Makron Skyphos Drinking Cupjse

White text: p.47-48 Black text: p.51-55

MAKRON Skyphos

Makron Makron was one of the most important, and probably the most prolific of all the Red-Figure artists. Over 600 vases have been attributed to him in his career during the 480s-470s BC. He most often painted Kylikes and Skyphoi. He worked with Hieron on over 30 vases. Makron is significant because of the effort he took to make his drapery look realistic.

Shape: Skyphos, a deep drinking cup Function: Drinking wine Painter: Makron

Potter: Hieron Technique: Red-Figure Date: 490-480 BC

Dimensions

Height: 21cm

Inscriptions • All figures have their names painted beside them in purple slip. • Both potter and painter signed their names. • Makron’s name is under one of the handles.

Decoration Overview This vase shows a step towards naturalism. Makron was very interested in showing as much detail as possible, and was particularly good at showing folds in women’s drapery. Also, Makron borders his frieze with a regular meander border.

Side A The Abduction of Helen

The Myth Helen was the daughter of Zeus and Queen Leda of Sparta. She was said to be the most beautiful woman alive and most of the princes of Greece wanted to marry her. Her stepfather, King Tyndareus of Sparta, was worried that quarrels between the suitors would lead to war. Odysseus suggested a plan to avoid war.

Tyndareus made all the suitors swear that they would protect Helen’s marriage, whoever it was with. Thus satisfied, he gave her to Menelaus, who became the next King of Sparta. Helen and Menelaus had at least one child together until, one day, Paris of Troy arrived in Sparta.

Paris (also known as Alexander) was the youngest son of Priam and Hecuba of Troy. Just before his birth, Hecuba had a dream in which her new son turned into a firebrand which caught hold and destroyed the city. Another of Priam’s sons, who could interpret dreams, said that this new baby was born for the ruin of Troy and should be left to die.

Priam gave his son to a shepherd, who left him to die, but a she-bear found him and suckled him. The shepherd came back to find the child still alive and decided to bring him up. Years later, Paris visited Troy and was recognised by his sister Cassandra, before being welcomed back into the family by his father, Priam. One day, while Paris was watching his father’s flocks, Hermes approached him.

Hermes brought three the goddesses Hera, Athena and Aphrodite. They were contesting for possession of an apple, inscribed “For the fairest”, which had been thrown among the guests at the wedding of Thetis and Peleus. Eris (Strife) had not been invited and the resulting argument was too tricky for Zeus to get involved with. Paris was chosen as the man to make the decision.

The three jealous goddesses were anxious to win the prize, and all offered Paris bribes to win his favour: – Hera promised him sovereignty over all men. – Athena promised victory in war and wisdom. – Aphrodite promised him the hand of the most beautiful woman in the world.

Paris gave the apple to Aphrodite, and set sail for Sparta, where Helen lived with her new husband, Menelaus.

Menelaus welcomed Paris and entertained him for 9 days, but when he was absent in Crete on the 10th, Paris abducted Helen and took her back to Troy. This is the origin of the Trojan War, which began when Menelaus reminded the Greek kings about their oath to protect the marriage of Helen, and raised a huge Greek army to attack Troy in order to win her back.

The Boys

Paris’ companion, Aeneas. He is armed with a spear and shield, and leads the party, looking back over his shoulder.

Paris’s legs are wide apart, suggesting movement. He too is looking back over his shoulder, as if he might be being pursued, and he leads Helen by the wrist not the hand. He wears a Corinthian helmet, but not as it would be worn in battle

A servant stands under one handle.

The Girls

Helen is the central figure, being led by Paris

The first maidservant is Aphrodite, Goddess of Love, who is putting a cloak over Helen’s head to disguise her.

Helen is accompanied by two maidservants

The second maidservant is called Peitho (persuasion). She stands, watching the abduction, holding flowers in her hand.

Finally:

Eros, son of Aphrodite, is also present. This reinforces the notion that Helen is going with Paris due to seduction not abduction.

Composition 1

Aeneas and Peitho frame the central trio

The important figures are painted in the centre of the frieze.

Aeneas and Peitho frame the central trio

Composition 2

The male figures are moving

The female figures are static

Composition 3

The narrative moves right to left

Overlapping

Single groundline

All the figures shown on the vase are overlapping. Since they are so close together and the drapery is so similar, Makron has a difficult job to make each figure distinct, but he succeeds. This creates a sense of depth.

Side B Menelaus reclaims Helen

The Myth After eleven years of war, Troy was defeated.

The Boys

Kriseus, an old man with a realistic white beard

Menelaus, King of Sparta, is portrayed fully armed. He is drawing his sword, about to attack his unfaithful wife.

The elderly Priam sits on an elaborate throne underneath the handle. He is balding and a lightcoloured slip suggests grey hair

The Girls

The second maidservant, Kriseis, is ready to help

Aphrodite, Helen’s maidservant, holds her arms open towards Helen.

Helen flees towards Aphrodite, but looks back over her shoulder at the angry Menelaus

Composition 1

Kriseus and Kriseis are onlookers

The important figures are painted in the centre of the frieze.

Priam is an onlooker

Composition 2

These figures mimic the pose of the static figures on Side A

These figures mimic the pose of Aeneas and Paris on Side A

Composition 3

The narrative moves right to left

Overlapping

Single groundline Again, all the figures are overlapping. Makros creates a sense of depth by painting Menelaus behind his shield.

Height of the figures All figures are the same height – filling the height of the vase – except two. Priam and the boy both fit neatly underneath the handles on either side.

the himation, a cloak, usually of wool • himation was an elegant, everyday garment worn by men and women • woman’s version was lighter in size • could be worn draped around the body, variety of different manners.

The doric

Chiton, a short or long tunic

• much lighter, made from linen, than the himation • usually worn next to the skin • comfortable and easy to wear, and elegant • fashionable during red-figure period

Linen’s transparency allows the artist to show anatomy underneath the material

The

ionic chiton

• wide rectangular piece of cloth, worn to the ankle • elegant drapes and evenly pleated • had coloured garments for festive occasions, long and white worn by respectable women

Drapery

• Makron was particularly skilled at

showing the details of drapery. • His drapery shows amazing detail and accuracy. • Lines close together indicate fine material, while heavier material is shown by lines further apart. • He then added depth and texture by painting another layer of glaze on top to suggest 3-D. • The drapery swells to suggest movement. • Material folds end in curving zig-zags, not straight lines. • Not all material folds end in zig-zags – see the cloak between Paris’ legs on Side

Makron’s artistic skills • all figures close to one another and they overlap, yet we can distinguish each one

• consistent curves at the end of drapery, swelling of drapery expresses movement

• skilled drawing allows us to distinguish between chitons with their closely drawn lines & the more widely spaced lines of the himation

• Anatomy painted in slip under drapery, interest in how the body moves

Painting technique • Makron uses dilute glaze to add details: – Women’s hair – The Lion on Aeneas’ shield – Aeneas’ and Paris’ sandals

See Black text Plates 11 and 12