Main Paper Presentation.docx

Power Generation Using Piezoelectric Materials By Placing It Beneath The Sleepers Of Railway Tracks Om Prakash Sharma , Parikshit Balpande, Mayur Wanjari , Nitesh Charpe dept. of Electrical Engineering Yeshwantrao Chavan College Of Engineering Nagpur, India

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Abstract – Science means constantly walking a tightrope between blind faith and curiosity; between expertise and creativity; between bias and openness; between experience and epiphany; between ambition and passion; and between arrogance and conviction - in short, between an old today and a new tomorrow. So, from the perspective of better tomorrow our project is based on power generation with the help of piezoelectric material by placing it beneath the railway sleeper track,so converting abundance of mechanical energy into electrical energy. India being a country whose sole & most important method of transportation is railway can reduce its dependency on oil and fossils for meeting its energy requirements by adopting these smart energy generation technologies. Hence, we are planning to set up power generation mechanism alongside railway so that our dependency on oil imports and non-renewable sources can be reduced which will not only make India a green abode but will also boost its economy significantly So, from the wisdom of our research related to this project we can assure that if this methodology of power generation is adopted and implemented successfully then the electricity rates in our country will be thrashed to significantly low value.

increases. To overcome this energy demand we need to implement the methods of optimal utilization of energy sources and use of nonconventional resources. But such sources require high financial investments and low power output. Railway stations are one of such places which need electricity for the working of various appliances. The utilization of waste energy from railways locomotive and coaches is very much relevant in form of vibration, it will be very useful energy source. The power generated will be very much useful for the nearby railway stations thus eliminating the stations dependence on the other sources. In recent trends, there has been more focus in harnessing mechanical vibrations to generate power. So here we are using piezoelectric effect which converts mechanical vibrations into equivalent electrical energy which can be stored in batteries and used further.

II. PIEZOELECTRIC MATERIALS: Piezoelectric materials are materials that can produce electricity due to mechanical stress, such as compression. All piezoelectric materials are non conductive in order for the piezoelectric effect to occur and work. They can be separated into two groups: Crystals and Ceramics. Some examples of piezoelectric material are PZT(also known as lead zirconate titanate), barium titanate, and lithium niobate. These manmade materials have more pronounced effect than quartz and other natural piezoelectric materials. Compare PZT to quartz. PZT can produce more voltage for the same amount of applied mechanical stress. Conversely, applying voltage to PZT instead of quartz provides more movement. Quartz, a well-known piezoelectric material, is also the first known piezoelectric material. The Piezo electric material used is circular piezo dics of PZT (Lead

Keywords- [1].Piezoelectric materials [2].Piezoelectricity [3].Boost converter [4].Cf l inverter[5] Railway sleepers & tracks.

I. INTRODUCTION Now a day’s energy is one of the most important issue around the world. The rate of population growth of India is much higher as compare to other countries (1.1% annual change in India, 0.6% annual change in China).With the increase in population the load demand

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Zirconate Titanate).Disc dimensios are of diameter 35mm and thickness is 1.1mm.The discs are connected in parallel to increase the current generated.Output voltage of each disc is 3.5 volts.

IV. BLOCK DIAGRAM

PIEZOELECTRIC SENSOR

BLOCKING DIODE

BOOST CONVERTER

LOAD

INVERTER

BATTERY

Piezoelectric Sensor:

Fig: Piezo discs III.

PIEZOELECTRICITY:

The Phenomenon of generation of a voltage under Mechanical stress or Vibrations ie pressure is known as Piezoelectric effect (Mechanical stress may include touch, vibrations, pressure change, magnetic fields etc). Piezoelectric materials have the ability to produce electrical energy from mechanical energy like vibrations into electricity.

A piezoelectric sensor is a device that uses the piezoelectric effect, to measure changes in pressure, acceleration, temperature, strain, or force by converting them to an electrical charge.

Direct Piezoelectric Effect : The piezoelectric effect occurs through compression of a piezoelectric material. Piezoceramic material non conductive piezoelectric ceramic or crystal is placed between the two metal plates. For piezoelectricity to be generated, it needs that material to be compressed or squeezed. Mechanical stress applied to piezoelectric ceramic material generates electricity. As shown in figure above, there is voltage potential across the material .The two metal plates sandwitch the piezo crystal. The metal plates collect the charges which produces voltage i.e. piezoelectricity. In this way, the piezoelectric effect acts like a miniature battery, because its produces electricity. This is direct piezoelectric effect.

Blocking Diode: A blocking diode is a diode placed in an electrical circuit for the purpose of preventing electrical current from flowing in a specific direction. By function, all diodes block electrical current; however, blocking diodes are used specifically to prevent a reverse flow of electrical power in order to protect batteries, charging systems, or power generation systems. Blocking diodes are used heavily in green-energy systems such as solar or wind-powered electrical generators.we are using this diode to prevent battery from getting discharge. Boost converter: A boost converter is a DC-to-DC power converter that steps up voltage (while stepping down current) from its input (supply) to its output (load). It is a class of switched-mode power supply (SMPS) containing at least two semiconductors (a diode and a transistor) and at least one energy storage element: a capacitor, inductor, or the two in combination. To reduce voltage ripple, filters made of capacitors (sometimes in combination with inductors) are normally added to such a converter's output (load-side filter) and input (supply-side filter). Inverter: This is a small power inverter circuit that produce 230v ac at the output through transformer. This can be used as the emergency CFL lighting , CFL need AC input for operate and this circuit provides the AC to CFL . This cfl inverter circuit is operated using the 12v Lead acid battery which is mostly used in all homes. CFL inverter is a mini inverter that converts 12 v dc to 230 v ac. The 12 v dc from battery first passes to the 330

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uH choke that eliminates the noise from the circuit during the switching of the inverter transformer. The transformer used is a step_up transformer. CFL inverters are small, have switchover efficiency over 80%,and offer adjustable output of light.

V. WORKING: A Piezoelectric material is placed by digging hole inside a wooden platform such that it comes in middle of the railway sleepers track. When train starts moving , a force is generated along with mechanical vibration and this force acts upon the piezoelectric material which results in inducing an emf on the material. Thereafter, this emf is passed through a blocking diode which ensures unidirectional flow of current and restricts backward flow. Then this voltage is made to pass through a boost converter which increases the output voltage to a significant level. After that this generated voltage is stored in battery (lithium ion battery) .Finally this generated DC voltage is converted into AC with help of CFL inverter and utilized by different non-critical load.

Battery: An electric battery is a device consisting of one or more electrochemical cells with external connections provided to power electrical devices such as flashlights, smartphones, and electric cars. When a battery is supplying electric power, its positive terminal is the cathode and its negative terminal is the anode. We are using 6v, 5A battery.

CALCULATIONS: 1.Size of Crystals= Diameter=2.54cm,Thickness=1.1mm 2.Force/Pressure on Crystals=2.3psi=15.857 KN/𝑚2

MODEL DESCRIPTION:

3.Area of Crystals=5.067 𝐶𝑚2

SR.NO

COMPONENTS

DIMENSIONS

1

Railway track

Length=6feets

4.Types of Crystals= PZT 5.Emf induced/generated= p*g*t =3.5 V

Width=0.5feets 2

Circular disc

Where p=pressure on the material

Diameter=33mm Thickness=1.1mm

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Train

g=voltage sensitivity =

charge sensitivity Ɛ0∗Ɛ𝑟

Length=0.5feets t=thickness of the material Width=0.5feets 6.Crystal Position=0.2feet

SR.NO

COMPONENTS

RATINGS

1

DC Battery(for storage)

6V, 5A

7.Sleeper bed dimension=2.6m*10′′ *5.6′′ 8.Weight of train=

Lead Acid Battery(For Running Train)

Speed of train= 10rpm

12V, A.3 Ah/20 Hr

Length of the train=0.5feet Time period of train=0.166sec

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Circular Piezo

Output=3 V DC

3

CFL Inverter

Input=12 V dc

9.Life period of Crystal=10-15 years

Output=230V dc

10.Maximum pressure/Force accepted by Crystal= 5psi

4

DC Motor Train

for

Frequency = 6 Hz

12V, 10 RPM

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TYPES OF RAILWAY SLEEPERS: 1)Wooden Sleepers: These are commonly 254mm wide by 127mm thick in cross section by 2600 mm long. The sleepers are first seasoned (drying for up to 12 months so that to remove the juice/sap) and treated with preservative. Problems with wooden sleepers include rot, splitting, insect infestation, plate-cutting .Their useful life is short about 12 to 15 years.

4)Concrete Sleepers: They have design life of up to 40 years. They can easily be moulded into the required/design shape to withstand stresses induced by fast and heavy traffic. The weight of concrete sleepers is about 2.5 to 3 time the wooden sleepers. Pre-tensioned concrete sleepers are usually preferred now days. Concrete sleepers have become more common mainly due to greater economy and better support of the rails under high speed and heavy traffic than wooden sleepers.

2)Steel Sleepers: Steel sleepers are more often used because of stronger than wood and economical than concrete. They also have good life span. They are molded in trough shape and placed on ballast in inversed trough shape.

RECENT TRENDS : With the development of wireless technology and microelectro-mechanical technology, the flaws of electrochemical batteries as power sources have gradually appeared. On the contrary, piezoelectric vibration energy harvesters receive more attention because of their advantages of simple structure, no pollution .Beginning with the piezoelectric materials and their piezoelectricity, the piezoelectric vibration energy harvesters were reviewed on the aspects of structure design and energy harvesting circuit design. Based on the directivity and response band of the piezoelectric vibration energy harvesters, the improvements on the structure design were introduced in detail. In view of the energy harvesting efficiency, the improvements of the energy harvesting circuit design were also introduced. The development perspective of the piezoelectric vibration energy harvesters was summarized. The study will be helpful for the researchers who are engaged in the studying on the piezoelectric vibration energy harvesting.

3)Cast Iron Sleepers: Cast iron sleepers are widely used in the world especially in Indian railways. CST 9 type sleepers more famous in Indian railways. Cast iron is expensive in market when compared to some other sleeper materials. Hence it is uneconomical.

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FUTURE SCOPE:

3.

Wafi Danesh, Sandip Bhowmick, Nomir Muktadir, Md. Shamaul Amal “ A proposal for large scale electricity generation from high pressure applications using piezoelectric materials,” International Journal of Science and Advanced Technology, Vol 1 March 2011

4.

Young-Ku Jin, Subrata Sarker, Ki-Seong Lee, Hyun Woo Seo, Dong Min Kim, Piezoelectric materials for high performance energy harvesting devices”, IEEE Transactions on 2015

5.

Xiaoguang Yang, Yuanyuan Wang, Yingying Cao, Shan Liu, Zhenghan Zhao, and Guoya Dong, “A New Hybrid PiezoelectricElectromagnetic Vibration-Powered Generator and Its Model and Experiment Research,”408 IEEE Transactions On Applied Superconductivity, vol.24, no. 3, pp. 50002045000207, June 2014.

6.

Arpita Mukherjee and Uma Datta , “Comparative Study of Piezoelectric Materials Properties for Green Energy Harvesting fromVibration” ,2010 Annual IEEE India Conference (INDICON)

7.

Na Kong, and Dong Sam Ha, “Low-Power Design of a Self-Powered Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting System With Maximum Power PointTracking,” IEEE Transaction On Power Electronics, vol.27, no.5,pp.2298-2308, May 2012.

8.

Valentine Bolborici, Francis P. Dawson, and Mary C. Pugh, “Modeling of Composite Piezoelectric Structures With the Finite Volume Method,”IEEE Transactions On Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, And FrequencyControl, vol.59, no.1, pp.156-162, January 2012.

1.Security of railway tracks. 2.Maintainence of tracks. 3.Minimizing electricity bill. 4.Helpful in RF Communication. 5.Helpful in Shifting focus from conventional towards non conventional.

ADVANTAGES OF PIEZOELECTRIC EFFECT:      

High frequency response Energy will be generated throughout the year without depending on other factors. Self generating ,so no need of external source To Store the electricity in DC rechargeable source During power generation, no man power is required. Economical as generation cost is less.

CONCLUSION: In this paper, an effective and efficient vibration has introduced which can be used as a suitable renewable energy source. An effective and efficient new mechanical force and vibration has introduced which can be used as a suitable renewable energy source. Thus we can conclude that we can generate energy from vibrations on sleepers beneath the railway tracks with the proper usage of piezoelectric crystals. A lot of energy required by railway stations is now been generated by the sleepers itself. This energy thus can be used in nearby railway stations for working of various electrical appliances. The energy created is at cheaper rate and is pollutant free. The electricity which is generated will not be sufficient to make a station completely self-energy dependent. There is a future scope to work on the improvement of our described methodologies.

REFERENCES: 1.

Sajid P Kunhabdulla , Praveen Merala , Ashutosh Sahoo, “ Power Generation from Vibrations on the Sleepers Beneath Railwaytracks for Railway Stations” , IJIRSTvol-1,August 2014

2.

P. Aswal, J. Dave And P. Ansari, “Electricity Generation By Vibrating Piezoelectric Crystal in Roadway Using Simulink,” American International Journal of Research in Science , Technology, Engineering & Mathematics, vol.4,pp. 64-70, September- November,2013

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