Logic > Cute 2

TOPIC : PREMISIS , ARGUMENT AND CONCLUSION PRESENTED TO MADAM FOZIA PRESENTED BY SAGEER KHAN

ARGUMENT In logic, an argument is a set of statements, consisting of a number of premises, a number of inferences, and a conclusion, which is said to have the following property: if the premises are true, then the conclusion must be true or highly likely to be true

INDUCTIVE ARGUMENTS   An inductive argument is one in which the conclusion is probable based on the premises. In an inductive argument the conclusion goes beyond the premises

DEDUCTIVE ARGUMENTS A deductive argument is one in which the conclusion is certain based on the premises. In a deductive argument the conclusion is contained in the premises.

Formal arguments and mathematical arguments

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In mathematics, an argument can often be formalized by writing each of its statements in a formal language such as first-order Peano Arithmetic. A formalized argument should have the following properties: its premises are clearly identified as such each of the inferences is justified by appeal to a specific rule of reasoning of the formal language in which the argument is written the conclusion of the argument appears as the final inference

Logical arguments in science Less subjective criteria for validity of arguments are often clearly desirable, and in some cases we should even expect an argument to be rigorous, that is, to adhere to precise rules of validity. This is the case for arguments used in mathematical proofs. Note that a rigorous proof does not have to be a formal proof.

PREMISIS  

A STATEMENT WHICH IS BASED ON REASONING In discourse, a premise (also "premise" in British usage) is a claim that is a reason (or element of a set of reasons) for, or objection against, some other claim. In other words, it is a statement presumed true within the context of the discourse for the purposes of arguing to a conclusion. Premises are sometimes stated explicitly by way of disambiguation or for emphasis, but more often they are left tacitly understood as being obvious or self-evident ("it goes without saying"), or not conducive to succinct discourse.

PREMISIS For example, in the argument  Socrates is mortal, since all men are It is evident that a tacitly understood claim is that Socrates is a man. The fully expressed reasoning is thus:  Since all men are mortal and Socrates is a man, it follows that Socrates is mortal. In this example, the first two independent clauses preceding the comma (namely, "all men are mortal" and "Socrates is a man") are the premises, while "Socrates is mortal" is the conclusion.

CONCLUSION A conclusion is a final proposition, which is arrived at after the consideration of evidence, arguments or premises.

Scientific Research In research and experimentation, conclusions are determinations made by studying the results of preeceding work within some methodology (for example the scientific method). These often take the form of theories. The conclusion is typically the result of a discussion of the premises. Without a discussion of the premises, there is no conclusion, only assertions and without evidence, it is an allegation. Naturally, the accuracy of a given conclusion is dependent on the truth of the chosen

Academic Research A conclusion is the final section of an essay in which the writer ties together what was presented in the passage, summing up the main point, explaining how the thesis was proven, and successfully closing the discussion. The conclusion is often the most difficult part of an essay to write, and many writers feel that they have nothing left to say after having presented points proving their thesis in the body of the paper. However, the conclusion is often the part of the paper that a reader remembers best, and thus must be effective to be strong. This definition also applies more broadly to any progressive academic or artistic work. Compare with Introduction (essay).