Management Accounting In The 21st Century

Management Accounting in the 21st Century By Harry Byrne Management accounting has undergone a transformation over the years. However, a constant theme in management accounting is that its role is to provide what a business requires and what managers need and want. This contrasts strongly with financial accounting which is governed by external laws and standards. In the commercial environment, Chartered Management Accountants help organisations establish viable strategies and convert them into profit, or value for money in a not-for-profit context. To achieve this, they have to work effectively in multiskilled management teams. A number of activities are core to the work of management accountants and these include: •

Planning and controlling activities Performance management aligns business unit and corporate performance targets with the objective of maximising shareholder value. The principal activities of performance management include setting targets, monitoring performance, and responding to differences between actual and expected results. The way organisations plan and control varies generally between two schools. The first is for top management to set overall strategic and financial goals and targets for the organisation and then task the business units to achieve them – a top-down process. The second school, and one that is gaining more popularity, is that performance targets should be plan driven. The company’s performance targets are the products of, rather than determinants, of the business unit and corporate centre strategies.

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Decision-making Effective decision-making is, of course, the backbone of performance in organisations.

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Resource allocation and efficient resource usage Determining the right quantity of resources and ensuring that they are leveraged efficiently is the most important consequence of strategic planning. Management accountants have embraced a number of techniques to facilitate strategy execution and efficient resource usage such as reducing inventories through Total Quality Management approaches, the Balanced Scorecard and strategy mapping and activity based management– all approaches now widely used.

Other important areas that have been rising in prominence include: •

Performance improvement and value enhancement

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Safeguarding and reporting on tangible and intangible assets

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Corporate governance and internal control

Key skills While the traditional technical accounting skills are important, they are no longer the predominant skill set for emerging management accountants. New skills required are generally in two areas – hard and soft skills. Hard skills include IT proficiency and the ability to understand, design and communicate new accounting systems using the latest technologies. A broad business understanding is required which includes knowledge of market dynamics and key success factors, strategic objectivity, and knowledge of key operational value drivers.

Soft skills, which are not always the strength of accountants, include communications internally and externally, interpersonal, relationship building, leadership and conviction and being sensitive to and managing different organisational mindsets. A profession transforming There are many macro drivers of change that accountants should be aware of, namely, the globalisation of product and capital markets, business and competition driven primarily by the liberalisation of global capital and the information technology revolution. Other drivers of change are the transformation to a knowledge economy and the centrality of intangibles to wealth creation. The dynamics of change have speeded up together with increasing unpredictability and ambiguity. The new business environment is characterised by the empowerment of customers and the skilling and empowerment of front-line staff to make organisations more responsive to customers. Increasingly, there are flexible organisational structures based on networks and alliances and these are re-focused around core competencies. Shifts in the nature of management have placed a premium on better strategic management, decision making and change management. All these result in a blurring of professional domains and the structures of professionalism. Enterprise wide information systems allow managers to access data and reports thereby bypassing the finance function. Many managers will be very computer literate and will get their day-to-day needs from databases within the company. Routine accounting activities may be moved to shared service centres or outsourced. Many of the major multinational companies have developed shared service centres either individually or in partnership, where routine accounting operations and other back office activities are drawn together into single, specialist offices. Opportunities In the light of changes in the business environment, opportunities are presented to management accountants in different areas. •

Better forms of management and measurement. The skills of management accountants predisposes them to new forms of management and measurement that are better at assessing company performance and formulating and executing strategy such as shareholder value analysis and the Balanced Scorecard

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Risk, control and assurance role. Their background in evaluating controls and monitoring and performance management provides a good basis for roles in risk and control in organisations

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Financial analysis and planning will remain the preserve of accountants and financial discipline is the basis of the challenging mentality that needs to exist in organisations. Financial awareness both at operational and strategic level is critical before decisions are taken.

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The experience of finance professionals in mergers/acquisitions and corporate reconstruction is a crucial input into organisational design.

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Accountants with their business acumen can provide consultancy and advisory services, which is seen as an ideal background for being effective business partners and working at a strategic level.

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IT development is deskilling routine account and budget preparation but freeing up management accountants for more advance diagnostic, advisory, decision-making and control work.

The scenario in 2010 A study by the International Federation of Accountants (IFAC) indicates the role of the finance professional in 2010. The first is that of information provider. To improve strategic thinking and decision-making capability and to empower employees to manage operations on a day-to-day basis will require: •

Analysis, and not just quantity of reporting

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User friendly systems which can handle a dynamic environment

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Data integration and integrity

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Web-enabled decision support tools

The finance professional will also act as a guardian involved in compliance, control and risk management. In addition, they may act as a partner to the CEO although the relationship would often depend on the organisation and its culture. A further challenge for management accountants and CFOs will be to communicate strategy internally and externally, particularly as management’s credibility is one of the most crucial intangible value drivers common to all businesses today. First class communication skills will be invaluable to finance professionals on two levels. Internally, written and verbal communication of very high quality will be needed, particularly as finance professionals will be increasingly moved into the front lines (at operational and strategic level) to develop non-financial people to be more financially aware. Externally, finance professionals will be subject to negotiations with funds providers, outsource and service providers, auditors, lawyers, business partners, customers, suppliers, governments and many others. In essence, finance professionals need to review their role and re-invent themselves to face the challenges ahead. Harry Byrne FCMA is a Past President of CIMA. This article is contributed by CIMA (The Chartered Institute of Management Accountants), the leading professional accountancy body in the world that trains and qualifies accountants in business. It offers the internationally recognised CIMA Professional Qualification in Management Accounting. Currently CIMA has 155,000 members and students throughout the world.