Liberal Democrats Reader Vol-1

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vpfb&,f'Drdku&uf zwfpm

vpfb&,f0g' eJ@ 'Drdkua&pD (rif;jzLpif) vpfb&,f0g'[m acwfopfurBm&J@ tatmifjrifqHk; oabmw&m;jzpfw,f? taemufwdkif;EdkifiHawG&J@ tawG;tac: oabmw&m;awG[m trsm;tm;jzifh vpfb&,foabmw&m; awGyJ? Oa&mywdkufu uGefjrLepftpdk;&awG +ydKvJusoGm;=uwJhtcg/ vltrsm;pk&J@ axmufcHr_&atmif vkyf&mrSm wu,fawmh ta&;}uD;wJh +ydKifbuf r&Sdawmhbl;vdk@ jiif;ckefajymqdkcJh=uygw,f? b,fvdkyJjzpfjzpf rsKd;qufopfawGudk odrf;}uHK;qGJaqmifzdk@ jzpfEdkifwJhwckwnf;aomenf;uawmh vpfb&,f 0g'qdkwJh a0g[m&pum;vHk;udk us,fus,fjyef@jyef@ jynfhjynfhpHkpHkteuft"dy`m,f zGifhqdkzdk@ygyJ? vpfb&,f0g'qdkwm yHkpHaoowfrSwfzGifhqdkxm;wJh owf0if,Hk=unfr_ oabmw&m;wck r[kwfbl;? uGJjym;jcm;em;wJh a'otoD;oD;uae+yD; &mpkESpf 3pkausmfausmftwGif; wjznf;jznf;eJ@ qifhuJqifhuJ wdk;wufajymif;vJvmwJh us,fjyef@wJh oabmw&m;tpOftvm}uD; wckyJ? vpfb&,f0g'&yfwnfcsuf[m bmjzpfw,fqdk+yD; vpfb&,form;trsm;pk vufcHxm;=uwJh tcsuf tawmfrsm;rsm; &Sd=uw,f? tJ'DhtcsufawGxJrSm ta&;tygqkH;u vlyk*~dKvf wOD;wa,mufcsif;&J@ vGwfvyfr_ (0g) vGwfajrmufjcif;yJ? aemuf+yD;awmh vGwfvyfcGifhudk tumtuG,fay;wJh/ tmrcHay;wJh/ aqmif=uOf;ay;wJh tcsufawGvnf;ygw,f? Oyrm tcGifhta&; nDr#r_/ tajccHOya'enf;uswJh tpdk;&/ w&m;Oya' eJ@ onf;cHapmifhxdef;jcif;awGygyJ? b,fvdkyJjzpfjzpf vpfb&,f0g'&J@ uGJjym;wJh t"dy`m,fzGifhqdkcsufawG[m vGwfvyfjcif;ta=umif;awG/ tJ'Dh vGwfvyfjcif;eJ@ wGJvsuf&SdaewJh wefzdk;awGudk rwlnDwJh enf;vrf;awGeJh t"dy`m,fzGifhqdkwmawGygyJ? tJ'Dh vdk zGifhqdkcsufawG[m wcgw&HrSm wckeJ@wck ajymif;jyefawmifjzpfoGm;wwf=uw,f? 'ga=umifh tJ'Dh oabmw&m;udk taumif;qHk;jzpfatmif b,fvdk&Sif;jyr,f/ taumif;qHk;jzpfatmif b,fvdkqGJaqmif r,f qdkwmawG[mvnf; uGJjym;oGm;=uygw,f? tJ'DhuGJjym;csufawGudk em;vnfzdk@qdk&if t*FvefEdkifiHuae t&if;tjrpfusus qif;oufvmwJh vpfb&,f 0g'jzpfpOfordkif;a=umif;udk jyefavhvmzdk@ vdktyfygw,f?

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vpfb&,f'Drdku&uf zwfpm

0S*sf eJ@ &DywfbvDuef tjcm;tajctaeawGrSm ^m%fopfavmif;acwf (Renaissance) (Reformation) awGudk tv,facwf&J@ tqHk;vdk@ rSwfom;=uw,f?

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'gayr,fh EdkifiHa&;eJ@ vlr_a&; tawG;tac:awGrSmawmh tv,facwf tawG;tjrifawGudk aemufqHk;yddwf pdefac:vmwm[m vpfb&,f0g'jzpfw,f? vlom;csif;pmemaxmufxm;r_ oabmw&m;tjrifawGudk aemufwrsKd;ajymif;+yD; zGifhqdkawG;ac:cJh=uw,f? tJ'DhzGifhqdkawG;ac:csufuawmh tajccHtm;jzifh vlom;awG[m olwdk@&J@ ta&;udpPt&yf&yfudk qifjcifwHk w&m;&SdpGm ajz&Sif;aqmif&GufEdkif=uw,f? bk&m;ausmif;awG/ bk&ifawG&J@ oif=um;jyor_awG &Sdp&m rvdkbl;/ udk,fhqifjcifwHkw&m;eJ@udk,f ajz&Sif;EdkifpGrf;=uw,fqdkwJh awG;ac:zGifhqdkcsufawGygyJ? vlom;awG[m bk&m;ocifay;xm;wJhae&m tqifhtvdkuf obm0tavsmuf tqifhtoD;oDcGJjcm;+yD;&Sd ae=uw,fqdkwJh a&S;a[mif;t,ltqawG ae&mrSm/ tajccHtm;jzifh vlawG[m wef;wlnDr#&Sd=uw,f/ tcGifhta&;awG nDwlnDr#&=uw,f/ vGwfajrmufEdkifpGrf;awGudk wef;wlnDr#ydkifqdkif=uw,f/ udk,fhtwGuf qHk;jzwfcsufawGudk udk,fhbmom csrSwfEdkifpGrf;=uw,fvdk@ awG;ac:,lqcJh=uw,f? tJ'Dhacwf&J@ vlr_a&;tajymif;tvJ/ tod^m%fqdkif&m tajymif;tvJawGa=umifh tusKd;aus;Zl; trsm; tjym; &cJh=uwJh EdkifiHawGxJrSm t*FvefEdkfifiHyg0ifw,f? jynfwGif;ppfa=umifh &&SdvmwJh tusKd;aus;Zl;awGtaeeJ@ t*FvefEdkifiHrSm vpfb&,ftawG;tac: t,l tqawG wjznf;jznf; zG@H+zdK;wdk;wufvmcJhw,f? 18 &mpka&mufawmh txl;ojzifh tar&duefeJ@ jyifopfwdk@&J@ a&S;a[mif; tpdk;&yHkpH eJ@ EdkifiHom;yHkpHawGukd jyefvnf qef;opfwJh/ vdkufavsmnDaxGjzpfatmif jyifqifwJh oabmw&m;awG t,ltqawG&J@ tul tnDeJ@ Oa&myeJ@ tar&duef y&dowf tawmfrsm;rsm; &vmcJhw,f?

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English Civil War

17 &mpktv,frSm jzpfwJh t*FvefjynfwGif;ppf[m bmoma&; uGJjym;jcm;em;r_awGa=umifh &_yfaxG;+yD; ydkrdk qdk;&Gm;apcJhayr,hfvnf; trSefwu,fawmh tJh'Dh jynfwGif;ppf[m bk&ifeJ@ ygvDrefwdk@=um; wefcdk; tm%mvk=uwJh ppfyGJjzpfygw,f? ygvDrefu tEdkif&cJhygw,f? tJ'Dhatmifjrifr_u 1688 ckESpfrSm jzpfyGm;vmr,fh *k%foduQm&SdwJh awmfvSefa&; (Glorious Revolution) twGuf rsKd;qufopf w&yf udk pkpnf;ay;EdkifcJhw,f?

M id - 1 7 t h C e n t u r y

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vpfb&,f'Drdku&uf zwfpm

oabmw&m;a&;awG rsm;jym;vGef;vSwmrdk@ EdkifiHa&;ta=umif;&if;udkawmif arhav#mhoGm;cJh=u+yD; 'kwd,Hyd qdkufa&mufjcif; (Second Coming) twGuf jyifqifzdk@udkvnf; arhav#mhcJh=uw,f? cdkifvHk jyif;xefwJh tqdkawGxJrSm yg0ifwmawGuawmh !Sdolrsm; (Levellers) qdkolawG&J@ tqdkawGyJ? olwdk@ awG[m ua&mif;0Jvf (Cromwell) wyfu tzGJ@wzGJ@ jzpf+yD;/ uef@owfxm;wJh 'Drdkua&pDudk axmufcH=u w,f/ +yD;awmh 0efxrf;r[kwf=uolawGtwGuf rJay;cGifh udkvnf; awmif;qdkcJh=uw,f? aemuf+yD;awmh vltm;vHk;twGuf vGwfvyfr_eJ@ nDr# r_awGtwGufvnf; awmifqdkcJh=uw,f? 'ga=umifhvnf; olwdk@&J@acwf+ydKifawGu olwdk@udk vlr_a&; twef;tpm; !Sd=uolrsm; (Social Levelling) qdk+yD; ac:a0:cJh =uwm jzpfw,f? tJh'g[mvnf; olwdk@twGuf eHr,fjzpfoGm; cJhw,f? b,fvdkyJjzpfjzpf 1660 ckESpfrSm bk&ifpepf jyefvnfOD; armhvmwmeJ@twl &dk;&mvlr_a&; tpOftvma[mif; awG jyefvnfa&muf&SdvmcJh+yD; tawGtac: t,ltq topfawG tm;azsmh arS;rSdefoGm;cJhjyefw,f?

James II of England (1633–1701)

bmyJjzpfjzpf jynfwGif;ppftaiG@toufu twdkif;twmwpHkwcktxd usef&Sdaeygao;w,f? t"du ta=umif;t&if;uawmh bk&if&J@ &ifxJrSm tvHk;pHkawmf0iftm%mudk &&Sdxdef;odrfxm;vddkwJhqEN wdwfw qdwf uGef;cdkaeqJjzpfvdk@ygyJ? awmf0ifpepfudk axmufcHol (wdk&D) (Tories) awGeJ@ ygvDreftkyfcsKyfa&;udk pGJudkifxm;=uol (0S*sf) (Whigs) awGt=um;rSmvnf; tjrifoabmxm;awG uGJvGJae =uw,f? aemufqHk; &v'fuawmh 1688 ckESpfrSm 'kwd, ajrmuf *sdrf;pfbk&ifudk *k%foduQm&SdwJh awmfvSefa&; (Glorious Revolution) eJ@ jzKwfcsEdkifcJhwm/ +yD;awmh ygvDref&J@ wefcdk; tm%mudk pkpnf;EdkifcJhwmawGygyJ? awmfvSefa&; rSefuefa=umif; axmufcHwJh pmawGa&;cJholuawmh *|efavmhcf (John Locke) ygyJ?

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*|efavmhcf *|efavmhcf&J@ tawG;tac:awG[m jynfwGif;ppf awmfvSefa&;0g'D awGtay: tawmfv$rf;rdk;cJhw,f? *|efavmhcf[m tpdk;&qdkif&m usrf; (Treatises on Government) 2 usrf;udk ydk+yD;vG,fvG,f ulul &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;eJ@ usdK;a=umif;nD!GwfpGma&;om;cJhw,f? ('gayr,fh vltrsm; vufcH,Hk=unfxm;wJh t,ltq/ "avhxHk;pH awGudk ykwfcwfajymqdkwmawmh enf;enf;yg;yg;yJvkyfcJhygw,f?) vlwOD;csif;pDwdkif;udk bk&m;u qifjcifwHkw&m;ay;tyfxm;w,f? tJ'Dh qifjcifwHkw&m;a=umifh b,f[mrSefw,f/ b,f[mrSm;w,f/ b,fvdk &Sifoefaexdkifoifhw,fqdkwmudk vlom;awG odjrif em;vnfEdkifw,f?

John Locke (1632–1704)

tJ'Dhoabmw&m;[m vlwdkif;&J@ vlr_a&; wm0ef0wW&m;udk tav;teufxm;wJh obm0ed,mr w&m;vdk@ac:wJh tv,facwf a&S;a[mif;oD0&DygyJ? tJ'DhoD0&Dudk *|efavmhcfu yk*~vduoabmw&m; qefqef teuft"dy`m,f topfzGifhqdkvdkufygw,f? ol@&J@t"du oabmw&m;u vlom;wdkif;udk bk&m;u obm0tcGifhta&; wcsKd@ ay;xm;w,f? tJ'Dhobm0tcGifhta&;awGxJu ta&;t}uD;qHk; ay;tyfxm;wJh t"du tcGifhta&;awGuawmh touf&SifcGihf/ vGwfvyfcGifh eJ@ OpPm"e ydkifqdkif cGifhwdk@yJ? bk&m;ocifr&SdbJeJ@awmif vlom;awG[m obm0ed,mrawG/ obm0tcGifh ta&;awGudk quf+yD; ydkifqdkifaeOD;rSmqdkwJh t,ltqudk *|efavmhcfu qkyfudkif xm;w,f? (ed,mrawG csrSwfwJh bk&m;ocifr&Sd&if obm0ed,mr tawG;tac: [m t"dy`m,f odyf&SdawmhrSm r[kwfbl;qdk+yD; tjiif;tckef tvkyfcH&Edkifygw,f?) vlom;awG[m obm0EdkifiHawmfrSm bmtpdk;&rS rvdktyfbJeJ@/ olwdk@&@J qifjcifwHkw&m;wckwnf;eJ@/ vHk;0O\Hk jynfpHkvHkavmufwJh vlr_b0rSm aexdkif=uw,fqdk+yD; *|efavmhcfu tprSmawmh tjiif;tckef vkyfygw,f? ('gayr,fh tJ'Dhoabmw&m;[m &mZ0wfra_ wG/ ta&;}uD;wJh tjiif;tckefawG eJ@ tjcm; jy\emawGudk ajz&Sif;wJhtcgrSmawmh tcuftcJwcsKd@ jzpfay:apw,f?) tJ'Dh tcuftcJawGudk ausmfv$m;ajz&Sif;zdk@twGuf/ olwdk@awG }udKwif&&Sdxm;=uwJh tcGifhta&;awGudk umuG,fzdk@qdkwJh wckwnf;aom OD;wnfcsuftwGuf ,Hk=unfpdwfcs&wJh tpdk;&pepf wnfaqmufzdk@ vlr_a&; yË dnmOf (Social Contract) w&yfudk vlom;awG oabmwl oufrSwfchJ=uw,f? 'ga=umifh udk,fpm;jyKtzGJ@tpnf;awGu az:jy=uwJh tkyfcsKyfcGifhqdkif&m oabmwlnDcsufawGtay:rSm tajccH+yD; tpdk;&u tkyfcsKyf&w,f? wu,fvdk@ tpdk;&u ol@tay: ,Hk=unfpdwfcsr_eJ@ tnD raqmif&Guf

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vpfb&,f'Drdku&uf zwfpm

Edkif&if Oyrm- ypPnf;OpPmawGudk jynfolawG oabmrwlbJ odrf;ol&if/ tcGefaumuf&if tp&SdwJh jynfol@&J@ "eOpPmudk wdkufcdkufzsufqD;&if jynfolawGu tpdk;&udk vGwfvyfpGm jzKwfcscGifh&Sdw,f/ aumif;rGefrSefuefpGm tkyfcsKyfr,fh tpdk;&w&yfeJ@tpm;xdk;cGifh &Sdw,f? aemuf onf;cHjcif;ESifhywfoufonfh pmwrf; (A Letter Concerning Toleration- 1689) qdkwJh tjcm; pmtkyfwtkyfwtkyfrSm *|efavmhcfu tJ'Dhoabmw&m;udkyJ bmoma&;qdkif&m onf;cHcGifhv$wfjcif; oabmw&m;awGeJ@ (tJ'Dhoabmw&m;u u|efawmfwdk@tqifheJ@qdk&if twdkif;twmwcsKd@ tuef@ towfjzpfaeayr,fh) axmufcHtm;jznfhaz:jycJhjyefw,f? avmhcfudk yxrOD;qHk;aom t"duuswJh vpfb&,f awG;ac:&Siftjzpf u|efawmfwdk@a,bk,s owfrSwfyg w,f? ol[m aemufqufwGJoabmw&m;oD0&DawGjzpf=uwJh vl@tcGifhta&;/ wOD;wa,mufjcif; vGwf vyfr_/ tenf;i,fomtkyfcsKyfonfh tpdk;&/ tajccHOya'enf;us tpdk;&/ jynfol@udk,fpm;vS,frsm;jzifh pDrHtkyfcsKyfr_/ OpPmypPnf;ydkifqdkifjcif;. wifhw,f*k%f&Sdr_/ jynfol@vGwfvyfr_ ESifh onf;cHcGifhv$wfr_ tp&SdwJh oabmw&m;trsm;pkudk tao;pdwfzGifhqdk&Sif;vif;wifjycJhw,f? 'gayr,fh avmhcf[m 'Drdku&ufwpf r[kwfygbl;? oltvdk&SdqHk;u ygvDref&J@ xdef;csKyfr_atmufrSm tjrJ&SdaewJh bk&iftpdk;&pepfygyJ? avmhcfu rJay;EdkifcGifhudk ypPnf;OpPmydkifqdkifr_eJ@ uef@owfxm;oifhw,fvdk@ ,lqw,f? +yD;awmhvnf; vuf&Sd vl@tzGJ@tpnf;udk wenf;enf;eJ@ tajymif;tvJjzpfapcsifwJh qEN ol@rSm r&Sdbl;? avmhcfu vpfb&,f 0g'&J@ 0S*sftzGJ@bufudk udk,fpm;jyK+yD;/ vlr_a&;tajymif;tvJudk vdkvm;wJh !Sdolrsm; (Levellers) eJ@ tjcm;owfqdkifwJh tzGJ@awGu tajccHususajymif;vJwJh vpfb&,f0g'bufudk udk,fpm;jyK=uw,f? 17 &mpkaESmif;ydkif;eJ@ 18 &mpktrsm;pktawmtwGif;rSm 0S*sftzGJ@[m +Adwdo#EdkifiHa&;rSm v$rf;rdk;xm;EdkifwJh tiftm;pkjzpfygw,f? wdk;wufvm+yD; ae&m&vm=uwJh rif;rsKd;rif;EG,f tkyfcsKyfol (Aristocracy) awG v$wfawmf(Common)udk ydk+yD;xdef;csKyfvm=uwmeJ@tr# avmhcfumuG,fwJh pepfrSm tusifhysufvmbf pm;r_awG&SdvmcJhw,f? olwdk@&J@ udk,fydkiftcGifhta&;eJ@ vGwfvyfcGifhawGudk t*FvdyfvlrsKd;tm;vHk;&J@ tcGifh ta&;eJ@ vGwfvyfcGifhawGtwGuf tumtuG,fwHwdkif;vdk@ owfrSwfxm;wJh rif;rsKd;rif;EG,ftkyfcsKyfol rdom;pk tawmfrsm;rsm;u 0S*sfygwDudk vGrf;rdk;xm;=uw,f? avmhcfudk,fwdkifawmif tcsKd@ae&mawGrSm raxrJhjriftjyKcHcJh&w,f? avmhcf&J@tawG;tac:awG[m tar&duefeJ@ jyifopfrSm ydk+yD;&dkufcufr_&SdcJhygw,f?

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vpfb&,f'Drdku&uf zwfpm

tar&duefawmfvSefa&; 18 &mpktwGif;rSm +Adwdef&J@ tar&duef udkvdkeDe,f 13 e,f[m rdcifwdkif;jynfeJ@ tjyif;txefyË dyuQ w&yfjzpf+yD; t}uD;tus,fjy\emwufvmygw,f? aemufqHk; aygufuGJr,fh tcsdefa&mufwJh tcgrSm tar&duefawGu olwdk@&J@ ykefuefawmfvSefr_udk qHk;jzwft=uHay;zdk@ avmhcfudk t=uH^m%fawmif;=u w,f? vGwfvyfa&;a=unmpmwrf; (1776) rSm tckvdk a&;xm;ygw,f -

ol@tvdkvdk rSefuefaeonfh TtrSefw&m;udk u|Edkyfwdk@ qkyfudkifygonf? TtrSefw&m;um; - cyfodrf; aom vltm;vHk;udk nDwlnDr#zefqif;.? zefqif;olonf vlom;wdk@tm; tjcm;ol,laqmif roGm; Edkifonfh tcGifhta&;tcsK@dudk ay;tyfxm;.? 4if;wdk@rSm touf/ vGwfvyfcGifh/ aysmf&Gifcsrf;ajr@r_udk &SmazG cHpm;ydkifcGifhwdk@jzpf.? xdktcGihfta&;rsm;udk tmrcHumuG,fay;&eftwGuf tpdk;&tzGJ@rsm; wnfaxmifcJh=u onf? tpdk;&. tcGifhtm%monf tkyfcsKyf&efoabmwlnDcsufrS qif;oufvmjcif;jzpfonf? xdk&nfrSef; csufrsm;tm; tpdk;&u zsufqD;onfh tcsdefumvwdkif;wGif xdktpdk;&tm; ajymif;vJcGifh ESifh zsufodrf;cGifh jynfolrsm;wGif &Sdonf? tJ'Dhoabmxm;[m avmhcf&J@ oabmxm; tppfyJjzpfygw,f? 'gayr,fh jcGif;csufw&yfawmhyg&SdcJhyg w,f? ypPnf;OpPmudk csefxm;&pfcJhwmjzpf+yD;/ jyifopf^m%ftvif;acwfrSm a&yef;pm;aewJh oabm w&m;w&yfjzpfwJh aysmf&Gifcsrf;ajr@r_udk &SmazGcHpm;ydkifcGifhqdkwmeJ@ tpm;xdk;xm;jcif;ygyJ? ('gayr,fh vGwfvyfr_&J@ tpdwftydkif;wck tjzpfeJ@awmh ay;xm;ygao;w,f?) 1787 tar&dueftajccHOya'udk 'Drdkua&pD enf;uswJh pmwrf;tjzpf rrSwf,l=uygbl;? tJh'g[m 0S*sfawG&J@ pmwrf;ygyJ? tJh'gudk a&;qGJcJholawG[m 'Drdkua&pDudk vdkvm;=u wmr[kwfygbl;/ olwdk@ vdkcsifwmu *&deJ@ a&mr pma&;q&mawG/ txl;ojzifh pDqm&dk (Cicero) eJ@ zdk;bD;,uf (Polybius) wdk@ axmufcH awmif;qdk=uwJh orwpepf (Republic) ygyJ?

Marcus Tullius Cicero (106-43)

8

orwpepfqdkwJh t"dy`m,fu a&mESmxm;wJh tajccHOya'w&yf ygyJ/ a&S;a[mif; a&mr+rdK@&J@ yHkpHeJ@wlw,f? wOD;wa,muf&J@ tkyfcsKyfjcif;/ vlenf;pk&J@ tkyfcsKyfjcif;/ vltrsm;&J@ tkyfcsKyfjcif; awGudk aygif;pyfxm;wJh yHkpHyJ? wzGJ@udkwzGJ@u uef@owfjcif;/ xdef;!Sdjcif;awG jyKvkyf=uwmrdk@ tzGJ@wzGJ@u/ tv$mw&yf&yfu/ wOD;wa,mufa,mufu pdk;rdk;cs,fvS,fwm r&Sdawmhygbl;?

POLYBIUS

olwdk@ESpfOD;[m orwpepfudktajccHwJhzGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHkeJ@ jynfol@ od%Qm (jynfolvlxk pdwf"mwf)awGeJ@ a&mr+rdK@&J@ a&S;a[mif; }uD;jrwfr_udk jznfhay;cJhygw,f? olwdk@u vGwfvyfjcif;eJ@ 'Drdkua&pDt=um; uGJuGJjym;jym;jcm;em;xm;ygw,f? ('DacwfrSm u|efawmfwdk@ rcGJjcm;=uygbl;?) +yD;awmh orwpepf[m vGwfvyf r_udk apmifha&SmufumuG,fzdk@twGuf taumif;qHk; enf;vrf;vdk@ ,lqcJh=uygw,f?

c.201 - c.122 BC

vpfb&,f'Drdku&uf zwfpm

tar&duefawGu tJh'gudk vufcH=uygw,f/ tar&duef awmfvSefa&;acgif;aqmifawGxJu wa,mufjzpfwJh tvuf ZENm; [efrDwefqdk&if +Adwdef&J@pepfudk urBmay:rSm taumif; qHk;vdk@awmif ajymcJhygw,f? orwpepf&J@oabmw&m;rSm rsKd;&dk;pOfquf,lwJh Xmer&Sd&qdkwJh oabmvnf; oufa&muf ygw,f? 'gayr,fhvnf; +Adwdef&J@ tJh'Dpepftpdwftydkif;udk tar&duefawGu ppcsif; uef@uGufwmr[kwfygbl;?

tar&duefacgif;aqmifawGxJrSm 'Drdkua&pDudk twdrf;!Gwf qHk;u vGwfvyfa&;a=unmpmwrf;udk rl=urf;a&;wJh aom rwf *sufzmqif (1743-1826) yJjzpfw,f? ol@udk v$rf;rdk;xm;olawGu tajccHusus ajymif;vJa&; jyifopf awG;ac:&SifawGjzpfygw,f? *|efavmhcf&J@ v$rf;rdk;jcif; udkvnf; cH&w,f? olu vl@pdwf&if;oabmudk taumif; jrifw,f? vlomrefawG&J@ wifhw,foduQm&Sdr_ eJ@ ^m%fynm &Sdr_udk av;av;eufeufouf0if,Hk=unfw,f? olwdk@awG&J@ udk,fydkifvGwfvyfcGifhudk taumif;qHk;apmifha&Smufay;ol [m olwdk@udk,fwdkifyJvdk@ *sufzmqifu ,Hk=unfw,f? 'gayr,fh olu +rdK@awGudkawmh rcspfbl;?

9

(1743-1826)

+Adwdef&J@ tpdk;&rl0g'awGt& olwdk@udk qdk;qdk;&Gm;&Gm; jyKrl qufqHwmudkom qef@usif=uwmjzpfygw,f?

Thomas Jefferson

(1755-1804)

Alexander Hamilton

bk&if/ txufv$wfawmf/ atmufv$wfawmfwdk@&SdwJh +Adwfdef[m tJ'Dhoabmoufa&mufwJh orwpepf ygyJ? tJ'DhrSm bk&iftpdwftydkif;/ rif;rsKd;rif;EG,ftpdwftydkif; eJ@ 'Drdkua&pDtpdwftydkif;wdk@eJ@zGJ@pnf;xm; wmyg?

vpfb&,f'Drdku&uf zwfpm

oltaumif;qHk; pHxm;wJh 'Drdkua&pDu aus;&Gm&J@ vGwfvyfr_ eJ@ ynmwuf v,form;awGygyJ? 'Drdkua& pD[m us,f0ef;vSwJh+rdK@jy}uD;awGeJ@ wdk;wufwJh pufr_vkyfief;awG&SdwJh vl@tzGJ@tpnf;twGuf oifav#mf w,fvdk@ olu rxifygbl;? tar&duefudkvnf; tJ'DhtajctaeqD OD;wnfwmudk olu rvdkvm;ygbl;? 'gayr,fhvnf; 1787 ckESpf zDv'JzD;,m;rSmjyKvkyfwJh tajccHOya'nDvmcHrSm tar&dueftajccHOya'udk a&;qGJ=uawmh *sufzmqifu jyifopfrSm tar&duefoHrSL;tjzpfeJ@a&mufaeygw,f? a&S;&dk;pGJtjrif tvGef }uD;=uolawGu nDvmcH vkyfief;pOfawGudk v$rf;rdk;ae=uygw,f? (jynfoltrsm;udk tkyfpktao;av;awG uGJjym;oGm;apwmeJ@ pdwfysuftm;av#mhr_awGudk jzpfay:apwJh) tm%mcGJa0jcif;/ zuf'&,fpepf/ orw/ txufv$wfawmf/ atmufv$wfawmfwdk@twGuf rJay;a&$;cs,fjcif;udk tcsdefumvtrsKd;rsKd;udkvdkuf+yD; enf;trsKd;rsKd;eJ@ jyKvkyf&wmawG tp&SdwJh tcsufawGeJ@ (tajccHOya'&J@ toGifvuQ%mjzpfaewJh) apmifh =unfhppfaq;r_/ xdef;!dSr_pepfudk tus,fw0ifhvkyfcJhjcif;awGtwGuf t"duwm0ef&SdcJh=uwm olwdk@awG ygyJ? tajccHOya'rSm uGJjym;jcm;em;=uwJh tusKd;pD;yGm;awGu wckukdwck acszsuf=u+yD; b,ftkyfpkurS v$rf;rdk;csKyfudkifr_ rjyKapEdkifawmhygbl;? taumif;qHk;yHkpHuawmh rwlnD=uwJh yHkpHawG&J@ taumif;qHk; tpdwftydkif;awGudk pkpnf;xm;+yD; xdef;!Sdr_&SdwJh tajccHOya'w&yfygyJ? tajccHOya'topf&J@atmufrSm (wOD;wa,muf. tkyfcsKyfr_qdkwJh wif;=uyfwJhoabm&SdwJh) bk&iftydkif; udk orwtydkif;eJ@ jznfhxm;ygw,f? (orwudk jynfolawGu wdkuf&dkufa&$;cs,fwm r[kwfygbl;/ taumif;qHk;vludk a&G;cs,fzdk@twGuf jynfe,fwckcsif;qDua&G;cs,fay;vdkufwJh ta&;}uD;jynfolrsm; tzGJ@wzGJ@udk zGJ@pnf;xm;ygw,f? tJ'DhtzGJ@u orwudk a&$;cs,fwmyg?) tJ'DhtzGJ@u tckxdwnf&Sdaewkef; ygyJ/ a&G;cs,fr_ tzGJ@tpnf; (Electoral College) vdk@ac:ygw,f? (a&S;a[mif;t,lt& taumif;qHk; tkyf csKyfa&;vdk@ ,lqcJh=uwJh)rif;rsKd;rif;EG,ftkyfpdk;olrsm;tydkif;udk txufv$wfawmf (Senate) eJ@ tpm;xdk; ygw,f? tJ'Dhtxufv$wfawmfudkvJ wkduf&dkufa&$;cs,fwmr[kwfygbl;? qDedwfqdkwJh eHr,f[mvnf; a&S;a[mif;a&mr+rdK@u qDedwf&J@trnfudk ,lxm;wmyg? qDedwfawGudk jynfe,fawG&J@ udk,fpm;vS,frsm; nDvmcHu trnfpm&if;wifoGif;wmyg? aemufqHk;tydkif;jzpfwJh atmufvGwfawmf (House of Representatives ) udkyJ 'Drdkua&pDenf;us a&G;cs,f=uwmyg? 'gayr,fhvnf; jynfoltm;vHk;u a&G;cs,fydkif;cGifhr&Sdjyefygbl;/ bmjzpfvdk@vJqdkawmh rJay;ydkifcGifhudk ypPnf;OpPmydkifqdkifr_eJ@ uef@owfxm;jyefvdk@ jzpfygw,f? 'ga=umifh tajccHOya'u tm;vHk;udk udk,fpm;jyKwJh oabmoufa&mufwJh orwpepfyHkpHjzpfygw,f? wu,fawmhhvnf; tJ'Dhvdkr[kwfygbl;? 'Drdkua&pDvnf; tjynfht0r&SdcJhygbl;? 'Drdkua&pDu aemufydkif;us rSom a&mufvmwmyg? 'gayr,fh aumif;wJhtcsufu EdkifiHom;tm;vHk;&J@ tcGifhta&;awGudk ae&m trsm;}uD;ay;xm;wJhtcsufygyJ? tcGifhta&;qdkif&mOya' (Bill of Rights) (0g) yxr jyifqifcsuf 10csuf udk 1791 ckESpfrSm tajccHOya'&J@ usefwJhtydkif;xJudk tifeJ@tm;eJ@a&muf&SdvmcJhygw,f?

*

10

vpfb&,f'Drdku&uf zwfpm

Montesquieu

tm%mrsm; cGJjcm;xm;jcif;rl0g' qdkwJh tar&duef tajccHOya'&J@ 0S*sf yHko¾mefoGifjyif[m t"dutm; jzifh +AdwdeftawG;tac:/ trltusifhawGuae a&muf &Sdvmwmr[kwfbl;? jyifopf ^m%ftvif;acwf&J@ awG;ac:ynm&Sif b&Gef'D rGefwufusL;qDuae vm wmyJ? 0S*sf0g'&J@ tESpfom&[m vl@tzGJ@tpnf;udk ajymif;vJ r_rvkyfbJeJ@ tajccHOya'0g'uae vGwfvyfcGifhudk umuG,fwmqdk&if rGefwufusL;[m jyifopfwdk@&J@ 0S*sf yHkpHyJ?

(1689-1755)

rGefwufusL;

Ideological Co-Founder of the American Constitution along with John Locke

Edkifvdkrif;wufjyKwm/ w&m;rJh tkyfcsKyfwmawG[m wvufxJudkifxm;wJhtpdk;&Xmewdkif;rSm/ tkyfcsKyfa&;/ w&m;pD&ifa&;eJ@ Oya'jyKa&; Xmewdkif;rSm &Sdaew,fvdk@ olu twdkuftcHvkyfajymcJhw,f?

tJh'g[m a,bk,stm;jzifh ol@Zmwd jyifopfEdkifiHu awmf0eftpdk;&eJ@ Oa&myu|ef;EdkifiHawG&J@ tpdk;&awG rSmawmh [kwfw,f? tJ'Dh EdkifiHawGrSm bk&ifawGu tv,facwfygvDrefawG rvdkbJeJ@ tvkyfvkyf=uw,f/ qHk;jzwfcsuftm;vHk;udk olwdk@udk,fwdkifvkyfw,f/ Oya'awGudkvnf; olwdk@yJvkyfw,f? bmvdk@ tJ'Dhvdkvkyf wmvJqdkawmh bk&ifawGrSm {u&mZf tcGifhta&; &Sdw,fqdkwJh oD0&Dudk vufudkifxm;vdk@ygyJ? t*FvefEdkifiHrSm tJ'DhtpOftvmudk wGef;vSefqef@usifwJh zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufr_[m jynfwGif;ppfawGudk jzpfay: apcJhw,f? 'gayr,fh ^m%ftvif;acwf awG;ac:&SifawGu tJ'Dh oabmw&m;udk ajymif;vJypf=uw,f? bkef;awmf}uD;awG/ bk&ifawG&J@ tcGifhtm%mawGudk av#mhcs+yD;/ jynfolawGudk vGwfvyfcGifh ydk+yD;ay;wJh ae&mrSm +Adwdef[m (tJ'Dhtcsdefwkef;u) a&S@aqmifa&S@&GufjyKcJhwJh wdkif;jynfvdk@ olwdk@awGu jrif=uw,f? rGefwufusL;[m (tawmfxl;xl;qef;qef;eJ@ tawmfrSm;rSm;,Gif;,Gif;) ,Hk=unfxm;wmu +Adwdef tajccH Oya'[m rwlnD=uwJh xdef;csKyfr_awGeJ@ cGJjcm;xm;wJh tpdk;& tzGJ@tpnf;awG&J@ rl0g'tay:rSm tajcjyK xm;wmvdk@ ,Hk=unfcJhjcif;ygyJ? (wu,fawmh tJ'Dhwkef;u tckvdkyJ w&m;pD&ifa&;wckwnf;uom awmf awmf oD;jcm;jzpfaewmyg?) b,fvdkyJjzpfjzpf rGew f ufusL;vGwfvyfcGifhu awmif;qdkwm[m tpdk;&Xme awGtm;vHk; rwlnDwJhoD;jcm;csKyfudkifr_atmufrSm &Sd&r,fqdkwmygyJ? tar&duefawGu ol@tjrifoabm xm;udk vufcHcJh=u+yD; olwdk@&J@tajccHOya'udk tJ'Dhoabmxm;twdkif; a&;qGJcJh=uw,f? tJh'ga=umifh tar&dueforRwtygt0if tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJ@0iftm;vHk;wdk@[m v$wfawmftrwfawG rjzpf=u&bl;?

* 11

vpfb&,f'Drdku&uf zwfpm

*syefEdkifiH&J @ vpfb&,f'Drdku&ufwpfygwD (ausmfvif;OD;) (tm&Sa'otygt0if urBmhEdkifiHtoD;oD;rSm &dSwJh vpfb&,f'Drdku&ufwpfygwDawG&J@ ordkif;a=umif; eJ@ olwdk@&J@ v_yf&Sm;jzwfoef;r_awGudk vpfb&,f'Drdku&ufwpfzwfpm taeeJ@ tywfpOfpkpnf;wifjyoGm;rSm jzpfygw,f? 'DwpfywfrSmawmh *syefEdkifiH&J@ vuf&dStm%m& vpfb&,f'Drdku&ufwpfygwDta=umif;udk yxrOD;qHk;az:jyay;vdkufygw,f?) *syefEdkifiH &J@ vpfb&,f'Drdku&ufwpfygwDordkif;udkajymr,fqdk,if 'kwd,urBmppf+yD;wJhaemufydkif;upajym &rSmjzpfygw,f? 'kwd,urBmppf+yD;wJhaemuf EdkifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_awGudktuef@towfeJ@ cGifhjyKvmwJh tcsdef/ twdtusajym&,if 1945 =o*kwfvrSm csD,dk [wdk,mr uOD;aqmif+yD; vpfb&,fygwDudk xlaxmifcJhyg w,f? vpfb&,f ygwDeJ@twl qdk&S,fvpfygwD/ *syefwdk;wufa&;ygwD/ *syefyl;aygif;aqmif&Guf a&;ygwD/ *syefuGefjrLepfygwDwdk@vnf; tjydKiftqdkifay:aygufvmygw,f? tJ'Dtcsdefu *syefEdkifiH&J@ EdkifiHa&; ygwDawG [m tar&duefOD;aqmifwJh r[mrdwfppf&Hk;csKyf&J@ trdef@udk emcHae&wkef;&dSygao;w,f? 'ghtjyif *syefEdkifiH a&;rSm tar&duefawG&J@ 0ifa&mufcs,fvS,fr_awGudkvnf; txift&Sm;awG@&ygao;w,f? 1946 arvrSm *syefyl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&;ygwD[m tjcm;ygwDi,fav;awGeJ@yl;aygif;+yD;awmh yl;aygif; aqmif&Gufa&;'Drdku&ufwpfygwDudk jyefvnfzGJ@pnf;cJhygw,f? aemufydkif;rSm tJ'DygwD[m jynfol@ygwDeJ@ yl;aygif;+yD;awmh jynfol@yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&;ygwDtrnfeJ@ &yfwnfv_yf&Sm;cJhygw,f? wpfcsdefwnf;rSmyJ *syefwdk;wufa&;ygwD[mvnf; *syef'Drdku&ufwpfygwDtrnfudkajymif;vJcJh+yD;awmh aemufydkif;rSm jynfol@ wdk;wufa&;ygwDeJ@yl;aygif;oGm;cJhygw,f? tJ'DygwD[m vGwfvyfa&;&+yD;r=umcif 1952 rSm zsufodrf;vdkuf +yD; csufcsif;yJ jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;ygwDudk jynfvnfzGJ@pnf;vdkufygw,f? 1954 a&mufwJhtcg jyKjyifajymif; vJa&;ygwD[m *syef'Drdku&ufwpfygwDjzpfvmcJhw,f? *syefvpfb&,fygwD[mvnf; 'Drdku&ufwpftoif; eJ@ yl;aygif;+yD; 'Drdku&ufwpfvpfb&,fygwDudk 1948 rSm zGJpnf;xl;axmifcJhygw,f? 1950 azaz:0g&D a&mufwJhtcg 'Drdku&ufwpfvpfb&,fygwD[m *syef'Drdku&ufwpfygwDtwGif;u yl;aygif;aqmif&GufvdkwJhtpktzGJ eJ@ yl;aygif;+yD;awmh vpfb&,fygwDudk jyefvnfzGJ@pnf;cJhw,f? 'ga=umifh aemufqHk;rSm vpfb&,fygwD eJ@ 'Drkdu&ufwpfygwD qdk+yD; t"duEdkifiHa&; ygwD}uD;ESpfck *syefEdkifiHa&;rSm ay:aygufvmcJhygw,f? tjcm;ygwDjzpfwJh qdk&S,fvpfygwD[m 1951 atmufwdkbmvrSm ygwDwGif;u vufsmtiftm;pk eJ@ vuf0Jtiftm;pkt=um;oabmwlndr_r&EdkifbJ ESpf jcrf;uGJoGm;cJhygw,f? ppf+yD;p *syefEdkifiH[m r[mrdwfwyfaygif;pk&J@ tkyfcsKyfr_atmufrSmqdkayr,fh *syefEdkifiH&J@ta&;udk *syefEdkifiH om;rsm;udk,fwdkifpDrHcef@cGJEdkifatmiftxd &nf&G,fcsufxm;&dSygw,f? 'ga=umifh ppf+yD;acwf tm%m&vm wJhtpdk;&tqufqufu jymyHkjzpfaewJhwdkif;jynfudk jynfvnfxlaxmifzdk@txl;}udK;yrf;cJhygw,f? txl; ojzifh vpfb&,f'Drdku&uftpdk;&awG[m tpm;tpm&Smyg;r_jy\em/ tvkyform;oydwf eJ@ vlr_tHk=uGr_ jy\em/ zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'a&;qGJa&;/ ajr,m eJ@ ynma&;aqmufttHkjyKjyifajymif;vJa&;/ EdkifiHjcm;aiG a=u;vJvS,fa&;E_ef;twdtusowfrSwfa&; pwJhudpP&yfawGudkajyvnfatmufajz&Sif;cJhygw,f? 'ghtjyif *syefEdkifiH&J@ pD;yGm;a&; eJ@ vlr_a&;wnf+idrfr_&dSatmif Oya'/ enf;Oya' eJ@ pnf;rsnf;pnf;urf;trsdK;rsdL;udkcs rSwfEdkifcJhygw,f?

12

vpfb&,f'Drdku&uf zwfpm

Shigeru Yoshida

1949Zefe0g&D taxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJrSm 'Drdku&ufwpfvpfb&,f ygwDu tEdkif&vm+yD;wJhaemufydkif; *syefEkdifiHa&;[m wjznf;jznf; wnf+idrfvmcJhygw,f? ygwDOuUX ,kd&DS'g &J@ tpdk;&tzGJ@[m 1954 ckESpfwdkifatmif ajcmufESpfwdkifwdkif qufwdkuf tm%mpGJudkifxm; EdkifcJhygw,f? 'ghtjyif 1951 ck qefz&efppPudk +idrf;csrf;a&;pmcsKyf t& *sefyefEdkifiH&J@ tcsKyftjcmtm%mudk *syefEdkifiHom;rsm; vuf0,fodk@ jyefvnfaqmif =uOf;ay;EdkifcJhygw,f? *syeftar&duef vHkjcHKa&;pmcsKyft&vn;f *syefEdkifiH&J@vHkjcHKa&;twGuf tar&duefwdk@&J@tmrcHcsuf&&dScJhygw,f? *syefEdkifiH&J@ vHkjcHKa&;/ vGwfvyfcGifh eJ@ pD;yGm;a&;zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufr_awGtwGuf 0ef}uD;csKyf ,dk&dS'g eJ@ tjcm;vpfb&,fygwDawG&J@ atmifjrifr_u oufaojy aeygw,f?

*syef-tar&duef vHkjcHKa&;pmcsKyf csKyfqdk+yD;aemufydkif;/ txl;ojzifh *syefEdkifiH&J@tcsKyftjcmtm%m jyefvnfodrf;ydkuf&,lEdkif+yD; aemuf ydkif; 0ef}uD;csKyf,dk&DS'gtay: jynfolvlxk&J@axmufcHr_u wjznf; jznf;usqif;vmygw,f? tpOftvmxdef;odrf;a&;0g'D tpktzGJ@ twGif;rSmvnf; vHkjcHKa&;pmcsKyfeJ@ywfouf+yD; pdwfoabmxm; uGJjym;vmcJhygw,f? jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;ygwD eJ@ *syefvpfb&,fygwD n$ef@aygif;tpdk;&twGif;uae *syef'Drdku&ufwpfygwD cGJxGufoGm;+yD; wJhaemufydkif; ,d&DS'g &J@tpdk;&tzGJ@vnf;&mxl;rS E_wfxGufoGm;cJhyg w,f? oll@ae&mrSm *syef 'Drdku&ufwpfygwDacgif;aqmif [wdk,mr u 0ef}uD;csKyf&mxl;udk qufcHcJhygw,f?

Ichiro Hatoyama

1954 ck Edk0ifbmv a&mufwJhtcg jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;ygwD eJ@ *syefvpfv&,fygwDwdk@yl;aygif;+yD; *syef'Drdk u&ufwpfygwDtjzpfeJ@ &yfwnfoGm;zdk@ qdkif;jyif;vm=uygw,f? 'Drdku&ufwpfygwD acgif;aqmif [wdk,mr eJ@ vpfb&,fygwDacgif;aqmif tdkwm* wdk@ t}udrf}udrf awG@qHk+yD; aemufqHk;rSm vpfb&,f'Drdk u&ufwpftiftm;pktwGif; pnf;vHk;nDnGwfr_wnfaqmufzdk@qHk;jzwffvdkuf=uygw,f? ygwDESpf&yfpvHk;u a&G; aumufcHudk,fpm;vS,fawGeJ@ zGJ@pnf;xm;wJh ay:vpDa&;&maumfrwDu ygwDopf&J@ &nf&G,fcsuf/ ygwDyHko¿mef eJ@ ygwDvrf;pOf wdk@eJ@ywfouf+yD; rl=urf;wpfcka&;qGJygw,f? ygwDopfzGJ@pnfyHka&;&m aumfrwDu ygwDopf&J@ zGJpnf;yHkqdkif&myHkpH eJ@ ygwDvkyfief;pOfwdk@udk acwfrDEdkifiHa&;ygwDwpfck&J@ pHcsdefpHn$ef; awGeJ@tnD us,fus,fjyef@jyef@a&;qGJygw,f? ygwD&J@ pnf;rsnf;pnf;urf; eJ@ enf;Oya'qdkif&mvkyfxHk;vkyf enf;awGtygt0if jynfol@qufqHa&; eJ@ pnf;&Hk;a&;qdkif&myHko%efawGudkvnf; 'Drdkua&pDusifhpOfeJ@ nDnGwfr_&dSatmif aqmif&Gufygw,f? tJ'Dvdk aqmif&Gufp&m&dSwJhudpPawGudk aqmif&Guf+yD;wJhaemufydkif;rSm ay:vpDa&;&maumfrwD eJ@ zGJpnf;yHk qdkif&maumfrwD ESpf&yfudkaygif;pyf+yD; ygwDopfzGJ@pnf;a&;qdkif&m jyifqifa&;aumfrwDudk zGJ@pnf;vdkufyg w,f? tJ'DtzGJ@u aemufqHk;rSm ygwDopf&J@ a=ujimcsuf/ vrf;pOf/ ay:vpD/ ygwDOuUX a&G;aumufjcif; qdkif&m vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;awGudk xkwfjyefa=ujimygw,f? tJ'Dvdktqifhqifhaqmif&Guf+yD;wJhaemuf ygwD&J@ emrnfeJ@ ywfoufvdk@ t}udrf}udrfpOf;pm;cJh=uygw,f? ygwDwGif;/ ygwDjyif vlyk*~dKvftoD;oD;&J@ t}uH^m%f &,l+yD;wJhaemufydkif;rSm vpfb&,f'Drdku&ufwpfygwDvdk@ wnDwnGwfwnf; twnfjyKvdkuf=uygw,f? 1955 Edk0ifbm 15&ufae@rSm w&m;0ifygwDopfwpf&yf zGJ@pnf;xl;axmif+yD;csdefup+yD; tdkifcsD,dk [wdk,mr/ 13

vpfb&,f'Drdku&uf zwfpm

wuDwdk,m tdkwm*/ brfbdkul tkdEdk/ bluDcsDrDuD wdk@u ygwD&J@ OuUXawGtjzpf tpOftqufwm0ef,lchJ =uygw,f? tJ'Dtcsdefup+yD; *syefEdkifiHa&;rSm tiftm;}uD;wJh vpfb&,f'Drdku&ufwpfygwDwpf&yf ay:aygufvmcJh+yD; atmufv$wfawmfrSm ae&maygif; 298 ae&m eJ@ txufv$wfawmfrSm ae&maygif; 115 ae&m pdk;rdk;xm;EdkifcJhygw,f?

* ol hpum; "The responsibility of statesmen, however, is to solve complexity rather than to contemplate it. For leaders unable to choose among their alternatives, circumspection becomes an alibi for inaction." Henry Kissinger (From Diplomacy)

“EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifwpfa,muf&J @wm0ef[m &_yfaxG;vSwJhtajctaeawGudk 'Dtwdkif;xdkif oHk;oyfaezdk@xuf vufawG@ajz&Sif;wwfzdk@vdkygw,f? jzpfEdkifajc&dSwJht&mawGxJu wpfckckudk ajymif;vJa&G;cs,fray;EdkifwJhacgifaqmifawGtwGufawmh pOf;pm;vGef;jcif;[m wGef@qkwfr_t wGuf ta=umif;jyaumif;wJh tcsufwpfcsufomjzpfygw,f?”

[ife&D upfqif*sm; ('pfyvdkarpD pmtkyfrS)

*

14

vpfb&,f'Drdku&uf zwfpm

jrefrmEdkifiH eJ@ vpfb&,f0g' (1) (cdkifvif;) vpfb&,f ordkif;udkjyef=unfh,if vGefcJhwJh ESpfaygif; (300)ausmfuwnf;u pwifcJhwmyg? tJ'Dhtcsdefu wnf&dSaewJh ajr&Sifya'o&mZfpepfudk qef@usif+yD;ay:aygufvmwJh pufr_awmfvSefa&;eJ@twl arG;zGm;vm wmyg? Oa&myrSm pufr_awmfvSefa&; xGef;um;csdefrSm pufr_t&if&Sifvlwef;pm;wpf&yfvnf; wjydKifeuf ay:aygufvmygw,f? tJ'Dvlwef;pm;[m EdkifiHa&; tm%mqkwfudkifxm;wJh ajr&Sifya'o&mZfudk pdefac: +yD; zGJpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'udktajccHwJh ukd,fpm;jyK tpdk;&rsdK;udk wnfaxmifzdk@}udK;pm;vmygw,f? (19) &mpka&mufwJhtcg vpfb&,f0g'[m avZD-zJ,m; (Laissez-faire) vdk@ac:wJh vGwfvyfpGm uloef;a&mif;0,fcGifh&dSwJh pDyGm;a&;pepfwpfrsdK; tajccHvmygw,f? tJ'Duaewpfqifh yk*~vdu0g' (Individualism) eJ@ yk*~vduvGwfvyfcGifh (Individual Freedom) awGyg0ifwJh 'Dae@acwfvpfb&,f0g' qDudk zGH@+zdK; a&muf&dSvmygawmhw,f? jrefrmEdkifiH&J@ vuf&dStajctae[m 17 &mpk Oa&myeJ@ qifqifwlygw,f? EdkifiH&J@ EdkifiHa&;tm%mudk ppfwyfuomvuf0g; }uD;tkyfxm;+yD; usefwJhvlwef;pm;awGudk EdkifiHa&;tm%meJ@ rywfouf&atmif twwfEdkifqHk;xdef;odrf;xm;ygw,f? ppfwyfu wnfaqmufxm;wJh EdkifiHa&;pepft& ppfwyfvlwef;pm; om tusdK;&dSapwJh pD;yGm;a&;pepfeJ@ tkyfcsKyfa&;pepfudk usm;uefay;xm;ygw,f? vuf&dSjrefrmEdkifiHrSm ppf wyfvGJvdk@ usefwJh omrefjynfolvlxk[m EdkifiHa&; t0ef;t0dkif;eJ@ vHk;0 rywfouf&atmif enf;aygif;pHk oHk;+yD; wdkif;jynfudkcsKyfudkifxm;ygw,f? 'DtajctaerSm ppfwyf&J@ EdkifiHa&;tm%mudk pdefac: EdkifwJhvlwef; pm;wpf&yf jrefrmhvl@tzGJ@tpnf;rSm xGef;um;vmzdk@ jzpfEdkifajctvGefenf;aeygw,f? 'DvdkjzpfEdkifajcenf; wJhtxJuyJ jrefrmhEdkifiHa&;rSm vpfb&,f0g'udk udk,fpm;jyK+yD; vlwef;pm;wpf&yf ay:aygufvmcJh,if vuf&dS jrefrmhEdkifiHa&; tajctae[mvnf; ajymif;vJvmrSmrvGJygbl;? jrefrmh vl@tzGJ@tpnf;twGif;rSm vpfb&,f0g' xGef;um;zdk@qdk,if vlwpfOD;csif;pDu rdrdwdk@zGH@+zdK;wdk;wuf a&;twGuf udk,fhudk,fudk tm;udk;zdk@vdkygw,f? wcgu +Adwdef0ef}uD;csKyftjzpf oufwrf;oHk;ckqufwdkuf xrf;aqmifcJhwJh rm*&ufoufcsm tajymcHbl;ovdk “vl@tzGJ@tpnf;rSm vlwpfOD;csif;eJ@ olwdk@&J@rdom;pk awGuvGJvdk@ wjcm;r&dSawmhygbl;” qdkwJhtwdkif; vl@tzGJ@tpnf;udk vlwpfOD;csif;&J@ tusDK;pD;yGm;awGeJ@ zGJ@pnf;xm;wmyg? vlwpfOD;wpfa,mufzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufzdk@twGuf vl@tzGJ@tpn;fqDua&m/ wjcm;vlyk*~dKvf wpfOD;wpfa,mufqDuyg b,fvkdtultnDrsdK;rS ,lp&mrvdkygbl? vpfb&,f0g't& udk,fh&J@ udk,fydkif t&nftcsif;udkyJ tm;udk;zdk@vdkygw,f? 'ga=umifhvnf; vl@tzGJ@tpnf;wpf&yfvHk; zGH@+zdK;zdk@twGuf vlwpfOD; csif;taeeJ@ zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;[m tcsuftcsmusygw,f? 'DoabmudkrjrifwJh b,fyk*~dKvfwpfOD; wpfa,muf/ wpfzGJ@wpfygwDrqdk vpfb&,f0g'&J@ &efolygyJ? 'ghtjyif vl@tzGJ@tpnf;wpf&yfvHk; zGH@jzdK; wdk;wufa&;udkqef@usifwJh jynfolvlxk&J@&efolyg? 'ga=umifh wdkif;jynfzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;twGuf vpfb&,f 0g'udktajccHwJh EdkifiHa&;pepfuom t"dua&aomufjrpfjzpfygw,f? vpfb&,f0g'atmufrSm vGwfvyfjcif;&J@t&omudk vlwpfOD;csif;taeeJ@ tjynfht0cHpm;&rSmyg? 'Dvdkvl wpfOD;csif;&J@ vGwfvyfjcif;qDuae vlwdkif;twGuf vGwfvyfjcif;qDudk OD;wnfoGm;ygw,f? tu,fI yk*~dKvfwpfOD;wpfa,muf&J@ vGwfvyfjcif;[m vltzGJ@tpnf;wpf&yfvHk;&J@ wnfjidrfat;csrf;a&;udk jcdrf; acsmufaecJh&if vl@tzGJ@tpnf;&J@ tusdK;pD;yGm;udk ydkrdkOD;pm;ay;oifhygw,f? vllwpfOD;&J@tusdK;pD;yGm;[m tjcm;wpfOD;&J@tusdK;pD;yGm;eJ@ xdyfwkdufawG@vm+yDqdkcJh,if jy\emawGudk +idrf;+idrf;/ csrf;csrf;ajz&Sif;=uwm taumif;qHk;ygyJ? 'Dfvdk rwluGJjym;r_awGudk +idrf;+idrf;/ csrf;csrf;ajz&Sif;EdkifrSom aoG;xGufoH,dkr_awGudk a&Smif &Sm;EdkifrSmjzpfygw,f?

15

vpfb&,f'Drdku&uf zwfpm

wu,fawmh vpfb&,f0g'[m rwlnDwJh tusdK;pD;yGm;awGudk aoG;xGufoH,dk wdkufcdkuf+yD; tajz&Sm wmxuf at;at;csrf;csrf; aqG;aEG;jiif;cHk&if; tajz&Smzdk@udk ydk+yD;tm;ay;ygw,f? 'ga=umifhvnf; urBm ay:rSm vpfb&,f'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHtcsif;csif; b,fawmhrS ppfrjzpfbl;qdkwJh tqdkwpf&yf&dSygw,f? wu,f awmh vpfb&,f0g'udk r,Hk=unfoltcsif;csif; 'grSr[kwf ,Hk=unfwJhtkyfpkeJ@ r,Hk=unfwJh tkyfpkt=um; rSmom ppfyGJawG/ aoG;xGufoHk,dk ajz&Sif;r_awGu &dSaewmyg? vpfb&,f0g'atmufrSm vlwdkif;[m wlnDwJh arG;&mygtcGifhta&;awG&dS&ygr,f? 'gayr,fh vlwdkif;vl wdkif;[m t&nftcsif;awG/ ADZawG/ ^m%f&nfawG/ rwlnDEdkif=uwJhtwGuf wlnDwJh tqifhtwef;awmh &dSrSmr[kwfygbl;? vlwdkif;vlwdkif;[m w&m;Oya'atmufrSm wlnDwhJ tcGifhta&;&dS&r,f? rJay;ydkifcGifh/ pnf;&Hk;v_HaqmfEdkifcGifh pwJh wlnDwJh EdkifiHa&;tcGifha&;tawG&dS&r,f? 'gayr,fh ydk+yD;awmh t&nftcsif;&dSol/ ydk+yD;tvkyf}udK;pm;olu ydkomwJh vlr_tqifhtwef;udk ykdifqdkifzdk@ tmrcHcsuf&dS&rSmyg? 'ga=umifh vpfb&,f 0g'udk awmfoludk OD;pm;ay;wJhpepf (Meritocracy) vdk@vnf; ac:av@&dSygw,f? 'Dvdk vl@tzGJ@tpnf;twGif;rSm vlr_tqifhtwef;awG/ ynmt&nftcsif;awG rwlwmeJ@tr# wpfa,muf &J@ tawG;tac:t,lq[m tjcm;wpfa,muf&J@ tawG;tac:t,ltqeJ@ uGJjym;wmawG/ rwkdufqdkif wmawG &dSvmEdkifygw,f? 'Dvdk&dSvmcJh,ifvnf; aqG;aEG;ndSEd_if;+yD; aqG;aEG;ajz&Sif;=uzdk@ vpfb&,f0g'u tm;ay;ygw,f? 'ga=umifh vpfb&,f0g'xGef;um;wJh EdkifiHawGrSm at;csrf;wnf+idrf+yD; pD;yGm;a&; zGH@+zdK;wmudk awG&rSmyg? vpfb&,f0g'DawG[m tJ'Dvdk t,ltq rwluGJjym;wmudku vpfb&,f0g'&J@ aumif;uGuf wpfuGuftjzpf wefzdk;xm;=uygw,f? tawG;tac: t,ltqawG[m rsm;Edkifor# rsm;rsm; eJ@ axmifhaygif;pHku ajymqdkaqG;aEG;Edkifzdk@vdkygw,f? 'grSom tawG;tac: t,ltqwpf&yf[m trSm; uif;Edkifor# uif;rSmyg? 'gudk vpfb&,f0g'DawGu wef;zdk;xm;=uygw,f? vpfb&,f0g't& EdkifiHwpfEdkifiH&J@ EdkifiHa&;pepf[m tkyfcsKyfoleJ@ tkyfcsKyfcH=um; oabmwlnDr_eJ@ tkyfcsKyf wmjzpf+yD;/ tkyfcsKyfa&;tm%mudk bk&m;ocifu ay;tyfxm;wmr[kwfovdk/ tkyfcsKyfolawGtwGuf arG; &mygtcGifhta&;vnf; r[kwfygbl;? tJ'D oabmwlnDcsuf ysufjy,foGm;cJh,ifvnf; tkyfcsKyfolawG t wGuf tkyfcsKyfcGifh &kwfodrf;cH&ygvdrfhr,f? 'g[mvnf; tkyfcsKyfoleJ@ tkyfcsKyfcH=um;u yXd^mOfwpf&yfyg? 'g a=umifh vpfb&,fEdkifiHawGrSm EdkifiHa&;pepf[m tpOft+rJ o[Zmwjzpfaewwfygw,f? tJ'DEdkfifiHawGrSm tpdk;&qdkwm vl@tzGJ@tpnf; om,m0ajyma&;eJ@ at;csrf; wnf+idrfa&;twGuf tmrcHcsufay;wJh tzGJ@ tpnf;wpf&yftjzpfeJ@ rSwf,l=uygw,f? 'ghtjyif tpdk;&[m rif;pdk;rif;npf tjzpf ajymif;vJoGm;rSmudk pdk; &drf=uwJhtwGuf tm;vHk;oabmwlwJh zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'qdkwmudk a&;qGJjyXmef;xm;+yD; tpdk;&&J@ tm%m&yfwcsdK@udk uef@owfcsKyfcs,fxm;&ygw,f? 'Dvdka&;qGJjyXmef;xm;rSom tpdk;&twGif; wm0efcHEdkifr_/ xifomjrifom&dSr_eJ@ wm0efodr_awGudk tmrcHEdkifwJh tpdk;&rsdK; jynfolvlxku &&dSvmrSm jzpfygw,f? jrefrmEdkifiHvdktajctaersdK;eJ@ vpfb&,fEdkfifiHa&;pepfqDa&mufzdk@ tawmftwefoGm;&OD;rSmjzpfygw,f? 'D vdkoGm;wJhae&mrSm jynfolvlxk&J@ yg0ifr_rygbJeJ@ b,fvdkrSra&mufEdkifygbl? 'ga=umifh jrefrmEdkifiHom;rsm; vpfb&,f'Drdkua&pDta=umif; aumif;aumif;odzdk@ta&;}uD;ygw,f? vpfb&,f0g'udk aoaocsmcsm em;vnfrS jrefrmEdkifiHrSm vpfb&,f'Drdka&pDEdkifiHa&;pepfatmif atmifjrifjrifeJ@ wnfaqmufEdkifrSm jzpfyg w,f? 'grS jynfolvlxktaeeJ@ vpfb&,f0g'eJ@ w&m;r#r#wwtkyfcsKyfwJhtpdk;&eJ@ }uHKawG@=u&rSm jzpfygw,f? w&m;r#r#wweJ@ tkyfcsKyfwJhtpdk;&rsdK;&dSwJhEdkifiH[m avmuedAŠmefygyJ? jrefrmjynfolawG twGuf 'Dvdktpdk;&rsdK;&dSzdk@ vdktyfygw,f? jrefrmjynfoal wmfawmfrsm;rsm;u EdkifiHa&;udpPudk ukd,feJ@rqdkif ovdkxifrSwfaewwfygw,f? 'gayr,fh avmuedAŠmefrSmawmh vlwdkif;aecsif=uolcsnf;ygyJ? avmuedAŠmef rSm aecsif&ifawmh vpfb&,f'Drdkua&pDpepf jrefrmEdkifiHrSm xGefum;atmifvkyfzdk@ tm;vHk;rSm wm0ef&dS ygw,f?

16