Logic > Umar Shahzada

PREPOSITION PRESENTED To: MADAM FOZIA PRESENTED By: UMAR HASSAN

PREPOSITION DEFINITION: It is the basic building block of every argument and may be asserted or denied. The judgment expressed in language is also called preposition.Language does not matters in preposition. EXAMPLE: PERVEZ MUSHARAF is president. He is former of new state. In this example there are two words important. PERVEZ MUSHARAF and president in the first sentence and former in the second sentence. So first sentence is the preposition because it has two important words.

SENTENCE A sentence is always a sentence in a particular language. Example It is raining. It is a sentence. Language matters a lot in a sentence.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PREPOSITION AND SENTENCE PREPOSITION It is a basic building block of any argument. Language is not important. Any sentence having some thing important in it is called preposition.

SENTENCE it is used to express thoughts and ideas in a certain language. Language is important. Any sentence can be a sentence. There is no condition necessary.

PARTS OF PREPOSITION There are two parts of preposition. 1) Compound: The word which joins two sentences. Example then , but. 2) Conjunction: Logical conjunction is an operation on two logical values, typically the values of two propositions, that produces a value of true if and only if both of its operands are true. The truth table of p AND q (also written as p ∧ q ).

p

q

&

T

T

T

T

F

F

F

T

F

F

F

F

SUBJECT PREDICATE COPULA

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In Aristotelian logic a proposition is a particular kind of sentence, one which affirms or denies a predicate of a subject. Subject: A term about which something is said is called is called subject. Predicate: In which, which is said about it is called is called predicate. Copula: It is the sign expressing the relationship between subject and predicate. When we compare subject and predicate it is called judgment. And when it is expressed in language is called preposition.

DIVISIONS OF PREPOSITIONS    

DIVISIONS ACCORDING TO COMPOSITION DIVISIONS ACCORDING TO QUALITY DIVISION ACCORDING TO QUANTITY DIVISION ACCORDING TO MORTALITY

DIVISIONS ACCORDING TO COMPOSITION 

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1) COMPOUND PREPOSITION: Compound preposition is also called exponible preposition. Compound preposition has more than one preposition in a single statement. i):-Copulative :- Consisting of two or more affirmative preposition .Example gold and silver are precious metals. ii):-Remotive:-In which two or more negative prepositions are joined. Example neither gold nor silver is cheap. 2) CATAGORIAL, HYPOTHETICAL, DISJUNCTIVE PREPOSITIONS: i):- Catagorial :- Categorial preposition symbolically represented as S is P or S is not P. S(Subject) P(Predicate) ii):- Hypothetical preposition:- It has two classes which are related to each other. It is conditional. eg If you do work hard you will pass. iii):- Disjunctive preposition:- It consists of two or more classes in which there is a relationship. Eg He is either doctor or a teacher or a engineer. He will either pass or fail. A is either b, c or d.

DIVISIONS ACCORDING TO QUALITY 

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1) AFFERMATIVE PREPOSITION: In which predicate is defined of the subject. In which there is an agreement between subject and predicate. S is not or P. 2) NEGATIVE PREPOSITION: In which predicate is denied of the subject. In which there is a disagreement between subject and predicate. S is not P

DIVISION ACCORDING TO QUANTITY 1) UNIVERSAL PREPOSITION: In which subject is taken in its entire extent or denotion. Generalize for whole not specific. Example men are mortal in whole world and not in a specific place or country. eg:- no crows are white. All S is P and no S is P. 2) PARTIAL PREPOSITION: In which a subject is taken in its partial extent or denotion. Example Some men are honest. Some tables are not round. Some S is P or Some S is not P.

DIVISION ACCORDING TO MORTALITY 1) NECESSARY PREPOSITION: In which the relation between subject and predicate is based on their nature and can never be otherwise. Example A is triangle must be three sided. What must be to what must not be. S must be P or S must not be P.  2) ASSERTORY PREPOSITION: In which a certain relation exist between subject and predicate so far as our experience goes. What is and what is not. S is P as S is not P 

THIS IS THE END OF MY PRESENTATION I THANX ALL OF U FOR PAYING ATTENTION

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