Lecture Sheets

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Language : Alphabet : Vowels : e, i, o, u) Consonants : (b, c, d……, z) Words : Parts of Speech: Interjection ) Subject : Predicate : Verb : Object : †h ev h‡ZvUzKz

001. RAKIB UDDIN AHMED.

g‡bi fve cÖKvk Kivi gva¨g| aŸwb cÖKvk Kivi wPý| ¯^vaxb fv‡e D”PvwiZ n‡Z cv‡iÕ Ggb wKQy aŸwb| (a, ¯^vaxb fv‡e D”PvwiZ n‡Z cv‡ibvÕ Ggb wKQy aŸwb| A_©m¤úbœ GK ev GKvwaK aŸwb| ev‡K¨i Aš—M©Z Ñ GK ev GKvwaK kã| ( Noun,…. hvÕ ev, hviÕ m¤ú‡K© wKQy ejv nq| KZ©v ev Subject Qvov ev‡K¨i evKx Ask| ‡h kã Øviv Ñ †Kvb wKQz Kiv †evSvq| wµqv ev Verb ‡K Ñ ÒwKÓ ev ÒKv‡KÓ Øviv cÖkœ Ki‡j DËi cvIqv hvq|

Basic Structure of Sentence : Classification of Sentence :

evsjv = (Subject. + Object. + Verb). Bs‡iRx = (Subject. + Verb + Object.). Assertive ( wee„wZ ), Interrogative( cÖkœ ), Imperative( Av‡`k, Dc‡`k, Aby‡iva...), Optative ( B”Qv,

cÖv_©bv..), Clause : ev Phrase. Phrase : hvi GKwU m¤ú~b©

Exclamatory ( AvKw¯§K Abyf~wZ ) mgvwcKv wµqv ev Finite Verb mn ev‡K¨i †Kvb k㸔Q mgvwcKv wµqv ev Finite Verb Qvov ev‡K¨i †Kvb k㸔Q

A_© Av‡Q| Idioms : mgvwcKv wµqv ev Finite Verb Qvov (!) ev‡K¨i †Kvb k㸔Q hvi GKwU m¤ú~b© wfbœ A_© Av‡Q| Simple : Complex : (and, but, or..) Compound : and, but, or..)

GKwU mgvwcKv wµqv ev Finite Verb mn evK¨| `yBwU mgvwcKv wµqv ev Finite Verb mn evK¨, hv Ñ Qvov Ab¨wKQy Øviv hy³| `yBwU mgvwcKv wµqv ev Finite Verb mn evK¨, hv Ñ (

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Complex-Compound: Ask Ñ

Øviv hy³| wZbwU mgvwcKv wµqv ev Finite Verb mn evK¨, hvi 1g Complex Dcv`v‡b, Ges 2q Ask Ñ Compound Dcv`v‡b

MwVZ| Compound-Complex: Ask Dcv`v‡b MwVZ|

wZbwU mgvwcKv wµqv ev Finite Verb mn evK¨, hvi 1g Compound Dcv`v‡b, Ges 2q Ask Complex

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Tense : Verb ev, wµqvÕi iƒ†ci

002. RAKIB UDDIN AHMED.

Verb ev, ÔwµqvÕ msNwUZ nevi Õmgq, ev ‡m KvÕi‡b †h AvK…wZ ev MvVwbK cwieZ©b |

Present Indefinite: Av‡Q ... Giƒc †evSvq|

eZ©gvb Kv‡j †Kvb KvR nq, n‡q _v‡K, ev nIqvi Af¨vm MVb: ( Subject + Verb Gi present form + Object ). s/es D`vnib : evsjv = wka~jx Mvb Mvq| : Bs‡iRx = wka~jx Mvq Mvb| : Subject + Verb (Present ) + Object. : Shidhuly sings a song.

Present Continuous: †evSvq|

eZ©gvb Kv‡j †Kvb KvR n‡”Q, NU‡Q, Pj‡Q ... Giƒc MVb: ( Subject + am/is/are + Verb Gi mv‡_ ing +

Object ) D`vnib

Present Perfect: ... Giƒc †evSvq|

: evsjv = wka~jx Mvb Mv†”Q| : Bs‡iRx = wka~jx Mv†”Q Mvb| : Sub + am/is/are + (Verb+ing) + Obj. : Shidhuly is singing a song. eZ©gvb Kv‡j †Kvb KvR GBgvÎ †kl n‡q‡Q ev N‡U‡Q MVb: ( Subject + have/has + Verb Gi past participle form + Object ) D`vnib : evsjv = wka~jx Mvb †M‡q‡Q| : Bs‡iRx = wka~jx †M‡q‡Q Mvb| : Sub + have/has + (Verb’s PP) + Obj.

3 : Shidhuly has sung a song. Present Perfect Continuous:

eZ©gvb Kv‡j †Kvb KvR wbw`©ó/ Awbw`©ó-`xN© mgq n‡Z/hver n‡”Q, NU‡Q, Pj‡Q ... Giƒc †evSvq| MVb: ( Subject + have been/has been + Verb Gi mv‡_ ing + Object ) D`vnib : evsjv = wka~jx 5N›Uv hver / mKvj 10Uv n‡Z Mvb Mv†”Q : Bs‡iRx =wka~jx Mv†”Q Mvb 5N›Uv hver / mKvj 10Uv n‡Z : Sub + have been/has been + (Verb+ing) + Obj. : Shidhuly has been singing a song for 5 hours/ since 10 A.M.

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Past Indefinite:

003. RAKIB UDDIN AHMED.

AZxZ Kv‡j †Kvb KvR n‡qwQ‡jv, n‡q _vK‡Zv, ev nIqvi Af¨vm wQ‡jv ... Giƒc †evSvq Ges AZxZ/MZ mgq D‡jL _v‡K| MVb: ( Subject + Verb Gi past form + Object ). D`vnib : evsjv = MZKvj wka~jx Mvb

‡M‡qwQ‡jv| : Bs‡iRx = wka~jx ‡M‡qwQ‡jv Mvb MZKvj | : Subject + Verb( past) + Object. : Shidhuly sang a song yesterday. Past Continuous: Giƒc †evSvq|

AZxZ Kv‡j †Kvb KvR nw”Q‡jv, NUwQ‡jv, PjwQ‡jv ... MVb: ( Subject + was/were + Verb Gi mv‡_ ing +

Object )

D`vnib Mvw”Q‡jv|

: evsjv = wka~jx Mvb : Bs‡iRx = wka~jx Mvw”Q‡jv Mvb| : Sub + was/were + (Verb+ing) + Obj. : Shidhuly was singing a song.

4 AZxZ Kv‡j †Kvb KvR n‡qwQ‡jv, N‡UwQ‡jv... Giƒc †evSvq Ges AZxZ/MZ mgq D‡jL _v‡K bv| MVb: ( Subject + had + Verb Gi past participle form + Object ) D`vnib : evsjv = wka~jx Mvb ‡M‡qwQ‡jv | : Bs‡iRx = wka~jx ‡M‡qwQ‡jv Mvb| : Sub + had + (Verb’s PP) + Obj. : Shidhuly had sung a song.

Past Perfect:

Past Perfect Continuous:

AZxZ Kv‡j †Kvb KvR wbw`©ó/ Awbw`©ó-`xN© mgq n‡Z / hver nw”Q‡jv, NUwQ‡jv, PjwQ‡jv... Giƒc †evSvq| MVb: ( Subject + had been + Verb Gi mv‡_ ing + Object ) D`vnib : evsjv = wka~jx 5N›Uv hver / mKvj 10Uv n‡Z Mvb Mvw”Q‡jv :Bs‡iRx=wka~jx Mvw”Q‡jv Mvb 5N›Uv hver / mKvj 10Uv n‡Z : Sub + had been + (Verb+ing) + Obj. : Shidhuly had been singing a song for 5 hours/ since 10 A.M.

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Future Indefinite:

004. RAKIB UDDIN AHMED.

fwel¨‡Z Kv‡j †Kvb KvR n‡e, NU‡e, ev nIqvi Af¨vm n‡e ... Giƒc †evSvq| MVb: ( Subject + shall/will + Verb Gi present form + Object ). D`vnib : evsjv = AvMvgxKvj wka~jx

Mvb Mv‡e|

Future Continuous:

: Bs‡iRx = wka~jx Mv‡e Mvb AvMvgxKvj | : Subject + shall/will + Verb ( present) + Object. : Shidhuly will sing a song tomorrow. fwel¨‡Z Kv‡j †Kvb KvR n‡Z _vK‡e, NU‡Z _vK‡e, Pj‡Z _vK‡e... Giƒc †evSvq|

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Future Perfect:

Future Perfect Continuous:

MVb: (Subject +shall be/will be +VerbGi mv‡_ ing+Object) D`vnib : evsjv = wka~jx Mvb †M‡Z _vK‡e | : Bs‡iRx = wka~jx †M‡Z _vK‡e Mvb| : Sub +shall be/will be+(Verb+ing)+Obj. : Shidhuly will be singing a song. fwel¨‡Z Kv‡j †Kvb KvR n‡q _vK‡e, N†U _vK‡e, P‡j _vK‡e... Giƒc †evSvq Ges fwel¨Z mgq D‡jL _v‡K | MVb: ( Subject + shall have/will have+ Verb Gi past participle form + Object ) D`vnib : evsjv = wka~jx Mvb †M‡q _vK‡e | : Bs‡iRx = wka~jx †M‡q _vK‡e Mvb| : Sub + shall have/will have + (Verb’s PP) + Obj. : Shidhuly will have sung a song. fwel¨‡Z Kv‡j †Kvb KvR wbw`©ó/ Awbw`©ó - `xN© mgq n‡Z / hver Ñ n‡Z _vK‡e, NU‡Z _vK‡e, Pj‡Z _vK‡e... Giƒc †evSvq| MVb: ( Subject + shall have been/will have been + Verb Gi mv‡_ ing + Object ) D`vnib : evsjv = wka~jx 5N›Uv hver / mKvj 10Uv n‡Z Mvb †M‡Z _vK‡e | :Bs‡iRx=wka~jx †M‡Z _vK‡e Mvb 5N›Uv hver / mKvj 10Uv n‡Z| :Sub + shall have been/will have been + (Verb+ing) + Obj. : Shidhuly will have been singing a song for 5 hours/ since 10 A.M.

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005. RAKIB UDDIN AHMED.

Voice:

Verb Gi GK cÖKvi MVbZvwš¿K Av‡jvPbv †hLv‡b IB Verb-wU Ò‡KÓ m¤úv`b Ki‡Q ev ÒKvi ØvivÓ m¤úvw`Z n‡”Q- Zv cÖvavb¨ cvq- |

01. Active Voice: ev Subject.

‡hLv‡b- Verb Gi Action †h KÕ‡i, †mB- H Verb Gi KZ©v

6 02. Passive Voice:

‡hLv‡b- Verb Gi Action †h KÕ‡i, †mB- H Verb Gi Kg© ev Object wKsev, Dn¨|

Transative Verb: Intransative Verb:

‡h Verb Gi Object ev Kg©© Av‡QÑ| ‡h Verb Gi Object ev Kg©© ‡bB|

Active Sentence: Passive Sentence

Subject + Verb + Object. Object + Passive-auxiliary + Verb (Past Participle Form) + by/to/with + Subject.

How to Make an Active into a Passive:

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Active-Subject into Passive-Object Active-Object into Passive-Subject. Active-Verb into Past Participle Form. Adding ‘by/to/with…’ –Preposition Before PassiveObject. Adding Auxiliaries Verbs As In : a. Present Indefinite Tense : am/ is/ are b. Present Continuous Tense : am being/ is being/ are being c. Present Perfect Tense : have been/ has been d. Present Perfect Continuous Tense : have been being/ has been being

e. Past Indefinite Tense : was/ were f. Past Continuous Tense : was being/ were being

g. Past Perfect Tense : had been h. Past Perfect Continuous Tense : had been being

i. Future Indefinite Tense : shall be/ will be “Learn Your Own Way” All Copy Rights are reserved to Shidhuly’s READING ROOM only. Don’t copy it.

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j. Future Continuous Tense : shall be being/ will be being

k. Future Perfect Tense : shall have been/ will have been

l. Future Perfect Continuous Tense : shall have been being/ will have been being

7 Tense (I eat rice.) Present Present Present Present Past Past Past Past

Active-Verb

Indefinite: Continuous: Perfect: Perfect Continuous:

Indefinite: Continuous: Perfect: Perfect Continuous:

Future Future Future Future

Indefinite: Continuous: Perfect: Perfect Continuous:

Passive-Verb

eat am eating have eaten have been eating

is eaten is being eaten have been eaten have been being eaten

ate was eating had eaten had been eating

was eaten was being eaten had been eaten had been being eaten

shall eat shall be eating shall have eaten shall have been eating

will will will will

be eaten be being eaten have been eaten have been being eaten

†hLv‡b Verb - Gi MVb Active Gi g‡Zv wKš‘, A_©Passive Gi g‡Zv-| G ai‡bi Active †K Passive i“cvš—wiZ Kivi we‡kl cÖwµqv ev †KŠkj Gi bvg, †hLv‡b- Active Gi Subject, Passive Gi Object bv n‡q Subject B _v‡K |

Quasi-Passive:

Basic Uses of Passive Voice:

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Subject D‡j‡Li AcÖ‡qvR‡b-| (The bad people are punished.) Subject Gi bvg bvÕRvbvq-| (My pen was stolen.) Subject - Õ†K Zv mn‡RB eyS‡Z cvivq-| (The thief was given to the police.) ‡Kvb K_v‡K Nywi‡q ej‡Z PvIqvq-| (Did you beat him? Yes, he was punished.) wbgš¿b, Aby‡iva eySv‡Z PvIqvq-| (You are invited to my house today.)

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Passive of Imperative Sentence: Active: Help the poor. Passive: Let the poor be helped. Passive of Infinite: Active: I found it easy to do. Passive: It was found easy to do by me. Passive of Complex Sentence:

8 Active: I know what he thinks. Passive: What he thinks is known to me. Double Passive: Active: They proposed to hold a meeting. Passive: To hold a meeting was proposed by them./It was proposed by them to hold a meeting. Complement of Transitive: Active: We elected him secretary. Passive: He was elected secretary by us. Some Exception Passives: He does,(Act.)___It/Something is done by him.(Pass.) Nobody could give the answer.(Act.) ___The answer could not be given by anybody.(Pass.) We must listen to his words.(Act.)____ His words must be not listened to. We ought to respect him.(Act.)____He ought to be respected by us.(Pass.) I enjoyed watching T.V.(Act.)____Watching T.V. was enjoyed by us.(Pass.) I remember them taking me to zoo.(Act.)___I remember being taken to zoo.(by them).(Pass.) He decided to sell the house.(Act.)___He decided that the house should be sold.(Pass.) He made us work.(Act.) We were made to work.(Pass.) People said that he was a poet.(Act.)____It was said that he was a poet.(Pass.) “Learn Your Own Way” All Copy Rights are reserved to Shidhuly’s READING ROOM only. Don’t copy it.

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006. RAKIB UDDIN AHMED.

9 Narration:

e¨Ki‡bi †mB cvV- †hLv‡b e³v ev Speaker Gi Dw³ cÖZ¨¶¨(Direct) wKsev c‡iv¶(Indirect) Zv ch©v‡jvPbv ev Av‡jvPbv Kiv nq-|

Direct Speech: ewb©Z nq-| Indirect Speech:

‡hLv‡b e³vi Dw³ mivmwi ev Quotation Marks w`‡q ‡hLv‡b e³vi Dw³ c‡iv¶ ev Ab¨ Kv‡iv Øviv Quotation Marks Qvov ewb©Z nq-| Direct: Shidhuly said to me, “I love poetry.” GLv‡b, 01. 02. 03. 04.

Shidhuly = Speaker/Reporter/Subject said to = Reporting Verb me = Reporting Verb Gi Object “I love poetry.” = Reported Speech

Indirect: Shidhuly told me that she loved poetry. How to Make a Direct Speech into an Indirect Speech: Reported Speech Gi Person Change:

1.

Reported Speech Gi -1st person ____ Reporting Verb Gi -Subject Abyhvqx-(Case, Number, Gender) cwieZ©b n‡e|

2.

Reported Speech Gi-2nd person ____ Reporting Verb Gi Object Abyhvqx-( Case, Number, Gender) cwieZ©b n‡e|

3.

Reported Speech Gi -3rd person ____ cwieZ©b n‡e bv-|

Reported Speech Gi Tense Change:

1.

Reporting Verb Present/Future Tense n‡j ____ Reported Speech Gi Tense cwieZ©b n‡e bv-|

2.

Reporting Verb Past Tense n‡j ____ Reported Speech Gi Tense cwieZ©b n‡e- wbæi“‡c:

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Direct Speech

Indirect Speech

10 Present Indefinite

Past Indefinite

Present Continuous

Past Continuous

Present Perfect

Past Perfect

Present Perfect Continuous

Past Perfect Continuous

Past Indefinite

Past Perfect

Past Continuous

Past Perfect Continuous

Past Perfect

Past Perfect

Past Perfect Continuous

Past Perfect Continuous

Future Indefinite

ïay- shall = should/ will = would ïay- shall = should/ will = would ïay- shall = should/ will = would ïay- shall = should/ will = would

Future Continuous Future Perfect Future Perfect Continuous

Reporting Verb Past n‡j Indirect Speech G- wKQy -Time Ges Place adverb cwiewZ©Z nq : Direct Speech

Indirect Speech

Now Ago Last Next This Here Today Yesterday

then before the previous the following that there that day the day before

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Reported Speech Gi Others Change:

11

Sentence

Reporting Verb

Joining with

Assertive

told

that

Interrogative

asked, inquired

if/WH

Imperative

advised, ordered ...

to

Optative

prayed,(Allah/God)

that

wished (Shidhuly/..) Exclamatory

exclaimed with joy, grief, surprise..

that

GQvovI †¶Î we‡k‡l : ï‡f”Qv, mycÖfvZ †evSv‡j = wish/wished (that e‡m bv-|) we`vq †evSv‡j = bid/bade (that e‡m bv-|) Kvgbv †evSv‡j = strongly wish/desire m‡¤^vab c` ev Vocative _vK‡j = 01. Addressing + NP/ =02. Addressing + NP + as + NP (What = great, How = very) Shall I/We, Gi wZbwU e¨envi: 1. Request for advice. (What shall I do sir?) 2. Offers. (Shall I give you a cup of tea?) 3. Suggestion. (Shall we go to the cinema?) Passage Narration Gi †¶‡Î : Direct Speech Indirect Speech 1. so___________________________that is why 2. 2wU Sentence h_vµ‡g _vK‡j ______ added that 3. ‡Kvb Question Gi Answer w`‡j__replied that 4. Answer-“Yes” n‡j ____________in the affirmative 5. Answer-“No” n‡j _____________in the negative 6. But (Amyšy—wó †evSv‡j)___________expressed dissatisfaction 7. wbðqZv †evSv‡Z ___________________ assured 8. GKUv K_vi cwi‡cw¶‡Z- Ab¨ GKwU K_v ej‡j____ then “Learn Your Own Way” All Copy Rights are reserved to Shidhuly’s READING ROOM only. Don’t copy it.

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007. RAKIB UDDIN AHMED.

Noun: eySvq-ZvB- Noun |

Any name is a Noun. ‡h kã Øviv †KvbwKQ~i bvg Shidhuly lives in Dhaka. She is a beautiful girl. She reads books. She loves her family. She likes cooking. But she does eat enough for her sound health. GLv‡b, Shidhuly = e¨w³i bvg-| (Person) Dhaka = ¯’v‡bi bvg-| (Place) girl = GK †kªbxi gvby‡li bvg-| (Member of a class) books = e¯‘i bvg-| (Things) family = mgwói bvg-| (A group of person/animal /things) cooking =GKwU we‡kl Kv‡Ri bvg-| (Action/activities) health = ‡Kvb ¸b ev Ae¯’vi bvg-| (Qualities, emotions/ conditions of people/things

Noun Derived from Verbs: er’ – as in - driver, player, writer or’ - as in - editor, visitor, actor ant’ – as in - servant, attendant, assistant ist’ – as in - scientist, chemist, typist age’ – as in - leakage, drainage, coverage al’ – as in - arrival, refusal, approval ance’ – as in – attendance, appearance, performance ery’ – as in – discovery, recovery, delivery ment’– as in– agreement, arrangement, advancement sion’ – as in – decision, division, expansion tion’ – as in – education, solution, attention ure’ – as in – failure, closure, departure Noun Derived from Adjective: ance, ence’ – as in- importance, permanence, absence ity’ – as in – ability, equality, activity ness’ – as in – darkness, kindness, happiness th’ – as in – strength, length, truth “Learn Your Own Way” All Copy Rights are reserved to Shidhuly’s READING ROOM only. Don’t copy it.

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13 Countable Nouns: Uncountable Nouns:

‡hme Noun †Mvbv hvq-| GK. `yB, wZb .. .. ‡hme Noun †Mvbv hvq bv-| GK. `yB, wZb .. ..

Making Singular Nouns into Plural Nouns: (Adding -suffix/letter/syllable)

1. AwaKvsk Noun Gi †k‡l “s’” †hvM K‡i Plural Kiv nq(Boys, girls, books)

2. ‡hme Noun Gi †k‡l - s, x, ch, sh, _v‡K , Zv‡`i ms‡M“es” hy³ nq-| (glasses, boxes, watches, brushes)

3. ‡hme Noun Gi †k‡l- ‘y’ Ges c~‡e© consonant _v‡K , Zv‡`i ms‡M “es” hy³ Ki‡Z nq, Z‡e- ‘y’ †K cwibZ K‡i wb‡Z nq Av‡M-| ( copies, babies)

‘i’ G

4. ‡hme Noun Gi †k‡l ‘y’ Ges c~‡e©

vowel _v‡K , Zv‡`i ms‡M “s” hy³ Ki‡Z nq, Z‡e- ‘y’ †K cwieZ©b bv K‡iB-| (toys, keys)

5. ‡hme Noun Gi †k‡l ‘o’ Ges c~‡e© consonant _v‡K , Zv‡`i ms‡M - “es” hy³ Ki‡Z nq-| (tomatoes, heroes)

6. ‡hme Noun Gi †k‡l ‘f’ / ‘fe’ _v‡K , Dnv‡`i cwie‡Z© ‘ v’ Ges “es” hy³ Ki‡Z nq-| (wives, leaves)

7. wKQy

wKQy (men, teeth)

Noun Gi

†fZ‡i cwieZ©b Kiv nq-|

8. Compound-Noun ‡K Plural Ki‡Z g~j k‡ãi ms‡M “s” †hvM Ki‡Z nq-| (fathers-in-law, passers-by)

9. wKQ~ Noun Gi Singular & Plural GKB iKg nq-| (deer, fish)

10. KZK ¸‡jv Noun me mgqB Plural nq-| (people, cloths) 11. wKQy Noun Av‡Q - hviv †Kvb wbqg Qvov (Dc‡iv³) wfbœ g‡Zv nq-| (oxen, children) Gfv‡e Noun †K Plural ev eûePb Kiv hvq- hv Noun Gi GKwU wPý-| “Learn Your Own Way” All Copy Rights are reserved to Shidhuly’s READING ROOM only. Don’t copy it.

Shidhuly’s READING ROOM english language educator 7/A Kallyanpur, Road # 3, Dhaka-1207; Bangladesh. Ph: 9013909. Cell: 01711325876. E-mail: [email protected] Web Site: www.esnips.com/user/ShidhulysREADINGROOM __________________________________________________________

14

01. Countable Noun ‡K Plural Kiv hv‡e-| Singular n‡j, c~‡e© a/an em‡e-| 02. Uncountable Noun ‡K Plural Kiv hv‡ebv-| c~‡e© a/an em‡e bv-| Uncountable Nouns:

1. 2. 3. 4.

5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

Fluids: Gases: Natural Phenomena: Material too small to be counted: Academic deciplines: Other Intangibles: Abstraction: Diseases: Language: Games: Solid Substances: Verbal Nouns:

water, milk, oil, ink hydrogen, oxygen, air, smoke electricity, heat, darkness sand, salt,rice mathematics, geography, information, knowledge love, sympathy, courage cholera, malaria, diabetics Bengali, English, Chines Cricket, Football, Chess earth, bread, cotton, nylon cooking, walking, packing

Uncountable Noun Õ†K †hfv‡e Countable Noun G cwibZ Kiv hvq: Numaral + Measure Words + of +Uncountable Noun 01. Container Based

=

02. Portion Based

=

03. Length Related

=

04. Area Based 05. Volume Based

= =

06. Weight Based

=

07. Abstract Ideas, Quality=

a two a three a a two a a a two a five a two a three a an a an

bottle glasses bag jars cup slice pieces heap pinch foot years mile acres litre liters pound tons word item bit attack

of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of

milk water rice sugar tea bread furniture earth salt water string cable land petrol milk butter wheat advice news luck influenza

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Shidhuly’s READING ROOM english language educator 7/A Kallyanpur, Road # 3, Dhaka-1207; Bangladesh. Ph: 9013909. Cell: 01711325876. E-mail: [email protected] Web Site: www.esnips.com/user/ShidhulysREADINGROOM

15 __________________________________________________________

Date Time

: :

Lecture # Lecturer

: :

Modifier: ev we‡kwlZ K‡i-|

008. RAKIB UDDIN AHMED.

‡h kã Noun Gi c~‡e© ev c‡i e‡m ‡mB Noun †K Modify

‡h Modifier ¸‡jv Noun Gi c~‡e© e‡m-| 01. Determiners 02. Adjectives 03. Noun-Adjective Post-modifiers: ‡h Modifier ¸‡jv Noun Gi c‡i e‡m-| 01. Prepositional Phrases 02. Appositives 03. Adverbs 04. Participle 05. Infinitives Determiners: 01. Articles.(a, an, the) 02. Demonstrative. (this, that, these, those) 03. Possessive.(My, his, her, your, its, their, Shidhuly’s) 04. Numerals. (Two, three, or any number) 05. Quantifiers. (all, both, some, any, no, every, each, either, neither, few, a few, little, a little, many) 01. Singular Noun: (a, an, every, each, either, neither, this, that, my, no, all, some, any) 02. Plural Noun: (these, those, both, few, a few, many, several, any numeral other than ‘one, my, no, all, some, any) 03. Uncountable: (little, a little, much, a lot of, a great deal of, this, that, my, no, all, some, any) Pre-modifier:

01. b`x, mvMi, mg~‡`ªi bv‡gi c~‡e©-| 02. ce©Zgvjvi c~‡e©-| 03. ev`¨h‡š¿i c~‡e©-| 04. Abb¨ cÖvK…wZK e¯‘i c~‡e©-| 05. evox ev mgv‡Ri cwiwPZ e¨w³ ev e¯‘i c~‡e©-| 06. ‡KvbwKQyi wØZxqevi D‡jL Ki‡j-| 07. Uncountable Noun Gi c‡i hw` Modifiers _v‡K-| 08. ‡Kvb †kªbxi mKjÕ‡K †evSv‡Z-| 09. hyM ev HwZnvwmK NUbv, ivR‰bwZK `j, msev`cÎ, AvBb cÖ‡qvnKvix ms¯’v, mvgwiK I †emvgwiK ms¯’vi.. .. bv‡gi c~‡e©-| 10. Awbw`©ó cwigvb, ev wbw`©ó msL¨vi c‡i †h “of phrase” e‡m, Zvi ms‡M e‡m| ‡h me †¶‡Î The e‡m bv : (e¨w³ ev ¯’v‡bi bvg, Family Circle Gi g‡aª, Uncountable noun in Generic sense, Public Institutions, Meals) “Learn Your Own Way” All Copy Rights are reserved to Shidhuly’s READING ROOM only. Don’t copy it. Use of The:

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Date Time

: :

Lecture # Lecturer

: :

009. RAKIB UDDIN AHMED.

Model Auxiliaries:

Main Verb Gi mv‡_ hy³ n‡q ‡mB Verb Gi wewfbœ `„wófw½ cÖKvk K‡i-| wKš‘ wb‡R e¨w³MZ †Kvb A_© †bq bv-|

01. Can: (Ability, Permission) 02. Could: (Past ability, Polite request) 03. May/Might: (Permission, Guess about future) 04. Shall: (To know opinion, To propose something) 05. Should: (Obligation, Duty, Advisability, Natural inference) 06. Will: (Future action, Polite request) 07. Would: (Polite request, Past form of will) 08. Must: (Compulsion/Necessity, Logical deduction) 09. Need: (To mean ‘No-need’, Something that was not needed in past) 10. Dare: (Dare to do something) .interrogative/negative 11. Used to: (Past habit) 12. Am to: (An arrangement, An order/command, Destiny) 13. Be going to: (Future intention, Strong probability) 14. Had better: (To mean-Better doing something) 15. Ought to: (As like should , but stronger – indicate future) Using Model Auxiliaries we need not to use –‘s’ / ‘es’ in the place of 3 rd Person Singular Number (he, she, Shidhuly, it). “Learn Your Own Way” All Copy Rights are reserved to Shidhuly’s READING ROOM only. Don’t copy it.

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7/A Kallyanpur, Road # 3, Dhaka-1207; Bangladesh. Ph: 9013909. Cell: 01711325876. E-mail: [email protected] Web Site: www.esnips.com/user/ShidhulysREADINGROOM __________________________________________________________

Date Time

: :

Lecture # Lecturer

: :

010. RAKIB UDDIN AHMED.

Subject-Verb Agreement: Sentence Gi Subject – Noun n‡j, Gi Subject Ges Verb Gi g‡a¨ ‡h Agrement ev wgj _vK‡Z nq-| Subject-Verb Agreement Gi wKQy wKQy cÖavb wbqg:

1.

Rule-01: Subject- 3rd Person Singular Number n‡jVerb- Singular n‡e| (“s”/ “es”/ “has”/ “will”)

2.

Rule-02: Subject- Plural n‡j- Verb- Plural n‡e|

3.

Rule-03: ‡h Noun ¸‡jv Group of Person/ Animal/ /Things … BZ¨vw` eySvq, Zv‡`i †¶‡Î Verb _ Singular/Plural n‡e-| (Government, Committee) (British English=Plural, American = Singular)

4.

Rule-04: Noun Gi ‡k‡l ‘s’ ev ‘ics’ _vK‡j, Zv- Singular n‡e-| (News, Physics)

5.

Rule-05: eB Gi bvg Plural n‡jI Verb Singular n‡e-| (Gulliver’s Travels, Great Expectations)

6.

Rule-06: Plural Unit-words of distance, money I time Gi †¶‡Î Verb Singular n‡e-| (100 miles, 5 years)

7.

Rule-07: Arithmetical Operation Gi c‡i Verb Singular e‡m-| ( Two and two, Two minus two, Two times two, Two divided two)

8.

Rule-08: “Either… or”, Ges “Neither…nor” Gi †¶‡Î Proximity Rule †g‡b Pj‡e, A_©vr-Noun wbKUZg Verb Gi mv‡_ Agree Ki‡e-|

9.

Rule-09: Fraction and Percentage Gi †¶‡Î: a. Uncountable Noun____ Singular Verb b. Plural Noun __________ Plural Verb c. Collective Noun _______ Singular/Plural Verb (One-half, Two-third, Fifty percent). (Population) “Learn Your Own Way” All Copy Rights are reserved to Shidhuly’s READING ROOM only. Don’t copy it.

Shidhuly’s READING ROOM

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10. Rule-10: a. None of the: i. Uncountable ____ Singular Verb ii. Plural ____ Singular/Plural Verb (None of the information, pens)

b. All: i. Uncountable ____ Singular Verb ii. Plural ____ Singular/Plural Verb (All the information, pens)

c. Each: me©`vB ____ Singular Verb d. Every: me©`vB ____ Singular Verb e. A number of: Gi c‡i ____ Plural Verb (A number of students)

f. The number of: Gi c‡i ____ Singular Verb (The number of students)

11. Rule-11: a. A set with ‘two’, & “Pair” ___ Singular Verb (Pair of shoes) b. A set with ‘two’, Not “Pair” ___ Plural Verb ( shoes) 12. Rule-12: Singular Subject Noun Gi †¶‡Î-

a. Together with _____ Singular Verb b. Along with ________ Singular Verb c. As well as _________ Singular Verb d. Not others ________ Singular Verb (Shidhuly, together with her friends …) wKQy mgm¨v: Shidhuly is one of those girls who have/has come out successful in the B.C.S. examination. Have =Traditional grammar (The Antecedent= students) Has = Native Speaker (The Antecedent= one)-Better. Rahim is one of the students who/that has ever come to this department. Shidhuly is one of those girls who takes regular exercise. I am one of those who does believe in Socialism. “Learn Your Own Way” All Copy Rights are reserved to Shidhuly’s READING ROOM only. Don’t copy it.

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Shidhuly’s READING ROOM english language educator 7/A Kallyanpur, Road # 3, Dhaka-1207; Bangladesh. Ph: 9013909. Cell: 01711325876. E-mail: [email protected] Web Site: www.esnips.com/user/ShidhulysREADINGROOM __________________________________________________________

Date Time

: :

Lecture # Lecturer

: :

011. RAKIB UDDIN AHMED.

Something More About Tense:

1.

Do, Have, Be n‡”Q _____ Primary Auxiliaries.

2.

Do Gi Non-negative (do, does, did) form wU e³‡e¨i Dci †Rvi †`Iqvi Rb¨ e¨eüZ nq-|

3.

Simple Present/Present Indefinite Gi Basic Use: a. General Truth b. Customs & Habit c. Future Action (By Adding future time) d. Present Moment

4.

Present Continuous Gi Basic Use: a. Action in Progress b. Temporary Activity c. Future Action (Mention time) d. Emotional Comment on Present Habit

5. Some Verbs can’t be Used in Present Continuous:

i. Verbs of Sensory Perception. (see, hear, taste, smell) /Appointed – I am seeing a doctor. ii. Verbs of Mental Perception. (know, believe, doubt, understand, remember) iii. Verbs of Measurement. (weight, cost, measure, equal) iv. Verbs of Relationship. (have, own, contain, belong) v. Verbs of Emotion. (want, desire, love, hate, like, dislike) “Learn Your Own Way” All Copy Rights are reserved to Shidhuly’s READING ROOM only. Don’t copy it.

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Shidhuly’s READING ROOM english language educator 7/A Kallyanpur, Road # 3, Dhaka-1207; Bangladesh. Ph: 9013909. Cell: 01711325876. E-mail: [email protected] Web Site: www.esnips.com/user/ShidhulysREADINGROOM __________________________________________________________

6.

Present Perfect Gi Basic Use: a. Recently Completed Action b. Events of the Past which have become a part of Experience now. c. A Situation that began in the Past and Continuous up to the Present. (can’t mention past time)

7.

Present Perfect Continuous Tense: a. A phrase introduced by “since” (by mentioning when it is being started) b. A phrase introduced by “for” (by mentioning the time that it is continuing for) c. Less Expression. (lately)

8.

Past Perfect: a. Previous/Late Past in “Past Perfect”, another Past Indefinite, (Both can be Indefinite too)

9.

Past Perfect Continuous: a. An Action/Habit taking place over a period of time in the past period to some other Past Event. Duration of Time is more focused here.

10. Future Tense G

“will” †h †Kvb ‘Person’ Gi †¶‡Î e¨envi Kiv hvq-| 11. Future Perfect Tense: a. To mention that an act will happen before a specific future-time in future. ( By adding “by’, “before”)

12. Future Perfect Continuous Tense: hv eZ©gv‡b Pj‡Q Ges fwel¨‡Z GKwU mgq ch©š— Pj‡e | G‡Z Duration Gi Dci †Rvi †`qv nq Ges `y‡Uv Time Expression e¨eüZ nq-| a. Duration = for … months/years b. Might happen in the future in a specific time. How to Write Discourse: GKwU Composition

G GKvwaK

ev‡K¨i g‡a¨- ÕG‡K-

A‡b¨ †h wbweo m¤úK©-|

1. 2.

Using a Specific Basic Time. (Present, Past, Future) Using - Present or, Past. 3. (Present + Future) is okay. 4. (Present + Past) is forbidden. 5. If, (Past + Future) - Use the Past Form of Future auxiliaries.

21 6.

Previous/Late Past in “Past Perfect Tense” “Learn Your Own Way” All Copy Rights are reserved to Shidhuly’s READING ROOM only. Don’t copy it.

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How to find out Tense:

1. 2. 3.

How to

How to

How to

How to

Find the Finite Verb. Is this -Present/Past/Future? Is it Continuous? 4. If, Present: a. GB gvÎ n‡q‡Q/ N‡U‡Q/ †kl n‡q‡Q ? (B‡qwQ, B‡q‡Qv, B‡q‡Q..) = Perfect b. nq, n‡q _v‡K, nIqvi Af¨vm Av‡Q .. .. = Indefinite. 5. If, Past: a. MZ mgq D‡jL _vK‡j = Indefinite. b. MZ mgq D‡jL bv _vK‡j = Perfect 6. Tense Abyhvqx Sentence MVb g‡b Kiv-| 7. MVb Abyhvqx Subject +Verb+ Object Ges Ab¨vbœ kã ewm‡q †bqv-| Change the form of Voice: 1. Find the Transitive Verb. 2. Be confirm about the Object ( ÓwKÓ ev ÓKv‡KÕÓ Øviv ...) 3. What is the Tense of the Sentence? 4. Passive-Auxiliary g‡b Kiv-| 5. Passive MVb Abyhvqx .. ..emv‡bv-| (Obj. + Passive .Auxiliary + V.p.p + by + Sub.) Change the form of Speech: 1. Watch the Tense of Reporting Verb. (Is it Past?) 2. What kind of Sentence the Reporting Speech is! (Assertie/ Interrogative/ Imperative/ Optative/.. ..) 3. Joining word (that/if-WH/to/that/that) 4. Change the Person of Reporting Speech. (Case, Number, Gender)] a. 1st = Sub b. 2nd = Obj c. 3rd = No change. 5. Make Reported Speech as Assertive. Translate into English: 1. Verb 2. Tense 3. Tense Abyhvqx MVb-| 4. Kx ai‡bi Sentence ? 5. Sub + Verb + Obj. + …(Verb Gi iƒc Tense Abyhvqx n‡e|) Make Negative:

22 Subject +Aux.Verb/do/does/did + not + Verb + Object. How to Make Interrogative: Aux.Verb/ do/does/did + Subject + Verb + Object? “Learn Your Own Way” All Copy Rights are reserved to Shidhuly’s READING ROOM only. Don’t copy it.