Mangement

Introduction: Introduction: There are two main management theories and both have been around since early last century. Both of these theories still revolve around the use of the four main management functions but both different ways. These theories have had supporters across many fields and both are still alive and well today. In 1911, Frederick Winslow Taylor published his work, The Principles of Management, in which he described how the application of scientific method to the management of workers greatly could improve productivity. Scientific management methods called for optimizing the way that tasks were performed and simplifying the jobs enough so that workers could be trained to perform their specialized sequence of motions in the one “best” way. Taylor`s scientific management approach is used today in Australia`s manufacturing sector and as we move towards a casual work force, it will become more common, as the behavioral management structure of socially based improvements becomes harder to implement in a situation where employees are turned over quite quickly. Taylor devised a four part principles of management method. 1) Study each part of a task and develop the best methods for performing it. 2) Select workers with direct thought to the tasks they will have to perform and train them in the most efficient ways. 3) Ensure the workers perform each task using the proper methods. 4) Divide the planning and performing functions and delegate them to management and worker respectively. Engineering Management is a term that is used to describe a specialized form of management that is required to successfully lead engineering personnel and projects. The term can be used to describe either functional management or project management- leading technical professionals who are working in the fields of product development, manufacturing, construction, design engineering, industrial engineering, technology, production, or any other field that employs personnel who perform an engineering function. Successful engineering managers typically require training and experience in both general management (which may include business administration) and the specific engineering disciplines that will be used by the engineering team to be managed. But additionally, the successful engineering manager must understand that the factors that cause certain individuals to pursue careers in engineering are often quite different than those for individuals who are driven by purely entrepreneurial thinking. Consequently,

the skills necessary to coach, mentor and motivate technical professionals are often very different from those that are required for individuals in other fields. Planning, organizing, developing and controlling are some parts of the Engineering Management, and their definitions are shown below. There are two main management theories and both have been around since early last century. Both of these theories still revolve around the use of the four main management functions but both different ways. These theories have had supporters across many fields and both are still alive and well today. In 1911, Frederick Winslow Taylor published his work, The Principles of Management, in which he described how the application of scientific method to the management of workers greatly could improve productivity. Scientific management methods called for optimizing the way that tasks were performed and simplifying the jobs enough so that workers could be trained to perform their specialized sequence of motions in the one “best” way. Taylor`s scientific management approach is used today in Australia`s manufacturing sector and as we move towards a casual work force, it will become more common, as the behavioral management structure of socially based improvements becomes harder to implement in a situation where employees are turned over quite quickly. Taylor devised a four part principles of management method. 5) Study each part of a task and develop the best methods for performing it. 6) Select workers with direct thought to the tasks they will have to perform and train them in the most efficient ways. 7) Ensure the workers perform each task using the proper methods. 8) Divide the planning and performing functions and delegate them to management and worker respectively.

Planning in organizations and public policy is both the organizational process of creating and maintaining a plan; and the psychological process of thinking about the activities required to create a desired goal on some scale. As such, it is a fundamental property of intelligent behavior. This thought process is essential to the creation and refinement of a plan, or integration of it with other plans, that is, it combines forecasting of developments with the preparation of scenarios of how to react to them. The term is also used to describe the formal procedures used in such an endeavor, such as the creation of documents diagrams, or meetings to discuss the important issues to be addressed, the objectives to be met, and the strategy to be followed. Beyond this, planning has a different meaning depending on the political or economic context in which it is used. Two attitudes to planning need to be held in tension: on the one hand we need to be prepared for what may lie ahead, which may mean contingencies and flexible processes. On the other hand, our future is shaped by consequences of our own planning and actions. Overview Planning is a process for accomplishing purpose. It is blue print of business growth and a road map of development. It helps in deciding objectives both in quantitative and qualitative terms. It is setting of goals on the basis of objectives and keeping in view the resources. What should a plan be? A plan should be a realistic view of the expectations. Depending upon the activities, a plan can be long range, intermediate range or short range. It is the framework within which it must operate. For management seeking external support, the plan is the most important document and key to growth. Preparation of a comprehensive plan will not guarantee success, but lack of a sound plan will almost certainly ensure failure. Purpose of Plan Just as no two organizations are alike, so also their plans. It is therefore important to prepare a plan keeping in view the necessities of the enterprise. A plan is an important aspect of business. It serves the following three critical functions: •

Helps management to clarify, focus, and research their business's or project's development and prospects.

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Provides a considered and logical framework within which a business can develop and pursue business strategies over the next three to five years.

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Offers a benchmark against which actual performance can be measured and reviewed.

Importance of the planning Process Planning is concerned with the future impact of today`s decisions. It is fundamental function of management from which the other three-stem (organizing, directing, controlling.). The need for planning is often apparent after the fact. However, planning is cay to postpone in the short-run. Postponement of planning especially

plagues labor oriented, hands on managers. The vision of planning are for nonspecific directional and motivational guidance for the entire organization. To managers normally provide a vision for the business. It is the most emotional of the four levels in the hierarchy of purposes, and its mission is for an organization`s reason for being. It is concerned with scope of the business and what distinguishes this business from similar businesses. Mission reflects the culture and values of top management. A plan can play a vital role in helping to avoid mistakes or recognize hidden opportunities. Preparing a satisfactory plan of the organization is essential. The planning process enables management to understand more clearly what they want to achieve, and how and when they can do it. A well-prepared business plan demonstrates that the managers know the business and that they have thought through its development in terms of products, management, finances, and most importantly, markets and competition. Planning helps in forecasting the future, makes the future visible to some extent. It bridges between where we are and where we want to go. Planning is looking ahead. Types of plans or planning •

Architectural planning

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Business plan

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Comprehensive planning

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Enterprise Architecture Planning

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Event Planning and Production

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Family planning

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Financial planning

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Land use planning

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Life planning

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Marketing plan

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Network resource planning

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Strategic planning

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Urban planning

An architectural plan is a plan for architecture, and the documentation of written and graphic descriptions of the architectural elements of a building project including sketches, drawings and details. discussions of various topics relating to business plans.

A business plan is a formal statement of a set of business goals, the reasons why they are believed attainable, and the plan for reaching those goals. It may also contain background information about the organization or team attempting to reach those goals. The business goals may be defined for for-profit or for non-profit organizations. For-profit business plans typically focus on financial goals, such as profit or creation of wealth. Non-profit and government agency business plans tend to focus on organizational mission which is the basis for their governmental status or their non-profit, tax-exempt status, respectively -- although nonprofits may also focus on optimizing revenue. In non-profit organizations, creative tensions may develop in the effort to balance mission with "margin" (or revenue). Business plans may also target changes in perception and branding by the customer, client, tax-payer, or larger community. A business plan having changes in perception and branding as its primary goals is called a marketing plan. Business plans may be internally or externally focused. Externally focused plans target goals that are important to external stakeholders, particularly financial stakeholders. They typically have detailed information about the organization or team attempting to reach the goals. With for-profit entities, external stakeholders include investors and customers.[1] External stake-holders of nonprofits include donors and the clients of the non-profit's services.[2] For government agencies, external stakeholders include tax-payers, higher-level government agencies, and international lending bodies such as the IMF, the World Bank, various economic agencies of the UN, and development banks. Internally focused business plans target intermediate goals required to reach the external goals. They may cover the development of a new product, a new service, a new IT system, a restructuring of finance, the refurbishing of a factory or a restructuring of the organization. An internal business plan is often developed in conjunction with a balanced scorecard or a list of critical success factors. This allows success of the plan to be measured using non-financial measures. Business plans that identify and target internal goals, but provide only general guidance on how they will be met are called strategic plans. Operational plans describe the goals of an internal organization, working group or department.[3] Project plans, sometimes known as project frameworks, describe the goals of a particular project. They may also address the project's place within the organization's larger strategic goals.[4][5] Comprehensive planning is a term used in the United States by land use planners to describe a process that determines community goals and aspirations in terms of community development. The outcome of comprehensive planning is the Comprehensive Plan which dictates public policy in terms of transportation, utilities, land use, recreation, and housing. Comprehensive plans typically encompass large geographical areas, a broad range of topics, and cover a long-term time horizon. Enterprise Architecture Planning (EAP) in Enterprise Architecture is the planning process of defining architectures for the use of information in support of the business and the plan for implementing those architectures.[2]

Event planning is the process of planning a festival, ceremony, competition, party, or convention. Event planning includes budgeting, establishing dates and alternate dates, selecting and reserving the event site, acquiring permits, and coordinating transportation and parking. Event planning also includes some or all of the following, depending on the event: developing a theme or motif for the event, arranging for speakers and alternate speakers, coordinating location support (such as electricity and other utilities), arranging decor, tables, chairs, tents, event support and security, catering, police, fire, portable toilets, parking, signage, emergency plans, health care professionals, and cleanup. Event Planning is a relatively new career field. There is now training that helps one trying to break into the career field. There must be training for an event planner to handle all the pressure and work efficiently. This career deals with a lot of communication and organization aspects. There are many different names for an event planner such as a conference coordinator, a convention planner, a special event coordinator, and a meeting manager. In general usage, a financial plan can be a budget, a plan for spending and saving future income. This plan allocates future income to various types of expenses, such as rent or utilities, and also reserves some income for short-term and long-term savings. A financial plan can also be an investment plan, which allocates savings to various assets or projects expected to produce future income, such as a new business or product line, shares in an existing business, or real estate. In business, a financial plan can refer to the three primary financial statements (balance sheet, income statement, and cash flow statement) created within a business plan. Financial forecast or financial plan can also refer to an annual projection of income and expenses for a company, division or department.[1] A financial plan can also be an estimation of cash needs and a decision on how to raise the cash, such as through borrowing or issuing additional shares in a company.[2] While a financial plan refers to estimating future income, expenses and assets, a financing plan or finance plan usually refers to the means by which cash will be acquired to cover future expenses, for instance through earning, borrowing or using saved cash. Land use planning is the term used for a branch of public policy which encompasses various disciplines which seek to order and regulate the use of land in an efficient and ethical way. Despite confusing nomenclature, the essential function of land use planning remains the same whatever term is applied. The Canadian Institute of Planners offers a definition that: "[Land use] planning means the scientific, aesthetic, and orderly disposition of land, resources, facilities and services with a view to securing the physical, economic and social efficiency, health and wellbeing of urban and rural communities"[ A marketing plan is a written document that details the necessary actions to achieve one or more marketing objectives. It can be for a product or service, a brand, or a product line. Marketing plans cover between one and five years. A marketing plan may be part of an overall business plan. Solid marketing strategy is the foundation of a well-written marketing plan. While a marketing plan contains a list of actions, a marketing plan without a sound strategic foundation is of little use. Network Resource Planning is an enhanced process of network planning that incorporates the disciplines of business planning, marketing, and

engineering to develop integrated, dynamic master plans for all domains of communications networks. Strategic planning is an organization's process of defining its strategy, or direction, and making decisions on allocating its resources to pursue this strategy, including its capital and people. Various business analysis techniques can be used in strategic planning, including SWOT analysis (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats ) and PEST analysis (Political, Economic, Social, and Technological analysis) or STEER analysis (Socio-cultural, Technological, Economic, Ecological, and Regulatory factors) and EPISTEL (Environment, Political, Informatic, Social, Technological, Economic and Legal) Urban, city, and town planning is the integration of the disciplines of land use planning and transport planning, to explore a very wide range of aspects of the built and social environments of urbanized municipalities and communities. Regional planning deals with a still larger environment, at a less detailed level. Based upon the origins of urban planning from the Roman (pre-dark ages) era, the current discipline revisits the synergy of the disciplines of urban planning, architecture and landscape architecture, varying upon from the interlectural strategic positioning from university to university. Another key role of urban planning is urban renewal, and re-generation of inner cities by adapting urban planning methods to existing cities suffering from long-term infrastructural decay.[1] Planning basics Essentials of planning Planning is not done off hand. It is prepared after careful and extensive research. For a comprehensive business plan, management has to 1. Clearly define the target / goal in writing. 1. It should be set by a person having authority. 2. The goal should be realistic. 3. It should be specific. 4. Acceptability 5. Easily measurable 2. Identify all the main issues which need to be addressed. 3. Review past performance. 4. Decide budgetary requirement. 5. Focus on matters of strategic importance. 6. What are requirements and how will they be met?

7. What will be the likely length of the plan and its structure? 8. Identify shortcomings in the concept and gaps.

9. Strategies for implementation. 10. Review periodically. Applications [edit] In organizations Planning is also a management function, concerned with defining goals for future organizational performance and deciding on the tasks and resources to be used in order to attain those goals. To meet the goals, managers may develop plans such as a business plan or a marketing plan. Planning always has a purpose. The purpose may be achievement of certain goals or targets. The planning helps to achieve these goals or target by using the available time and resources. To minimize the timing and resources also require proper planning. [edit] In public policy Planning refers to the practice and the profession associated with the idea of planning an idea yourself, (land use planning, urban planning or spatial planning). In many countries, the operation of a town and country planning system is often referred to as 'planning' and the professionals which operate the system are known as 'planners'....... It is a conscious as well as sub-conscious activity. It is “an anticipatory decision making process ” that helps in coping with complexities. It is deciding future course of action from amongst alternatives. It is a process that involves making and evaluating each set of interrelated decisions. It is selection of missions, objectives and “ translation of knowledge into action.” A planned performance brings better results compared to unplanned one. A Managers’ job is planning, monitoring and controlling. Planning and goal setting are important traits of an organization. It is done at all levels of the organization. Planning includes the plan, the thought process, action, and implementation.Planning gives more power over the future. Planning is deciding in advance what to do, how to do it, when to do it, and who should do it. It bridges the gap from where the organization is to where it wants to be. The planning function involves establishing goals and arranging them in logical order. two or more than erp systems are available for any planning decision

Organizing Is the act of rearranging elements following one or more rules. Anything is commonly considered organized when it looks like everything has a correct order of placement. But it's only ultimately organized if any element has no difference on time taken to find it. In that sense, organizing can also be defined as to place different objects in logical arrangement for better searching. Organizations are groups of people frequently trying to organize some specific subject, such as political issues. So, even while organizing can be viewed as a simple definition, it can get as complex as organizing the world's information. Organizing, in companies point of view, is the management function that usually follows after planning. And it involves the assignment of tasks, the grouping of tasks into departments and the assignment of authority and allocation of resources across the organization.

Organizing can be viewed as the activities to collect and configure resources in order to implement plans in a highly effective and efficient fashion. Organizing is a broad set of activities, and often considered one of the major functions of management. Therefore, there are a wide variety of topics in organizing. The following are some of the major types of organizing required in a business organization. Organizing is establishing the internal organizational structure of the organization. The focus is on division, coordination, and control of tasks and the flow of information within the organization. It is in the function that managers distribute authority to job holders. Work specialization •

The degree to which organizational tasks are sub divided into individual jobs; also called division of labour

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With too much specialization, employees are isolated and do only a single, tiny, boring job.

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Many organizations enlarge jobs or rotate assigned tasks in order to provide greater challenges.

Authority, responsibility, and accountability •

Authority - formal and legitimate right of a manager to make decisions, issue orders, and allocate resources to achieve organizationally desired outcomes.

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Responsibility - duty to perform the task or activity an employee has been assigned

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Accountability - the fact that the people with authority and responsibility are subject to reporting and justifying task outcomes to those above them in the chain of command

Delegation •

The process managers use to transfer authority and responsibility to positions below them in the hierarchy

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Organizations today tend to encourage delegation from highest to lowest possible levels

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Can improve flexibility to meet customers’ needs and adaptation to competitive environments

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Managers often find delegation difficult

Types of authority •

Line authority - in which individuals in management positions have the formal power to direct and control immediate subordinates.

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Staff authority - granted to staff specialists in their areas of expertise. Narrower than line authority and includes the right to advise, recommend, and counsel in the staff specialists' area of expertise. It is a communication relationship with management. It has an influence that derives indirectly from line authority at a higher level.

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Functional authority - in which individuals in management positions have formal power over a specific subset of activities. A legal department, for instance, may have functional authority to interfere in any activity that could have legal consequences.

Directing or Leading Directing means influencing people`s behavior through motivation, communication, group dynamics, leadership and discipline. The purpose of directing is to channel the behavior of all personnel to accomplish the organization`s mission and objectives while simultaneously helping them accomplish their own career objectives.

Leadership has been described as the “process of social influence in which one person can enlist the aid and support of others in the accomplishment of a common task”. A definition more inclusive of followers comes from Alan Keith of Genentech who said "Leadership is ultimately about creating a way for people to contribute to making something extraordinary happen." According to Jules Masserman, United States psychoanalyst and professor of the Chicago University, Leaders must fulfill three functions~~ The Leader must provide for the well-being of the lead. The leader or would be leader must provide a social organization in which people feel relatively secure and that this leader must provide his people with one set of beliefs. Famous quote by Napoleon Bonaparte states that a leader is a dealer in hope. Leadership is one of the most salient aspects of the organizational context. However, defining leadership has been challenging. The following sections discuss several important aspects of leadership including a description of what leadership is and a description of several popular theories and styles of leadership. This page also dives into topics such as the role of emotions and vision, as well leadership effectiveness and performance. Finally, this page discusses leadership in different contexts, how it may differ from related concepts (i.e., management), and some critiques that have been raised about leadership. Control (management) Control is one of the managerial functions like planning, organizing, staffing and directing. It is an important function because it helps to check the errors and to take the corrective action so that deviation from standards are minimized and stated goals of the organization are achieved in desired manner. Controlling is determining that is being accomplished, the performance and if necessary, applying corrective measures so that the performance takes place according to plans. According to modern concepts, control is a foreseeing action whereas earlier concept of control was used only when errors were detected. Control in management

means setting standards, measuring actual performance and taking corrective action. Thus, control comprises these three main activities. It helps maintain compliance with essential organizational rules and policies. It also helps ensure that objectives and accomplishments are consistent with one another throughout an organization.