Lframos - Review Of Literature

Review of Literature in Science Reports.

1. SETTING THE STAGE:

The Intel INTERNATIONAL SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING FAIR (ISEF)

2006 Indianapolis, IN

2000 Detroit, MI

2004 Portland, OR

2001 San Jose, CA 2010

2009 Reno, NV 1999 Philadelphia, PA

2007 Albuquerque, NM 2005 Phoenix, AZ

2008 Atlanta, GA 1998 Fort Worth, TX 1997 & 2002 Louisville, KY

ISEF Sites 1997-2010

An overview of ISEF 2009 ...

35

428

38 4 20

2 OTHERS –

American Samoa Guam Puerto Rico Virgin Islands

555 ISEF-affiliated fairs.

8 3 15 2

Affiliated Fairs - 38

Asia

Israel Jordan Kazakhstan Lebanon Saudi Arabia

1 3 1 1 3

China Chinese Taipei Hong Kong India Japan Malaysia Pakistan Philippines Singapore South Korea Sri Lanka Thailand Vietnam

8 3 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1



850132. Intel Basic Philippine Science Fair



850332. Intel Philippine Applied Science Fair

Director:

Dr. Lolita M. Andrada Bureau of Secondary Education Department of Education Pasig City

Sponsors:

Department of Education & Intel Technology Philippines, Inc.

Philippine ISEF-Affiliated Fairs

Photo by LFRamos



Intel BEST OF CATEGORY AWARDS. $5,000 scholarship and an Intel® CentrinoTM notebook computer. Plus, a $1,000 grant to the school & the Intel ISEF Affiliated fair.



GRAND AWARDS. Presented in each of 17 categories: 1st Place 2nd Place 3rd Place 4th Place



$3,000 cash award $1,500 cash award $1,000 cash award $500 cash award

SPECIAL AWARDS. Grants, scholarships, internships, and scientific field trips from governmental, industrial and educational institutions representing a wide variety of scientific disciplines, which are affiliated with the Intel ISEF as Special Awards.

Awards at the Intel ISEF

Intel Foundation Young Scientist Award. A $50,000 scholarship for the top three student winners.

Li Boynton, 17, of Houston, TX; Tara Adiseshan, 14, of Charlottesville, VA; and Olivia Schwob, 16, of Boston, MA

2009 BEST of the Best.

Our ISEF GRAND AWARD winners

Our ISEF GRAND AWARD winners

 2009

Fourth Award (Team, Microbiology). Screening for Quorum Sensing Inhibitors from Surface-Associated Bacteria of Halymenia durvillaei. Kevin David & Orven Dumaong, PSHS-Main, QC

Our ISEF GRAND AWARD winners

2007 Fourth Award (Behavioral & Social Sciences). Ethnomathematics in the Geometric Patterns in Woven Fabrics of the Indigenous Kalingas of the Philippines. Hester Umayam, PSHS-Cagayan Valley Fourth Award (Microbiology). Fish Mucus: Its Potential Antimicrobial Effects on Human Pathogens and Possible Role in Innate Immunity. Melvyn Barroa, Capiz NHS Fourth Award (Team, Biochemistry). Screening, Isolation, and Characterization of Fluorescent Proteins from Nudibranchs. Razel Ventura, Janine Santiago & Mara Villaverde, PSHS-Main

Our ISEF GRAND AWARD winners

2006 Third Award (Zoology). Biofuel and Soaps from Janitor Fish (Pterygoplichthys pardalis) Oil. Raymond Amurao, Marikina Science HS Third Award (Team, Physics). Elastomeric Grating for Wavelength Switching in Optical Communication Systems. Katrina Guevara, Ace Palabrica & Nicole Yazon, PSHSMain QC

Our ISEF GRAND AWARD winners

2005 Fourth Award (Botany). Tabernaemontana pandacaqui Poir (Pandakaki) as Rice Bug (Leptocorisa acuta) Eradicator. Daisy P Galapia, Sinait Natl High School Third Award (Microbiology). Biologically Potent Broad Spectrum Antibiotics Obtained from Tetrodotoxin-Rich Organs of Puffer Fishes (Arathron hispidus, Arathron manillensis, Chelenodon patoca). Joey D Mangadlao, Agusan del Sur NHS

Our ISEF GRAND AWARD winners

 2004 Fourth Award (Medicine & Health). Biologically-Guided Isolation of the Antimicrobial Component on the Sea-Snake Laticauda colubrina Schneider Venom. Joy Anne Aquino, E Rodriguez Junior High School Third Award (Team, Chemistry). Development of a Chemically Modified Carbon Paste Electrode from Green Mussels (Perna viridis) for the Analysis of Lead (II) Through Voltammetry. Anne Velasquez, Katrina Rivera & Alan Gonzales, Manila Science HS Fourth Award (Team, Environmental Sciences). Lumos: A Simple, Rapid, and Inexpensive Dissolved Oxygen Determination of Wastewater Samples Using the Tube Bioluminescence Extinction Method of Vibrio fischeri USTCMS 1063. Jayson Obos, Trina Napasindayao & Melanie Melchor, QC Science HS

Our ISEF GRAND AWARD winners

 2002

First Award (Microbiology). Antibiotic Substance Obtained from the Parotid Gland Secretions of the Toad (Bufo marinus). Prem Rara, Integrated Dev Sch – MSU-IIT First Award (Team, Physics) A Novel Application of Locally Formulated Cholestric Liquid Crystals in Dosimetry. Allan Estrella, Jeric Macalintal & Richard Manapat, Manila Science HS

Our ISEF GRAND AWARD winners

 2000

Fourth Award (Team, Botany) Histochemical Tests and Antibacterial Effect of Oak-Leaf Fern ( Drynaria quercifolia (Linn.) J.Sm) Extracts. Osmund Amoroso, Ray Oco & Leo Carrillo, Central Mindanao Univ Laboratory HS

Our ISEF GRAND AWARD winners

Our ISEF SPECIAL AWARD winners

 2009

2nd Award, American Assn for Clinical Chemistry Study of the Cytotoxicity against Human Lung (A549) and Colon (HCT 116) Carcinomas, Antioxidant and Antibacterial Potentials of Milkfish (Chanos chanos Forsskal) Bile. Angeli Joyce Dy, Capiz Natl HS 2nd Award, American Statistical Association Mathematical Models for the Gender Determination of Philippine Eagles (Pithecophaga jefferyi). Jovani Tomale, Davao City Natl HS

Our ISEF SPECIAL AWARD winners



2008

Distinguished Achievement Award of $1,500 & Trip to the SEG International Exposition and Annual Meeting. Society of Exploration Geophysicists.

Construction of a Mechanical Prototype of a Microtremor Recorder Based on Electromagnetic Induction. Adrian Patacsil, Marvin Ambrosio & Rachel Cahilog, PSHS-Main



2007

Scholarship Award of $1,000. National Collegiate Inventors & Innovators Alliance/The Lemuelson Foundation.

The Potential of Marine Bioluminescent Bacteria as Antibacterial Agents Against Two Major Rice Diseases Caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae and Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola. Luiji Suarez, Dona Hortencia Salas Benedicto Natl HS



2006

Scholarship Award of $1,000. National Collegiate Inventors & Innovators Alliance/The Lemuelson Foundation.

Elastomeric Grating for Wavelength Switching in Optical Communication Systems. Katrina Guevara, Ace Palabrica & Nicole Yazon, PSHS-Main QC

Our ISEF SPECIAL AWARD winners



2004

1st Award of $1,000. American Veterinary Medical Association. Biologically-Guided Isolation of the Antimicrobial Component on the Sea-Snake Laticauda colubrina Schneider Venom. Joy Anne Aquino, E Rodriguez Junior High School 

2003

2nd Award of $250 & Certificate. American Intellectual Property Law Association. Antibacterial Agent Obtained from the Midgut of Cattle Leeches (Hirudinaria manilensis). Efrellene Galula, Agusan del Sur Natl HS

Our ISEF SPECIAL AWARD winners



2001

Special Award. Patent & Trademark Office. US Dept of Commerce. Phytoplankton Productivity Forecasting in the South China Sea Using Neutral Networks. Reinabelle Reyes, PSHS-Main QC 

2000

Honorable Mention of $100. Eastman Kodak Company. Histochemical Tests and Antibacterial Effect of Oak-Leaf Fern ( Drynaria quercifolia (Linn.) J.Sm) Extracts. Osmund Amoroso, Ray Oco & Leo Carrillo, Central Mindanao Univ Laboratory HS

Our ISEF SPECIAL AWARD winners

2. MOVING FORWARD.

IPSF: VISION-MISSION Vision: Each Philippine school has a culture of excellence in science & technology and research Mission: To produce students imbued with knowledge, skills and attitudes who are globally competitive in science and technology for national development.

DepEd

curricular requirement? Interest in current issues: potential treatments/cures for diseases, alternative energy sources, environment Curiosity. Want to find answers. Quest for inventions/new discoveries. Fun. Inspired by sci-fi movies. Tool to social-network, travel. Honors. Money?

WHY do a science project?



PEOPLE Students Adults (Teachers, Parents, Community of mentors/experts, and Qualified Scientists)



FACILITIES / RESEARCH INSTITUTIONS Non-Regulated (Home, School Labs, Zoos, etc.) Regulated (Universities, Agencies, etc)



TIME 12 continuous months between January 2009 and May Next 2010



RESEARCH RULES/GUIDELINES



OTHERS

Needs to Complete a Science Project.

In Grades 9-12 or equivalent. Has not reached 21 yrs of age on or before May 2010.

Students.



May be the Adult Sponsor (Sci Research Adviser).



Give encouragement, support, and guidance.



Make sure that the project is primarily the work of the child.



Help the child use and strengthen the skills he or she has learned and develop higher-level skills. The main goal should not be the ribbon or prize.



Help the child design a project that is safe and properly supervised.



Help the child plan to prevent a last minute project. Some projects may take 6 to 10 months.

From http://www.societyforscience.org/isef/

Parents.

•

Maybe a teacher, parent, university professor or scientist in whose lab the student is working.



Has solid science background & in close contact with student during the course of the project.



Works with student to assess possible risks to ensure health & safety of the student.



MUST know the rules esp. of potentially dangerous research.



OVERSEES THE PROJECT.

From http://www.societyforscience.org/isef/

Adult Sponsor

Qualified

Scientist(s)

Designated

Supervisor(s)

Institutional Scientific

Review Board (IRB)

Review Committee (SRC)

Mentor(s)

Community.

Jan 2009 • TOPIC SELECTION / INFORMATION RESEARCH. • RESEARCH PLAN. • SRC/IRB BEFORE EXPERIMENTATION. • EXPERIMENTATION. • REPORT WRITING. • SRC REVIEW BEFORE THE FAIRS.

Apr-May . Vacation

• PROJECT DISPLAY.

Division SciFair

Sept 2009

Regional SciFair

Oct-Nov 2009 New Year

National IPSF

ISEF

Timeline.

Feb 2010

May 2010

 Ethical

Statement

 Responsibilities  SRC/IRB

review & approval before experimentation begins.

 Restrictions

regarding research using human subjects, vertebrate animals. PHBAs, & hazardous chemicals & devices.

 Risk

assessments as needed.

* Copy of ISEF 2010 Rules & Forms in CD.

ISEF Rules & Guidelines.

SCIENTIFIC-METHOD-BASED

RESEARCH

NON-INQUIRY-BASED

Science Project

RESEARCH

SCIENTIFIC-METHOD-BASED RESEARCH LIFE SCIENCES.

APPLIED SCIENCES.

NON-INQUIRY-BASED RESEARCH ENGINEERING PROJECTS.

Engineering goals, development process, evaluation of improvements.

COMPUTER SCIENCE PROJECTS. New or improved algorithms, simulations, modeling, ‘virtual reality’, etc.

MATHEMATICS PROJECTS. NEW proofs, solving equations, etc.

THEORETICAL PROJECTS. Thought experiment, math modeling, new theories, concept formation, etc.

17 CATEGORIES  ANIMAL SCIENCES  BEHAVIORAL & SOCIAL SCIENCES  BIOCHEMISTRY  CELLULAR & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY  CHEMISTRY  COMPUTER SCIENCE  EARTH & PLANETARY SCIENCE  ENGINEERING: Electrical & Mechanical

17 CATEGORIES  ENGINEERING: Mat’ls & Bioengineering  ENERGY & TRANSPORTATION  ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT  ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES  MATHEMATICAL SCIENCES  MEDICINE & HEALTH SCIENCES  MICROBIOLOGY  PHYSICS AND ASTRONOMY  PLANT SCIENCES

ISEF Categories & Subcategories http://www.societyforscience.org/isef/students/research_categories.asp

COMPLETED

SCIENCE PROJECT is “an amalgam of reading, writing, spelling, grammar, math, statistics, ethics, logic, critical thinking, computer science, graphic arts, scientific methodology, self-learning of one or more technical or specialty fields, and (if the project qualifies for formal competition) public speaking and defense in front of expert judges.”

A Definition: Science Project

3. INFORMATION RESEARCH.

AVAILABLE SOURCES OF INFORMATION. 

Traditional Print Sources/Publications.



Internet-only Sources.

Caution: The internet may be the most convenient starting point for information research but it is not always the best.

Reading.

TRADITIONAL PRINT SOURCES. Books & Textbooks. Dated/takes time to publish.  Newspapers. Up-to-date, factual/opinionated. 



Academic & Trade Journals. Most up-to-date info and research in industry, business and academe. Gives overview of current & past research, theories & history, specific processes & research.

Govt Reports & Legal Documents. Useful info.  Press Releases & Ads. Special interest group.  Flyers, Pamphlets, Leaflets. Reputable sources?  Multimedia. Radio, TV, etc. 

Reading.

INTERNET-ONLY SOURCES. 

Websites. Vary in quality of info & validity of sources. Solid academic resources including on-line journals & sites of universities & scholarly or scientific organizations.



Weblogs/Blogs. Credibility of sources/bloggers?



Message boards, discussion lists, & chat rooms. Plenty of boards that are unhelpful and poorly researched.



Multimedia. Online broadcasts and news, images, audio files, and interactive websites.

Reading.

 Authority.

Author [given?]? Qualifications? Any link to her or her position?

 Affiliation.

Website sponsor? Author affiliated with reliable institution?

 Audience

Level. Don’t use sites intended for elementary pupils or too technical for you.

 Currency.  Content

Current? Dated? Info up-to-date?

Reliability/Accuracy.

What to look for in a Web site.

 Content

◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦

Reliability/Accuracy.

Material on the Web site reliable & accurate? Information factual, not an opinion? Information verifiable in print sources? Source of information clearly stated, whether original or secondary research material? How valid is the research source? Does the material presented have substance & depth? Arguments based on strong evidence and good logic? Author’s view impartial & objective? Author’s language free of emotion & bias? Site free of errors in spelling & grammar – signs of carelessness of presentation? Additional electronic & print sources provided to complement/support Web site materials?

What to look for in a Web site.

Often Check Can

one of the first results listed for school policies

be useful for:

◦ getting an overview ◦ generating new ideas ◦ pointing to other sources

Wikipedia Articles

Example

of sources and further reading in the Wikipedia Henry VIII article:

Evaluating Sources: Using Wikipedia

 Know

what kind of ideas you need to record. [Relevant ideas, facts and theories that help answer your question]



Do NOT write down too much. Compress ideas in your own words. You may quote ideas that are memorably phrased.

 Label

notes intelligently. Take notes that allows for later use (i.e., when you write your report).

Taking notes from research reading.

Research

Plan. The results of your information research should enable you to map out your experimental design or research plan.

Research

Report. You can now write your Review of Literature.

The Writing Jobs.



SECTIONS (ISEF)

Title Page & Table of Contents.



SECTIONS (I-SWEEP)

Introduction.

Cover Page Table of Contents. Abstract. Introduction.

Materials & Methods.

Materials & Methods.

Results.

Results.

Discussion.

Discussion.

Conclusions.

Acknowledgment.

References/Bibliography.

References/Bibliography.

Science Project Report.



Literature Review accounts for what has been published on a topic by accredited scholars and researches; provides the ‘meaningful context’ of the project within the ‘universe of already existing research’ [knowledge already established].



It presents the justification of the project – why it needs to be done, how different it is from others, how it fits within current knowledge, and what it is expected to contribute



IT IS PART OF THE INTRODUCTION TO A RESEARCH REPORT OR THESIS. Whether or not you write a section called “Literature Review”, you are expected to present the research with knowledge of existing research.

Review of Literature / Literature Review?

SETS THE SCENE FOR THE PROJECT REPORT. 

Includes the PURPOSE, the HYPOTHESIS, PROBLEM or ENGINEERING GOALS;



Explanation of what prompted the research, and is hoped to be achieved;



Which are all consolidated with the body of the literature review. IT IS NOT AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY.

What else in the INTRODUCTION?

In-Text Citations & Bibliography Format. 

APA (American Pyschological Association) Style



MLA (Modern Language Association of America) Style



Other Styles. (Chicago, ASA).

Citation Styles: APA or MLA?

The Literature Review --i.e. the summary of what the scientific literature says about the topic of your research -- includes title page, introduction, list of references  The Project Report -- the description of your experimental research-- includes title page, abstract, introduction, method, results, discussion, references, appendices, tables & figures

Types of APA Papers

“SCIENTIFIC FRAUD AND MISCONDUCT ARE NOT CONDONED AT ANY LEVEL OF RESEARCH OR COMPETITION. “SUCH PRACTICES INCLUDE PLAGIARISM, FORGERY, USE OR PRESENTATION OF OTHER RESEARCHER’S WORK AS ONE’S OWN AND FABRICATION OF DATA. “FRAUDULENT PROJECTS WILL FAIL TO QUALIFY FOR COMPETITION IN AFFILIATED FAIRS OR THE INTEL ISEF.”

Ethical Statement.



Outright theft Passing off an engineering thesis as one’s own.



Fraud Refashioning a previous year project as done during the current year Selecting data points to create target results



Plagiarism Cut-and-paste method of writing the review of literature

Unethical Examples.

Buying,

stealing, or borrowing a paper / Copying an entire paper or article from the Web [the cutand-paste syndrome].

Hiring

someone to write your paper.

Copying

large sections of text from a source without quotation marks or proper citation.

 Exemptions:

your own experiences, test results, photographs, common knowledge.

Some Acts of Plagiarism.

PARENTHETICAL DOCUMENTATION HOW TO USE IDEAS OF OTHER PEOPLE.

SUMMARIZING. Summarize major point or argument of the author(s). Reference to the work is acceptable. 



PARAPHRASING.

Use the author’s ideas and put them in your own words. Changing just a few words is PLAGIARISM.



QUOTING DIRECTLY.

Using author’s exact words. Use quotation marks, or indent if more than 3 lines.

Avoiding Plagiarism.

Examples to Compare. 

The original passage: Students frequently overuse direct quotation in taking notes, and as a result they overuse quotations in the final [research] paper. Probably only about 10% of your final manuscript should appear as directly quoted matter. Therefore, you should strive to limit the amount of exact transcribing of source materials while taking notes. Lester, James D. Writing Research Papers. 2nd ed. (1976): 46-47.



A legitimate paraphrase: In research papers students often quote excessively, failing to keep quoted material down to a desirable level. Since the problem usually originates during note taking, it is essential to minimize the material recorded verbatim (Lester 46-47).

Paraphrasing, Summarizing.

Examples to Compare (cont’d). 

An acceptable summary: Students should take just a few notes in direct quotation from sources to help minimize the amount of quoted material in a research paper (Lester 46-47).



A plagiarized version: Students often use too many direct quotations when they take notes, resulting in too many of them in the final research paper. In fact, probably only about 10% of the final copy should consist of directly quoted material. So it is important to limit the amount of source material copied while taking notes.

Paraphrasing, Summarizing.

PARENTHETICAL DOCUMENTATION In-text Citations, APA Style “Pozzolanic materials are utilized essentially as active addition to the clinker of cement primarily for echnological, economical and environmental reasons. [-xxx-] These reasons alone fully justify the utilization of active addition of pozzolan to cement in construction, cement and concrete industries (Talero, 1990). ---“These pyroclastic and lahar deposits are currently being studied and developed for various applications in agriculture, ceramics, foundry works, entomology, soil engineering, and civil engineering works (Bernardo, 1994; Almeniana, 1992; Pagbilao et al., 1992; Mendoza et al;, 1992; Acda et al., 1992; Metra et al., 1992). Lahar and volcanic ash are basically pumiceous material consisting of feldspar, quartz, and amphiboles which are essentially silicate materials rich in aluminum, calcium, potassium and sodium (Shimizu et al., 1993). Initial study presented by Shimizu and Jorillo (1992) at the International Scientific Conference on Mt Pinatubo showed that the lahar material is highly siliceous material with relatively good degree of amorphousness …” Source: Jorillo, P. A. and Verdejo, B. D. (1995, June). Pozzolanic Behavior of Mt Pinatubo Ejecta Under Natural and Accelerated Curing Condition. Philippine Engineering Journal. 16(1). pp. 49-72.

HighWire Press. Stanford University  http://highwire.stanford.edu/lists/freeart.dtl

American Journal of Botany  http://www.amjbot.org/collected/geneticsandmolecularbiology.shtml Amer Soc for Microbiology. Molecular & Cellular Biology.  http://mcb.asm.org/

The Royal Society of Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences  http://rspa.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/461/2064/3785.full.pd

Free Articles Online.

Works by a Single Author The last name of the author and the year of publication are inserted in the text at the appropriate point. from theory on bounded rationality (Simon, 1945) If the name of the author or the date appear as part of the narrative cite only missing information in parentheses. Simon (1945) posited that In 1945 Simon posited that

In-text Citations – APA Style.

Works by Multiple Authors When a work has two authors, always cite both names every time the reference occurs in the text. In parenthetical material join the names with an ampersand (&). as has been shown (Leiter & Maslach, 1998) In the narrative text, join the names with the word "and." as Leiter and Maslach (1998) demonstrated

In-text Citations – APA Style.

Works by Multiple Authors When a work has three, four, or five authors, cite all authors the first time the reference occurs. Kahneman, Knetsch, & Thaler (1991) found

In all subsequent citations per paragraph, include only the surname of the first author followed by "et al." (Latin for "and others") and the year of publication. Kahneman et al. (1991) found

In-text Citations – APA Style.

Works by Associations, Corporations, Government Agencies, etc. The names of groups that serve as authors (corporate authors) are usually written out each time they appear in a text reference.

(National Institute of Mental Health [NIMH], 2007) When appropriate, the names of some corporate authors are spelled out in the first reference and abbreviated in all subsequent citations. (NIMH, 2007)

In-text Citations – APA Style.

Works with No Author When a work has no author, use the first two or three words of the work's title (omitting any initial articles) as your text reference, capitalizing each word. Place the title in quotation marks if it refers to an article, chapter of a book, or Web page. Italicize the title if it refers to a book, periodical, brochure, or report.

on climate change ("Climate and Weather," 1997) Guide to Agricultural Meteorological Practices (1981) Anonymous authors should be listed as such followed by a comma and the date. on climate change (Anonymous, 2008)

In-text Citations – APA Style.

Specific Parts of a Source To cite a specific part of a source (always necessary for quotations), include the page, chapter, etc. (with appropriate abbreviations) in the in-text citation. (Stigter & Das, 1981, p. 96) De Waal (1996) overstated the case when he asserted that "we seem to be reaching ... from the hands of philosophers" (p. 218). If page numbers are not included in electronic sources (such as Web-based journals), provide the paragraph number preceded by the abbreviation "para." or the heading and following paragraph. (Mönnich & Spiering, 2008 para. 9)

In-text Citations – APA Style.

Information Needed to Identify/Retrieve a Source 

ORDER. Alphabetical by authors’ last names. Alphabetically within the same list using the title for sources with no authors



AUTHORS. Write out last name and initials for all authors of a particular work, using an ampersand (&) when listing them. Example: Smith, J.D., & Jones, M.



TITLES. Capitalize only the first word of a title or subtitle, and any proper names that are part of a title.



PAGINATION. Use the abbreviation p. or pp. to designate page numbers of articles from periodicals that do not use volume numbers, especially newspapers. These abbreviations are also used to designate pages in encyclopedia articles and chapters from edited books.

Reference List – APA Style.

Information Needed to Identify/Retrieve a Source 

Indentation. The first line of the entry is flush with the left margin, and all subsequent lines are indented (5 to 7 spaces) to form a "hanging indent".



Underlining vs. Italics. It is appropriate to use italics instead of underlining for titles of books and journals.

Reference List – APA Style.

Information Needed to Identify/ Retrieve a Source Accessed Online. 

Internet Address. A stable Internet address should be included and should direct the reader as close as possible to the actual work. If the work has a digital object identifier (DOI), use this. If there is no DOI or similar handle, use a stable URL. If the URL is not stable, as is often the case with online newspapers and some subscription-based databases, use the home page of the site you retrieved the work from.



Date. If the work is a finalized version published and dated, as in the case of a journal article, the date within the main body of the citation is enough. However, if the work is not dated and/or is subject to change, as in the case of an online encyclopedia article, include the date that you retrieved the information.

Reference List – APA Style.

Examples. Sources Accessed Online. Article from an Internet-only journal. Hirtle, P. B. (2008, July-August). Copyright renewal, copyright restoration, and the difficulty of determining copyright status. D-Lib Magazine, 14(7/8). doi:10.1045/july2008- hirtle Journal article from a subscription database (no DOI) Colvin, G. (2008, July 21). Information worth billions. Fortune, from Business Source Complete, EBSCO.

158(2), 73-79. Retrieved

Reference List – APA Style.

American Psychological Association (APA) STYLE SOURCE - BOOKS Last Name, Initials. (Date of publication). Title of Book. Place of Publication: Publisher. Book by single author: Pratt, A. (1994). Dancing with goddesses: archetypes, poetry, and empowerment. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. Book by two or more persons: Dutton, W.H., Kahin, B., O’Callaghan, R., and Wickoff, A.W. (Eds.), (2005). Transforming enterprise. Cambridge: MIT Press.

SOURCE – Articles in Newspapers/Periodicals Last Name, Initials. (Date of publication). Title of Article. Title of Periodical. Volume#(Issue#). p.#/pages. Newspaper article with an author: Hefferman, V. (2006, April 14) The evil screen’s plot to take over the 2and-under world. The New York Times. p. E1. Article from a magazine/scholarly journal: Appadurai, A. (2000). Grassroots globalization and the research imagination. Public Culture. 12(1). 1-19

American Psychological Association (APA) STYLE SOURCE – Web sites Document title, a date (of publication or update), a date of retrieval, and an URL. URL is critical for corroboration. A Web page: Richard Nixon Library and Birthplace. (2006, August 10). RN papers and artifacts arriving in Yorba Linda. Retrieved August 18, 2006, from http://www.nixonfoundation.org/

Entire Web site: New York Public Library Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture. In motion: the African-American migration experience. Retrieved July 26, 2006, from http:/www.inmotionaame.org/home.cfm

Online Subscription Sources: 1. Newspaper Article from Lexis Nexis X versus Y. (2006, June 20). The Toronto Star, p. C01. Retrieved August 18, 2006, from Lexis Nexis database.

2.

Scholarly Journal from JSTOR

Escobar, A.J. (1993). The dialectics of repression: the Los Angeles police department and the Chicano movement, 1968-1971. The Journal of American History. 79(4). 1483-1514. Retrieved August 18, 2006, from JSTOR database.

Modern Language Assn of America (MLA) STYLE SOURCE - BOOKS Last Name, First Name. Title of Book. City: Publisher, Year. Book by single author: Malavet, Pedro A. America’s Colony: The Political and Cultural Conflict Between the US and Puerto Rico. New York: New York University Press, 2004. Book by two or more persons: Butler, Judith, Laclau, Ernesto, and Zizek, Slavoj. Contingency, Hegemony, Universality. London: Verso, 2000.

SOURCE – Articles in Newspapers/Periodicals Last Name, First Name. “ Title of Article.” Publication Info (varies depending on type of publication). Newspaper article with an author: Steele, Alan. “Redlands a Key Stop for Riders.” Riverside Press Enterprise 25 July 2005: C01. Article from a magazine/scholarly journal: Sullivan, Robert. “Global Shopping.” Vogue March 2006: 303.

Modern Language Assn of America (MLA) STYLE SOURCE – Web sites Last Name, First Name. “Web page.” Web site. Date of Creation. Date of Access <address>.

A Web page: “Stephen Colbert.” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. 14 Aug 2006 <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Colbert>.

An Entire Web site. Seti @ home. 14 Aug 2006 <http://setiahome.berkeley.edu>.

Online Subscription Sources: Last Name, First Name. “Article Title.” Journal Title Date of Publication. Database Title. Place of Access. Date of Access <address>.

1. Newspaper Article from Lexis Nexis Bugeja, Michael J. “Facing the Facebook.” The Chronicle of Higher Education 27 January 2006. Lexis Nexis. Armacost Library. 14 Aug 2006 <http://web.lexisnexis.com/universe>.

2.

Scholarly Article from JSTOR

Burton, Julianne. “The Camera as Gun.” Latin American Perspectives 5.1 (1978). JSTOR. 14 Aug 2006 <http://www.jstor.org/research>.

Modern Language Assn of America (MLA) STYLE In-Text Citations Document sources in the paper by citing author & publication date. This helps reader locate information source in the bibliography. Basic format for a quotation. Malavet suggests that the “danza is part of a long construction of Puerto Rican art as being white because it was made for whites” (109).

Basic format for summary or paraphrase. Puerto Ricans have used their difference from “real Americans” to empower themselves, creating a cohesive cultural identity (Malavet 101).

A work with more than one author. Despite misconception of “Aboriginal customary economic relations of and between Aboriginal groupings are markedly distinct from, and yet not incommensurable with … market” (Langton, Mazel and Palmer 307).

In subsequent citations, you may list all authors as above OR use first author’s name followed by “et al”.

Source: University of Redlands – MLA Style Guide at http://www.redlands.edu

APA & MLA2009 Posters.

APA & MLA2009 Posters.

PROJECT

DATA BOOK (JOURNAL)

RESEARCH

PAPER

ABSTRACT

Elements of a Successful Science Project ..

Should contain the following with ALL ENTRIES DATED, ALL PAGES SEQUENTIALLY NUMBERED –      

Information research records Research activities (diary/journal) Approved Research Plan Data tables (with appropriate units) Print-outs from analytical equipment and the like Pictures taken by researchers

There are rules regarding errors in record keeping. - Cross-out instead of erasing, correction initialled/dated - Tearing off pages not allowed - Blank/Empty page sections crossed out with notation “no entry”. Accurate & detailed notes are essential in writing a logical and winning project. Good notes show consistency and thoroughness to judges

Research Data Book.

4. Abstract Writing. Source: John Cole, Intel ISEF D & S Chair. “Mastering the Abstract Writing Process”

A

brief, written explanation of the research project, consisting of a succinct description of the project’s purpose, the procedures followed, the data collected, and the conclusions reached. A clear and simple summary statement of the main points of the experiment An

abstract gives the essence of the project in a brief but complete form to judges and the public viewing the project.

NO

MORE THAN 250 WORDS.

What Is an Abstract?

FOR CONTINUATION PROJECTS: The abstract must focus on the current year's research and give only minimal reference to previous work.

Title Name School Purpose of project / experiment: An introductory statement of the reason for investigating the topic of the project. A statement of the problem or hypothesis being studied. Summarize procedures, emphasizing the key points or steps: A summarization of the key points and an overview of how the investigation was conducted. Omit details about the materials used unless it greatly influenced the procedure or had to be developed to do the investigation. An abstract should only include procedures done by the student. Work done by a mentor (such as surgical procedures) or work done prior to student involvement must not be included. Detail succinctly observations/data/results: This section should provide key results that lead directly to the conclusions you have drawn. It should not give too many details about the results nor include charts or graphs. State conclusions/applications.

Sample Abstract Template

Effects of Marine Engine Exhaust Water on Algae Mary E. Jones Hometown High School, Hometown, PA This project in its present form is the result of bioassay experimentation on the effects of two-cycle marine engine exhaust water on certain green algae. The initial idea was to determine the toxicity of outboard engine lubricant. Some success with lubricants eventually led to the formulation of "synthetic" exhaust water which, in turn, led to the use of actual two-cycle engine exhaust water as the test substance. Toxicity was determined by means of the standard bottle or "batch" bioassay technique. Scenedesmus quadricauda and Ankistrodesmus sp. were used as the test organisms. organisms. Toxicity was measured in terms of a decrease in the maximum standing crop. The effective concentration - 50% (EC 50) for Scenedesmus quadricauda was found to be 3.75% exhaust water; for Ankistrodesmus sp. 3.1% exhaust water using the bottle technique. technique. Anomalies in growth curves raised the suspicion that evaporation was affecting the results; therefore, a flow-through system was improvised utilizing the characteristics of a device called a Biomonitor. Use of the Biomonitor lessened the influence of evaporation, and the EC 50 was found to be 1.4% exhaust water using Ankistrodesmus sp. as the test organism. Mixed populations of various algae gave an EC 50 of 1.28% exhaust water. The contributions of this project are twofold. First, the toxicity of two-cycle marine engine exhaust was found to be considerably greater than reported in the literature (1.4% vs. 4.2%). Secondly, the benefits of a flow-through bioassay technique utilizing the Biomonitor was demonstrated.

Sample Abstract

Purpose Methods

Data Observations Conclusions Applications

BEFORE

EXPERIMENTATION. RESEARCH PLAN

AFTER

EXPERIMENTATION RESEARCH PAPER. ABSTRACT. DISPLAY.

PROJECT DATA BOOK / JOURNAL

Product list.

COMPLETED

SCIENCE PROJECT is “an amalgam of reading, writing, spelling, grammar, math, statistics, ethics, logic, critical thinking, computer science, graphic arts, scientific methodology, self-learning of one or more technical or specialty fields, and (if the project qualifies for formal competition) public speaking and defense in front of expert judges.”

A Definition: Science Project

5.

PROJECT DISPLAY

What a Well-Designed Project Board Should Accomplish Provides

judges and the public with an overview of your project when you are not there to explain Emphasizes succinctly the scope of the project, the nature of the research, and the results Demonstrates the authority of the researcher in the neatness and correctness of the information presented 11/15/09

98

Examples of Freestanding Displays

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Tabletop Displays

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Dimensions of Project Display



The permitted height (floor to top) from the floor to the top of the project is 108”/274 cm.

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Keep

the display simple. Avoid clutter. Judges and the public viewing the board must be able to comprehend quickly what your research involved.

Use

no more than two or three colors, and choose colors appropriate to your subject.

Arrange

the information logically.

Label

all data tables, charts, graphs, or photographs you use.

A Few Rules to Follow

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What the Board Should Display Purpose

Title (Keep it simple) Hypothesis Graphs Materials

Pictures

Procedure

Data

Results Conclusion Abstract Other Required Paperwork

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The Project Title  Again,

keep it simple and short. It should be readable from a minimum of six feet.

 Try

to develop a phrasing that captures attention but succinctly represents your research.

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Examples of Items Not Allowed The example on right illustrates soil or waste materials not properly sealed in acrylic.

The example at left illustrates plant and soil materials properly encased in acrylic. 11/15/09

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Photographs of vertebrate animals in lab procedures, unnatural environments, or stress situations not allowed. allowed Containers of

plants and dirt not allowed.

Glass items not allowed. 11/15/09

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Sharp objects, such as this needle, are not allowed.

Plant and other dried materials scattered for decoration are not allowed.

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How to Credit Photos/Images Any

photos, images, and graphs used in the display must be credited. If the finalist created all photos/images, a single credit is sufficient.

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 If your display includes an electrical or engineering design , make certain that there is no exposed wiring and connections without nonconducting shielding or a grounded metal box or cage.  The project to the right illustrates a

Examples of Typical Violations

Unofficial abstracts displayed

Inappropriate pictures of animals

No Photo Credits

Correct Display Using Table Tri-fold board does not extend over edges of the provided table, which is 30” by 48”. Required paperwork is properly displayed on front of table. All images properly credited



ISEF Rules Wizard http://www.societyforscience.org/isef/students/wizard/index.asp The Rules Wizard has been designed as a first step to help you determine what forms and approvals are necessary before beginning a science fair project intended for competition at an ISEF-affiliated fair or the Intel International Science and Engineering Fair.



D & S Inspectors Manual: http://www.societyforscience.org/isef/document/hubman.asp This site contains a training PPt. for Host Committee D & S Inspectors that provides additional information on appropriate displays.



SRC PowerPoint: http://www.societyforscience.org/isef/ The Scientific Review PowerPoint reviews regulations for projects. Reviews role of supervisors, etc., and all required paperwork.

References

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See You at IPSF/ISEF 2011!