Locomotor System-digestive System

Locomotor system---Protection; support ; movement Digestive system---to digest foods; to secrete ensymes(excrine funtion) and hormones( endocrine funtion) ; to absorb the nutrient elements; to eliminate the useless residues Respiratory system---to supply the blood with oxygen ; to get rid of excess dioxide; Urinary system---by eliminating the metabolic products to maintain the balance of substances in the body. Keeping maintancence of Reproductive system species secreting hormone Cardiovascular system---to transport the substances with oxygen and Circulatory system nutritional ones Lymphatic system

Sensory system—to receive the stimulation from the external or internal environment of the body, and convert it into nerve impulse. Endocrine system—to secret hormones Nervous system—to control the other systems

The anatomical position

The body is upright, legs together, and directed forwards The palms are turned forward, with the thumbs laterally

2 Anatomical planes The median sagittal plane: the vertical plane passing through the midline of the body from front to back. Any plane parallel to this is termed sagittal. Coronal plane: vertical planes perpendicular to the sagittal planes. Horizontal (transverse) planes: lie at right angles to both the sagittal and coronal planes.

3 Terms of position Position

Description

Anterior Posterior Superior inferior

in front of another structure behind another structure above another structure below another structure

superficial

closer to the body surface

deep

further away from the body surface

medial

closer to the median plane

lateral

further away from the median plane

proximal

closer to the trunk or origin

distal

further away from the trunk or origin

The shape and classifications of bones

The structure of bone

Bone is hard and flexible . It depends on its chemical components and arrangements. Organic components (fibrous tissue, collagen)

Inorganic components (mineral salts, calcium and phosphate salts)

Infant or child

1

1(too flexible)

adult

3

7(best proportion)

old

1

4(brittle and fractured easily)

outer plate / diploë / inner plate

The classification of articulations

The accessory structures of the synovial joints

The movement of joint

The shape of muscles

Introduction to anatomy Department of anatomy : Professor Shan-Quan Sun

The concept of anatomy

I The concept of the anatomy

1 The definition of anatomy

Anatomy is a science dealing with morphology and function of the body

2 The significance of studying The full name of anatomy is normal human anatomy. After anatomy

studying we can distinguish normal-abnormal or physiologicalpathological. Anatomy can provide fundamental knowledge to other basically medical sciences, e.g.. Physiology; pathology; surgery

3 The classification of anatomy

By the different research methods, anatomy can be divided into microanatomy and macroanatomy. People recognize human body at different levels. Wholebody---organs(systems)---tissues---cells---cellular organs---ultramicrostructures---molecular

Presently, we study macroanatomy. According to the different purposes, different research methods, macroanatomy is divided into systematic anatomy and regional anatomy.

The differences between systematic anatomy and regional anatomy are as follows: Systematic anat Research subject Organs (system) methods aims

observation

Regional anat regions Dissection and observation

Morphology and Structures in the function region; relations among structures; clinic significance

II. The systematic arrangements of human body III The anatomical terms of position

1 The anatomical position 2 Anatomical axes and planes 3 Terms of direction

Introduction of locomotor system

The formation of locomotor system, which comprise:

Name

function

Bones and cartilages

lever

Articulations

Striated m.

Skeleton Hinge (synovial joint) (passive movement) Contract (active movement)

Motivation (through contraction, provides motivation)

Bones

1. The shape and classifications of bones External Features

Location

Function

Long bone 2extremities/epiphysis/ shaft/medullary cavity

Upper limb Lower limb

As levers for muscles

Short bone Length, width, thickness almost the same

Carpal bones Tarsal bones

Provide stability, support other organs , against gravity

Flat bone

Plate-shaped

Some of cranial bones; ribs; Protection; support scapula; hip bones;

Irregular bone

Diversity in shape

Some of cranial bones; Diversity in function (temporal bone); vertebrae; *pneumatic bone

*pneumatic bone around the nasal cavity containing sinus

2 The structures of bone ① periosteum which is a fibrous membrane, containing rich blood vessels and nerves. Function: A. play an important role in regeneration of bones, having osteoblast; B. Provide nutrition for the development, growth and reconstruction of bones C. Containing receptor (accepting stimulate) Parts: periosteum (except articular surface) / endosteum ② Bony substance: A. The physical properties of bone hard: bone removed organic materials; hard but fragile by demonstration; flexible: bone removed inorganically material specimen, not hard, but flexible

B. The arrangement of bony substance; a. Compact substance: consist of regular compact bony plate b. Sponge substance: outer plate / diploë / inner plate The arrangement looks like a frame of a house.

③Bone marrow A. Which is located within medullary cavity and ‘network-eye’, divided into red and yellow bone marrow. B. 3-5y red bone marrow carrying out the function of blood-forming . For adult most of it become yellow bone marrow, but proximal end of humerus (femur), short bone, flat bone have life-long time red marrow.

Arthrology Definition: The bones are connected together by means of fibrous, cartilaginous or osseous tissues at different parts of their surface. The connection is called articulation or joint.

1. The classification of articulations ① synarthrosis (immovable joints, direct joint) Definition: two or more separated bones are directly connected by fibrous , cartilaginous or osseous tissues. A. Fibrous joints: a. sutures: skull b. syndesmoses: ligmentum flava (yellow lig) B. Cartilaginous: a. synchondrosis: between sternum and 1st costal cartilage b. symphyses C. synosteoses: sacrum

pubic symphysis

② Diarthrosis (movable articulations, synovial joints) * Definition: the bones are connected by the joint capsule and ligaments. A. The essential (basical ) structures of synovial joint a. The articular surface: which is a part of surface of bone covered by hyaline cartilage. b. The articular capsule: it looks like a irregular sac, attaches the periphery of the articular surface and adjacent surface. Articular capsule include two parts: outer layer( fibrous layer ) and inner layer( synovial layer---produce synovial fluid) c. The articular cavity: it is a closed space enclosed by the synovial membrane and the articular cartilage.

B. The accessory structures of the synovial joints a. The ligment: intracapsular lig: it is inside the joint , surrounded by synovial membrane\ extracapsular lig: which is outside the capsule b. The articular disc (or cartilage): it is fibrocartilaginous, and divides the articular cavity partially or completely into 2 parts. c. The articular lip (labrum): it is a fibrocartilaginous ring, which can deepen the articular surface

C. The movement of joint a. Flexion and extension: they are performed in the coronal axis. Flexion makes the angle between the adjacent bones decrease; extension increase the angle. b. Adduction and abduction: which are performed in sagittal axis. Adduction means the movement toward the midline of the body; abduction means the movement apart from the midline. c. Pronation and supination: in standard anatomical position, the pronation means the palm is turned backward; the supination means the palm is turned forward. d. Rotation: the movement is performed in the vertical axis. A bone is moving around the vertical axis. e. Circumduction: while the proximal end of a bone remains relative stable, the distal end moves in a circle.

Striated musle 1 The classification of the musles: Striated (skeletal, voluntary) muscle Cardiac muscle Smooth muscle

2 The characteristics of the striated muscles ① having striated tripe ② supplied by somatic nerve

3 The structures of muscles ① Tendon and venter the muscle of limbs: A. tendon: connect tissue blends with collagen B. venter: muscular cell C. aponeurosis: some broad m. has aponeurosis

② the origin and insertion: Generally speaking, the origin is near the medline; the insertion is far from the medline. However, the origin and insertion may be exchanged each other. For example: pectoralis major m.

③ The relations of m. to other structures: most of muscles are attached to bones; some of muscles are attached to skin; eg. Platysma m. beneath the sin of neck some of muscles are attached to organs: eg. eyeball ④ The shape of m.

Because of functional differences, muscles have different shape. shape Function Location Long m.

obvious movement

limbs

Short m.

slight movement

between vertebrae

Broad m.

protection and various movements

wall of thorax and abdomen

Orbicalaris

close openings

around mouth and eye

⑤ the functional classification of m. Agonist (primer mover): produce desired movement Antagonist :opposing the action of agonist, but cooperate with agonist. Agonist---contraction; antagonist---relax Synergist: cooperation in a special action as a supporter Fixator: fix proximal end of limbs in a special position. eg. Tightly making a fist