: 60 mm orecast concrete element thermalinsulation,60 mm rigid exoanded foam welded bitumen sheeting 150 mm reinforced concrete wall Precast concrete parapet Wall construction,timber stud wall: 16 mm multiolexboard 30 x 50 mm battens 0.2 mm airtightmembrane 19 mm chipboard 140 x 60 mm timberstuds 140 mm thermalinsulation vapourbarrier,aluminiumfoil 20 mm chipboard,maple veneer

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School in Munich, Germany 1999 Architects: Munich Schunck-Ullrich-Krausen, Projectpartner: NorbertKrausen Projectmanager: MartinKerling Assistants: RobertKellner,MartinaWulf Structural engineers Sailer,Stepan& Partner,Munich

Location olan scale 1:4000

Theensembleof buildingsformingthis primary schoolis well soacedout on this siteon the outskirts of Munich,To the souththereis a landscapednoisebarrierscreeningthe school fromthe adjacentrailwayline,and to the east the schoolis boundedby housand north-west of the long,lowing.The randomarrangement risebuildingsdefinescourtyardsand semienclosedspaces,therebyallowingthe school to meshwith its surroundings. Thequalityof the architectureis evidenton the insideas well,with brightlylit passagesand corridors, whichstructurethe layoutand incorporatethe landscape,as well as in the careful designand construction of the details. Thedifierentfacadesare partof an energy concept:whilethe classroomsfacingsouth employfull-heightglazing(whichleadsto correspondingsolargains),the otherfacadesare mainlybuiltusinga highlyinsulatedsolidconstruction. Theirappearanceis governedby the partial{illcavitywallwith concretebrick (290x 190x 90 mm)outerleafbuihin a variationof rakingstretcherbond. Thebuildingmaterialsused haveessentially beenleftuntreated.Inside,the roughconcrete brickscontrastwith the few woodensurfaces anda numberof colouredelementswhich havebeenverycarefullyand discreetlyincorporated.Outside,the concretesurfaces,the concretebricks,the galvanizedsteeland the light-coloured anodizedaluminiumwindow framesenterintoa dialoguewiththe green surroundings, means,the school Usingminimalarchitectural succeedsin conveyingan impressionof playful and charmingattractiveness. The masonry unitsof this building,leftuntreated,givethe schoola "tangible"texture.

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296

Flat roof construction: 100 mm vegetation layer 20 mm drainage mat, with non-woven fabric 15 mm siructure orotection mat waterproofing,5 mm plastic sheeting, resistantto root penetration 120 mm rigid expandedpolyurethane insulation vapour oarrrer 200 mm reinforced concrete slab, top sudace cast to 2% fall Internalwall,concretebricks,white, 290 x 190 x 190 mm

Schoolin Munich

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School in Ostfildern,Germany 1999 Archilects: ArnoLederer,J6runnRagnarsd6ttir, MarcOei, StuttgarUKarlsruhe Assistants: JudithHaas(projectmanager), (projectmanager), AlexanderMayer-Steudte UlrikeHautau,CorneliaHund Structuralengineers: Muller+ Muller,Ostfildern

Scharnhauser Parkis a redevelooment scheme on the siteof a formermilitarybarracks.The north-east boundaryof the site is a sweeping curve- determinedby the new rapidtransit lightrailwayline.Thedesignfor thisnew schooloriginatedfroma competition. The curvingboundaryis integratedin the outside facilitiesof the schooland the structuresclearplan. ly followthe gridof the development The schoolbuildingitself,withthreestoreysin the southand two in the north,is a simpletwin parallelblocksystemwith a central,longitudinalcirculation zone,whichis brokenup by the singleflightsof stairsof fair-faceconcreteand the circularrooflights. The brightupperfloor benefitsfromthe rooflightsin the V-shaped roof,whichlikethe stairsfollowsthe longitudinalaxis.Thewindowsto the classroomsare no largerthan is necessaryto admitsufficient daylight.Thisis botha contribution to thrifty and energy-efficient construction, and this simple,strictdesignrule leadsto a clearlydefined interfacebetweeninteriorand exterior.For reasonsof cost,an inexpensive brickfired in a circularkilnwas chosenwhoseedgesare not so sharpand whosecolourcan varyfrom light brownto lightred.Duringbricklaying, attention was givento producingwidejointsfinishedin one operationwiththe bricklaying. The sandcolouredmoftarwas deliberately"smeared" almostamateurishly, whichresultedin a rough, coarsesurfacefinish.Thistexturewas continued internallyalongthe corridors;merelyat the entrancesto the classroomswas this surface somewhat"improved".Thereis a largeschoolyard betweenthe mainbuildingand the sports hall,terracedto followthe slopeof the land. Thisresultedin a closeharmony,partlybrought aboutby the homogeneity of the material.

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Roofconstruction: 0.7mmtitanium-zinc sheet,withstandingseams 24 mmtimberboarding (80mmair space 80x 80 mmcounterbattens between) 2OO x 12Ommrafters(20Ommmineralfibre insulation between) 2OOx12O mmourlin 24-32mmorientedstrandboard(OSB) vapourbarrier,0.4mmpolyethylene sheeting 12.5mmplasterboard Roofconstruction: planting, extensive min.120mmvegetation layer protectionand storagemat waterproofing, bitumensheeting,2 layers,top layer resistant to rootpenetration 190mmthermalinsulation vaoourbarrier 260mmreinforced concreteslab 3 Parapet capping,0.7mmtitanium-zinc sheet 4 Timbersection insulation, 5 Thermal 60 mmmineralfibre 6 Openperpend Blind,natural-colour aluminium, 50 mm d Bracket,stainless steelangle glazing I Aluminium windowwithinsulating 1 0 Windowsill,MDFboard,lacquered 1 1 Window sill,bent3 mmaluminium sheet, frontedgerounded t z Wallconstruction: ''|15mmclayfacingbrickwork 45mmairspace thermalinsulation. 80 mmmineralfibre 250mmreinforced concretewall 15mminternalDlaster joint 13 Movement 1 4 External insulation, 120mm Dampproofcourse 16 Parquet flooring,oak,20 mm 1 7 Supportbracket,stainlesssteelsheet 1 8 External insulation, 80 mm

301

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Town hall in Fellbach,Germany 1987 Architect: ErnstGisel,Zurich Assistants: OthmarBrugger,HeinrichGerster, HarryMoor,HeinzSchmid,LeoSchweitzer Sitemanager: PeterZimmermann, Filderstadt Structuralengineer: HeinrichBechert,Fellbach

"Architecture thatcreatesthetown."ErnstGisel's workin Fellbachcouldbe viewedin thislight. The prosperoustownof Fellbachwith its fastgrowingpopulationand the usualoutgrowths of the 1950sand 1960s,alsonotunknownin othertowns,was lookingfor a nucleus.The areaaroundthe Lutheranchurch,once shielded by a fortifiedwall,providedan adequate settingfor the 1979competitionto redesignthe centreof the town.The briefwas to "create, togetherwith a marketplace, not onlya centre for the localauthoritybut alsoa livelyzone whichwouldbe frequentedby the citizens". Thejury choseGisel'sdesignbecauseof its "agreeablematter-of-factness". Wellstructured,clearlyarranged,decisivein its language,ErnstGisel'ssolutionmakesexcellent useof boththe internaland externalspacesof this urbannode,clarifyingand structuringthe outercontours.The configuration of the inner courtyardswiththeirsmallalleywaysand the squarein frontof the town hallthemselvesprovidea highurbanquality. It seemeda naturalchoiceto opt for a twin-leaf masonryconstruction with a 240 mm loadbearingouterleaf.However,the thicknessof the thermalinsulationusedwouldthesedays no longersatisfythe statutoryrequirements. The buildingexploitsthe advantagesof a selfsupportingmasonrywallto the full: lesenes, corbelsand columnsin realmasonrybond, robustdetailingat the windowreveals,plus masonrystairsand semicircular arches. The masonryis complemented by natural stonefor the windowsillsand lintelsas well as plinth. for the clearlydifferentiated Designedin an age of flourishing postmodernism, the architecthascreatedan authentic settingwithoutsuperfluous commentswhich, owingto its internaland externalspatialqualities,its correctuseof the materialsand attentionto detail,has lostnothingof its topicality.

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1 Cold deck roof construction,5.4" pitch: copper sheetroof covering,670 x 0.7 mm, double-lockweltedjoints roofingfelt 24 mm timber boarding 160 x 80 mm rafters air space .100 thermalinsulation, mm mineralwool reinforced concrete waffle slab, with white cement 2 Trim,0.7 mm copper sheet 3 Closurestrip,60 x 40 mm 4 Lowertrim,0.7 mm copper sheeton b u i l d i n gp a p e r 5 F l a s h i n g0, . 7 m m c o p p e r s h e e t '1 6 Wall plate, 20 x 120 mm 7 Soldiercourse,NF facing bricks I Reinforcedconcreteupstandbeam 9 Stonecoping to lesene,Lodrinogneiss 10 Thermalinsulation,50 mm mineralfibre 11 Damp proofmembrane 12 Fixingplate,galvanizedsteel,140 x 5 mm 13 Stonelintel,Lodrinogneiss 14 Box for sunshade,1.5 mm copper sheet 15 Cavitycloseras inspectionflap, 1.5 mm copper sheet,fixed with stainlesssteelscrewsin sleeves 1 6 Woodenwindow,with insulatingglazing 1 7 Column,300 mm dia. t o Waterchannel 1 9 Stonewindowsill,Lodrinogneiss 20 Wall construction: 240 mm yellowfacing bricksin Englishbond 42 mm air space thermalinsulation,50 mm mineralfibre 100 mm in-situconcretespandrelpanel steelsheetcladdingto spandrelpanel 2 1 Waffleslab, reinforcedconcrete, with white cement Guide cable for sunshade 23 Windowsill, 1.5 mm copper sheet 24 Steelangle,55 x 75 x 5 mm, galvanized z3 Claddingto plinth,Maggiagranite,exposed surfacesknapped,50 mm

306

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Office buildingin Ltinen,Germany 1995 Architects: Hillebrandt + Schulz,Cologne Structuralengineers: Kleinwechter, Doftmund

Thisofficebuildingis locatedon a newbusinessestatein L0nenon the north-eastern edge of Germany'sRuhrdistrict. Thedesignbriefof the municipalbuilding authoritycalledfor "a road-sidefacadeof facing brickwork". The architectsrespondedwith a long,low-rise buildingon thisslightlyelevated plot in whichthe "facingbrickwork"stipulationbecamean agenda:a subtlydesigned, articulate buildingwhichattainsa highquality withrespectto daylighting throughthe special arrangement of the openings.Eachelevationof the structurerespondsdifferently to the environment.At the north-west cornerthe glass, framedin steel,protrudesquitenoticeablyfrom the building.On the southsidethewindows extendovertwo storeysand are framedby projectingbrickwork.The smallstaircasefoyer haswallswhichvary in thicknessand an oversizedwindowwith splayedreveals,whichprovidesa specialsettingfor the lightingand view of the outside.The differentiated building designis accompanied by wellthought-out windowdetailsand rooflightsin the formof semi-cupolas at a regularspacing.The primary loadbearing construction consistsof 300 mm lightweight concretemasonrywhich is givena coatof gypsumplasterand in someareasfinishedwithseveralcoatsof limeplaster.The windowlintelsare of in-situconcreteinsulated with polystyrene. Thin-format Wittmunderpeatfiredclay bricksin a randombond are employed for the 115 mm facingbrickwork of the outerleaf.Thereis a 50 mm air space behindthe outerleaf, Locatedin frontof the groundfloormeetingroomis a terracedpondfeaturewith masonrywalls;the playof lighton itssurfaceis an agreeable reflectionof the atmosphereof the interior.The useof a singlemasonrymaterialthroughout fusesthe buildingandthe car parkand entrancestepsintoone entityand conveysthe notionof spaciousness as a subtlemeansof ranraeant4fi6n

308

Officebuildingin Ltinen

1st floor . Ground floor scale 1:50O Sections scale 1:250 Section through south facade scale 1:20 1 2 3 4

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Masonryframe in trass cement '|50x150x12mm Steelangle, Steel window, with insulating glazing Panel construction: 15 mm cementrendering, flush with window, painted thermalinsulation,multiplex lightweightboard,50 mm Wall construction: facing bricks, Wittmunder peat-firedclay DF, 115 mm 50 mm air space 300 mm lightweightconcrete masonry,with skim plaster coat

309

E x a m p l1 e7

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Wallconstruction: cementrendering,reinforced, finishedwith severalcoats of smooth,colouredlime rendering thermalinsulation,multiplexlightweightboard,50 mm 250 mm reinforcedconcretelintel 15 mm internalplaster,painted Steelwindow,with tiltingopening l l g h t ,i n s u l a t i n g l a z i n g Bitumenwaterproofing Floorconslruction: carpet 60 mm screed 80 mm lhermalinsulation vapourbarner 160 mm reinforcedconcreteslab Steelwindowin steelflat reveal Woodenreveal,laminatedwith damp proofmembrane Thermalinsulation,50 + 30 mm rigid expandedfoam

310

Computercentrein Karlsruhe

Computer centre in Karlsruhe, Germany 1992 Architect: HeinzMohl,Karlsruhe Projectmanager: PeterLitzlbauer Assistants: M. Bertram, K. Bohm,H. Ddbbeling, G. Doring, N. Fostiropolous, S. Hirschfeld,R. Preisser, S. Ozcam,J. Schneider, M. Wagner,l. Walser, T. Weiler Sitemanagement: Stieff+ Trunzler,Karlsruhe Structuralengineers: Ingenieurgruppe Bauen,Karlsruhe

I Location plan scale 1:2000

Thefan-shapedstructureof the city of Karlsruhe,radiatingout fromthe palace,is dominatedby this late-Baroque or classicisticidealisticplan.Withinthis historicalradius,the shapea'ndproportionsof every new developmentmustcomplywiththis overridinggeometry.However,respectfor the city does not excludethe useof modernformsof constructionand modernmaterials,as the exampleof thecomputercentremakesabundantlyclear. Thisstrikingbuildingof facingmasonryis situatedin the directvicinityof the well-known churchdesignedby FriedrichWeinbrenner. Thenumberof storeysand heightofthe eaves matchthe neighbouring buildings. Butthe largerooftopstructuresand set-backfeatures of the surroundings are alsoreflectedin the newbuilding, trueto scaleandwitha new interpretation. Theprimaryloadbearingconstruction consists of a reinforcedconcreteframewith infillpanels of concretebricks.The bricksare leftexposed on the spandrelpanelsand someof the internal walls.Concretebrickswerealsochosenfor the90 mm outerleaf (withair space behind). Theconsistentmasonrybond lendsthe facade an evente)dure.Merelythe lintelsoverwindows,doorsand otheropeningsare emphasizedby the brick-on-end courses.The complexdetailsat the junctionshavebeenworked outexactlyand in harmonywiththe patternof thebond.Thisalsoappliesto the overhanging canopiesat the top of the facade,the taller buildingsectionsrisingaboverooflevel,and theprecastconcreteelements,bothdecorative andstructural. Therestrainedcolouringof the differentshades of greyused- fromthe lightgreyconcrete bricksto the anthracitewindowframes- binds thisstructureintothe contextof the city without denyingits independentcharacter.

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Concretebricks,white, 2 9 0 x1 9 0 x 9 0 m m Precastconcrete element Rainwaterhopper, with overflow Insulatingglazingon steel iramework Stainlesssteel wall tie with insulation clip and drip disc Concretebrick lintel,90 mm Supportbracket, steel angle Aluminiumwindow,colourcoated,with insulatingglazing Wall construction: concretebricks, white, 290x 190 x 90 mm 50 mm air space thermalinsulation, 60 mm mineralfibre 240 mm concrete bricks as infillpanelsin reinforced concreteframe Openperpend Damp proof course, bitumen sheetingon stainlesssteel sheetas support Waterproofing,bitumen sheeting,2 layers Rigidthermalinsulation Loadbearingreinforced concretestructure

313

Example19

Mixed-use building in Zlirich, Switzerland 1993 Architects: Haessig+ Partner,Zurich FelixB. Haessig,PeterC. Haessig, BrunoClausen Structuralengineers: Schubiger AG,Zurich

The north-west boundaryof the groundsto ZurichHospitalis denotedby a looselyspac'ed rowof buildings.Oneof the gapswas filled withtwo new structurespositionedat a slight angleto eachother,one with apartments, the joinedby a glazed otherwith laboratories, accessblock.The geometryand alignmentof bothbuildingsfollowthe existinglinesof the surroundingbuildings.The architectural languageof the two componentsis relatedbut variedslightlyto reflectthe differentfunctions. In termsof volumeand scalethey echothe regularurbanstructureof the existingbuilding stock.Likethe neighbouring structures, there is a plinthwhichcan adaptto the existing topography.Clad in graniteslabs,the plinth formsa commonfoundationto the two buildings;likewise,the largeoverhangingeaves createa commontermination to the walls.To establisha difference,the westernuppermost storyis set back and providedwith a cladding of corrugatedaluminiumsheeting.The remaining facadesare, in the main,of calciumsilicate bricks,120mm thick,builtin stretcherbond. Thereis an air spaceand 100mm of thermal insulationbetweenthe facingbriclarorkof the outerleafand the reinforcedconcreteloadbearingstructure.Windowlintels,mullionsand sillscompriseprecastconcreteelementsclad in 30 mmthickcalciumsilicatebrickslios.All the masonryis pointedthroughoutwith a grey cementmortar,evenat the junctionsbetween the prefabricated and in-situwalls,to create the impressionof a seamlessmasonrystructure.The interiorof the buildingalsoemploys prefabricated facingmasonryerectedwiththe sameprecisionas the elterior.

314

buildingin Zurich Mixed-use

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Aluminiumwindow, micaciousironoxide finish,with insulating glazing Windowsill,calcium silicateelement Reinforcedconcrete m u l l i o nw i t hc a l c i u m silicatecladding Wall construction: 120mm calciumsilicate bricks 40 mm air space thermalinsulation, 100 mm mineralwool Steelangle, 1 0 0x 3 0 x 3 . 5 m m Canopyconstruction: titanium-zincsheet roof covering,0.7 mm, with double-lockwelted joints roofingfelt 100 x 40 mm timber boardingscrewedto fin Steelangle, 30x30x4mm Corrugatedaluminium sheeting,mlll-finished, 1 8x 7 6 m m Roof construction: steelbeam, IPE240 thermalinsulation, 140 mm mineralwool void vapourDarner 18 mm plasterboard Sunshade,fabric blind Reinforcedconcrete lintelwith calcium silicatecladding Steelangle, 120x60x12mm Stainlesssteel bracket

Mixed-use buildingin Zurich

1 4 Floor construction: 5 mm linoleum 95 mm cement screed 10 mm impactsound insulation 280 mm reinforced concrete slab lc Calciumsilicate brict<work,120 mm, without plaster 1 6 Aluminium section, stove enamelled,with insulating glazing 1 7 Plinthwall construction: 40 mm graniteslabs, retaining and fixing anchors of stainlesssteel '100 mm thermal insulation 180 mm reinforced concrere 1 8 Steel beam, HEA 140 1 9 Steel circular hollow section,101.6dia.x5 mm with 140 x 140 x 10 mm plates top and bottom 20 Glascrete element 21 Copper sheet Concrete paving slab, 40 mm 23 Roof construction: extensiveplanting waterproofing,bitumen sheeting,3 layers 40 mm spruce boarding taperingtimberjoists, 140-180x 100 mm steel beam, IPE 240 thermal insulation, 140 mm mineralwool suspendedceiling

317

Example 20

Mixed-usedevelopmentin Berlin,Germany 1996 Architects: Petraand PaulKahlfeldt, Berlin Assistants: AnjaHerold,Christoph Haag, YvesMinssarl, MichaelFuchs, JornPotting, ThomasKiilber,ConorMoran, FraukeHellweg,MartinOestlund Structural engineers: I n g e n i e u r b uFr ion k B , erlin

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321

Example 21

Extensionto office building in Stuttgart, Germany 1998 Architects: ArnoLederer,J6runnRagnarsd6ttir, MarcOei, StuttgarVKarlsruhe Assistants: MarkoGarcia-Barth, SabineBirk, AndyBrauneis, OliverCyrus,RolandGoppel, Alf Hoinkis, ThiloHolzer,MarcLosch, AlexanderMayer-Steudte, BorisMiklautsch, DorotheeStrauss Structural engineers: IBA- Acaturk+ Kiesel,Stuttgart

The new buildinge)dendsthe headquarters of the localpowercompany,whichdatesfrom the '1970s. Thatstructure,by the architects Kammerer,Belz,Kucher+ Partner,was the expression of a technicallyorientedarchitecture,whichemphasizedthe very latestmaterials.The loadbearingframeworkis clad in glass panels.Ventiland dark,anodizedaluminium ationand climatecontrolare mechanical. ln contrastto this,the architectsof the extensiondesigneda passive,ecological energy concept.The greatmassof the buildingwith its multilayerexternalskin- with clayfacing brickworkand reinforcedconcreteloadbearing Locationplan - achieves, structure on the one hand,a high scale 1: 2000 thermalinertia,and on the other,formsa therSections2nd floor mal bufferbetweeninteriorand exteriorby way s c a l e1 : 1 0 0 0 of the coupledwindows. The confinesof this urbansite made it necessaryto accommodate the officeson the sides withgoodlighting. Specially developed coupledwindowsguarantee,besidesadditional protectionagainstheat,the desireddegree of soundinsulationand naturalventilation. Thebuildingenvelopeis formedby a partial{ill cavitywallwith a 115 mm anthracite-colour clay brickwork(KMz28/1.8NF)outerleaf,The plinthmakesuse of particularlyresistantbricks and roundedspecialsare usedadjacentthe entrancedoors.Eachstoreyof the stretcherbond masonryis supportedon stainlesssteel bracketsadjustablefor height.The cavity measures125mm in total- B0 mm thermal plus45 mm air space.Pointing insulation of the wallswas carriedout in a secondoperation usingcolouredmortar- whitefor the bed joints and blackfor the perpends.The anthracite brickswiththeirlightmetallicsheenand the two-colourpointinggivesthe extensiona very specialcharacterbut alsoallowsit to blend 1 New extension harmoniously withthe existingbuilding. 2 Existingbuilding

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Example21

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Fresh-air vent Pull-out"pharmacist's cupboard',LVLboard, beech Concretecolumn Doorelement,beech veneer,withsidelights Openshelving Stainless steelsection withstriplighting

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1 8 Louvreblind 10mm 1 9 Glasslouvres, toughenedsafetyglass 20 Aluminium section glazing 2 1 Insulating zz Wndowframe,LVL, beech 23 Drivemotor Cupboardunit,LVL board,beech

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Example22

Businesspremisesin London,UK 1998 Architects: MacOreanor LavingtonArchitects,London Assistants: TimAnstey,MarieBrunborg,AlexisBurrus, NicholaDunlop,JeremyKing, RichardLavington,GerardMacCreanor, AidanWilliams Structuralengineers: AndrewGreig,GrahamLing,London

Thisbuildingis situatedat the south-west cornerof HoxtonSquare.lt is integratedinto an existingblockand is onlyvisibleon three sides:to the east,facingthe square,to the north,facingthe innercourtyard,and via a narrowsectionfacingCoronetStreetto the WESI.

Theplanlayoutis skilfully organized on the southernside of the olot betweenthe three opportunities for admittingdaylightand the small,additional lightwell. Theretailpremises on the groundfloortakethe formof a semibasementand so accommodate the different heightsof the adjoiningstreets.The extra-high firstfloorcompensates for thesetopographic differencesand thereforepossessesa special facadestructure.Columnsand lintels325 mm thickclad in darkclay brickworkweresuspendedin frontofthe reinforcedconcreteconstructionas orefabricated facadeelements. The brickswerein somecasesformedas halfchannelsin the productionprocessfor the prefabricatedelements. Additionsto the lintelsabovethe groundfloor and to a numberof wall sectionswereconstructedusingsuspendedhalf-brick-thick claddingand at the parapetwith240 mm loadbearingclay brickworkwalls.Thethermal breakis alwayspositionedbetweenthe prefabricatedfacadeand the loadbearingstructure.Thelintelsabovethewindowopenings divideup the stretcherbondwith horizontal lines.Emphasizing the effectof the seemingly continuouscolumnswiththe intervening window lintelsmakesthe natureof the assemblyof the claddingveryclear.The choiceof materials and the carefulbut restraineddetailing roundoff the architectural character.

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Businessstart-up centre in Hamm, Germany 1998 Architects: HeggerHeggerSchleiff,Kassel Projectmanager: GerhardGreiner Assistants: AchimDahl,BeritSchaal,TobiasSchaffrin Structural engineer: ReinholdMeyer,Kassel Servicesengineers: Hausladen, Kirchheim bei MUnchen

Sections Groundfloor scale 1:1000

Thisbusinessstart-uocentrewas builton one of the countlessformerindustrialsitesthat todayare beingput to new uses.The aim of thisprojectwas to provideassistancefor ecologicallyorientedmanualtradesand service companies in the buildingindustry. Thecomplexconsistsof a four-storey officeblockand a numberof two-storeyunitsgroupedarounda courtyard. Theseunitscan be dividedin a varietyof ways and so can accommodateup to 24 businesses. Thefour-storey officeblock,with circulation zonealongone side,consistsof 240 mm calciumsilicatemasonrywith compositefloorsof boardslaidon edge cast in concrete.The partial{illcavitywallswereconstructedusing recycledbricksfromdemolished buildings. Thelintelswereformedfrom bricksin stretcher bondsupportedon a steelanglein orderto highlightthe rowsof windows.Theseare placedin the planeof the thermalinsulation. Junctions with partitionsare characterized by a claddingof woodenpanels.The sunshades areclearlyvisiblebeneaththe lintelsin frontof thewindows, Theunitsare basedon a steelframeworkwith infillpanels,alsoof recycledclay bricks.Their barrel-vault roofscomprisecurvedglulamribs withthermalinsulationbetweenand extensive plantingas the rooffinish. Thisecologically orientedprojectwas investigatedand optimizedwith respectto the energy balance(consumption figuresas well as primaryenergyconsumptionduringproductionof buildingmaterials). One of the outcomesof this wasthe useof a four-storey air collectorover thewindowless south-east facade.An earth channelensuresthatthe air is precooledin summer. Thanksto the use of recycledfacing brickswiththeirvividcolouringand irregularities,thisbuildinghelpsto remindus thatthis location was oncethe homeof the localcollierv.

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12 Wall construction: 2 1 7 x 1 0 0x 6 6 m m recycled bricks 50 mm air space airtightmembrane 90 mm thermalinsulation 240 mm calcium silicatebrickwork 15 mm internalplaster 13 Mortarfilling,5Omm '14 Thermalinsulation, 80 mm foamedglass 15 Concrete,waterproof, 22Omm 16 Roofconstruction: extensiveplanting sheeting, resistantto root penetration waterproofing 100 mm thermal insulation vapourbarrier 260 mm timberreinforced concrete composite roof 17 Internalwindowsill, laminatedveneer lumber(LVL)board, birch,30 mm

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Example24

Housingcomplex in Amsterdam, The Netherlands 1998 Architects: AtelierZeinstra,van der Pol,Amsterdam Projectarchitect: HermanZeinstra Assistants: HarrietDil,MartinFredriks,SjoerdLandmann, Mechthild Stuhlmacher Structural engineers: Bouwstart,Amsterdam

Development of the two peninsulasof Sporenborgand Borneofor inner-cityhousingin the easternpartof Amsterdam'sdockyardsbegan in 1987.The docksherehad not beenusedfor manyyearsandthe buildings wereoccupied by squattersand artists.Refurbishment had beenplannedsincethe 1970sandwas long overdue.The masterplan rigorouslyprescribeda three-storey blanketdevelopment disectedby parallelstreetsevery30-40m. plan providedfor a number The development of differenttypesof housingwhich,however, hadto complywithverystrictrules.For instance,the groundfloorhad to be 3.5 m high in orderto guaranteealternative uses,and eachbuildinghadto occupyan entireplot, parkingand external including facilities. And all thefacadeshad to be uniform- finishedwith the sametype of brick. The"back-to-back" apaftmentsdo not have individualcarportsbut a garagewithinthe blockinstead.The constrictedplan layouts measuring 4.2 m wideand 14.5m longare lit via a patio.The secondfloorcontainsone bedroom,a smallbathroomand a rooftopterrace. Theshortspansenablethe useof 190mm reinforcedconcreteslabsspanningtransversely whichare supportedon the 230 mm concretepartywalls.Consequently, the external wallson the southand northelevationscan be of a lightweight timberconstruction. Nevertheless, the stipulation to use brickswas compliedwith by constructing the infillpanels betweenthe glulambeamsand columnsin 110mm facingbrickwork. Openingpanelsare incorporated in the side of a recessin the southfacade.Fixedwindowsare positioned flushwiththe loadbearingtimbermembers. Theelegantinterplaybetweenbrickwork,timberand glasslendsthesebuildings theirspecial character.

334

Housingcomplexin Amsterdam

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Parapettrim, aluminiumsection, 40 mm dia., coated 2 Laminatedveneer lumber (LVL) board, 18 mm Fibre-reinforcedcement board, 16 mm 4 nnan narnanrl 5 Foil, water-repellent o Thermalinsulation, 75 mm mineralwool 7 Wall construction: 100 mm facing brickwork 48 mm air space foil, water-repellent,open to diffusion timber post-and-railconstruction, 1 1 9x 3 8 m m thermalinsulation,120 mm glass wool vapourbarrier,polyethylene sheeting 12.5mm plasterboard 8 Sole plate v Thermalinsulation, 80 mm mineralwool 1 0 Fixinganchor,steelangle,cast in 1 1 Reinforcedconcreteslab, 190 mm 1 2 Steelangle, 140 x 40 x 8 mm, fixed to slab Floorfinish,50 mm 1 4 LVL board, 12 mm t o Steelangle support 1 6 LVL board, 15 mm 1 7 Ribbed reinforced concrete floor 1 8 Precast concrete element,30 mm

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Thermalinsulation,rigid expanded foam with integral falls Sheet steel brackets at 1000 mm centres Steelangle, 100x 120 x 10 mm Flashing,lead sheet Steelangle,90 x 90 x 10 mm Fixing bolts Glulambeam, impregnated, 3 5 3 x 1 1 0m m Wall construction: 100 mm facing brickwork 45 mm air space thermal insulation,75 mm mineralwool 230 mm reinforcedconcrete G l u l a mc o l u m n 3, 1 6 x 1 1 0m m Constructionof opening panel: 20 mm profiled boards 15 mm air space foil, water-repellent,open to diffusion thermal insulation,70 mm rigid expanded foam vapourbarrier LVL board, 12 mm

Housingcomplexin Amsterdam

337

Example25

Housing development in Rungsted, Denmark

1999 Architects: BojeLundgaard& LeneTranberg, Copenhagen Assistants: HenrikSchmidt,NielsFriis,SdrenAabling, MereteAdler Structuralengineers: Birch& Krogboe,Copenhagen

Bel ColleParkis locatednearthe town of Horsholmin the vicinityof The Soundamid an undulatinglandscapewith a good stockof large,maturetrees.Locally,it is one of the mostsought-afterareas among house-buyers. The group of 18 two-storeysemidetached propertiesis arrangedto followthe topography of the site. The land slooesdown towardsthe south-east and in doingso formsa shallowdepression. The houseshavebeencarefullyplaced betweenthe existingtreestowardsthe top of the slope.Accessis by meansof a private driveway(cul-de-sac) on the northernside whichcurvesto followthe topography. Twotypesof houseare available:semidetachedwith or withoutbay. Furtherdifferencesare evidentin the shaoeof the windows and in slightvariationsto the livingrooms, whichleadsto minordifferencesin the usable spaceavailable.Eachblockof two housesis dividedin the centreand the plan layoutsare mirrored.Onlythe roomson the firstfloorcould be assignedalternative uses. The loadbearinginternaland externalwallsof the buildingscomprise120 mm precastconcreteelements,the non-loadbearing wallsgas concretepanels.Hollowconcreteplanksform the upper floorsand the roof structuresare of timber.The loadbearingleafof the external wall is enclosedby 150mm cavityinsulation, whilethe 115mm outerleafof facingbriclarork empbyd'stretcher bondwithflushjoints.The windows,partlyfixed lights,partlyopeningoutwards,are positionedflushwiththe outside face of lhe masonry.The cantilevering bays are supportedon steelcolumnsand beams. ThesebUildingswiththeirlight-coloured facing masonry,longoverhangingeavesand simple timberdetailsblendin harmoniouslv withtheir naturalsurrqundings.

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340

in Rungsted Housingdevelopment

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10 Wall construction: 115 mm facing brickwork 150 mm thermalinsulation vapour barrier 120 mm reinforced concrete 11 Damp proof course 12 Shallowlintel,clay 1 3 R e n d e r i n g , 2m 0m clay bricks, 14 Lightvveight 150 x 90 mm 15 Lightweightclay bricks, 190 x 400 mmm 16 Timbersection,oak 17 Floorconstruction: parquetflooringon supporting members damp proof membrane reinforcedconcrele slab 18 Plasterboard, 13 mm 19 Windowsill,MDF board,30 mm

41

Example26

Apartmentblock in Salamanca,Spain 1998 Architect: Jes0sMariaAparicioGuisado,Madrid Assistants: LuislgnacioAguirreLopez, DanielHuertasNadel, H6ctorFern6n dez Elorza, CarlosPesqueira Calvo Structural engineer: Valeriano de Diego

Thisapartmentblockis situatedin SantaMarta de Tormes,a suburbof the Spanishuniversity townof Salamanca. Setamidthe typicalapartmentblockarchitecture, it standsout conspicuouslyfromits surroundings. Thisis a crisp-outlined, five-storeyblock,one sideof whichabutsa neighbouring building. Fourred-brickmasonrystoreysare supported on a rough-finish concreteplinth.The central sectionis characterized by the restrained fenestration. The long ribbonwindowsat the endscontinuearoundthe cornersof the open end of the buildingand terminate on the narrow side.Thisfour unitsper floorlayoutwith its elongatedstairshaftcontainswell-structured apartments, eachwiththreelarge,separate roomsof almostequalsizeplus a spaciousliving areawith kitchen,bathroom,storagespace and built-incupboards. Theentrancelobbiesare smallbut functional and well proportioned. Thetop storey,with its largeopeningsframed in concrete,guaranteesa conspicuous appearance. Therefore, this storeystandsout clearlyfromthe others,signalling a usagedifferentto thatof the standardfloors. Thereare onlytwo apartmentson the top floor. Theseweregivenan additionalexternalzone, withenoughspacefor a rooftopgardenand evena smallpoolfor each apartment,by placing the externalwallsto the apartmentsback withinthe building. Theenclosingmasonry wallscreatea private,couftyard-type area.The largeopeningsin the outerwallspermitgenerousviewsof the surroundings. Thequalityof thisapartment blockliesin suchcarefully formulated,uncommonsoatialsituations. Their effectis reinforcedby the use of just a few, coordinated materials and simoledetails.

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blockin Salamanca Aoartment

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Sectionthrough west facade s c a l e1 : 2 0

Upsrde-downroof construction: gravel thermalinsulation,40 mm rigid expandedfoam waterproofing screedlaid to falls, 140-80mm 240 mm reinforced concrete slab 15 mm plaster Fixedglazing,12 mm laminated safety glass Floorconstruction,top storey: naturalstoneslabs, 600 x 300 x 20 mm 20 mm mortar bed 20 mm sand 10 mm levellingmortar 45 mm precast concrete tiles sleeperwalls 240 mm reinforced concrete slab 20 mm plaster Roof construction,terrace: naturalstone slabs, 600 x 300 x 20 mm sleeperwalls,precastconcrete elements thermalinsulation,30 mm rigid expandedfoam expandedclay, max. 55 mm on waterproofing

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screed laid to falls,max. 120 mm 240 mm reinforced concrete slab 20 mm plaster Balustrade,12 mm laminatedsafety glass Reveal,fair-face concrete Wall construction: 115 mm clay brickwork,flushmortarjoints 15 mm plasterfill,waterrepellent thermalinsulation,60 mm glasswool 70 mm air space 70 mm horizontallyperforated clay bricks 20 mm olaster Rollershutter box Aluminiumwindow,stoveenamelled, with insulatingglazing Soandrelwall construction: 115 mm clay brickwork,flush mortarjoints 15 mm plasterfill,water-repellent thermalinsulation,60 mm glasswool 70 mm horizontallyperforated clay bricks 20 mm plaster Floor construction,standard storey: naturalstone slabs, 600 x 300 x 20 mm 20 mm mortar bed 20 mm sand 240 mm reinforced concrete slab

345

Example2T

Gommunity centre in Lochau, Austria 1998 Architects: Baumschlager & Eberle KarlBaumschlager, DietmarEberle, Lochau Projectmanager: RainerHuchler Structuralengineer: ErnstMader,Bregenz

The centreof the ratherrural-lookingtown of Lochauat the easterneltremity of Lake Constanceis dominatedby a busy throughroad carryingtrafficto and from the nearbyborder. Situatedon this road are the church,the council offices,a numberof smallhotelsand the new,detachedvicarage.This clarifiesin a simple way the spatialrelationshipsboth to the churchand to the surroundinghouses,lending structureand intensityto the urban planningof the centreof the town.This no-nonsensebuilding solvesproblemsof functionand architecturalform within its simplestructure. Two arcadeshelp to overcomethe change in levelsatthe edge ofthe churchsquare,but also createa referencepointfor the streetscape,the open square.At street level thereis a shop behindthe arcade;the floor abovecontainsthe largeparishhall,which looksout ontothe forecourtto the vicarage. The hall can be divided into two sectionsby way of a glazedslidingpartition.Thefacades of the buildingare plain,withoutrecessesor projections,the windowsflush with the outside face. They conveythe impressionof a homogeneousenvelopeenclosingthe building. Merelythe arcades providetextureand depth. The loadbearingconsfuctionof the building consistsof a reinforcedconcreteframewith floorsof hollowconcreteplanks.Timberstud wallsformthe infillpanelsto the frame-with columnson a 3,0 m grid.Therefore, the '120 mm outerskin had to be built as a freestandingmasonryledfextendingthe full height of the building,The brickworkis connectedto the concreteframe via stainlesssteelanchors. All lintelsare carriedon stainlesssteelangles so that the stretcherbond of the facing brickwork and hencethe structureof the envelooe is maintained throughout.Alongthe arcades the brickrruork skin is reducedto a 25 mm brick slip claddingto the concretelintels.This cladding,in a slightlydifferentcolour,is also caried aroundthe cornersof the buildingto match.

346

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349

Example 27

350

Communitv centrein Lochau

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351

Example28

Church and communitycentre in Neu-Anspach,Germany 1998 Architects: HahnHeltenArchitekten, Aachen Assistants: HaraldSchdfer(projectmanager), BettinaNoppeney,JuttaPieper,DirkLenzner, BettinaHorn,GregorDewey Structuralengineers: St6ffIer-Abraham-Fdth, Darmstadt

The new communitycentrewith churchand parishhallis locatedin the immediateproximity of the market-place. The scaleof this large, detachedcube integrateswellwiththe heterogeneousarchitecture of the town centre.The designand shapebf the churchstructureprovidesan unobtrusive settingfor introspective quietness. The glazedfoyerlinksthe two blocksroughly equalin size:the introverted churchon one side,the communitycentrewith offices,meeting roomsand apartmentson the other.The internallayoutis determinedby the spacious foyer.A glazedpartitionwith large,glassslidingscreensto the church,and the common roofconstruction createa visualbond.When the slidingscreensare open,the foyerserves as an extensionto the church. Besidesthe graphicconfiguration of the overall building, thetwo partsarealsodistinguished by the choiceof facadematerialand the openings.Reinforcedconcretewallsconstitutethe primaryloadbearingstructure.Theseenable diverseopeningsfor windowsand loggiasto be positionedas required.Thefacadesof the two partsare different:the almostcompletely plainsurfacesof the churchstructurecontrast withthe carefullyworkedrenderedsurfaces withtheirpreciselylocatedwindows.The renderedsurfacesconceala "thermoskin" with mineral fibreinsulation. Parapetcappingsand windowrevealsmakeuse of narrowaluminium sheets.The churchemploysa partial-fill cavity wallconstruction; blocksof Noruuegian white concretewereusedfor the outerleaf. One essentialcharmof thisfine materialdifferentiationliesin the treatmentof the whitemasonry.The evenstretcherbond is givena pattern by the graphicarrangement of the necessary movementjoints.In eachcasethe bond restartsat the joint.The cornerswere builtin bond in sucha way thatthe observeris given the impressioo of a continuousexternalskin.

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354

Churchand communitycentrein Neu-Anspach

Parapetcapping,0.8 mmzincsheet Wallconstruction: 90 mmwhiteconcretebricks 6Ommair soace 80 mmmineralfibre thermalinsulation, 250mmreinforced concrete 95 mmair soace 115mmwhiteconcretebricks st€el Anglebracket,8 mmstainless glaz4 Aluminium window,withinsulating ing,innerpaneof I mmlaminated safetyglass,sand-blasted 1 2

sheet,3mm, Aluminium bentto suit Floorconstruction: 20 mmnaturalstoneslabs 20 mmmortarbed 50 mmcementscreed 0.2mm separatingmembrane, polyethylene sheeting mm impactsoundinsulation,60 rigidexpandedfoam concreteslab 200mmreinforced 50 mmthermalinsualtion

355

Example28

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in lragna buildings Community

Gommunitybuildingsin lragna,Switzerland 1995 Architects: RaffaeleCavadini,Locarno Assistants: FabioTrisconi,SilvanaMarzari Structuralengineers: GiorgioMasotti,Bellinzona(townhall), PaoloRegolati, Minusio(chapel), WalterPerlini,Lodrino(squaredesign)

LocatedbetweenSt Gotthardand Bellinzona in the TicinoAlps,a traditionalgranitemining district,this communitywas givenseveralnew buildingsto meetthe needsof today'sinfrastructurebut providea respectfulcomplement to the old, intact,villagestructure.One after the other,the chapel,the town halland the squarein the southernpart of lragnawere realizedby the samearchitects.The use of the localstonewith its oowerfultextureillustratesthe bond betweenthe new structures andthe historyof the village.Usingsimple buildinggeomelriesthey relateto the character of the village,althoughthe structuresthemselvesare a deliberate,contemporary commenton theirsurroundings. The highlightingof structuralelements,likethe plinthin fair-faceconcreteor the exposed edgesof the floors,seryeas a stylizedarchitecturallinkbetweentraditionand modernism. Thisapproachmakespossiblelargeribbon windowson the town hall,likewiselargepanels of glassbricks.Withouterleavesof natural stone,the buildingsgeneratea referenceto the authenticity of the villagewithoutintruding. Thetwin-leafexternalwallsare madefrom squaredgneissstones,insulationand plasteredclay brict<work. The hammer-dressed naturalstonemasonryin Romanbond is built usingcementmortarand a galvanizedreinforcinglatticein frontof the 80 mm thickthermal insulation. The floorswhichpassthrough the wallsand act as supportsare providedwith stripsof insulationinternally(a formof constructionwhich is hardlyfeasibleon the north sideof the Alpsowingto the climateand the strictregulations). Therefore,it is possibleto seethe stonemasonrywall not as a mere envelopebut also in its structuralcapacity.

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Example 30

Bank extensionin Schiinaich,Germany 1999 Architects: Kaag + Schwarz,Stuttgart WernerKaag,RudolfSchwarz Assistants: ThorstenKock,AlmutSchwabe, HorstFischer,MarcusLembach Structural engineers: Merkt+ Le,Boblingen

The specialfeatureof this extensionto an existingbankbuildingliesin the unusualconstructionof the naturalstonefacade.lt is built from115mmthickGauinger travertine stone. In contrastto conventional techniquesusingas thinas possiblea claddingof slabs, thereare currentlyfew examplesof the use of this material in a properand structurally lucidform. The proporlionsof the extensionare derived fromthe existingurbanrelationships and building lines.Thebuildingis madeup of a stonefaced structureand a glasslinkwhichcontains the verticaland horizontalaccessroutes.The newfacadesembracethe forecourtadjacent the streetand clearlyassignthisto the bank comprex, The loadbearingconstruction consistsof reinforcedconcretewalls200 mm thickand flat slabs,whichcan be usedas heatstorage media.The outermostlayerof the partial-fill cavitywall construction employslargenatural stoneblockswiththinjointsbuiltin stretcher bond.Thesizesof the stonesdecreasetowards the tops of the walls.Nearthe parapetin particular,the stonesare shallowerand narrower. Thishasan economicadvantagebecause thereis lesswastage,but anotherbenefitis that thisformof construction reinforcesthe natural and animatedeffectof the bush-hammered stonesurfaces.Lintelsto doorsand windows are madefroma singlestonein eachcase. Therelieving lintelaboveis slightlycambered, whichmakesit visibleas a structuralelement and illustrates the jointingprinciplesof a stone facade.

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Library of the Technological Institute in Cork, lreland 1996 Architects: Shanede Blacam& JohnMeagher with BoydBarrett,MurphyO'Connor,Dublin Structuralengineers: HorganLynch& Partners,Cork

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of Aveiro FacultyBuibingof the University Engineering Mechanical

MechanicalEngineeringFaculty Buildingof the University of Aveiro, Portugal 1996 Architect: AdalbertoDias,Porto Assistants: V. Gama, A. Teixeira, C, Veloso,J. Eus6bio, N. Rocha J. Miguelote, Structuralengineer: A. Dinis

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Since1985a generalplan has beenin force for all newlyerectedbuildingson the new campus of the University of Aveiro.Oneof the primeconsiderations was to limitthe choiceof architect,if feasible,to membersof the "Pot1o School"in orderto givethe buildingsby differcoherency. ent architectsan innerarchitectural The effectof this strategyis thatthe campusis now also a showcasefor Porto'smost notable architects. Thebuildingdesignedby AdalbertoDiasfor Engineering Facultyis in the the Mechanical for geology immediate vicinityof the buildings (EduardoSoutode Moura)and mathematics (CarlosPrata). The predefinedinteriorlayoutof the building led to an obvioussolution.The south-westelevation- withvirtuallyno openings- formsone the wallto the accesszone,which incorporates stairsand is lit fromabovevia a long,continuous rooflight.The loadbearingstructureof the buildingconsistsof reinforcedconcretein conjunctionwith steelbeamsand columnsfor wallsand floors,someof which haveto span ouiteconsiderabledistancesabovethe lecture theatres.The externalwallsare providedwith a masonryouterleafof approx.70 mm high coursesof facingbrickworkbuiltin stretcher bond.In orderto emphasizethe radicalnature of the concept,the externalmasonryis givena horizontalprofile.This is achievedby recessing everysecondcourseby 30 mm.To do this, the bricksweresawnto 80 mm width.Steel sectionsat the transitionbetweenmasonryand glassfacadeand alongthe edge of the roof formatof the structure. stressthe horizontal The externalwall alongsidethe rooflightalso on the inside;the featuresfacingbrictcrrrork irregularities of this masonryproducea very livelytexturewhen illuminatedby the dramatic diagonal, overheadlighting.

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Example 32

South-westelevation Sections scale 1:500 Sectionthrough facade s c a l e1 : 2 0

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Clay bricks Capping,zinc sheeton cork board Steelchannel,180 mm Steelround section,75 mm dia. Spandrelpanelcapping,zinc sheet on cork board Steelchannel,160 mm Spandrelpanel: clay brickwork

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12 mm air space thermalinsulation,40 mm rigid expanded foam 195 mm reinforced concrete clay bricks 30 mm synthetic resin plaster Steelwindow,with insulatingglazing Windowsill, naturalstone

10 Floorconstruction: 40 mm naturalstone alsbs levellingmortarbed thermalinsulation,30 mm rigid expanded foam damp proof membrane screed laid to falls thermalinsulation,50 mm rigid expandedfoam '180 mm reinforced concrete

of Aveiro FacultyBuildingof the University MechanicalEngineering

1 1 Roof construction: 40 mm reconstitutedstone pavings levellingbed thermalinsulation,30 mm rigid expanded foam waterproofing screed laid to falls 180 mm reinforced concrete slab 40 mm synthetic resin plaster Wood/steelwindow

IJ Synthetic resin plaster, 50 mm 1 4 Clay bricks 1 5 Internalplaster, 20 mm t o Floor construction: floor finish of stone slabs 20 mm mortar bed 40 mm screed 180 mm reinforced concrete 40 mm timber battens 40 mm synthetic resin plaster

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of Aveiro FacultyBuildingof the University MechanicalEngineering

Sections North-eastelevation scale 1:500 Section through facade s c a l e1 : 2 0 17 Wall construction: 110 x 80 mm clay bricksin stretcher bond 12 mm air space thermalinsulation,40 mm rigid expanded foam 195 mm reinforced concrete clay bricks in stretcherbond, 1 1 5m m 18 Glazedsteeldoor

1 9 Plinthconstruction: clay brickwork 50 mm mortarfilling '195 mm reinforcedconcrete 20 Horizontalglazing, laminatedsafety glass in steel frame Steelangle,60 x 70 x 8 mm 22 Guide rail for inspectioncradle 23 Plasterboard

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Example 33

Office building in Essen,Germany 1996 Architect: DetlefSommerof EckertNegwerSommerSuselbeek,Berlin Assistant: MarcJordi Sitemanager: HelmutHeimeshoff , Essen Structural engineers: A. Bruns,B. Szafranski, Berlin

Thisofficebuildingat the Christine Collieryprovidesa linkbetweenthe once separateoffices andthe existingproductlon building.Thesmall plot made it necessaryto erecta four-storey building. Thiscontainssimpleplanlayoutswith six officesper flooras well as the associated verticaland horizontalaccesszonesand servicecore.Theroomsarearrangedalongside a centralcorridor.The offsetbetweenthe two halvesof the buildinggivesriseto an interesting spatialeffect. Storey-height, narrowwindowsbreakup the simplecube,whilethe piersprovidea rhythmic structureto the facade.The layoutof the masonryis suchthatthe observergetsthe impression of a framework.However,the quality of the designconceptmanifestsitselfin the skilfulbalancebetweenpiersand openings. Consequently, specialattentionwas paid to carefuldetailing of the openings. Thefacingbrickworkof the outerleafconsists of Wittmunderpeat-firedbrickswiththe Oldenburgformat.Cavityinsulationand loadbearing calciumsilicatemasonrycompletethe external wallconstruction. Thewindowrevealsare carried aroundthe cornerswith a one-brick-deep bond. Thewindowsillsconsistof brick-on-edge courses,the lintelsof reinforcedconcreteclad in facingbrickwork.The windowswiththeir fixedglazing,woodenrevealsand wooden openingslightsfittedbehindthe outerleafform a distinctcontrastto the piersin orderto reinforcetheireffect. lronically, the closedopeningslights,offset fromthe planeof the window,formtheirown pierwithinthe openingand henceconsummatethe architectural setting. The loadbearing wallsadjacentthe internal corridorsare madefromthe samematerialas the outerleavesof the externalwalls.Theyillustratethe simplestructuralsystem:the exposedin-situconcretefloorsspanningbetween -------------....-...--/ externalwall and corridorwall,Masonryarchitecturebecomescontemporary whenused in ,-: suchan exciting,simpleyet subtleway.

Locationplan s c a l e1 : 1 2 5 0 East elevation 3rd floor Groundfloor s c a l e1 : 2 5 0

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Lobby Reception Office Tea kitchen Meeting room Existingbuilding

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Example33

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Officebuildingin Essen

Sections scale1:250 Window Elevation. Horizontalsection Sectionthrough facade scale 1:20

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Roof construction: 50 mm gravel waterproofing,bitumen sheeting, 3 layers thermal insulation,rigid expanded foam, with integralfalls,300-120mm 220 reinforced concrete slab, soffit exposed, rough formworkfinish Laminatedveneer lumber (LVL) board, 450 x 25 mm Timber section. 22Ox7O mm Flashing,1 mm zinc sheet, pre-weathered Parapetcapping, 1 mm zinc sheet, pre-weathered, on separating membrane V 13 Concreteupstand,160x400 mm Wooden window, merantiwith glazed finish, fixed glazing,insulatingglazingwith laminatedsafety grass

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Floor construction: 13 mm caroet 60 mm screed separating membrane '17 mm impactsound insulation 220 reinforced concrete slab, soffit exposed, rough formwork finish Brick-on-edgewindow sill, Wittmunderpealfired bricks, Oldenburg format, 52 x 1O5x 22Omm Thermalinsulation,110 mm mineralfibre Reinforcedconcretelintel,brick slip cladding Peripheraltimber cover strip,125 x 15 mm Convector heating under grating Openingpanelwith timber infill,merantiwith glazedfinish Wall construction: facing brickwork,Wittmunder peat-fired bricks, Oldenburg format, 52 x 105 x 220 mm thermalinsulation,110 mm mineralfibre 240 mm calcium silicate brickwork '15 mm gypsum plaster

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Example34

Housingcomplex in Hannover,Germany

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'1999 Architects: Fink+ Jocher,Munich Assistants: lvanGrafl,UlrikeWietzorrek, RudigerKrisch Structuralengineers: Bergmann+ Partner,Hannover

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! Situatedon the north-western edge of the developmentbuiltto coincidewith EXPO2000, this urbancomponentwith87 apartments, publicamenitiesand shopsformsthe gateway to Kronsberg,an entirelynew city suburb.The two mainfacadesof the buildinghavebeen givendifferenttreatments: a brickworkfacade with peat-firedfacingbricksand room-height Frenchwindowswithfoldingshuttersfacing the city,and a timberfacadebehindcontinuous,deep loggiasfacingthe innercourtyard. The sculpturedformof the blockwith equalsizedwindowelementsdistributedevenlyover the facadein an intriguingstaggeredarrangementlendsthe buildingbothstabilityand vitality.A largenumberof differentapartments, fromsimplelayoutwith hallto open plan,ofiers diversepossibilities with a constantbasic structure. The entireloadbearingstructureof the building was builtin precastconcrete.Thisresultedin fasterectionand low buildingcosts.Thereis an outerleafof 115 mm facingbrickswith a 10 mm air spaceand 120mm thermalinsulation.A contrastingprecastconcretecoping completesthe parapet.The windowlintels, alsoprecast,are clad with clay bricksin stretcherbond in orderto matchthe deothand appearanceof the 240 mm reveals.Fittedinto the revealsarewoodenfoldingshutterswhich helpto assertthe characterof the building.The precastconcretewindowsillsroundoff the homogeneous appearanceof the complex. Thefacadesto the innercourtyard,withtheir deep loggias,are clad in birchplywood.These loggiasraisethe livingstandardsof the complexand formthe transitionto the landscaped innercourtyard,generatinga contrastto the urbanenvironment.

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Section scale 1:250 Horizontalsection through junction betweenfacing brickwork and timber panel facade Horizontalsection through apartmentwindow Horizontalsection through staircasewindow Section through street facade scale 1:20 1 Plywood panel, 18 mm birch, both sides coated with phenolic resin 2 Woodenlining,20Ox 40 mm 3 Wooden glazed door, with insulatingglazing 4 Supporting construction,40 x 40 mm timber sections 5 Wall construction: peat-firedfacing bricks,NF 115 mm 10 mm air space thermal insulation,120 mm mineralfibre 180 mm reinforced concrete 6 4-part folding shutters of s-ply timber boarding,with edge beading in weatherproofglue, guide tracks top and bottom,2 No. 15 mm 7 Balustradeof steel flats, galvanized,micacious ironoxide coating,35 x 8 mm 8 \Mndow sill, precast concrete, overhang with drip, 50 mm 9 Wooden window, 2 lights, with insulatingglazing 10 Horizontal-pivotwindow, with insulatingglazing, spandrel pane fixed, inner pane of laminated safety glass 11 Plasterboard,12.5mm 12 Thermal insulation,80 mm '13 Ring beam, autoclaved aerated concrete channelblock 14 Rendering,25 mm 15 Tenaceconstruction: pavingsin gravelbed 15 mm impactsound insulation waterproofing 200 mm thermal insulation vapour barrier 220 mm reinforced concrete slab 16 Sheet metal flashing 17 ParapeYspandrelpanel: peat-burned facing bricks in stretcher bond, N F 1 1 5m m 10 mm air soace thermalinsulation,120 mm mineralfibre 175 mm aerated concrete 1 8 Open perpend 1 9 Thermal insulation,60 mm rigid expanded foam 20 Horizontalgroove, with fall to outside 2 1 Ventilationelement 22 Steel angle as support for window sill

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Housingcomplexin Hannover

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Example34

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HParapetcoping, precast concrete Reinforcedconcretelintel,with clay brick slip cladding Flashing,1 mm titanium-zinc sheet Roof constructionwith extensive planting: vegetationlayer filterlayer 120 mm drainagelayer waterproofing 200 mm thermalinsulation waterproofing 220 mm reinforced concreteslab

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5 Wall construction: peat-burnedfacing bricks, N F 1 1 5m m 1 0 m m a i rs p a c e thermalinsulation,120 mm m i n e r afli b r e 180mm reinforcedconcretewall 6 L i g h t i n g4, 5 0 x 1 0 0x 1 0 0 m m 7 Woodenframe door,with inset steelframeand insulating glazing 8 Kickerplate,1 mm brushed stainlesssteel 9 Reinforcedconcrete, waterproof,250 mm

10 HorizontaFpivotwooden window, wjth insulatingglazing, spandrelpane fixed, inner pane of laminatedsafety glass 11 Thermalinsulation,80 mm 1 2 Plasterboard,12.5mm 13 Timbersection,180 x 70 mm 1 4 Laminatedveneerlumber (LVL)board,with solidwood e d g e b e a d i n g2 , 8 mm 1 5 Terrace construction: pavingsin gravelbed 15 mm impactsound insulation waterproofing 200 mm thermalinsulation

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vapourbarrier 220 mm reinforced concreteslab Roof to balcohy, precast concreteelement Wall construction: plywood,18 mm birch,both sides coatedwith phenolic resin 40 mm air space thermalinsulation,120 mm mineralfibre 180 mm reinforcedconcrete watl Mat in steelangleframe 220 mm reinforcedconcreteslab

Housingcomplexin Hannover

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