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Course Outline. CSE-103 Computer Fundamental and Engineering Workshop Practice. 3 hours in a week, 3.00 Cr.
Course Instructor MD.ASHRAF UDDIN CHY. Flight Lieutenant CSE Department MIST, Mirpur Cantt.
Chapter--01 Introducing Computer Systems.
Exploring Computers and Their Uses .
What is Computer. A computer is a device that accepts information and manipulates it for some result based on a program or sequence of instructions on how the data is to be processed.
Generation of Computers
First Generation Computers As time progressed, people found they were using adding machines to perform more and more extremely tedious(dull) calculations. Aiken, developed the Mark I in 1944 to ease this calculating burden.
First Generation Computers During World War II, researchers made more advances to ease the burden of performing calculations. The Defense Department needed an easier way to compute its firing. So, J. Presper Eckert and William Mauchley at the Moore School for Engineering of the University of Pennsylvania found a solution for the Defense Department's dilemma. In 1946, they developed the ENIAC, Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator. It filled a thirty by fifty-foot room and weighed thirty tons. The computer had 18,000 vacuum tubes which were used to perform calculations at a rate of 5,000 additions per second. This is much faster than any human could perform, but a great deal slower than the computers of today.
First Generation Computers
In 1951, Eckert and Mauchley built the UNIVAC for use at the Census Bureau. The UNIVAC used magnetic tape to store input/output rather than the punch tape which had been used in the earlier machines. It was the first computer commercially produced for businesses
Second Generation Computers By using transistors in place of vacuum tubes, manufacturers could produce more reliable computers. Using transistors was also less expensive than building a computer with vacuum tubes. The combination of smaller size, better reliability, and lower cost made these second generation computers very popular with buyers. In 1956, using transistors, researchers at Bell Laboratories in New York built a computer called the Leprechaun.
Second Generation Computer. Americans did not use these new smaller computers solely for calculations. People soon found that computers were very good at data processing
Third Generation Computer
In 1958, the first integrated circuit was made. Scientists found a way to reduce the size of transistors so they could place hundreds of them on a small silicon chip Using this new technology, Digital Equipment Inc. produced a minicomputer which they sold for the price of fifteen thousand dollars in 1962. Two years later, IBM used chips in its 360 series computers.
Third Generation Computer.
At about this same time, the concept of a programming language was developed. 1956, FORTRAN, the first programming language, was developed. Then in 1959, Grace Hopper invented CO BOL.
Fourth Generation Computer. In 1971 Intel created the first microprocessor.The microprocessor was a large-scale integrated circuit which contained thousands of transistors. The transistors on this one chip were capable of performing all of the functions of a computer's central processing unit. The reduced size, reduced cost, and increased speed of the microprocessor led to the creation of the first personal computers.
Fourth Generation Computer. In 1976, Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak built the first Apple computer in a garage in California.Then, in 1981, IBM introduced its first personal computer. The personal computer was such a revolutionary concept and was expected to have such an impact on society that in 1982, "Time" magazine dedicated its annual "Man of the Year Issue" to the computer.
Types of Computers Desktop Computer Workstations Notebook computers Tablet Computers Handheld Computers Smart Phones Mainframe Computer Minicomputer Super Computer
Desktop Computer. The computer is designed to sit on (on under) a desk or table.
Workstations. A workstation is part of a computer network and generally would be expected to have more than a regular desktop PC of most everything, like memory, storage space, and speed.
Notebook/Laptop Computer. A laptop computer, usually called a notebook computer by manufacturers, is a battery- or AC-powered personal computer generally smaller than a briefcase that can easily be transported and conveniently used in temporary spaces such as on trains and airplanes, in libraries and at meetings.
Tablet Computer. With a Tablet PC you use an electronic stylus(digital pen) to write on the screen, just like with a pen and paper, only your words are in digital ink.
Handheld Computer. The market for the smallest PCs is expanding rapidly. Software is becoming available for the small types of PC like the palmtop (PPC) and handheld (HPC). You may find simplified versions of the major applications you use. One big advantage for the newer programs is the ability to link the small computers to your home or work computer and coordinate the
Smart Phone A phone with a microprocessor, memory, screen and built-in modem. The smart phone combines some of the capabilities of a PC in a handset device. Most of the current models also include a Web browser.
Mainframe Computer. The main frame is the workhorse of the business world. A main frame is the heart of a network of computers or terminals which allows hundreds of people to work at the same time on the same data.
Minicomputer. The minicomputer has become less important since the PC has gotten so powerful on its own. In fact, the ordinary new PC is much more powerful than minicomputers used to be. Originally this size was developed to handle specific tasks, like engineering and CAD calculations, that tended to tie up the main frame.
Super Computer. The supercomputer is the top of the mountain in power and expense. These are used for jobs that take massive amounts of calculating, like weather forecasting, engineering design and testing, serious decryption, economic forecasting, etc.
Uses of Computer. Communication Business Entertainment Finance Education Health Care Research
Looking inside the Computer System
The Parts of Computer System Hardware Software Data User
Hardware The physical components that computer systems are comprised . The computer H/W consists of interconnected eleccctronic devices that can use to control the computer’s operation, input and output. Monitor, disks, disk drives, keyboard, modem, and printer etc.
SOFTWARE Software is the name given to programs that are installed on your computer. Software contains instructions that tell your computer how to work. word processing, database management, games, etc.
DATA Data is any information in a form suitable for use with a computer.
Program A pro gram i s a set of inst ructi ons th at detai l a task for the co mputer to perfo rm.
Users People are the computer operators, also known as users.
The Information Processing Cycle Input Processing Output Storage
Input Whatever goes into the computer. Input can take a variety of forms, from commands you enter from the keyboard to data from another computer or device. A device that feeds data into a computer, such as a keyboard or mouse, is called an input device.
Processing It performs actions on the data, based on instruction from the user or a program.
Storage It stores the result permanently on a disk, tape or some other kind of storage medium.
Essential Computer Hardware Processor Memory Input and Output Storage
Microprocessor A silicon chip that contains a CPU. In the world of personal computer, the terms microprocessor and CPU are used interchangeably. Microprocessor is the heart of all personal computers. Microprocessors also control the logic of almost all digital devices, from clock ratio to fuel-injection system for automobiles.
Microprocessor Three basic characteristics differentiate microprocessors: Instruction Set: The set of instructions that the microprocessor can execute. Bandwith : The number of bits processed in a single instruction. Clock speed : Given in megahertz (MHz), the clock speed determines how many instructions per second the processor can execute. In both cases, the higher the value, the more powerful the CPU. For example, a 32 bit microprocessor that run at 50MHz is more powerful than a 16-bit microprocessor that runs at 25MHz.
Motherboard The main circuit board of a microcomputer. The motherboard contains the connectors for attaching additional boads. Typically, the motherboard contains the CPU, BIOS, memoryy, mass storage interfaces, serial and parallel ports, expansion slots, and all the controllers required to control standard peripheral devices, such as the display screen, keyboard, and disk drive. Collectively, all these chips that inside on the motherboard are known as the motherboard's chipset. Motherboard is sometimes abbreviated as mobo.
Memory Devices RAM ROM.
RAM Random access memory, a type of computer memory that can be accessed randomly. There are two basic types of RAM: Dynamic RAM (DRAM)
Static RAM (SRAM)
RAM The two types differ in the technology they use to hold data, dynamic RAM being the more common type. Dynamic RAM needs to be refreshed thousands of times per second. Static RAM does not need to be refreshed, which makes it faster; but it is also more expensive than dynamic RAM. Both types of RAM are volatile, meaning that they lose their contents when the power is turned off.
RAM For example, a computer with 8M RAM has approximately 8 million bytes of memory that programs can use
ROM Read-only memory, computer memory on which data has been prerecorded. Once data has been written onto a ROM chip, it cannot be removed and can only be read. Unlike RAM, ROM retains its contents even when the computer is turned off. ROM is referred to as being nonvolatile.
ROM Most personal computers contain a small amount of ROM that stores critical programs such as the program that boots the computer. In addition, ROMs are used extensively in calculators and peripheral devices such as laser printers, whose fonts are often stored in ROMs.
INPUT DEVICE. Any machine that feeds data into a computer. For example, a keyboard, mouse is an input device .
Output Device Any machine capable of representing information from a computer. This includes display screens, printers, plotters.
Storage Devices Distinction between Storage and memory There is more room in storage than in memory. Contents are retained in storage when the computer is turned off, whereas programs or the data in memory disappear when you shut down the computer. Storage device operate much slower than memory chips, but storage is much cheaper than memory.
Magnetic Storage Magnetic storage and magnetic recording are terms from engineering referring to the storage of data on a magnetised medium. Magnetic storage uses different patterns of magnetization in a magnetizable material to store data and is a form of non-volatile memory. The information is accessed using one or more read/write heads. Magnetic storage media, primarily hard disks, are widely used to store computer data as well as audio and
Optical Storage Optical drives of all kinds operate on the same principle of detecting variations in the optical properties of the media surface. CD and DVD drives detect changes in the light intensity, All optical storage systems work with reflected light.
Software Computer instructions or data. Anything that can be stored electronically is software.
Software Software is often divided into two categories:
• systems software : Includes the operating system and all the utilities that enable the computer to function. • applications software : Includes programs that do real work for users. For example, word processors, spreadsheets, and database management systems fall under the category of applications software.
Course Instructor MD.ASHRAF UDDIN CHY. Flight Lieutenant CSE Department MIST, Mirpur Cantt.
Chapter--01 Introducing Computer Systems.
Exploring Computers and Their Uses .
What is Computer. A computer is a device that accepts information and manipulates it for some result based on a program or sequence of instructions on how the data is to be processed.
Generation of Computers
First Generation Computers As time progressed, people found they were using adding machines to perform more and more extremely tedious(dull) calculations. Aiken, developed the Mark I in 1944 to ease this calculating burden.
First Generation Computers During World War II, researchers made more advances to ease the burden of performing calculations. The Defense Department needed an easier way to compute its firing. So, J. Presper Eckert and William Mauchley at the Moore School for Engineering of the University of Pennsylvania found a solution for the Defense Department's dilemma. In 1946, they developed the ENIAC, Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator. It filled a thirty by fifty-foot room and weighed thirty tons. The computer had 18,000 vacuum tubes which were used to perform calculations at a rate of 5,000 additions per second. This is much faster than any human could perform, but a great deal slower than the computers of today.
First Generation Computers
In 1951, Eckert and Mauchley built the UNIVAC for use at the Census Bureau. The UNIVAC used magnetic tape to store input/output rather than the punch tape which had been used in the earlier machines. It was the first computer commercially produced for businesses
Second Generation Computers By using transistors in place of vacuum tubes, manufacturers could produce more reliable computers. Using transistors was also less expensive than building a computer with vacuum tubes. The combination of smaller size, better reliability, and lower cost made these second generation computers very popular with buyers. In 1956, using transistors, researchers at Bell Laboratories in New York built a computer called the Leprechaun.
Second Generation Computer. Americans did not use these new smaller computers solely for calculations. People soon found that computers were very good at data processing
Third Generation Computer
In 1958, the first integrated circuit was made. Scientists found a way to reduce the size of transistors so they could place hundreds of them on a small silicon chip Using this new technology, Digital Equipment Inc. produced a minicomputer which they sold for the price of fifteen thousand dollars in 1962. Two years later, IBM used chips in its 360 series computers.
Third Generation Computer.
At about this same time, the concept of a programming language was developed. 1956, FORTRAN, the first programming language, was developed. Then in 1959, Grace Hopper invented CO BOL.
Fourth Generation Computer. In 1971 Intel created the first microprocessor.The microprocessor was a large-scale integrated circuit which contained thousands of transistors. The transistors on this one chip were capable of performing all of the functions of a computer's central processing unit. The reduced size, reduced cost, and increased speed of the microprocessor led to the creation of the first personal computers.
Fourth Generation Computer. In 1976, Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak built the first Apple computer in a garage in California.Then, in 1981, IBM introduced its first personal computer. The personal computer was such a revolutionary concept and was expected to have such an impact on society that in 1982, "Time" magazine dedicated its annual "Man of the Year Issue" to the computer.
Types of Computers Desktop Computer Workstations Notebook computers Tablet Computers Handheld Computers Smart Phones Mainframe Computer Minicomputer Super Computer
Desktop Computer. The computer is designed to sit on (on under) a desk or table.
Workstations. A workstation is part of a computer network and generally would be expected to have more than a regular desktop PC of most everything, like memory, storage space, and speed.
Notebook/Laptop Computer. A laptop computer, usually called a notebook computer by manufacturers, is a battery- or AC-powered personal computer generally smaller than a briefcase that can easily be transported and conveniently used in temporary spaces such as on trains and airplanes, in libraries and at meetings.
Tablet Computer. With a Tablet PC you use an electronic stylus(digital pen) to write on the screen, just like with a pen and paper, only your words are in digital ink.
Handheld Computer. The market for the smallest PCs is expanding rapidly. Software is becoming available for the small types of PC like the palmtop (PPC) and handheld (HPC). You may find simplified versions of the major applications you use. One big advantage for the newer programs is the ability to link the small computers to your home or work computer and coordinate the
Smart Phone A phone with a microprocessor, memory, screen and built-in modem. The smart phone combines some of the capabilities of a PC in a handset device. Most of the current models also include a Web browser.
Mainframe Computer. The main frame is the workhorse of the business world. A main frame is the heart of a network of computers or terminals which allows hundreds of people to work at the same time on the same data.
Minicomputer. The minicomputer has become less important since the PC has gotten so powerful on its own. In fact, the ordinary new PC is much more powerful than minicomputers used to be. Originally this size was developed to handle specific tasks, like engineering and CAD calculations, that tended to tie up the main frame.
Super Computer. The supercomputer is the top of the mountain in power and expense. These are used for jobs that take massive amounts of calculating, like weather forecasting, engineering design and testing, serious decryption, economic forecasting, etc.
Uses of Computer. Communication Business Entertainment Finance Education Health Care Research
Looking inside the Computer System
The Parts of Computer System Hardware Software Data User
Hardware The physical components that computer systems are comprised . The computer H/W consists of interconnected eleccctronic devices that can use to control the computer’s operation, input and output. Monitor, disks, disk drives, keyboard, modem, and printer etc.
SOFTWARE Software is the name given to programs that are installed on your computer. Software contains instructions that tell your computer how to work. word processing, database management, games, etc.
DATA Data is any information in a form suitable for use with a computer.
Program A pro gram i s a set of inst ructi ons th at detai l a task for the co mputer to perfo rm.
Users People are the computer operators, also known as users.
The Information Processing Cycle Input Processing Output Storage
Input Whatever goes into the computer. Input can take a variety of forms, from commands you enter from the keyboard to data from another computer or device. A device that feeds data into a computer, such as a keyboard or mouse, is called an input device.
Processing It performs actions on the data, based on instruction from the user or a program.
Storage It stores the result permanently on a disk, tape or some other kind of storage medium.
Essential Computer Hardware Processor Memory Input and Output Storage
Microprocessor A silicon chip that contains a CPU. In the world of personal computer, the terms microprocessor and CPU are used interchangeably. Microprocessor is the heart of all personal computers. Microprocessors also control the logic of almost all digital devices, from clock ratio to fuel-injection system for automobiles.
Microprocessor Three basic characteristics differentiate microprocessors: Instruction Set: The set of instructions that the microprocessor can execute. Bandwith : The number of bits processed in a single instruction. Clock speed : Given in megahertz (MHz), the clock speed determines how many instructions per second the processor can execute. In both cases, the higher the value, the more powerful the CPU. For example, a 32 bit microprocessor that run at 50MHz is more powerful than a 16-bit microprocessor that runs at 25MHz.
Motherboard The main circuit board of a microcomputer. The motherboard contains the connectors for attaching additional boads. Typically, the motherboard contains the CPU, BIOS, memoryy, mass storage interfaces, serial and parallel ports, expansion slots, and all the controllers required to control standard peripheral devices, such as the display screen, keyboard, and disk drive. Collectively, all these chips that inside on the motherboard are known as the motherboard's chipset. Motherboard is sometimes abbreviated as mobo.
Memory Devices RAM ROM.
RAM Random access memory, a type of computer memory that can be accessed randomly. There are two basic types of RAM: Dynamic RAM (DRAM)
Static RAM (SRAM)
RAM The two types differ in the technology they use to hold data, dynamic RAM being the more common type. Dynamic RAM needs to be refreshed thousands of times per second. Static RAM does not need to be refreshed, which makes it faster; but it is also more expensive than dynamic RAM. Both types of RAM are volatile, meaning that they lose their contents when the power is turned off.
RAM For example, a computer with 8M RAM has approximately 8 million bytes of memory that programs can use
ROM Read-only memory, computer memory on which data has been prerecorded. Once data has been written onto a ROM chip, it cannot be removed and can only be read. Unlike RAM, ROM retains its contents even when the computer is turned off. ROM is referred to as being nonvolatile.
ROM Most personal computers contain a small amount of ROM that stores critical programs such as the program that boots the computer. In addition, ROMs are used extensively in calculators and peripheral devices such as laser printers, whose fonts are often stored in ROMs.
INPUT DEVICE. Any machine that feeds data into a computer. For example, a keyboard, mouse is an input device .
Output Device Any machine capable of representing information from a computer. This includes display screens, printers, plotters.
Storage Devices Distinction between Storage and memory There is more room in storage than in memory. Contents are retained in storage when the computer is turned off, whereas programs or the data in memory disappear when you shut down the computer. Storage device operate much slower than memory chips, but storage is much cheaper than memory.
Magnetic Storage Magnetic storage and magnetic recording are terms from engineering referring to the storage of data on a magnetised medium. Magnetic storage uses different patterns of magnetization in a magnetizable material to store data and is a form of non-volatile memory. The information is accessed using one or more read/write heads. Magnetic storage media, primarily hard disks, are widely used to store computer data as well as audio and
Optical Storage Optical drives of all kinds operate on the same principle of detecting variations in the optical properties of the media surface. CD and DVD drives detect changes in the light intensity, All optical storage systems work with reflected light.
Software Computer instructions or data. Anything that can be stored electronically is software.
Software Software is often divided into two categories:
• systems software : Includes the operating system and all the utilities that enable the computer to function. • applications software : Includes programs that do real work for users. For example, word processors, spreadsheets, and database management systems fall under the category of applications software.
