Ltad 5- Physiology
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Long-Term Athlete Development Week 5: Physiology, Paediatric Physiology & Climate stress
Revision
Revision
Aims
Aims •
Chronological age Vs Biological age
Aims • •
Chronological age Vs Biological age Postnatal Growth: Scammon’s Curve
Aims • • •
Chronological age Vs Biological age Postnatal Growth: Scammon’s Curve Functional Development
Aims • • •
Chronological age Vs Biological age Postnatal Growth: Scammon’s Curve Functional Development ★
Cardiorespiratory system
Aims • • •
Chronological age Vs Biological age Postnatal Growth: Scammon’s Curve Functional Development ★
Cardiorespiratory system
★
Motor Development
Aims • • •
Chronological age Vs Biological age Postnatal Growth: Scammon’s Curve Functional Development ★
Cardiorespiratory system
★
Motor Development
★
Strength
Aims • • •
Chronological age Vs Biological age Postnatal Growth: Scammon’s Curve Functional Development ★
Cardiorespiratory system
★
Motor Development
★
Strength
★
Aerobic Performance
Aims • • •
Chronological age Vs Biological age Postnatal Growth: Scammon’s Curve Functional Development ★
Cardiorespiratory system
★
Motor Development
★
Strength
★
Aerobic Performance
★
Anaerobic Performance
Aims • • •
Chronological age Vs Biological age Postnatal Growth: Scammon’s Curve Functional Development ★
Cardiorespiratory system
★
Motor Development
★
Strength
★
Aerobic Performance
★
Anaerobic Performance
★
Thermoregulation
Chronological age Vs Biological age
Chronological age Vs Biological age Chronological age
Chronological age Vs Biological age Chronological age
• All children born on the 19th Oct 2008 will be 10 years old on the 19th Oct 2018.
Chronological age Vs Biological age Chronological age
• All children born on the 19th Oct 2008 will be 10 years old on the 19th Oct 2018.
Biological age
Chronological age Vs Biological age Chronological age
• All children born on the 19th Oct 2008 will be 10 years old on the 19th Oct 2018.
Biological age
• Biological age has its own calendar & only celebrates one birthday!
Chronological age Vs Biological age Chronological age
• All children born on the 19th Oct 2008 will be 10 years old on the 19th Oct 2018.
Biological age
• Biological age has its own calendar & only celebrates one birthday!
• Therefore children of the same chronological
age can differ by several years in their levels of biological maturity
Biological age
Biological age • Would you train a 12 year old the same way as you would train a 17 year old?
Biological age • Would you train a 12 year old the same way as you would train a 17 year old?
Biological age • Would you train a 12 year old the same way as you would train a 17 year old?
Postnatal Growth
Postnatal Growth Scammon’s curve of systemic growth
General curve
General curve • Growth of the body as a
whole and the growth of most of its parts
General curve • Growth of the body as a
whole and the growth of most of its parts
• Often sigmoid
General curve • Growth of the body as a
whole and the growth of most of its parts
• Often sigmoid • Four phases: Rapid growth in infancy, steady but constant growth in middle childhood, rapid growth in adolescents, slow increase and eventual cessation
General curve • Growth of the body as a
whole and the growth of most of its parts
• Often sigmoid • Four phases: Rapid growth in infancy, steady but constant growth in middle childhood, rapid growth in adolescents, slow increase and eventual cessation
Neural curve
Neural curve • Characterises the
growth of the brain & nervous system
Neural curve • Characterises the
growth of the brain & nervous system
• Tissues also
experience rapid growth
Neural curve • Characterises the
growth of the brain & nervous system
• Tissues also
experience rapid growth
• The upper skull
follows this curve
Genital curve
Genital curve
• Characterises the growth of the primary and secondary sex characteristics
Genital curve
• Characterises the growth of the primary and secondary sex characteristics
• Primary includes ovaries,
fallopian tubes, uterus, and vagina in females and testes, seminal vesicles, prostate and penis in boys
Genital curve
• Characterises the growth of the primary and secondary sex characteristics
• Primary includes ovaries,
fallopian tubes, uterus, and vagina in females and testes, seminal vesicles, prostate and penis in boys
• Secondary includes breasts in females, pubic and axillary hair in both sexes, and facial hair and growth of larynx in
Lymphoid curve
Lymphoid curve • Describes the growth of the
lymph glands, thymus gland, tonsils, appendix, and lymphoid patches of tissue in the intestines
Lymphoid curve • Describes the growth of the
lymph glands, thymus gland, tonsils, appendix, and lymphoid patches of tissue in the intestines
• These are generally involved in the child’s immunology
Lymphoid curve • Describes the growth of the
lymph glands, thymus gland, tonsils, appendix, and lymphoid patches of tissue in the intestines
• These are generally involved in the child’s immunology
• Reach maximum at approx 11-13 years
Any Questions?
Functional Development
Functional Development • Cardio-respiratory System
Functional Development • Cardio-respiratory System • Motor Development
Functional Development • Cardio-respiratory System • Motor Development • Strength and Motor Performance
Functional Development • Cardio-respiratory System • Motor Development • Strength and Motor Performance • Aerobic Performance
Functional Development • Cardio-respiratory System • Motor Development • Strength and Motor Performance • Aerobic Performance • Anaerobic Performance
Cardio-respiratory System
Cardio-respiratory System • Changes in heart size
Cadio-respiratory System • Changes in heart size
Cadio-respiratory System • Changes in heart size • Changes in heart function
Cadio-respiratory System • Changes in heart size • Changes in heart function • Stroke volume and cardiac output
Cadio-respiratory System • Changes in heart size • Changes in heart function • Stroke volume and cardiac output • Blood pressure
Cadio-respiratory System • Changes in heart size • Changes in heart function • Stroke volume and cardiac output • Blood pressure • Respiratory changes
Respiratory Changes
Respiratory Changes • Development and growth of the lungs
Respiratory Changes • Development and growth of the lungs
• Respiratory function
Respiratory Changes • Development and growth of the lungs
• Respiratory function • Pulmonary volumes, flows, and capacities
Motor Development
Motor Development • Closely related to the morphological, physiological, and neuro-muscular characteristics of the child in infancy and early childhood
Motor Development • Closely related to the morphological, physiological, and neuro-muscular characteristics of the child in infancy and early childhood
• The environment in which the child is reared is also an important
Motor Development • Closely related to the morphological, physiological, and neuro-muscular characteristics of the child in infancy and early childhood
• The environment in which the child is reared is also an important
• These environmental experiences interact with the biological substrate of growth and maturation
Motor Development • Closely related to the morphological, physiological, and neuro-muscular characteristics of the child in infancy and early childhood
• The environment in which the child is reared is also an important
• These environmental experiences interact with the biological substrate of growth and maturation
• Movement behaviours in infancy and early childhood are also to some extent precursors of subsequent motor behaviours
Fundamental motor-skills
Fundamental motor-skills • Early childhood is a
time of increasing experimentation with a variety of motor skills
Fundamental motor-skills • Early childhood is a
time of increasing experimentation with a variety of motor skills
• Progression is not
always continuous
Fundamental motor-skills • Early childhood is a
time of increasing experimentation with a variety of motor skills
• Progression is not
always continuous
• Sex differences are small
Fundamental motor-skills • Early childhood is a
time of increasing experimentation with a variety of motor skills
• Progression is not
always continuous
• Sex differences are small
Strength
Strength Early childhood:
Strength Early childhood:
• Sex differences in average strength are small
Strength Early childhood:
• Sex differences in average strength are small
Middle childhood and adolescence:
Strength Early childhood:
• Sex differences in average strength are small
Middle childhood and adolescence:
• Strength improves linearly with age up until 13-14 years in boys
Strength Early childhood:
• Sex differences in average strength are small
Middle childhood and adolescence:
• Strength improves linearly with age up until 13-14 years in boys
• Strength improves linearly in girls
Aerobic Performance
Aerobic Performance • Hard to asses: Aerobic capacity or Aerobic power?
Aerobic Performance • Hard to asses: Aerobic capacity or Aerobic power? • Children aged 7-9 years were studied by Turley and Wilmore (1997) and compared to adults; they found children had a higher HR, lower SV, lower Q.
Aerobic Performance • Hard to asses: Aerobic capacity or Aerobic power? • Children aged 7-9 years were studied by Turley and Wilmore (1997) and compared to adults; they found children had a higher HR, lower SV, lower Q.
• Ventilatory response
Aerobic Performance • Hard to asses: Aerobic capacity or Aerobic power? • Children aged 7-9 years were studied by Turley and Wilmore (1997) and compared to adults; they found children had a higher HR, lower SV, lower Q.
• Ventilatory response • Changes in economy of movement
Turley and Wilmore
Turley and Wilmore
Anderson et al, 1974
Anderson et al, 1974
Economy of Effort
Economy of Effort
MacDougall et al, 1983
MacDougall et al, 1983
Anaerobic Performance
Anaerobic Performance • Short Duration
Anaerobic Performance • Short Duration • Intermediate Duration
Anaerobic Performance • Short Duration • Intermediate Duration • Long Duration
Anaerobic Performance • Short Duration • Intermediate Duration • Long Duration • Recovery
Any Questions?
Thermoregulation
Thermoregulation • Sweating
Thermoregulation • Sweating • Cardiovascular response
Thermoregulation • Sweating • Cardiovascular response • Response to cold
Any Questions?
Revision
Revision
Aims
Aims •
Chronological age Vs Biological age
Aims • •
Chronological age Vs Biological age Postnatal Growth: Scammon’s Curve
Aims • • •
Chronological age Vs Biological age Postnatal Growth: Scammon’s Curve Functional Development
Aims • • •
Chronological age Vs Biological age Postnatal Growth: Scammon’s Curve Functional Development ★
Cardiorespiratory system
Aims • • •
Chronological age Vs Biological age Postnatal Growth: Scammon’s Curve Functional Development ★
Cardiorespiratory system
★
Motor Development
Aims • • •
Chronological age Vs Biological age Postnatal Growth: Scammon’s Curve Functional Development ★
Cardiorespiratory system
★
Motor Development
★
Strength
Aims • • •
Chronological age Vs Biological age Postnatal Growth: Scammon’s Curve Functional Development ★
Cardiorespiratory system
★
Motor Development
★
Strength
★
Aerobic Performance
Aims • • •
Chronological age Vs Biological age Postnatal Growth: Scammon’s Curve Functional Development ★
Cardiorespiratory system
★
Motor Development
★
Strength
★
Aerobic Performance
★
Anaerobic Performance
Aims • • •
Chronological age Vs Biological age Postnatal Growth: Scammon’s Curve Functional Development ★
Cardiorespiratory system
★
Motor Development
★
Strength
★
Aerobic Performance
★
Anaerobic Performance
★
Thermoregulation
Chronological age Vs Biological age
Chronological age Vs Biological age Chronological age
Chronological age Vs Biological age Chronological age
• All children born on the 19th Oct 2008 will be 10 years old on the 19th Oct 2018.
Chronological age Vs Biological age Chronological age
• All children born on the 19th Oct 2008 will be 10 years old on the 19th Oct 2018.
Biological age
Chronological age Vs Biological age Chronological age
• All children born on the 19th Oct 2008 will be 10 years old on the 19th Oct 2018.
Biological age
• Biological age has its own calendar & only celebrates one birthday!
Chronological age Vs Biological age Chronological age
• All children born on the 19th Oct 2008 will be 10 years old on the 19th Oct 2018.
Biological age
• Biological age has its own calendar & only celebrates one birthday!
• Therefore children of the same chronological
age can differ by several years in their levels of biological maturity
Biological age
Biological age • Would you train a 12 year old the same way as you would train a 17 year old?
Biological age • Would you train a 12 year old the same way as you would train a 17 year old?
Biological age • Would you train a 12 year old the same way as you would train a 17 year old?
Postnatal Growth
Postnatal Growth Scammon’s curve of systemic growth
General curve
General curve • Growth of the body as a
whole and the growth of most of its parts
General curve • Growth of the body as a
whole and the growth of most of its parts
• Often sigmoid
General curve • Growth of the body as a
whole and the growth of most of its parts
• Often sigmoid • Four phases: Rapid growth in infancy, steady but constant growth in middle childhood, rapid growth in adolescents, slow increase and eventual cessation
General curve • Growth of the body as a
whole and the growth of most of its parts
• Often sigmoid • Four phases: Rapid growth in infancy, steady but constant growth in middle childhood, rapid growth in adolescents, slow increase and eventual cessation
Neural curve
Neural curve • Characterises the
growth of the brain & nervous system
Neural curve • Characterises the
growth of the brain & nervous system
• Tissues also
experience rapid growth
Neural curve • Characterises the
growth of the brain & nervous system
• Tissues also
experience rapid growth
• The upper skull
follows this curve
Genital curve
Genital curve
• Characterises the growth of the primary and secondary sex characteristics
Genital curve
• Characterises the growth of the primary and secondary sex characteristics
• Primary includes ovaries,
fallopian tubes, uterus, and vagina in females and testes, seminal vesicles, prostate and penis in boys
Genital curve
• Characterises the growth of the primary and secondary sex characteristics
• Primary includes ovaries,
fallopian tubes, uterus, and vagina in females and testes, seminal vesicles, prostate and penis in boys
• Secondary includes breasts in females, pubic and axillary hair in both sexes, and facial hair and growth of larynx in
Lymphoid curve
Lymphoid curve • Describes the growth of the
lymph glands, thymus gland, tonsils, appendix, and lymphoid patches of tissue in the intestines
Lymphoid curve • Describes the growth of the
lymph glands, thymus gland, tonsils, appendix, and lymphoid patches of tissue in the intestines
• These are generally involved in the child’s immunology
Lymphoid curve • Describes the growth of the
lymph glands, thymus gland, tonsils, appendix, and lymphoid patches of tissue in the intestines
• These are generally involved in the child’s immunology
• Reach maximum at approx 11-13 years
Any Questions?
Functional Development
Functional Development • Cardio-respiratory System
Functional Development • Cardio-respiratory System • Motor Development
Functional Development • Cardio-respiratory System • Motor Development • Strength and Motor Performance
Functional Development • Cardio-respiratory System • Motor Development • Strength and Motor Performance • Aerobic Performance
Functional Development • Cardio-respiratory System • Motor Development • Strength and Motor Performance • Aerobic Performance • Anaerobic Performance
Cardio-respiratory System
Cardio-respiratory System • Changes in heart size
Cadio-respiratory System • Changes in heart size
Cadio-respiratory System • Changes in heart size • Changes in heart function
Cadio-respiratory System • Changes in heart size • Changes in heart function • Stroke volume and cardiac output
Cadio-respiratory System • Changes in heart size • Changes in heart function • Stroke volume and cardiac output • Blood pressure
Cadio-respiratory System • Changes in heart size • Changes in heart function • Stroke volume and cardiac output • Blood pressure • Respiratory changes
Respiratory Changes
Respiratory Changes • Development and growth of the lungs
Respiratory Changes • Development and growth of the lungs
• Respiratory function
Respiratory Changes • Development and growth of the lungs
• Respiratory function • Pulmonary volumes, flows, and capacities
Motor Development
Motor Development • Closely related to the morphological, physiological, and neuro-muscular characteristics of the child in infancy and early childhood
Motor Development • Closely related to the morphological, physiological, and neuro-muscular characteristics of the child in infancy and early childhood
• The environment in which the child is reared is also an important
Motor Development • Closely related to the morphological, physiological, and neuro-muscular characteristics of the child in infancy and early childhood
• The environment in which the child is reared is also an important
• These environmental experiences interact with the biological substrate of growth and maturation
Motor Development • Closely related to the morphological, physiological, and neuro-muscular characteristics of the child in infancy and early childhood
• The environment in which the child is reared is also an important
• These environmental experiences interact with the biological substrate of growth and maturation
• Movement behaviours in infancy and early childhood are also to some extent precursors of subsequent motor behaviours
Fundamental motor-skills
Fundamental motor-skills • Early childhood is a
time of increasing experimentation with a variety of motor skills
Fundamental motor-skills • Early childhood is a
time of increasing experimentation with a variety of motor skills
• Progression is not
always continuous
Fundamental motor-skills • Early childhood is a
time of increasing experimentation with a variety of motor skills
• Progression is not
always continuous
• Sex differences are small
Fundamental motor-skills • Early childhood is a
time of increasing experimentation with a variety of motor skills
• Progression is not
always continuous
• Sex differences are small
Strength
Strength Early childhood:
Strength Early childhood:
• Sex differences in average strength are small
Strength Early childhood:
• Sex differences in average strength are small
Middle childhood and adolescence:
Strength Early childhood:
• Sex differences in average strength are small
Middle childhood and adolescence:
• Strength improves linearly with age up until 13-14 years in boys
Strength Early childhood:
• Sex differences in average strength are small
Middle childhood and adolescence:
• Strength improves linearly with age up until 13-14 years in boys
• Strength improves linearly in girls
Aerobic Performance
Aerobic Performance • Hard to asses: Aerobic capacity or Aerobic power?
Aerobic Performance • Hard to asses: Aerobic capacity or Aerobic power? • Children aged 7-9 years were studied by Turley and Wilmore (1997) and compared to adults; they found children had a higher HR, lower SV, lower Q.
Aerobic Performance • Hard to asses: Aerobic capacity or Aerobic power? • Children aged 7-9 years were studied by Turley and Wilmore (1997) and compared to adults; they found children had a higher HR, lower SV, lower Q.
• Ventilatory response
Aerobic Performance • Hard to asses: Aerobic capacity or Aerobic power? • Children aged 7-9 years were studied by Turley and Wilmore (1997) and compared to adults; they found children had a higher HR, lower SV, lower Q.
• Ventilatory response • Changes in economy of movement
Turley and Wilmore
Turley and Wilmore
Anderson et al, 1974
Anderson et al, 1974
Economy of Effort
Economy of Effort
MacDougall et al, 1983
MacDougall et al, 1983
Anaerobic Performance
Anaerobic Performance • Short Duration
Anaerobic Performance • Short Duration • Intermediate Duration
Anaerobic Performance • Short Duration • Intermediate Duration • Long Duration
Anaerobic Performance • Short Duration • Intermediate Duration • Long Duration • Recovery
Any Questions?
Thermoregulation
Thermoregulation • Sweating
Thermoregulation • Sweating • Cardiovascular response
Thermoregulation • Sweating • Cardiovascular response • Response to cold
Any Questions?
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