Life Processes

Life processes

The maintenance function which goes on even while at rest in all living organisms is known as life processes.

Nutrition: the process of intake of food and its utilization by humans is known as nutrition. Autotrophic nutrition: Organisms are able to synthesis their own food from simple inorganic element. Example: green plants

Heterotrophic nutrition: Organisms cannot fabricate their own food. They are reliant on autotrophy to get their food. Example: animals.

Nutrition in human beings: From the mouth the food is taken to the stomach through a food pipe The muscular walls of the stomach helps in mixing the food The food thoroughly with other digestive juices present in our stomach. Gastric glands their release hydrochloric acid, a protein Digesting enzyme called pepsin, and mucus. the mucus protects the Inner lining of the stomach from the action of the acid. The small intestine is the site of complete digestion of carbohydrates, proteins And fats. The food coming from stomach which is acidic is made alkaline by mixing with bile juices. the digested juice is taken up by walls of intestine. the villi take the absorbed food to each cell of our body where it is utilized for obtaining energy, building up and repair of tissues. the unabsorbed Material is removed by anal sphincter.

Respiration: the process of intake of food during the processes of nutrition for providing energy for various life processes is known as respiration

Aerobic respiration: Respiration in the presence of oxygen is known as aerobic respiration Glucose carbon dioxide+ water+ energy

Anaerobic respiration: During anaerobic respiration food is broken down to release energy in the absence of oxygen Glucose lactic acid + energy

Transportation Materials to be transported in human beings, plants include digested food, respiratory gases, hormones, excretory products, etc. The digested food includes sugars like glucose, amino acids, fatty acids and their derivatives. Blood is must organ which transport all the required material.

transportation in humans: 

The heart: it is one of the most important organs in the entire human body. It is really nothing more than a pump, composed of muscle which pumps blood throughout the body, beating approximately 72 times per minute of our lives. The heart pumps the blood, which carries all the vital materials which help our bodies function and removes the waste

Functions of heart: The walls of the heart are made up of three layers, while the cavity is divided into four parts. There are two upper chambers, called the right and left atria, and two lower chambers, called the right and left ventricles. The Right Atrium, as it is called, receives blood from the upper and lower body through the superior vena cava and the inferior vena cava respectively, and from the heart muscle itself through the coronary sinus. The right atrium is the larger of the two atria, having very thin walls. The right atrium opens into the right ventricle through the right atrioventicular valve tricuspid), which only allows the blood to flow from the atria into the ventricle, but not in the reverse direction. The right ventricle pumps the blood to the lungs to be deoxygenated. The left atrium receives blood from the lungs via the four pulmonary veins. It is smaller than the right atrium, but has thicker wall The valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle, the left atrioventicular valve

c o h e s i v e

Transportation in plants: 

p r o p e r t i e s

The materials to be transported across the plant body are water, minerals, food, hormones, etc.  The transport of materials in plants takes place through specialized tissues called the xylem and the phloem.  Xylem transports water o and dissolved minerals and phloem transports food.  Two f types of xylem cells are involved in transport of water w tracheids and vessels. They are dead cells with lignified a t walls. They are joined end to end forming a capillary e system to draw water upr the plant.  Phloem is a living . tissue. Sieve tubes and companion cells are the phloem cells involved in the transport of food. The sieve tube cells are also joined end to end. The end walls of sieve tube cells are perforated and the cytoplasm of the adjacent cells are continuous through it. They are enucleated. The M companion cells are present next to the sieve tube cell i n and are nucleated. The upward movement of water is e called ascent of sap. Ascent of sap involves root pressure r a and transpiration pull.  Roots absorb water from the soil l s by osmosis or diffusion. The water ultimately enters the xylem. Thus, the xylem in the root develops a positive a r water potential called the root pressure with which the e water is pushed up.  In tall trees transpiration pulls water a

Due to transpiration, the upper parts of the trees develop negative water potential. The water is then pulled up from the region of higher water potential in the lower regions. This is called transpiration pull.   The continuous column of water resulting from the transpiration pull is called transpiration stream. The continuity of the stream is maintained by the adhesive and cohesive properties of water.  Minerals are absorbed from the soil in the ionic form along with water as they are dissolved in water. Some of the mineral ions like the nitrates enter into the phloem along with the prepared food. From the xylem and the phloem, the minerals enter the cells by active transport as per requirement.  Food is transported as sucrose along phloem in not only downward but also upward direction. Sucrose moves from the region of positive potential (region of synthesis - leaves) to the region of negative potential (region of utilization - roots, young leaves, flowers and fruits) along the concentration gradient.  Other than sucrose, phloem also transports hormones (from the site of synthesis to the site of action) and some of the mineral ions (from the leaves about to fall to the other regions). The transport of soluble substances

excretion: the biological process involved in the removal of harmful metabolic wastes from the body is called excretion.

Excretion in human beings: the excretory system in human beings include a pair of kidney, a pair of ureters urinary bladder and a urethra. kidneys are located in the abdomen, one on either side of the backbone. urine produced in the

Excretion in plants: The strategy of excretion in plants is completely different from animals. oxygen itself is the waste product which is generated during photosynthesis. plants excrete other waste like excess water through the process of

released through the urethra. some substances in the initial filtrate, such as glucose, amino acids are reabsorbed as the urine flows along the tube.

Gums, are stored in old xylem. Plants also excrete some waste substances into the soil around them.

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