Learn And Be Excellent At English

‫تعلم واتقن‬

‫‪ ..‬النجليزية ‪..‬‬ ‫بسهولة‬

‫‪.. English ..‬‬

‫‪Easily , learn and be excellent at ,‬‬

‫‪............‬الشامل ‪. . Levels . .‬‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬

‫هذا الكتاب يشمل الجزءين معا واضافات أخرى ومقسم ل ‪levels‬‬ ‫حسب مستوى الدارس ‪ ،‬وفيه كل ما تحتاجه لتتعلم وتتقن اللغة النجليزية من‬ ‫الحروف البجدية )‪ (Alphabet‬إلي المحادثات )‪ ، (Conversations‬شامل كل‬ ‫قواعد اللغة النجليزية )‪ (Grammar‬الضرورية والهامة للحياة العامة والتي تفيد‬ ‫كل انسان مهما كان مستواه أو عمره ‪ ،‬ولكي يتمكن من تكوين المحادثات الخاصة به‬ ‫بما يناسب ظروفه ‪ ،‬بالضافة للمحادثات الموجودة في هذا الكتاب ‪.‬‬

‫‪..‬‬

‫اعداد ‪ :‬حشمت كمال‬ ‫‪By : Heshmat Kamal‬‬

‫‪...................................‬‬ ‫‪.....................................................‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬

6373468 :‫ت‬

2003 / 19286 977-17-1151-2

/// ///

‫حشمت كمال‬ : ‫اعداد‬ ‫حشمت كمال‬ : ‫الناشر‬ ‫ حشمت كمال‬: ‫الجمع التصويري‬ : ‫المطبعة‬ ‫الولى‬ : ‫الطبعة‬ 2003 / 18867 : ‫رقم اليداع‬ 977-17-1140-7 : ‫الترقيم الدولي‬

Author : Heshmat Kamal Tel : 6373468 Publisher : Heshmat Kamal Type setting : Heshmat Kamal Press : Edition : First Legal deposit # : 18867 /2003 /// 19286 / 2003 I.S.B.N. :977-17-1140-7 /// 977-17-1151-2

2

‫الفهرست ‪Contents‬‬ ‫‪level‬‬

‫الموضوع‬ ‫الحروف البجدية النجليزية ‪the English Alphabet‬‬ ‫قواعد نطق بعض الحروف ‪pronunciation of some letters‬‬ ‫كلمات هامة ومعانيها ‪important words and their meanings‬‬ ‫كلمات هامة ومعانيها ‪important words and their meanings‬‬ ‫كلمات متشابهة ومترادفات ‪Homonyms and synonyms‬‬ ‫السوابق واللواحق ‪prefixes and suffixes‬‬ ‫الوقت ‪time‬‬ ‫حروف الجر ‪prepositions‬‬ ‫جمع السماء ‪plural of nouns‬‬ ‫‪Verb do‬‬ ‫كلمات مع حروف جر‬ ‫استخدام حروف الجر مع الوقت ‪prepositions with time‬‬ ‫بعض قواعد الكتابة‬ ‫‪A, An and The‬‬ ‫‪"Verbs "be" and "have‬‬ ‫استخدام حروف الجر مع المكان ‪prepositions with place‬‬ ‫أفغال ‪verbs‬‬ ‫كلمات وحروف جر‬ ‫متنوعات هامة‬ ‫أسئلة ‪questions‬‬ ‫علمات الوقف ‪punctuation‬‬ ‫علمة الملكية للسماء ‪the apostrophe‬‬ ‫السماء التي تعد والتي لتعد ‪countable and uncountable nouns‬‬ ‫الصمائر ‪pronouns‬‬ ‫‪gerund‬‬ ‫متنوعات‬ ‫الظروف والصفات ‪adjectives and adverbs‬‬ ‫الظروف والصفات ‪adjectives and adverbs‬‬ ‫جدول لسماء مع صفاتها‬ ‫مقدمة عن الزمنة ‪Tenses‬‬ ‫مقدمة عن المبني للمعلوم والمبني للمجهول ‪active and passive‬‬ ‫الزمنة ‪Tenses‬‬ ‫تصريف الفعال ‪conjugation of verbs‬‬ ‫المبني للمعلوم والمبني للمجهول ‪active and passive‬‬ ‫جداول أفعال واسماء وصفات‬ ‫لو )الشرطية( ‪conditional if‬‬

‫‪3‬‬

‫‪1‬‬

‫‪2‬‬

‫‪3‬‬

‫‪4‬‬

‫‪5‬‬

‫‪6‬‬

‫‪7‬‬

‫‪8‬‬

‫‪9‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪11‬‬

‫الصفحة‬

‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪11‬‬ ‫‪11‬‬ ‫‪12‬‬ ‫‪14‬‬ ‫‪16‬‬ ‫‪17‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪21‬‬ ‫‪21‬‬ ‫‪22‬‬ ‫‪23‬‬ ‫‪25‬‬ ‫‪26‬‬ ‫‪27‬‬ ‫‪28‬‬ ‫‪30‬‬ ‫‪31‬‬ ‫‪32‬‬ ‫‪33‬‬ ‫‪34‬‬ ‫‪35‬‬ ‫‪37‬‬ ‫‪38‬‬ ‫‪40‬‬ ‫‪43‬‬ ‫‪44‬‬ ‫‪45‬‬ ‫‪47‬‬ ‫‪51‬‬ ‫‪55‬‬ ‫‪59‬‬ ‫‪62‬‬

64 65 66 67 68 70 72

12

wishes ‫التمني‬ letters ‫خطابات‬ Resume Comprehension direct and indirect speech ‫الكلم المباشر والغير مباشر‬ ‫كلمات متشابهة ومتنوعات‬ Comprehension level 3 ‫ ابتداء من‬conversation ‫ يوجد‬level ‫ولحظ انه في نهاية كل‬

‫مقدمة‬ 4

‫أشكر ال على مساعدته لي في اتمام هذا الكتاب على أحسن وجه ‪ ،‬وهو شامل‬ ‫للجزءين السابقين معا ‪ ،‬مع بعض الضافات الخرى ‪ ،‬ثم تقسيم كله ل ‪.levels‬‬ ‫وأقدم هذا الكتاب اهداء لكل من يهتم بدراسة النجليزي في مصر والمهجر وكل‬ ‫مكان ‪ ،‬لكي يفيده في كل حياته ‪ ،‬وقد راعيت فيه أن يكون مبسطا وسهل وفي نفس الوقت‬ ‫شامل لينقصه شئ هام ‪ ،‬ولكن بالطبع ليوجد كتاب كامل في أي مجال ‪ ،‬وباذن ال سيكون‬ ‫هذا الكتاب نافعا جدا لكل دارس في عمله وكل حياته العامة سواء كان الدارس طالب علم‬ ‫في مدرسة أو كلية أو معهد أو موظف في أي مجال عمل أو حتى ان كان مدرس ‪ ،‬فهذا‬ ‫الكتاب نافع للكل في كل المستويات ‪ ،‬فهو خلصة دراستي للغة النجليزية على مدى‬ ‫عشرات السنوات ‪.‬‬ ‫وأتمنى من القارئ العزيز أن يدقق في كل كلمة ويراعي عند دراسة اي فصل )أو‬ ‫باب أو جزء( في هذا الكتاب أن يقرأه من أوله وبالترتيب ‪ ،‬فربما كلمة أو جملة واحدة‬ ‫تسهل له دراسة الفصل كله ‪ ،‬بل وفصول أخرى مبنية عليه ‪ ،‬هذه نقطة أخرى وهي أنه‬ ‫يجب معرفة أن اللغة النجليزي ‪ ،‬مثل أي لغة أخرى ‪ ،‬كلها مبنية على بعض ‪ ،‬فهم فصل‬ ‫أو جزء معين جيدا ‪ ،‬سيفيد في فهم أجزاء أخرى كثيرة ‪ .‬وإذا كان الدارس يحب أن يكون‬ ‫ممتازا في المحادثة ‪ ، conversation‬فليعلم أن المحادثة هي عبارة عن النجليزي كله‪،‬‬ ‫فحفظ الكلمات والجمل وال ‪ grammar‬الموجودين في هذا الكتاب من أوله لخره لهم‬ ‫أهمية في المحادثات ‪ .‬ويجب أيضا التمرين على نطق الكلمات مع المعارف والصدقاء ‪،‬‬ ‫ومن قاموس ‪ Longman‬أو ‪ Oxford‬لن فيهما طريقة لنطق الكلمات بسهولة ‪.‬‬ ‫أرجو من ال أن يساعد جميع الدارسين لهذا الكتاب بحسب مايرى ان فيه الخير ‪،‬‬ ‫وان يكون هذا الكتاب لفائدة وخير شعب مصر الحبيب بل وكل الناس في كل العالم ‪.‬‬

‫)‪Level 1 [Meena] (H.K.‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬

‫‪The English Alphabet‬‬ ‫الحروف البجدية النجليزية‬ ‫‪ ,‬آي ‪ , Ii‬اتش ‪ , Hh‬جي ‪ , Gg‬اف ‪ , Ff‬إي ‪ , Ee‬دي ‪ , Dd‬سي ‪ , Cc‬بي ‪ , Bb‬ايه ‪Aa‬‬ ‫‪ , Ss‬آر ‪ , Rr‬كيو ‪ , Qq‬بي ‪ , Pp‬أوه ‪ , Oo‬ان ‪ , Nn‬ام ‪ , Mm‬إل ‪ , Ll‬كيه ‪ , Kk‬جيه ‪Jj‬‬ ‫زد ‪ , Zz‬واي ‪ , Yy‬اكس ‪ , Xx‬دابليو ‪ , Ww‬في ‪ , Vv‬يوو ‪ , Uu‬تي ‪ , Tt‬اس‬ ‫أما بقية الحروف فهي ساكنة )‪. (consonants‬‬ ‫الحروف المتحركة )‪ (vowels‬هم ‪، a e i o u :‬‬ ‫ومن الضروري حفظ هذه الحروف بالترتيب لستخدام أي قاموس ‪.‬‬

‫‪ (H.W 1‬اكتب الحروف البجدية كلها غيبا وبالترتيب بالحروف الكبيرة والصغيرة )في كراس الواجب(‬ ‫‪ (2‬اتمرن على اخراج معاني الكلمات التالية من القاموس ‪,_____box____, play____, escape :‬‬ ‫)‪[H.K.) [Meena‬‬

‫الضمائر الشخصية ]‪Personal Pronouns [Meena‬‬ ‫‪(.Singular (H.K‬‬

‫أنا‬

‫‪I‬‬

‫‪You‬‬ ‫)‪He (he, she, it = third singular‬‬ ‫‪She‬‬ ‫‪It‬‬

‫انت‪ ،‬أنت‬

‫هو‬ ‫هي‬ ‫هوأو هي لغير العاقل )الجماد أو الحيوان(‬ ‫‪Plural‬‬

‫‪We‬‬ ‫‪You‬‬ ‫‪They‬‬

‫نحن‬ ‫انتما‪ ،‬انتم‪ ،‬أنتن‬ ‫هم )جمع المذكر و‪ /‬أو المؤنث و‪ /‬أو غير العاقل(‬

‫?‪H.W. What are the personal pronouns‬‬

‫ماهم الضمائر الشخصية؟ اكتبهم مع معانيهم في كراس الواجب‬

‫دايما احفظ كل كلمات تصادفك ‪ ،‬اكتبها مرة والكتاب مفتوح ثم مرة غيبا لتحفظ ال ‪spelling‬‬ ‫)الستهجاء( وحسن خطك وأذكر النطق جيدا‪.‬‬

‫]‪Pronunciation of Some Letters [Meena‬‬ ‫قواعد نطق بعض الحروف‬ ‫‪ B‬أحيانا ل تنطق )تكون صامتة( كما في ‪ lamb‬لم )حمل( ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ (C 1‬تنطق س لو أتى بعدها ‪ e , i , y‬سواء كانت في أول الكلمة أو في وسطها ‪ ،‬وذلك‬ ‫مثل ‪ nice :‬نايس )حسن( ‪ centre ،‬سنتر )مركز( ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ (2‬وتنطق ك لو جاء بعدها أي حرف آخر ماعدا ‪ ، h‬مثل ‪ cycle‬سايكل )دورة( ‪ cat ،‬كات‬ ‫)قطة( ‪ crime ،‬كرايم )جريمة( ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ (3‬أما لو جاءت مزدوجة )‪ ، (cc‬تنطق الولى ك والثانية حسب القواعد السابقة ‪ ،‬مثل ‪accept :‬‬ ‫أكسبت )يقبل( ‪ accuse ،‬أكيوز )يتهم( ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ (4‬أما لو جاء بعدها ‪ : h‬أ( تنطق تش مثل ‪ chalk :‬تشوك )طباشير( ‪ .‬ب( وتنطق ك مثل‪:‬‬ ‫‪ chemistry‬كمستري )كيمياء( ‪ .‬ج( وتنطق ش مثل‪ machine :‬ماشين )ماكينة( ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ (5‬وأحيانا تنطق ش مثل ‪ ocean:‬أوشن )محيط(‬ ‫وأحيانا ل تنطق وتكون صامتة مثل ‪ muscles :‬ماصلز )عضلت( ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ (G 1‬بصفة عامة تنطق ج كما في ‪ gold‬جولد )ذهب( ‪ ،‬لكنها تنطق ‪ j‬لو أتى بعدها‬ ‫‪ e , i , y‬مثل ‪. Egyptian ، edge‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬

‫‪ (2‬أما لو أتى بعدها ‪ n , th‬في نهاية الكلمة فتكون صامتة )لتنطق( ‪ ،‬مثل ‪ sign‬ساين )علمة‬ ‫أو اشارة( ‪ length ،‬لنث )طول(‪.‬‬ ‫‪ (3‬أما لو أتى بعدها ‪ : h‬أ( تنطق ف مثل ‪ enough‬اناف )يكفي( ‪ .‬ب( أو ل تنطق مثل‬ ‫‪ high‬هاي )عالي( ‪ straight ،‬إستريت )مستقيم( ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ H‬أحيانا ل ينطق كما في ‪ hour‬أور )ساعة( ‪ honest ،‬أونست )أمين(‪.‬‬ ‫‪ K‬ل تنطق إذا جاء بعدها ‪ n‬في أول الكلمة مثل ‪ knife‬نايف )سكينة( ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ L‬ل تنطق في بعض الكلمات التي فيها التركيبات ‪ alk , alf , ould‬مثل ‪ chalk‬تشوك‬ ‫)طباشير(‪ half ،‬هاف )نصف( ‪ could ،‬كود )ممكن( ‪[Meena] .‬‬ ‫‪ N‬ل تنطق إذا جاءت بعد ‪ m‬مثل ‪ column‬كولم )عمود( ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ P‬أحيانا ل تنطق كما في ‪ psychology‬سايكولوجي ‪ ،‬أما لو جاء بعدها ‪ h‬فتنطق ف مثل‬ ‫‪ phosphor‬فسفور ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ (S 1‬تنطق ز لو جاءت بين حرفين متحركين مثل ‪ rose‬روز )وردة( ‪ disease ،‬ديزيز‬ ‫)مرض(‪ ،‬ولكن يستثنى من هذه القاعدة ‪ dis‬لما تأتي في بداية كلمة مثل ‪ disappear‬ديس أبير‬ ‫)يختفي( ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ (2‬وأحيانا تنطق ‪ j‬مثل ‪. usually‬‬ ‫‪ (3‬وأحيانا تنطق ش مثل ‪ sugar‬شوجر )سكر(‪ ،‬وخاصة لو أتى بعده ‪ h‬مثل ‪ fish‬فيش )سمك(‪.‬‬ ‫‪ (4‬وأحيانا ل تنطق كما في ‪ island‬آيلند )جزيرة( ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ (T 1‬تنطق ش إذا أتى بعدها ‪ ion‬مثل ‪ action‬أكشن )حركة( ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ (2‬وأحيانا تنطق تش مثل ‪ nature‬نيتشر )طبيعة( ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ (3‬وأحيانا ل تنطق كما في ‪ often‬أوفن )مرارا( و ‪ listen‬ليسن )يستمع( ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ (4‬وإذا جاء بعدها ‪ h‬تنطق ث أو ذ مثل ‪ mouth‬ماوس )فم( و ‪ father‬فازر )أب( ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ W‬ل ينطق إذا جاء في أول الكلمة وبعده ‪ r‬أو ‪ h‬مثل ‪ write‬رايت )يكتب( ‪ who ،‬هوو‬ ‫)من(‪.‬‬ ‫‪ X‬ينطق جز لو أتى بعده حرف متحرك مثل ‪ exactly‬اجزاكتلي )بالضبط( ‪.‬‬

‫كلمات هامة ومعانيها‬ ‫]‪Important words and their meanings [Meena‬‬ ‫والن نأخذ كلمات كثيرة الستخدام في الحياة عامة ومبوبة أو مجمعة معا ‪:‬‬ ‫‪) .H.W‬ضروري حفظهم جيدا جدا ‪ ،‬النطق مع المعاني مع الستهجاء(‬ ‫‪It is very important to study them by heart, their pronunciation, meanings‬‬ ‫)‪and their spelling. (H.K.‬‬ ‫]‪[Meena‬‬

‫شروق ‪ , sunrise‬الفجر )‪ : dawn (day-break‬أوقات اليوم ‪Times of the day‬‬

‫‪ , sunset‬بعد الظهر ‪ , afternoon‬الظهر ‪ , noon‬الصباح ‪ , morning‬الشمس‬ ‫‪ //‬نصف الليل ‪ , midnight‬الليل ‪ , night‬المساء ‪ , evening‬غروب الشمس‬ ‫‪ , tomorrow night‬غدا ‪ , tomorrow‬هذه الليلة ‪) , tonight‬اليوم )انهاردة ‪today‬‬ ‫غدا ليل‬

‫‪ ,‬الثلثاء ‪ , Tuesday‬الثنين ‪ : Monday‬أيام السبوع ]‪Week days [Meena‬‬

‫‪ ,‬السبت ‪ , Saturday‬الجمعة ‪ , Friday‬الخميس ‪ , Thursday‬الربع ‪Wednesday‬‬ ‫الحد ‪Sunday‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬

Months ‫ الشهور‬:

January ‫ يناير‬, February ‫ فبراير‬, March ‫ مارس‬, April ‫ أبريل‬, May ‫ مايو‬, June ‫ يونية‬, July ‫ يولية‬, August ‫ أغسطس‬, September ‫ سبتمبر‬, October ‫ أكتوبر‬, November ‫ نوفمبر‬, December ‫ديسمبر‬ . (H.K.) . ‫ مهما كان موقعهم في الجملة‬Capital ‫لحظ أن كل أيام السبوع وكل الشهور دايما يكتبوا ب‬

Seasons [Meena] ‫ )المواسم )الفصول‬: spring ‫ الربيع‬, summer ‫ الصيف‬, autumn (fall) ‫ الخريف‬, winter ‫الشتاء‬

Cardinal Numbers ‫ العداد الصلية‬:

One 1 , two 2 , three 3 , four 4 , five 5 , six 6 , seven 7, eight 8 , nine 9 , ten 10 , eleven 11 , twelve 12 , thirteen 13 , fourteen 14 , fifteen 15 , sixteen 16 , seventeen 17 , eighteen 18 , nineteen 19 , twenty 20 , twenty-one 21 , twenty- two 22 .. .. twenty nine 29 , thirty 30 , forty 40 , fifty 50 , sixty 60 , seventy 70 , eighty 80 , ninety 90 , one hundred 100 , one hundred and one 101 , one hundred and two 102 , two hundred and one 201 , one thousand 1000 , one thousand and one 1001 , one million (A million) 1000000 , two millions , one billion (A billion) .

Ordinal numbers [Meena] ‫ العداد الترتيبية‬:

. ‫ أول‬the ‫ ولحظ أننا لبد دائما أن نضع‬، ‫وهنا سنكتب بنفس ترتيب العداد السابقة‬ The first ‫ الول‬, the second ‫ الثاني‬, --- third ‫ الثالث‬, --fourth ‫ الرابع‬, --- fifth ‫ الخامس‬, sixth ‫ السادس‬, seventh ‫ السابع‬, eightth , ninth , tenth , eleventh , twelfth , thirteenth , fourteenth , fifteenth , sixteenth , seventeenth , eighteenth , nineteenth , twentieth , twentyfirst , twenty-second , twenty-ninth , thirtieth , fortieth , fiftieth , sixtieth , seventieth , eightieth , ninetieth , hundredth , hundred and first , hundred and second , two hundred and first , thousandth , thousand and first , the millionth , the two millionth , the billionth , the last ‫ الخير‬, the last but one ‫ قبل الخير‬. Once ‫ مرة‬, twice = two times ‫ مرتين‬, thrice = three times ‫ ثلث مرات‬, four times ‫ أربع مرات‬, hundred times ‫ مئة مرة‬. Double ‫ الضعف‬, triple 3 ‫ أضعاف‬, quadruple 4 ‫ أضعاف‬, five fold 5 ‫أضعاف‬, the centuple ‫ مئة ضعف‬. A quarter = one fourth ‫ ربع‬, one third ‫ ثلث‬, half ‫ نصف‬. [Meena] (H.K.)

Father Daughter Husband Child

‫أب‬ ‫ابنة‬ ‫زوج‬ ‫طفل‬

Mother Brother Wife Aunt

Family and kindred ‫العائلة والقارب‬ ‫أم‬ ‫أخ‬ ‫زوجة‬ ‫ خالة‬، ‫عمة‬

[Meena]

Meals Grains Supper

‫ وجبات‬Oil ‫ حبوب‬Breakfast ‫ عشاء‬Bread

Son Sister Baby Uncle

Food

‫الكل‬

‫ زيت‬Fruits ‫ فطار‬Lunch ‫ خبز‬Wheat

8

‫ابن‬ ‫أخت‬ ‫رضيع‬ ‫ خال‬، ‫عم‬

Girl Boy Man Woman

‫ فواكه‬Barley ‫ غداء‬Potato ‫ قمح‬Flour

‫بنت‬ ‫ولد‬ ‫رجل‬ ‫امرأة‬ ‫شعير‬ ‫بطاطس‬ ‫دقيق‬

‫سلطة‬ ‫مخلل‬

‫‪ Salad‬عنب‬ ‫‪ Pickles‬ماء‬

‫‪ Grapes‬زيتون‬ ‫‪ Water‬أرز‬

‫‪Olive‬‬ ‫‪Rice‬‬

‫عسل أبيض‬

‫لبن‬

‫‪Honey‬‬ ‫‪Milk‬‬

‫‪H.W. Translation : Write the English meaning of the following words‬‬

‫اكتب المعنى النجليزي للكلمات التية‬ ‫ربع‬ ‫اتنين‬ ‫زوجة‬ ‫الرابع‬ ‫الثلثاء‬ ‫زيتون‬ ‫الصباح‬ ‫الضعف‬ ‫اخ‬ ‫أب‬

‫يناير‬ ‫أربع مرات‬ ‫أم‬ ‫زوج‬ ‫أخت‬

‫‪Write the Arabic meaning of the following words‬‬ ‫اكتب المعنى العربي للكلمات التية‬ ‫‪Honey‬‬ ‫‪Child‬‬ ‫‪Twelve‬‬ ‫‪The fifth‬‬ ‫‪Baby‬‬ ‫‪Wednesday‬‬ ‫‪Aunt‬‬ ‫‪Five fold‬‬ ‫‪Summer‬‬ ‫‪Pickles‬‬ ‫‪Twice‬‬ ‫‪August‬‬ ‫‪One third‬‬ ‫‪rice‬‬ ‫‪Autumn‬‬ ‫‪ --‬في كشكول الواجب ‪ (1 :‬اكتب قواعد نطق الحروف ‪G, L, S, T :‬‬‫‪ (2‬اكتب أيام السبوع وشهور السنة والمواسم ‪.‬‬

‫)‪(H.K.‬‬

‫]‪Level 2 [Meena‬‬

‫الن نأخذ كلمات كثيرة الستخدام في الحياة عامة ومبوبة أو مجمعة معا ‪:‬‬ ‫‪9‬‬

(.H.K)

(‫ النطق مع المعاني مع الستهجاء‬، ‫ )ضروري حفظهم جيدا جدا‬.H.W

It is very important to study them by heart, pronunciation, meanings and spelling.

Head Eye Hand Face Soul Airplane Ticket Direction Customs Teacher Judge

‫الرأس‬ ‫عين‬ ‫يد‬ ‫وجه‬ ‫نفس‬ ‫طائرة‬ ‫تذكرة‬ ‫اتجاه‬ ‫الجمرك‬

The human body (H.K.)

Hair Ear Leg Skin Blood

‫الشعر‬ ‫أذن‬ ‫رجل‬ ‫جلد‬ ‫دم‬

Traveling

Train Arrival Class Inquiries

‫أفريقيا‬ ‫أستراليا‬

Egypt Palestine Jordan France Germany

‫مصر‬ ‫فلسطين‬ ‫الردن‬ ‫فرنسا‬ ‫ألمانيا‬

‫جسم النسان‬

Passport Departure Speed Office

Occupations [Meena] Continents (H.K.)

Countries and nationalities Egyptian Palestinian Jordanian French German

‫مصري‬ ‫فلسطيني‬ ‫أردني‬ ‫فرنسي‬ ‫ألماني‬

‫خالي‬ ‫فرامل‬ ‫كاوتش‬ ‫سفينة‬

‫ دكتور‬Soldier ‫ محامي‬Driver

‫عسكري‬ ‫سائق‬

‫الدول والجنسيات‬

Post office ‫مكتب البريد‬

Letter Fee

‫ جواب‬Stamp ‫ اجرة‬Envelope

Cheque Client Interest

‫ شيك‬Account ‫ عميل‬Loss ‫ فائدة‬Capital

Patience Fear

‫ صبر‬Wisdom ‫ خوف‬Lying

‫ حكمة‬Faith ‫ كذب‬Envy

House Column

‫ منزل‬Room ‫ عمود‬Steel

‫ غرفة‬Bricks ‫ صلب‬Concrete

Coarse Pray (H.K.) Lesson Quiet To sail Lightning

Vacant ‫ الرحيل‬Brake ‫ سرعة‬Tyre ‫ مكتب‬Ship

‫أوروبا‬

America Syria England China Greece

‫ طابع‬Postage ‫ ظرف‬Sender

Banking (H.K.)

‫لحية‬ ‫أسنان‬ ‫لسان‬ ‫فك‬ ‫شفايف‬

‫جواز سفر‬

‫القارات‬

‫ أمريكا‬Europe ‫آسيا‬

Beard Teeth Tongue Jaw Lips

‫وظائف‬

‫ مهندس‬Doctor ‫ ممثل‬Lawyer

America Asia

‫النف‬ ‫فم‬ ‫ظهر‬ ‫أصابع‬ ‫روح‬

‫السفر‬

‫قطار‬ ‫الوصول‬ ‫درجة‬ ‫استعلمات‬

‫ مدرس‬Engineer ‫ قاضي‬Actor

Africa Australia

Nose Mouth Back Fingers Spirit

‫أعمال البنوك‬

‫أمريكا‬ ‫سوريا‬ ‫انجلترا‬ ‫الصين‬ ‫اليونان‬

American Syrian English Chinese Greek

‫أجرة‬ ‫الراسل‬

Sample Form

‫عينة‬ ‫استمارة‬

‫ وديعة‬Rate ‫ مكسب‬Loan ‫ يسحب‬Broker

‫معدل‬ ‫سلفة‬ ‫سمسار‬

‫ ايمان‬Wise ‫ حسد‬Fool

‫حكيم‬ ‫جاهل‬

‫ حساب‬Deposit ‫ خسارة‬Profit ‫ رأسمال‬Withdraw

Virtues and vices

‫الفضائل والرذائل‬

Architecture ‫( )معمار )عمارة‬H.K.)

‫ طوب‬Design ‫ خرسانة‬Building

‫أمريكاني‬ ‫سوري‬ ‫انجليزي‬ ‫صيني‬ ‫يوناني‬

‫تصميم‬ ‫مبنى‬

. ‫ وهي كلمات متشابهة في النطق والهجاء ولكنها مختلفة في المعنى‬: Homonyms ‫خشن‬ ‫يصلي‬ ‫درس‬ ‫ ساكت‬، ‫هادئ‬ ‫يبحر‬ ‫ اضاءة‬، ‫برق‬

Course [Meena] Prey Lessen Quite For sale Lightening

10

‫ مقرر‬، ‫دراسات‬ ‫ غنيمة‬، ‫فريسة‬ ‫ يخفض‬، ‫يقلل‬ ‫ نهائيا‬، ‫تماما‬ ‫للبيع‬ ‫تخفيف‬

‫عثة‬ ‫يخرج من ‪ ،‬ينبثق‬ ‫سقف‬ ‫سلمة‬ ‫مبدأ ‪ ،‬رأي‬ ‫منظر ‪ ،‬مشهد‬ ‫قصة‬

‫‪Mite‬‬ ‫‪Proceed‬‬ ‫‪Ceiling‬‬ ‫‪Stair‬‬ ‫‪Principle‬‬ ‫‪Sight‬‬ ‫‪Tale‬‬

‫‪Might‬‬ ‫‪Precede‬‬ ‫‪Sealing‬‬ ‫‪Stare‬‬ ‫‪Principal‬‬ ‫‪Site‬‬ ‫‪Tail‬‬

‫قدرة ‪ ،‬قوة‬ ‫يسبق‬ ‫ختم‬ ‫يبحلق‬ ‫رئيس ‪ ،‬ناظر‬ ‫موقع ‪ ،‬موضع‬ ‫ذيل‬

‫‪ : Synonyms‬وهي كلمات مختلفة في النطق والهجاء لكنها لها معنى متقارب ‪.‬‬ ‫تيار هواء‬ ‫أصابع القدم‬ ‫عادة جماعية‬ ‫ظل ‪ ،‬خيال‬ ‫يكشط )تفاحة(‬ ‫متحرك‬ ‫بسيط زي الطفال‬ ‫يعمل‬

‫‪Draught‬‬ ‫‪Toes‬‬ ‫‪Custom‬‬ ‫‪Shadow‬‬ ‫‪Pare‬‬ ‫‪Movable‬‬ ‫‪Childlike‬‬ ‫)‪Do (H.K.‬‬

‫]‪Current [Meena‬‬ ‫‪Fingers‬‬ ‫‪Habit‬‬ ‫‪Shade‬‬ ‫‪Peel‬‬ ‫‪Mobile‬‬ ‫‪Childish‬‬ ‫‪Make‬‬

‫تيار ماء أو كهرباء‬ ‫أصابع اليد‬ ‫عادة فردية‬ ‫ظل )الشجرمثل(‬ ‫يقشر )برتقالة(‬ ‫متنقل‬ ‫صبياني ‪ ،‬تافه‬ ‫يعمل ‪ ،‬يصنع‬

‫‪ --‬وجيد هنا أن نذكر بعض الكلمات التي يأتي قبلها ‪ make‬وبعض الكلمات التي يأتي قبلها ‪. do‬‬‫‪.‬خطط ‪, - plans‬دوشة ‪, - noise‬بيتزا ‪, - a pizza‬قرار ‪, - a decision‬خطأ ‪Make : - a mistake‬‬ ‫‪Do :‬‬ ‫‪.‬معروف ‪, - me a favor‬شراء ‪, - some shopping‬واجب ‪- your homework‬‬

‫السوابق واللواحق ‪Prefixes and suffixes‬‬

‫وكثير من الكلمات يضاف إليها جزء في البداية يسمى ‪ prefix‬أو جزء في النهاية يسمى ‪.suffix‬‬ ‫‪ --- Prefixes‬أي السوابق مثل ‪[Meena] :‬‬ ‫يرجع ‪) ex: return‬رجوع‪ ،‬ظهر ‪, back‬تاني ‪. / Re (again‬دراجة ‪Bi (two) ex: bicycle‬‬ ‫‪.‬تلغراف ‪ , telegraph‬تليفزيون ‪ ) ex: television‬من بعيد ‪Tele (from far away‬‬ ‫‪.‬يغذي أقل ‪ , underfed‬يدفع أقل ‪) ex: underpay‬غير كافي ‪Under (insufficient‬‬ ‫الوقت الضافي ‪, overtime‬حمل أكثر من ‪) ex: overload‬أكثر من ‪Over (more than‬‬ ‫‪.‬يخبر بالشئ قبل حدوثه ‪) ex: foretell‬قبل ‪Fore (before‬‬ ‫‪:‬بعض السوابق تعطي النفي مثل ‪-- Some prefixes give the meaning of negation, like:‬‬ ‫‪ /‬يفصل‪ ،‬يفك وصلة ‪ / Dis ex: disconnect‬غير ممكن‪ ،‬مستحيل ‪Im ex: impossible‬‬ ‫‪. /‬يسئ فهم ‪ / Mis ex: misunderstand‬ل يمكن تصديقه ‪Un ex: unbelievable‬‬ ‫غير شرعي ‪ / Il ex: illegal‬غير نشيط ‪ / In ex: inactive‬ل يمكن مقاومته ‪Ir ex: irresistible‬‬ ‫وذلك مثل كل اللواحق التي تستخدم في تكوين اسماء وصفات‬ ‫‪ --- Suffixes‬أي اللواحق ‪:‬‬ ‫وظروف وسوف ندرسهم أيضا في هذا الكتاب‪ ،‬وذلك مثل ‪:‬‬ ‫)يمكن قرائته( ‪) / -able ex: readable‬أمريكي‪ ،‬مصري( ‪-an, ian ex: Egyptian, American‬‬ ‫‪ ,‬طفولة )‪ , -hood (childhood‬صداقة )‪ , -ship (friendship‬طيبة )‪-ness (kindness‬‬ ‫‪ ,‬خباز )‪-ry (bakery‬‬ ‫‪) ,‬اشتراكية )اجنماعية )‪-ism (socialism‬‬ ‫‪ ,‬عالم )‪-ist (scientist‬‬ ‫‪ ,‬جهل )‪ , -ance (ignorance‬معلومات )‪ , -ation (information‬اختراع )‪-ion (invention‬‬ ‫‪ .‬ممثل )‪ , -er / -ar / -or (actor‬صانع )‪ , -r (maker‬رئاسة )‪-ency (presidency‬‬

‫‪H.W. Translation : Write the English meaning of the following words‬‬

‫اكتب المعنى النجليزي للكلمات التية‬ ‫مصري‬ ‫طابع‬ ‫شعر‬ ‫فرامل‬ ‫سلفة‬

‫مهندس‬ ‫معمار‬ ‫يد‬ ‫وجه‬ ‫دراجة‬

‫أمريكا‬ ‫فايدة‬ ‫للبيع‬ ‫يمكن قرائته‬ ‫طيبة‬ ‫‪11‬‬

Write the Arabic meaning of the following words ‫اكتب المعنى العربي للكلمات التية‬ House Profit Wisdom Unbelievable

lesson

Tele Blood Direction Form letter

African China Lawyer Fee Europe

Time ‫)الساعة )الوقت‬

‫ في مثال وليكن من الساعة السابعة إلي الساعة الثامنة ونذكرها‬،‫سنأخذ طريقة ذكر الساعة‬ . ‫كل خمس دقائق وذلك بالطريقتين البريطانية والمريكية‬ British [Meena] American (H.K.) In #s ‫بالمصري‬ Seven o'clock Seven o'clock 7:00 ‫السابعة‬ Five past seven Seven five 7:05 ‫سابعة وخمسة‬ Ten past seven Seven ten 7:10 ‫سابعة وعشرة‬ Fifteen past seven Seven fifteen 7:15 ‫سابعة وربع‬ Twenty past seven Seven twenty 7:20 ‫سابعة وتلت‬ Twenty five past seven Seven twenty five 7:25 ‫سابعة ونص إل خمسة‬ Half past seven Seven thirty 7:30 ‫سابعة ونص‬ Thirty five past seven Seven thirty five 7:35 ‫سابعة ونص وخمسة‬ Twenty to eight Seven forty (H.K.) 7:40 ‫تمانية إل تلت‬ Fifteen to eight Seven forty five 7:45 ‫تمانية إل ربع‬ Ten to eight Seven fifty 7:50 ‫تمانية إل عشرة‬ Five to eight Seven fifty five 7:55 ‫تمانية إل خمسة‬ Eight o'clock Eight o'clock 8:00 ‫تمانية‬ So If someone asks: ‫لو حد سأل‬ What time is it? ‫ ما الوقت‬/ Or ‫ أو‬/ What is the time now? ‫ما هو الوقت الن‬ We answer saying: [Meena] ‫نجاوب قائلين‬ It is .. ‫ الوقت هو‬/ Or / The time is .. ‫ الوقت هو‬/Or / The time now is ..‫الوقت الن هو‬

‫ دقائق من‬5 ‫ اكتب بالنجليزي بالحروف وبالرقام أوقات الساعة كل‬، ‫ في كراس الواجب‬.H.W 6:00 ‫ إلي‬5:35 ‫ ومن‬12:30 ‫ إلي‬12 ‫الساعة‬ Write the time every 5 minutes from 12 to 12:30 and from 5:35 to 6:00

Prepositions [Meena] ‫حروف الجر‬ ، ‫ ثم بعض المثلة في جمل‬، ‫سنأخذ بعض حروف الجر في اصطلحات ثابتة بها مع معانيها‬ . ‫ثم سنأخذ كلمات تأتي مع حروف جر مختلفة فيتغير المعنى وأيضا أمثلة عليها في جمل‬ .so ‫ سيكون‬someone ‫وبرجاء ان نذكر )ولتنسى( أن اختصار‬ .sth ‫ سيكون‬something ‫واختصار‬ At (H.K.) At present

‫ في الوقت الحاضر‬At the moment

12

‫في هذه اللحظة‬

‫في الخر‬ ‫على الكثر‬ ‫في متناول اليد‬ ‫يبحلق في‬ ‫صدم ب‬ ‫تعجب ‪ ،‬اندهش‬ ‫وحش في‬ ‫لمع في‬ ‫بطئ في‬ ‫لرجاء فيه في‬ ‫غضبان من‬ ‫يبتسم ل‬

‫‪- last‬‬ ‫‪- most‬‬ ‫‪- hand‬‬ ‫‪Gaze (stare) at‬‬ ‫ ‪Shocked‬‬‫ ‪Astonished‬‬‫ ‪Bad‬‬‫ ‪Brilliant‬‬‫ ‪Slow‬‬‫ ‪Hopeless‬‬‫ ‪Angry‬‬‫‪Smile -‬‬

‫في الول‬ ‫على القل‬ ‫في التو ‪ ،‬حال‬ ‫ينظر إلى‬ ‫اندهش من‬ ‫تعجب من‬ ‫كويس في‬ ‫ممتاز في‬ ‫ذكي في‬ ‫سريع في‬ ‫سعيد ب‬ ‫يضحك على‬

‫‪At first‬‬ ‫‪- least‬‬ ‫‪- once‬‬ ‫‪Look at‬‬ ‫‪Surprised at‬‬ ‫ ‪Amazed‬‬‫ ‪Good‬‬‫)‪Excellent - (H.K.‬‬ ‫ ‪Clever‬‬‫ ‪Quick‬‬‫ ‪Pleased‬‬‫‪Laugh -‬‬

‫فمثل لوضع هذه الصطلحات في جمل نقول ‪:‬‬ ‫أنظر إلي هذا ]‪Look at this [Meena‬‬ ‫انها مشغولة في هذه اللحظة ‪She is busy at the moment‬‬ ‫هو كويس في النجليزي ‪He is good (excellent, bad, .. ..) at English‬‬ ‫‪ ---‬ثم يوجد كلمات مثل "‪ "shout, throw‬يكون معناهم مع ‪ at‬مختلف عن معناهم مع ‪، to‬‬

‫)‪(H.K.‬‬ ‫فنقول مثل ‪shout at so. (when being angry) / shout to so. (to hear) :‬‬ ‫وكذلك نقول ‪(throw sth. at so. or sth.(to hit) / throw sth. to so. (to give it to him :‬‬

‫فمثل لو قلنا ‪ ، He shouted at them‬يكون معناها ‪ :‬هو زعق لهم‬ ‫ولو قلنا ‪ she threw it to him‬يمون معناها ‪ :‬هي حدفتها له ‪.‬‬ ‫اسماء الشارة هم ‪ This (1 :‬للمفرد القريب ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ These (3‬للجمع القريب ‪.‬‬

‫‪ That (2‬للمفرد البعيد‬ ‫‪ Those (4‬للجمع البعيد‬

‫‪ .H.W‬في كراس الواجب ‪ ،‬اكتب سبع سوابق ‪ prefixes‬يعطوا معنى النفي ‪ ،‬ثم كلمة كمثال‬ ‫لكل منهم ‪[Meena] .‬‬ ‫ترجم إلي العربية ‪Translate into Arabic :‬‬ ‫____________________________________________ ‪Look at this rice‬‬ ‫__________________________________________ ‪He got at least two‬‬

‫)‪(H.K.‬‬

‫]‪Level 3 [Meena‬‬

‫حروف الجر ‪Prepositions‬‬ ‫في هذا الباب سنأخذ حروف الجر في اصطلحات ثابتة بها مع معانيها ‪ ،‬ثم بعض المثلة في‬ ‫جمل ‪ ،‬ثم سنأخذ كلمات تأتي مع حروف جر مختلفة فيتغير المعنى وأيضا أمثلة عليها في جمل ‪.‬‬ ‫وبرجاء ان نذكر )ولننسي( أن اختصار ‪ someone‬سيكون ‪.so‬‬ ‫واختصار ‪ something‬سيكون ‪.sth‬‬ ‫دايما احفظ كل كلمات تصادفك ‪ ،‬اكتبها مرة والكتاب مفتوح ثم مرة غيبا لتحفظ ال ‪spelling‬‬ ‫‪13‬‬

.‫)الستهجاء( وحسن خطك وأذكر النطق جيدا‬

About [Meena] Excited about Troubled Annoyed -

‫ مثار حول‬Worried ‫ مضطرب بسبب‬Upset ‫ متضايق ل‬Sorry about

‫قلق بشأن‬ ‫غضب من أجل‬ ‫آسف بسبب‬

: ‫ مثل‬،‫ عن معناها مع حروف جر أخرى‬about ‫وهنا أيضا يوجد كلمات يختلف معناها مع‬ Care about so. or sth. ‫ يهتم ب‬/ care for ‫يحب‬ Ask about ‫يسأل عن‬ / ask for ‫يطلب‬ Dream about (details ‫ )تفاصيل‬/ dream of (being sth. or doing sth.) Hear about (details) / hear of (know that) / hear from (receive a letter or a phone call) Think about (details) (concentrate the mind on) / think of (remember) By (H.K.)

Pass by Stopped by - mistake A play - all means One - one

‫يمر ب‬ ‫وقف عند‬ ‫بالخطأ‬ .. ‫مسرحية كتبها‬ ‫بكل الطرق‬ ‫واحد واحد‬

Walk by Drove - chance A book - no means - the way (H.K.)

‫يمر ماشيا‬ ‫مر وهو يقود‬ ‫بالصدفة‬ .. ‫كتاب كتبه‬ ‫بل أي وسيلة‬ ‫بالمناسبة‬

Pay by cheque ‫ يدفع بشيك‬/ pay in cash = pay cash ‫يدفع كاش‬ For For ever - life Need - a walk Famous -

‫للبد‬ ‫لطول العمر‬ ‫احتياج ل‬ ‫اذهب اتمشى‬ ‫مشهور ب‬

- God's sake - a while Reason - breakfast - lunch

‫من أجل ال‬ ‫إلى حين‬ ‫سبب‬ ‫للفطار‬ ‫للغذاء‬

--- [Meena] Blame so. or sth. for sth. / blame sth. on so. or sth. / ex: everybody blamed him for the accident ‫ الكل لموه على الحادثة‬/ everybody blamed the accident on him ‫ الكل نسبوا الحادثة له‬/ (H.K.) everybody said he was to blame for the accident ‫الكل قال انه يجب ان يلم على‬ ‫الحادثة‬

--- It's time for school / he is going to school / now he is at school. In Increase Rise Believe - a moment - person

‫زيادة في‬ ‫ارتفاع في‬ ‫يؤمن ب‬ ‫في لحظة‬ ‫شخصيا‬

Look (see) Run -

‫يفحص‬ ‫اصطدم ب‬

Decrease Fall- health - English - full

‫نقصان في‬ ‫ نقص في‬، ‫سقوط‬ ‫بصحة‬ ‫بالنجليزي‬ ‫بالكامل‬

Into (H.K.) Break Run - debt

Of 14

‫يقتحم مكان‬ ‫استدان‬

A cause Afraid Jealous Careful Healed - course A lot -

‫سبب‬ ‫خايف من‬ ‫غيور من‬ ‫حذر من‬ ‫تم شفاؤه من‬ ‫بالطبع‬ ‫كثير من‬

Photograph Proud Capable Tired Repent Instead A piece -

‫صورة‬ ‫فخور ب‬ ‫قادر على‬ ‫تعبان من‬ ‫يتوب عن‬ ‫بدل من‬ ‫قطعة من‬

It was nice of you (kind of you , good - , silly - , stupid -, ..)‫كانت كويسة منك‬ To accuse so. of doing sth. / Man of his word , man of courage . A matter of fact ‫ في الواقع‬, a matter of opinion ‫موضوع رأي‬ On [Meena]

- foot Congratulate -

‫ سيرا على القدام‬- occasion ‫ يهنئ علي‬From now -

- of kindness - of print - of doubt

‫ من باب الطيبة‬- of sight ‫ نفدت الطبعة‬- doors ‫ بدون شك‬Have it -

‫في مناسبة‬ ‫من الن فصاعدا‬

I have spoken to her on the phone ‫لقد تكلمت معها على التليفون‬ I'm (I am) not on the phone yet , I haven't got a phone yet To watch sth. on T.V. ‫يتفرج على حاجة في التليفزيون‬ To listen to sth. on the radio [Meena] ‫يستمع لشئ في الراديو‬ On leave ‫ في أجازة‬/ on holiday ‫في عطلة‬/on business trip ‫ في رحلة عمل‬/ on a trip / on a tour ‫في جولة سياحية‬. (H.K.) To live on money (or food) ‫ )يغيش علة الفلوس )الخبز‬/ To spend money on sth. ‫يصرف فلوس على شئ‬ Keep on / go on / carry on ‫يستمر في‬ Out

‫اختفى عن النظار‬ ‫في الخلء‬ ‫انهوا الموضوع‬

To (H.K.) - an end Look Married -

‫ لنهاية‬- no end ‫ يعتمد على‬،‫ يهتم ب‬According ‫ متزوج من‬Engaged -

‫بل نهاية‬ ‫بناء على‬ ‫مخطوب ل‬

Damage to a car ‫ تكسير للعربية‬/ Invitation to a party (or a wedding) ‫عزومة لحفلة‬ Solution to a problem ‫ حل للمشكلة‬/ answer to a question ‫ اجابة للسؤال‬/ reply to a letter ‫ رد على الجواب‬/ key to a door ‫مفتاح للباب‬ Complain to so. about sth. ‫ يشتكي لشخص عن شئ‬/ (H.K.) Prefer so. or sth. to so. or sth. ‫يفضل شئ عن شئ أو يفضل شخص عن شخص‬ Up [Meena]

Speak Use Wake Give -

‫تكلم بصوت عالي‬ ‫ ينهك‬، ‫يستنفذ‬ ‫يصحى‬ ‫يستسلم‬

- to Bring Get Keep - with

‫لغاية‬ ‫يربي‬ ‫ انتصب‬، ‫قم‬ ‫ يجاري‬، ‫يساير‬

With Satisfied -

‫ مكتفي ب‬Crowded -

15

‫مزدحم ب‬

Our relationship with God must be perfect. ‫ علقتنا بال لبد ان تكون كاملة‬/ Pleased with so. ‫( مسرور مع شخص أو بشخص‬pleased at sth. ‫)مسرور بشئ‬ Charge so. with an offence (with a crime) / Provide so. with sth. (H.K.) H.W. Translate into Arabic ‫ترجم إلي العربية‬ They care about her _______________________________________ He replied to the letter _____________________________________ Write the preposition used after these words: worry _______ a lot ____

Plural of nouns ‫جمع السماء‬

. book , books ‫ مثل‬، ‫ في نهاية الكلمة‬s ‫ عند جمع السماء نضع‬، ‫( بصفة عامة‬1 ‫ مثل‬s ss sh ch x z : ‫أ( اذا انتهى السم بأحد الحروف التية‬ : es ‫( ولكن نضع‬2 hero , heroes ‫ قبله حرف ساكن مثل‬o ‫ ب( اذا انتهى السم بحرف‬. box , boxes y ‫ وذلك بعد حذف ال‬، ‫ قبله حرف ساكن‬y ‫ في السماء التي تنتهى بحرف‬ies ‫( ونضع‬3 . ‫ فقط‬s ‫ قبلها حرف متحرك تظل كما هي ونضع‬y ‫[ ولكن لو ال‬story , stories [Meena ‫مثل‬ ‫ وذلك مثل‬f, fe ‫ بعد حذف ال‬ves ‫ تأخذ‬fe ‫ أو‬f ‫( وبعض السماء التي تنتهي ب‬4 (.half , halves / life , lives . (H.K foot , feet / man , men / ‫( ثم يوجد أسماء ل يخضع جمعها لقواعد ثابتة وذلك مثل‬5 . son-in-law , sons-in-law . Japanese ‫( بعض السماء ل تتغير عند جمعها مثل‬6 brothers،‫ أخ‬brother ‫( وقد يوجد قليل اسماء لهم أكثر من جمع مع اختلف المعنى مثل‬7 . (‫ أخوة )في جماعة معينة‬brethren، (‫أخوة )أشقاء‬ . hope , happiness : ‫( بعض السماء ليس لهم جمع مثل‬8 .contents , trousers ‫( والبعض يكون دائما في صيغة الجمع مثل‬9 . news , mathematics ‫ لكنه دائما مفرد مثل‬s ‫( والبعض يكون آخره‬10 means / ‫ سئ‬، ‫ وحش‬mean ‫( وهناك اسماء يتغير معنى الجمع فيها عن المفرد مثل‬11 .‫ بضائع‬goods / ‫ حسن‬، ‫ خير‬good / ‫ وسائل‬، ‫طرق‬ H.W. write the plural of the following words : (H.K.) ‫اكتب جمع الكلمات التية‬ Pen _____, dish _______, factory _________, shoe ______, knife _______, Woman ___________, Chinese ___________, sister-in-law_____________,

Verb "Do"[Meena]

(past) ‫( والماضي‬present) ‫في الحاضر‬ (verb do (to do ‫ مايلي هو تصريف‬--‫ والجابة‬present ‫ وكيفية عمل أسئلة به في ال‬pronouns ‫ مع ال‬، (future) ‫والمستقبل‬ : (‫عليها )وهو حينما يستعمل في عمل أسئلة يعتبر كفعل مساعد‬ Pronouns

Pres.

Past Future

(‫)كفعل مساعد فقط أي بمعنى هل وفي النفي فقط‬

verb "Do" Verb "Do" in the present (H.K.) Questions Yes, No,

I You He She

Do Do Does Does

Did Did Did Did

Do I eat? Do you eat? Does he eat? Does she eat?

Shall do Will do Will do Will do

16

Yes, you eat Yes, I eat Yes, he eats Yes, she eats

No, you don't eat No, I don't eat No, he doesn't eat No, she doesn't eat

It We You They

Does Do Do Do

Did Did Did Did

Will do Shall do Will do Will do

Does it eat? Do we eat? Do you eat? Do they eat?

Yes, it eats Yes, you eat Yes, we eat Yes, they eat

No, it doesn't eat No, you don't eat No, we don't eat No, they don't eat

(‫ هل أنا آكل؟ )في الحاضر‬: ‫ومعنى السؤال الول هو‬ . present ‫ في ال‬s, es, ies ‫ دائما مثل بعض يأخذوا‬he, she , it ‫( أول أن‬1 : ‫ونلحظ التي‬ . will ‫ فقط أما بقية الضمائر تأخذ‬I, we ‫ تكون مع‬Shall (2 ‫ في السؤال‬we ‫ وكذلك‬، ‫ والعكس بالعكس‬، ‫ في الجابة‬you ‫ في السؤال تتحول إلي‬I (3 . ‫ والعكس بالعكس‬، ‫ )الجمع( في الجابة‬you ‫تتحول إلي‬ does ‫ هي اختصار‬doesn't ‫ و‬، contraction of) ، do not) ‫ هي اختصار‬don't (4 [did not . [Meena ‫ اختصار‬didn't ‫و‬ ، not .‫ سواء في السؤال أو في الجابة بالنفي‬infinitive ‫ يأتي الفعل ال‬، does ‫( دايما بعد‬5 "do" ‫ وفيما يلي أمثلة أخرى على استخدام‬--Ex.: I do my homework. ‫_____ أنا أعمل الواجب‬ She does what is right . ‫هي تعمل الصح‬ He did what is right. ‫هو عمل الصح‬ They will do it. ‫هم سيعملونها‬ H.W. Answer the following questions one time with Yes, another with No (.H.K) : ‫أجب على السئلة التالية مرة بنعم ومرة بل‬ Does he drink tea? Yes, ______________ No, ____________________ Do I need it? Yes, ________________ No, ______________________ I, he, ‫ وسنكتفي بالتطبيق على‬، ‫ فنتبع نفس الخطوات‬، past ‫وبالنسبة لعمل أسئلة وأجوبة في ال‬ : ‫ فمثل نقول‬، they Pronouns I He They

Questions Did I eat bread? Did he eat bread? Did they eat bread?

Verb "do" in the past Yes (H.K.) Yes, you ate bread Yes, he ate bread Yes, they ate bread

No

No, you didn't eat bread No, he didn't eat bread No, they didn't eat bread

(‫ هل أنا كنت آكل خبز؟ )في الماضي‬: ‫ومعنى السؤال الول هو‬ ‫ لنهم يأخذوا‬، ‫ تماما‬pronouns ‫ مثل بقية ال‬past ‫ في ال‬he, she, it ‫( ان‬1 : ‫ونلحظ التي‬ . future ‫ ول في ال‬past ‫ فقط وليس في ال‬present ‫ في ال‬s, es, ies ‫ال‬ no ‫ سواء في السؤال أو في الجابة ب‬infinitive ‫ بيأتي في ال‬did ‫ بعد‬verb ‫( دايما ال‬2 H.W. Answer the following questions with Yes and No : Did she work? Yes, _____________ No, ________________________ Did they see you? Yes, _____________ No, ______________________ verb ‫ لكن مايلي هو شرح ل‬، ‫" كفعل مساعد فقط‬verb "Do ‫ونلحظ ان كل ماسبق هو شرح ل‬ : (‫ فقط‬past ‫ وفي ال‬present ‫"" كفعل مساعد وكفعل معناه "يفعل أو يعمل" )وذلك في ال‬Do (‫ وكفعل بمعنى يعمل‬/ ‫)كفعل مساعد‬ 17

Verb "Do"

Pronouns

Questions

Yes (H.K.) In the present

I He They

Do I do my work? Does he do his -Do they do their --

Yes, you do your work Yes, he does his -Yes, they do their --

I He They

Did I do my work Did he do his -Did they do their --

Yes, you did your -Yes, he did his -Yes, they did their --

No No, you don't do your -No, he doesn't do his -No, they don't do their --

In the past No, you didn't do your -No, he didn't do his -No, they didn't do their --

‫ مرتين في كل جملة )في السؤال وفي النفي فقط‬do, does, did ‫( استخدامات‬1 : ‫ونلحظ التي‬ .‫ مرة كفعل مساعد ومرة كفعل بمعنى يعمل‬،(yes ‫وليس مع‬ . (pronouns) ‫( ونفس السلوب نطبقه مع بقية الضمائر‬2 H.W. Answer the questions with Yes and No Does he do it? Yes, _______________ No, _____________________ Did she do it? Yes, _______________ No, _____________________ :‫ كما يتضح من الجدول التي‬، ‫" يأتي كفعل بمعنى "يعمل" فقط‬verb "Do ‫ فان‬future ‫أما في ال‬

(‫)كفعل بمعنى يعمل فقط‬ Verb "Do" In the future (H.K.) I He They

Shall I do my -Will he do his -Will they do their --

Yes, you will do your -Yes, he'll do his -Yes, they'll do their --

No, you'll not do your -No, he'll not do his -No, they'll not do their --

. ‫" كفعل بمعنى يعمل فقط‬Do" ‫( استخدام‬1 : ‫ونلحظ هنا‬ . will ‫ و‬shall ‫ في النفي بتأتي بعد‬not ‫( دايما‬2 H.W. Answer the questions with Yes and No (H.K.) Will you do them? Yes,__________________ No, ___________________ Shall we do them? Yes, _________________ No, ___________________ ‫ ثم لحظ أيضا ملحوظة هامة وهي أننا دائما بعد الكلمات التية نأتي بالفعل في‬: ‫هام‬ : (infinitive) ‫المصدر‬ Shall , should , will , would , may , might , can , could , to .

Conversations [Meena] ‫محادثات‬ Introducing : Hi , I'm Ahmed / hi Ahmed I'm Magdy (hi Ahmed my name is Magdy) . 18

--- George , this is Aly , Aly this is George / nice to meet you Aly / nice to meet u too , what do you do George ? / I'm a writer, and you? (what about you?) (and what do you do?) / I'm an accountant . / Haven't we met before? / yes, I think we have. (H.K.) H.W. (C.W.) Pair practice : Each 2 introduce yourselves to each other (.H.K)‫كل اثنين يقدموا أنفسهم لبعض‬ Then each 3 , 3 ‫وبعد ذلك كل‬

Level 4 [Meena]

(H.K.)

: ‫ فتعطي معنى مختلف‬،‫بعض الكلمات تأتي مع حروف الجر والعطف أو مع كلمات أخرى‬ Get back Hold back Put out the Set on -

Back [Meena]

‫ ارجع‬Give back ‫ احجز‬Throw -

Fire

‫ يطفئ النار‬Set - to sth. ‫ أشعل نارا‬The - is out

Get 19

‫رجع‬ ‫ارمي للخلف‬ ‫أشعل النار في‬ ‫النار اطفأت‬

Get in - off - through - advantage of - after - beyond - before - down - hand on - at - into - over - out for - off - down upon Of To – up He is used to

‫ادخل‬ ‫ اخلع‬، ‫اهرب‬ ‫يجتاز من خلل‬ ‫يتفوق على‬

- out - on with - hold of - home

Go (H.K.)

‫ يتبع‬- ahead ‫ يتجاوز‬- astray

Lay

‫ يعرض على‬- up ‫ يضع‬- out ‫ يقبض على‬- hold of

Look

‫ينظر إلي‬ ‫يفحص‬ ‫يتصفح بسرعة‬ ‫يترقب‬ ‫يودع‬ ‫ يتعالى علي‬، ‫يحنقر‬

- to - out - for - up - about - after

Use

‫ مفيد‬، ‫ نافع‬Out of ‫ ينهك‬، ‫ يستنفذ‬he used to ‫متعود على‬

‫أخرج‬ ‫يجاري‬ ‫يقبض على‬ ‫روح البيت‬ ‫كمل ماتفعله‬ ‫يضل‬ ‫يدخر‬ ‫يرتب‬ ‫يمسك‬ ‫يهتم ب‬ ‫احترس‬ ‫يبحث عن‬ ‫يفتش على‬ ‫ينظر حوله‬ ‫يعتني ب‬ ‫بطل استعمال‬ ‫كان متعود على‬

I used to get up early when I was a child, but now I don't. ‫أنا كنت متعود ان استيقظ مبكرا لما كنت طفل ولكن الن ل‬ I am used to getting (to get) up early in the morning because I've done this for so long. ‫أنا متعود أستيقظ مبكرالني أفعل هذا منذ فترة طويلة‬

Drop [Meena]

Drop off

‫ يسطح‬، ‫ينام‬

Drop in

‫ يأتي‬، ‫يزور‬

I dropped the cup and it broke. ‫الكأس سقط مني وانكسر‬ We couldn't take him all the way , so we dropped him off at the station. .‫لم نستطع ان نوصله كل الطريق فنزلناه عند المحطة‬ My husband always drops off a few minutes in the afternoon. (H.K.) .‫زوجي دائما ينام )يسطح( دقائق قليلة بعد الظهر‬ Why don't you drop in and see us sometimes. ‫لماذا لتأتي هنا أحيانا لترانا‬

At / on / in (time) [Meena] ‫استخدام حروف جر مع الوقت‬ At : At 5:00 o'clock / at 11:45 / at midnight ‫ في منتصف الليل‬/ at night ‫بالليل‬ / at lunch time ‫ في وقت الغذاء‬/ at the week-end ‫ في نهاية السبوع‬/ at week-ends ‫ في نهايات السوع‬/ at Christmas ‫ عند الكريسماس‬/ at public holiday seasons ‫ في فترات العطلت الرسمية‬/at the moment ‫ في هذه اللحظة‬/ at present ‫في الوقت‬ ‫ الحاضر‬/ at the same time ‫ في نفس الوقت‬/ at the proper time ‫ في الوقت السليم‬/ at the age of ‫في عمر‬ Ex.: We shall meet at 11:45 11:45 ‫سنتقابل الساعة‬ On : (Simply we use "on" when we mean a specific day ‫نستخدمها عندما‬ ‫)نتكلم عن يوم محدد‬: On 12 March ‫ مارس‬12 ‫ في‬/ on Friday(s) ‫)يوم الجمعة )أيام الجمع‬ / on Friday morning(s) / on Sunday afternoon(s) / on Christmas day / on any public holiday / on the third day (‫)في اليوم الثالث‬. (H.K.) 20

‫دايما عندهم مقابلت في أيام الجمعة ‪Ex.: They always have meetings on Fridays.‬‬ ‫‪In : (Simply we use "in" with months , years , seasons or any long‬‬ ‫‪period) : in the morning(s) / in the afternoon(s) / in the evening(s) / In the‬‬ ‫‪ /‬في القرن ‪days of .. / In April/ in 1960 / in the winter / in the 18th century 18‬‬ ‫‪ /‬في العصور الوسطى ‪ / in the Middle Ages‬من ‪ 1970‬إلي ‪in the 1970s 1980‬‬ ‫]‪In a few minutes = few minutes from now [Meena‬‬ ‫‪In a week = in a week's time = a week from now‬‬ ‫سأنهيه في دقائق قليلة ‪Ex.: I'll finish it in a few minutes.‬‬ ‫‪ .H.W‬أدخل ‪ 3‬من الكلمات السابقة في جمل ‪Put 3 of these words in sentences:‬‬ ‫)‪Ex.: I went there on Monday morning. (H.K.‬‬ ‫_________________________________________________ )‪1‬‬ ‫_________________________________________________ )‪2‬‬ ‫_________________________________________________ )‪3‬‬

‫بعض قواعد الكتابة‬ ‫]‪Some Rules of Writing [Meena‬‬ ‫‪ --‬وجيد أن نذكر بعض قواعد الكتابة البسيطة التي تساعدنا كثيرا ‪:‬‬‫‪ (1‬الكلمة المنتهية بحرف ساكن قبله حرف متحرك ‪ ،‬يتم تكرار الحرف الساكن الخير إذا‬ ‫أضيف في آخر الكلمة مقطع أوله حرف متحرك ‪ ،‬مثل ‪. drop – dropped , big – bigger‬‬ ‫‪ (2‬الكلمة المنتهية بحرف ‪ e‬لينطق ‪ ،‬يتم إلغاءه إذا أضيف في آخر الكلمة مقطع أول‬ ‫حرف فيه متحرك ‪ ،‬مثل ‪، write – writing‬‬ ‫ولكن يثتسنى من هذه القاعدة الكلمات المنتهية ب ‪ ce , ge‬مثل‬ ‫]‪Peace – peaceable , courage – courageous [Meena‬‬ ‫‪ (3‬الكلمة المنتهية بالحرفين ‪ ، ie‬ينقلبان إلي ‪ y‬إذا أضيف إليها ‪ ، ing‬مثل ‪:‬‬ ‫‪، lie – lying , die – dying , tie – tying‬‬ ‫والكلمة المنتهية بحرف ‪ y‬قبله حرف ساكن‪ ،‬ينقلب إلي ‪ I‬إذا أضيف إليها أي مقطع غير‬ ‫‪ ، ing‬مثل ‪. Beauty – beautiful , easy – easily , carry – carrier :‬‬ ‫‪A , An , and The‬‬ ‫‪ A , An‬يستخدمان للنكرة ‪indefinite‬‬ ‫أما ‪ The‬تستخدم للمعرفة ‪. definite‬‬ ‫تستخدم قبل الكلمات التي تبدأ بحرف متحرك )‪ (vowel‬وهم ‪، a e i o u‬‬ ‫‪An --‬‬‫وأيضا قبل حرف ‪ h‬إذا كان ل ينطق مثل ‪ ، an hour‬أما ‪ A‬تستخدم مع بقية الكلمات ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ A , An --‬لهما معنى ‪ ، one‬وبالتالي يستخدمان مع المفرد فقط )ولكن ليس مع كل‬‫المفرد وخاصة كثير من ال ‪ ، ( uncountable nouns‬إل إذا أضفنا كلمة أخرى ‪ ،‬فل نقول‬ ‫‪ a bread‬بل نقول ‪ a loave of bread‬أو ‪. a piece of bread‬‬ ‫‪ A --‬بتأتي مع بعض كلمات تشير إلي كمية ‪ ،‬مثل ‪:‬‬‫‪a few weeks, a lot of people , a couple of sandwiches‬‬ ‫‪ --‬كذلك نستخدم ‪ A , The‬قبل ال ‪ singular countable nouns‬مثل‬‫‪21‬‬

I've got a headache. Be careful of the dog. . ‫ حينما نتكلم عن أشياء معروفة لنا وللسامع‬، ‫ باختصار‬، ‫[ وهي تستخدم‬The [Meena ‫ اذا كنا نتكلم عن شئ معروف للكل مثل‬، ‫ فمثل‬--The police , the sky , the sun , the sea . (H.K.) ‫ وأيضا اذا كنا في غرفة أو منزل أو فصل أو مدرسة أو حديقة أو أي مكان ونتكلم عن شئ‬--. ‫معين في هذا المكان‬ The Egyptian man , The American woman : ‫ وايضا مع الجنسيات مثل‬--‫ مثل‬The ‫ أما حينما نتكلم بصفة عامة عن اسماء في الجمع ل نستخدم‬--I love bananas. He likes flowers. : ‫ فمثل الجملة‬، ‫ قد توضح لنا أحيانا مااذا كنا نتكلم عن شخص أو أكثر‬the ‫ أيضا‬--The owner and manager has come : ‫ أما الجملة‬، ‫يكون المقصود فيها شخص واحد‬ The owner and the manager have come . ‫يكون المقصود فيها شخصين‬ ‫ دائما تأتي مع كلمات معينة مثل‬the ‫نجد‬ : ‫ وفي الستخدام في الحياة بصفة عامة‬--The cinema , the theatre , the radio ‫في حين ل نجدها تتواجد مع كلمات أخرى مثل‬ Television / (all meals like) : breakfast , lunch , dinner , supper. H.W.: Put the right article and /or word in the blanks, or leave it blank : [Meena] :‫ أو اترك الفراغ كما هو‬، ‫أو الكلمة المناسبة مكان الفراغات‬/‫ضع الداة و‬ We ate _____ breakfast together. ‫أكلنا الفطار معا‬ They like _____grapes. ‫هم يحبون العنب‬ We went to _____cinema. ‫ذهبنا للسينما‬ His father and _____teacher will go together. ‫أبوه والمدرس سيذهبون معا‬ ____lot of trees. ‫كثير من الشجار‬ (H.K.) Be careful of _____ bad cat in this garden. ‫احذر القطة الشرسة في هذه الحديقة‬

Verbs "Be" and "Have"

present ‫ في الحاضر البسيط‬be , have ‫ ما يلي هو جدول فيه تصريف الفعال المساعدة‬--simple future ‫ والمستقبل البسيط‬، past simple ‫ والماضي البسيط‬، simple Pronouns

Present

I (H.K.) You He, she, it We You They

Am Are Is Are Are Are

Be [Meena] Past Future Was Were Was Were Were Were

Shall be Will be Will be Shall be Will be Will be

22

Present

Have Past Future

Have Have Has Have Have Have

Had Had Had Had Had Had

Shall have Will have Will have Shall have Will have Will have

: ‫( لما يحتويه هذا الجدول السايق وهي‬contractions) ‫وتوجد اختصارات‬ Pronouns I You He (H.K.) She It We You They

Present I'm You're He's She's It's We're You're They're

Be Past

Future

Present

-----------------

I'll be You'll be He'll be She'll be It'll be We'll be You'll be They'll be

I've You've He's She's It's We've You've They've

Have [Meena] Past Future I'd You'd He'd She'd We'd You'd They'd

I'll have You'll have He'll have She'll have It'll have We'll have You'll have They'll have

‫ ويتم التمييز بينهم‬،(she, it ‫ )وكذلك‬he has ‫ هو نفسه اختصار‬he is ‫لحظ هنا ان اختصار‬ : ‫ نعطي بعض المثلة‬، ‫ولفهم هذان الجدولن والتمرين عليهما‬ . ‫بسهولة حسب سياق الكلم‬ I am a teacher ‫)أنا أكون مدرس )أنا مدرس‬ I was a teacher ‫أنا كنت مدرس‬ I shall be a teacher ‫أنا سأكون مدرس‬ They were students ‫هم كانوا تلميذ‬ She will be a doctor ‫هي ستكون دكتورة‬ He has a car [Meena] ‫هو عنده عربية‬ He had a car ‫هو كان عنده عربية‬ He will have a car ‫هو سيكون عنده عربية‬ We had books ‫نحن كان عندنا كتب‬ You will have books ‫أنتم )أنت( سيكون عندكم كتب‬ [Translate into English [Meena : ‫ ترجم إلي النجليزية‬.H.W ___________________________________________ ‫( هي تكون سكرتيرة‬1 _________________________________________________ ‫( هي طبيبة‬2 _________________________________________ (.H.K) ‫( هم كانوا مهندسين‬3 _____________________________________________ ‫( أنت ستكتب الكتاب‬4 ________________________________________________ ‫( هو عنده عربة‬5 ________________________________________ ‫( هم سيكون عندهم كتب غدا‬6 ________________________________________________ ‫( أنتم كنتم طلبة‬7 ‫ ونتبع نفس السلوب كما فعلنا في جداول‬، pronoun ‫ قبل ال‬verb ‫ نأتي بال‬، ‫ولعمل أسئلة‬ : ‫" فنقول‬verb "Do 1) Am I a teacher ? / Yes, you are a teacher. / No, you aren't a teacher. 2) Were they students ? / Yes, they were . / No, they weren't students. 3) Will she be a doctor ? / Yes, she will / No, she will not . 4) Has he a car? (Does he have a car ?) / Yes, he has a car / yes, he does / no, he hasn't a car / no, he doesn't have a car. (H.K.) 5) Had we books ? (Did we have books ?) / yes you had books / Yes, you did / no, you didn't have books / No, you hadn't . 6) Will you have books ? / Yes, we shall have books / No, we shall not . ‫ يمكن أن نسأل السؤال‬، verb have ‫لحظ أننا في السؤالين الرابع والخامس أي في السئلة ب‬ . verb do ‫ حيث في الثانية استخدمنا‬، ‫بطريقتين‬ 23

(.H.K) :

‫ جاوب على السئلة التالية مرة بنعم ومرة بل‬.H.W Answer the following questions , one time with Yes, another with No : Are you a doctor? Yes, ______________ , No, _____________________ Are you doctors? Yes, _______________, No, _____________________ Will they be drivers? Yes, _______________, No, ___________________ Shall I do it? Yes, _________________, No, _______________________

Conversation [Meena]

Meeting : Formal : Good morning (good ..) / good morning (good ..) / How are you ? / I'm fine , thank you . Informal : Hi , how are you today ? / fine thanks , what about you / ok. (not bad) (feel tired) (H.K.) --- Hi Sheriff / Hi Zaki / where is Roushdy / he is at home, he has some things to do and won't be able to meet us / ok. let us go and help him / that is a good idea . --- Hello John / oh , hi Ann / how is it going ? (how are you ?) (how are you doing ?) / great (fine thanks) (ok.) , John , this is Sue my sister / hi Sue / hi / and this is Mona her friend / hi Mona / hi John . H.W. (C.W.) : Pair practice (each 2) / then each 3 (the last paragraph) (‫ )للجزء الخير‬3 ‫ ثم كل‬، ‫كل اتنين يتمرنوا معا‬

Level 5 [Meena]

(H.K.)

In / At / on (position / place) [Meena] ‫استخدام حروف الجر مع المكان‬ In : In a (in the) : room ‫غرفة‬, building ‫ مبنى‬, shop ‫ محل‬, garden ‫حديقة‬, park ‫مركن‬, town ‫ قرية‬-‫ مدينة‬, country ‫ دولة‬, water ‫ ماء‬, sea ‫ بحر‬, river ‫ نهر‬, row ‫صف‬, line ‫ خط‬-‫طابور‬, armchair ‫كرسي بذراع‬, mirror ‫ مرآة‬, photograph ‫صورة فوتوغرافية‬, picture ‫صورة‬, street ‫شارع‬, sky ‫سماء‬, book ‫كتاب‬. (H.K.) Ex: there is no one in the room. / I prefer to sit in the front row. In : bed ‫سرير‬, prison ‫ سجن‬, the hospital ‫مستشفى‬. At : at a (at the) : bus stop(s) ‫محطة اتوبيس‬, traffic light ‫اشارة مرور‬, door ‫باب‬, window ‫شباك‬, top of the page ‫أعلى الصفحة‬, bottom of the page ‫أسفل‬ ‫ الصفحة‬, end of the street ‫ نهاية الشارع‬, beginning of the street ‫ بداية الشارع‬, 24

back (front) of a group of people (of a building) ‫مقدمة أو مؤخرة مجموعة من‬ ‫ الناس أو مبنى‬// party ‫حفلة‬, concert ‫حفلة موسيقية‬, conference ‫مؤتمر‬, meeting ‫مقابلة‬, football match ‫[ ماتش كورة‬Meena] Ex: Were there many people at the meeting? at : home (the house) ‫منزل‬, work ‫شغل‬, school ‫مدرسة‬, university ‫جامعة‬, a station ‫محطة‬, an airport ‫مطار‬. Ex.: He is at home ‫هو في البيت‬ On : on a (on the) : ceiling ‫سقف‬, wall ‫حائط‬, floor ‫ أرضية‬, notice board ‫لوحة العلنات‬, grass ‫نجيلة‬, top shelf ‫الرف العلوي‬, table ‫ترابيزة‬, chair ‫كرسي‬, left ‫يسار‬, right ‫ يمين‬, left (right) hand side ‫ )الجانب اليسر )اليمن‬/ on her nose ‫على‬ ‫أنفها‬/ on a page ‫ على صفحة‬// --- A place is : on the coast ‫( على الساحل‬on a river ‫ على نهر‬, on a road ‫على‬ ‫ )الشارع‬, or ‫ أو‬, on the way to another place ‫ على الطريق لمكان آخر‬// His house is on the river. ‫بيته يقع على النهر‬ --- Corner : 1) In the corner of a room ‫في ركن من غرفة‬ 2) At / on the corner of a street ‫ على ناصية شارع‬. --- front / back : 1) In the front / back of a car (or taxi) 2) At the front / back of a group of people (building ‫ مبنى‬/ cinema ‫)سينما‬ 3) On the front / back of a letter (piece of paper) ‫ظهر جواب )ورقة‬/‫)على وش‬ --- Arrive : 1) In a country or town. 2) At other places (school , work , the hotel , the party) 3) Arrive home. ‫( يوصل للمنزل‬H.K.) --- The end (the beginning) : 1) At the end of (at the beginning of) a place or sth. . Ex: At the end of the street / At the beginning of a book. 2) In the end (in the beginning) so. did sth. , or , sth. was done , Ex: In the end we decided to do it ‫في الخر قررنا نعمله‬/ In the beginning I thought I would be able to do it , but I couldn't. [Meena] ‫ لكني لم أتمكن‬، ‫في الول افتكرت اني ساتمكن من عمله‬ --- To (places) : Go to Egypt , travel to America , go to the bank , return to Europe , fly to Moscow , walk to work , drive to the airport , sent to prison , taken to the hospital , go to bed , go to a meeting. --- Home : go home , at home , come home , get home , arrive home . --- Go : on foot ‫ على قدميك‬/ by: car ‫عربة‬, taxi ‫تاكسي‬, train ‫ قطار‬, plane ‫طائرة‬, boat ‫مركب‬, ship ‫باخرة‬, bus ‫أوتوبيس‬, bicycle ‫دراجة‬, underground ‫ مترو النفاق‬. --- Get : get in (get out of) a car , taxi . [Meena] Get on (get off) a train , plane , boat , ship , bus , bicycle , underground. H.W. Put 4 of the previous words in sentences. Ex.: He got in her car. 1) ________________________ 2) _________________________ 3) ________________________ 4) _________________________

Verbs [Meena] ‫الفعال‬ ‫بالطبع الفعال هي أي شئ فيه حركة أو عمل يتم مثل‬ 25

. walk , run , speak , eat , write , drink ‫ في حين ان‬verb ‫أو باسلوب آخر نقول ان أي كلمة معناها "عمل أو فعل شئ معين" تكون‬ . .. .. ‫السم كان مجرد اسم لي شخص أو دولة أو أي شئ محسوس أو مادي‬ He drank :‫ مثل‬، ‫ وهو الذي له مفعول به‬: ‫ متعدي‬transitive (1 :‫والفعال نوعان‬ .water .The water drops :‫ مثل‬، ‫ وهو الذي ليس له مفعول به‬: ‫ لزم‬intransitive (2 (2 .‫( عمل أسئلة‬1 : ‫ وهي التي تساعدنا في‬، Auxiliary verbs ‫ ويوجد أفعال مساعدة‬--‫( وفي تصريف‬tenses). 4) ‫( وفي تكوين أزمنة‬3 .‫الجابة على أسئلة خاصة في النفي‬ : ‫ وهي‬، ‫الفعال‬ Be, have, do, can (could), may (might), shall (should), will (would), must .‫( وكفعل مساعد ليس له معنى خاص‬2 .‫( بمعناها كفعل مستقل‬1 : ‫وهي تستخدم‬ Let us take verb "Work" , with the pronouns, in the present, past and future Pronouns Present Past [Meena] Future I You He She It We You They

Work Work Works Works Works Work Work Work

Worked Worked Worked Worked Worked Worked Worked Worked

Shall work Will work Will work Will work Will work Shall work Will work Will work

H.W. fill the following table in a similar way to this table with verb "eat" (.H.K) "‫امل الجدول التالي بتفس اسلوب الجدول السابق مستخدما الفعل "يأكل‬ Pronouns Present Past Future I (H.K.) You He, She, It We

Eat

Ate

‫ مع‬، (‫ومايلي هو كثير من الكلمات المتنوعة مع حروف جر متنوعة )اصطلحات ثابتة‬ : ‫ وادخالها في جمل‬،‫معانيها‬ ‫الصطلح‬ ‫المعنى بالعربي‬ (.H.K) ‫مثال في جملة‬ Back up Blow up Break down Break in Break out Break up Bring up Close down Come in Come down

‫ يأيد‬،‫يسند‬ ‫يفجر‬ ‫ يعطل‬،‫يبوظ‬ ‫ يدخل بقوة‬،‫يقتحم‬ ‫يهرب بقوة‬ ‫يكسر أو يوقف بشدة‬ ‫يربي‬ ‫ يتوقف‬،‫يقفل خالص‬ ‫يدخل‬ ‫ينزل‬

I backed up him (him up) in what he said They want to blow up the car The car broke down yesterday A gang broke in the bank this morning A prisoner tried to break out of jail They broke up all what he had She brought up her children well His factory closed down May I come in? [Meena] After he had come down of the mountain, he went home

26

Come up Count on Cry out Cross off Cut down Cut off Drive off Figure out Fill in Find out Get in Get out Get back Get through Go by Get up Give away Give up Grow up Hang up Hold on Lay before Lay up Let down Look at Look to Look into Look out Look for Look up Look off Look about Look after Pass away Put off (put out) Send for Speak up Take upon oneself Wait at Wait for Wait on

‫ يطلع‬،‫يصعد‬ (‫ب)فكرة‬ ‫يعتمد على‬ ‫ يصيح‬،‫يصرخ‬ ‫بصوت عالي‬ ‫ يمحو‬،‫يشطب‬ ‫يقلل‬ ‫يقطع ويفصل‬ ‫يسوق لبعيد‬ ‫ يتخيل‬،‫يفهم‬ ‫يمل‬ ‫ يعرف‬،‫يكتشف‬ ‫أدخل‬ ‫أخرج‬ ‫ارجع‬ ‫ يمر خلل‬،‫يجتاز‬ ‫يمر ب‬ ‫ يقوم‬،‫ينهض‬ ‫ يتخلص من‬،‫يعطي‬ ‫ يتوقف‬،‫يستسلم‬ ‫ينمو‬ ‫يقفل السكة‬ ‫ينتظر‬ ‫يعرض أمام‬ ‫يدخر‬ ‫يخجل‬ ‫ينظر إلي‬ ‫يهتم ب‬ ‫يفحص‬ ‫ يراقب‬،‫يحترس‬ ‫يبحث عن‬ ‫ يجد‬،‫يفتش على‬ ‫يودع‬ ‫ينظر حوله‬ ‫يهتم ب‬ ‫يموت‬ ‫يطفئ‬

I count on your promise He cried out saying "help us" They crossed off his name She tried to cut down swimming He cut off the book into pieces Drive off this place quickly Try to figure out what she means Fill in this form please (H.K.) I can't find out what the cause is Get in the house and bring it to me Get out of my house Get back home and do your homework Can you get through this narrow door? When you go him, see what he does Sometimes I get up before 6:00 o'clock It is good to give away your old clothes to the poor You must have hope , don't give up I grew up in the country He hung up on me Hold on I'll call him Lay it before him lay up treasures in heaven He let her down in front of her friends Look at me He looked to the reward He looked into family matters Look out , it's dangerous look for my pen , I can't find it Loop up this word in the dictionary I want to look him off before he leaves Look about try to find something She looked after her father when he was sick They passed away in a bad accident Put off the fire [Meena]

‫ يرسل في طلب‬We send for a doctor right after he had fainted ‫ يتكلم بصوت عالي‬Speak up that we may hear ‫ يأخذ على عاتقه‬He takes upon himself to save her ‫ يخدم‬She waits at that table (H.K.) ‫ ينتظر‬I've been waiting for you for 2 hours ‫ يخدم‬He waits on the Lord

Phrasal verbs with two Particles

‫الصطلح‬

He came up with a good idea

(‫ثم أفعال وكلمات مع أكثر من حرف جر )أو أكثر من أداة‬

‫المعنى بالعربي‬

[Meena]

27

‫مثال في جملة‬

Come up with Keep up with Look down upon (on) Cut down on

(‫يطلع ب)فكرة‬ ‫ يجاري‬،‫يلحق‬ ‫ يتعالى علي‬،‫يحتقر‬ ‫يقلل‬

He came up with a good idea She couldn't keep up with him when he was running fast He looks down on some poor people She cut down on smoking

H.W. Write the Arabic meanings of any 6 of the previous sentences : ___________________________ (2 __________________________ (1 ___________________________ (4 __________________________ (3 ___________________________ (6 __________________________ (5

‫متنوعات هامة‬

___

: ‫ والعكس في حالت معينة هي‬will ‫ بدل‬shall ‫( يمكن استخدام‬1 --- We put shall instead of will when : (H.K.) Promise ‫ وعد‬: You shall have the money very soon.‫ستأخذ النقود قريبا جدا‬ Threat ‫تهديد‬: If you do that again you shall be punished ‫اذا فعلت هذا ثانيا‬ ‫ستعاقب‬ Order (command) ‫ وصية‬،‫ أمر‬: You shall not steal ‫ل تسرق‬ Determination ‫ تحديد‬: The enemy shall not pass. ‫العدو ل يجب ان يمر‬ --- We put will instead of shall when : Promise : We will send them a present. ‫سنرسل لهم هدية‬ Willingness ‫ مشيئة‬،‫ تمني‬: I will pay at the rate you ask.‫سأدفع بالمعدل الذي تريده‬ --- Shall I? (Shall we?) , has often the meaning of "Would you like me to ..?" ex: Shall I open the window? --- Will you? , has often the meaning of "Would you like to .. ?" ex : Will you help me to carry this bag? : ‫( هي‬do (does , did ‫( استخدامات‬2 ? questions : do you like it ‫ا( لعمل اسئلة‬ negative [Meena] : no, I do not like it ‫ب( للنفي‬ for emphasis : yes, I do like it ‫ج( للتأكيد‬ to avoid repetition : he likes it and so do I ‫د( لتجنب التكرار‬ for politeness : please do come ‫ه( كنوع من الدب والذوق‬ ‫ والجابة العادية عنهم ثم‬do , does , did ‫ولشرح النقطة )ج( أكثر نأتي بثلث أسئلة فيهم‬ (.H.K) : ‫الجابة التي فيها تأكيد‬ [Meena] ‫السؤال‬

Do you like it? Does he like it? Did they like it?

‫الجابة العادية‬ ‫الجابة التي فيها تأكيد‬ Yes, I like it Yes, I do like it (Yes, I do. ) Yes, he likes it (H.K.) Yes, he does like it Yes, they liked it Yes, they did like it

28

Level 6 [Meena]

(H.K.)

Questions ‫السئلة‬ .‫ وهذا شرحناه‬be, have, do ‫( نستخدم الفعال‬1 : ‫لعمل أسئلة‬ : ‫( ونستخدم كثير من الكلمات وهي‬2 ‫الكلمة‬ 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9)

Why How Who (H.K.) What Where When Whose Whom [Meena] How much

‫معناها‬

[Meena] ‫مثال‬

‫لماذا‬ ‫كيف‬ ‫من للعاقل‬ ‫ماذا لغير العاقل‬ ‫أين للمكان‬ ‫متى للزمان‬ ‫لمن هذا‬ ‫لمن للعاقل المفعول‬ ‫كم للشياء التى ل تعد‬

29

Why did you do this? How can this be? Who are you? What is this? Where is my book? When is he coming? Whose pen is this? Whom did you give it to? How much does it cost?

10) 11) 12) 13) 14)

How many How long Can May Should

‫كم للشياء التي تعد‬ ‫كم من الوقت‬ ‫هل أقدر‬ ‫هل ممكن‬ ‫هل من المفروض‬

How many pens do we have? How long will it take to do it? Can I lift this up? May I go out? (H.K.) Should we wait for him?

: (‫والجابات ستكون كالتي )بنفس ترتيب السئلة‬ 1) We did this to save his life (because we had to) 2) That is what happened . 3) I'm Medhat , the manager . 4) This is the report . (H.K.) 5) It is on the desk . 6) He is coming next Friday . 7) It is yours (It is your pen) . 8) I gave it to her . 9) It costs three dollars . 10) We have seven pens . 11) It takes two days to be done . 12) Yes, you can if you are strong enough . / No, you can't . 13) Yes, you may if you have finished your homework . / No, you may not 14) Yes, I think we better wait for him . / No, I think we better go. H.W. [ 1] Answer the following questions: 1) How many books does she have? ______________________________ 2) What time is it now? _______________________________________ 3) Whom are you talking about? ________________________________ 4) What is in your hand? ______________________________________ 5) Where are the bags? _______________________________________ [2] In your h.w. copy book , write 14 questions, using each question word in each one of them and answer them with every possible answer. (H.K.) ‫ وجاوب‬، ‫ سؤال مستخدما كل كلمة في الجدول في سؤال مختلف‬14 ‫في كراسة الواجب اكتب‬ . ‫عليهم بكل اجابة ممكنة‬

Punctuation [Meena] ‫علمات الوقف‬ ‫ ومن أهم‬، capital letters ‫ أي متى نستعمل‬capitalization ‫( ونأخذ معها ال‬1 : capitals ‫الكلمات والحالت التي نستخدم فيها ال‬ ‫ ثم‬، ‫كل أيام السبوع وكل الشهور وكل العياد وكل اسماء الشخاص وكل الدول والجنسيات‬ ‫( وفي بداية الكلم الذي‬Full stop) ‫دايما كل أول حرف في الفقرة وفي الجملة الجديدة بعد النقطة‬ . ‫بين أقواس صغيرة‬ ‫ ثم اسماء الشوارع والفنادق والنوادي والهيئات والجامعات واللقاب والرتب اذا ذكرت مع‬--: ‫ مثل‬، ‫اسم صاحبها أو مع المسمى‬ The Sheraton Hotel / but / we went to the hotel ‫ بالضافة‬capital ‫ يكون أول حرف فيها‬، ‫ حروف‬3 ‫ أي كلمة أكثر من‬، ‫ ثم في العناوين‬--."The Plural of Nouns" ‫ مثل‬، ‫لول كلمة‬ ‫ وتوضع أساسا لتفصل بين كلمات أو جمل قصيرة متوافقة أو‬، [Comma] (،) ‫( الفصلة‬2 ‫متسلسلة أو يصلها حرف عطف مثل‬ I bought bread , milk , honey and grapes. (H.K.) If you are right , I'm wrong . [Meena] 30

‫‪ (3‬النقطة )‪ [Full stop , or , Period] ( .‬وتستعمل أساسا في نهاية الجمل أو عند‬ ‫انتهاء معنى معين ‪ ،‬و تستعمل أيضا مع ال ‪) initials‬أي أول حرف من اسم أو بعض الكلمات‬ ‫الخرى( وال ‪ ، abbreviations‬مثل ‪.The Y.M.C.A. is a good association :‬‬ ‫‪ (4‬علمة الستفهام )؟ ( ]‪[Question mark , or , Interrogation mark‬‬ ‫وتستخدم بعد السئلة ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ (5‬النداء والتعجب )! ( ]‪ [Exclamation mark‬وتستخدم في حالة النداء أو التعجب ‪،‬‬ ‫وهي في حالة التعجب تجعلنا نميز المقصود من الكلم ‪ ،‬عنه في السئلة لن صيغة الكلم تكون‬ ‫أصل شبيهة بالسئلة ‪ ،‬مثل‬ ‫! ‪What a beautiful watch‬‬ ‫‪ (6‬قوسان )) (( ]‪ [Brackets , or , Parantheses‬ويستخدمان لتحديد أو حصر‬ ‫الكلم المقصود ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ (7‬النقطتان )‪ [The Colon] ( :‬ويوضعان قبل سرد لقائمة معينة أو قبل شرح أو قبل‬ ‫اعطاء أمثلة لتوضيح شئ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪H.W. In your h.w. copy book, write a paragraph of at least 3 lines using‬‬ ‫‪all possible punctuation.‬‬ ‫في كراس الواجب اكتب فقرة من ‪3‬سطور أو أكثر مستخدما كل علمات وقف ممكنة‪.‬‬

‫علمة الملكية للسماء ‪The Apostrophe‬‬

‫أي استخدام علمة ال ‪ apostrophe‬لملكية شئ لشخص أو اشخاص مثل ‪the boy's‬‬ ‫‪ book‬أي "كتاب الولد" ‪[Meena] .‬‬ ‫في حالة الجمع الذي آخره ‪ s‬نضع علمة ال ‪ apostrophe‬بعد ال ‪ s‬مثل '‪the girls‬‬ ‫‪ food‬أي "أكل البنات" ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ --‬لو شئ ملك شخصين أو أكتر مع بعض ‪ ،‬نضع العلمة مرة واحدة في الخر ‪ ،‬مثل‬‫‪ . Mary and Magdy's car‬أما لو مجموعة أشياء متشابهة ملك عدة أشخاص ‪ ،‬نضع‬ ‫العلمة بعد كل واحد مثل ‪. Mary's and Magdy's cars‬‬ ‫‪ --‬ولكن لو شئ تابع لشئ ل نستخدم علمة ال ‪ apostrophe‬بل نستخدم ‪of‬‬‫مثل‪ the leg of the chair :‬أي رجل الكرسي ‪ ،‬ولكن هناك استثناءات قليلة مثل ‪:‬‬ ‫‪(a) Some places. (b) some expressions of time , take 's‬‬ ‫‪ex : (a) Egypt's largest city is Cairo. / The city's old cinema was renewed last‬‬ ‫‪month. (b) A night's rest. / Three hour's travel. / a week's vacation.‬‬

‫‪N.B.: With some common nouns like "class , school , farm .. " , we don't‬‬ ‫]‪use 's nor "of" (H.K.) [Meena‬‬ ‫‪ex : The class teacher / A farm girl.‬‬

‫‪31‬‬

‫‪ --‬ويوجد أيضا استخدامات أخرى لعلمة ال ‪ apostrophe‬غير الملكية ‪ ،‬وذلك مثل‬‫استخدامها في اختصارات ‪ verb be‬مع ال ‪) pronouns‬هذه الختصارات تسمى بالنجليزي‬ ‫‪ ( contractions‬وذلك مثل ‪ I'm‬اختصار ‪. I am‬‬ ‫‪ .H.W‬ترجم إلي النجليزية ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ (1‬هذه كتب مريم _______________________________________________‬ ‫‪ (2‬هذا بيت ذكي ومنى ____________________________________________‬ ‫‪ (3‬رجل الترابيزة _______________________________________________‬

‫ب( والمفرد الغائب للفعل‬ ‫حرف ال ‪ S‬ونطقه ‪ ،‬في حالت ‪ :‬أ( الجمع ‪. plural‬‬ ‫المضارع ‪ . third singular‬ج( وصيغة الملكية ‪ : apostrophe‬تنطق س مع الكلمات‬ ‫ب(‬ ‫أ( ‪ cats‬كاتس )قطط( ‪.‬‬ ‫التي آخر حرف فيها ‪ P T K F H S‬مثل ‪:‬‬ ‫ج( ‪ Medhat's book‬مدحتس بووك )كتاب‬ ‫‪ he works‬هي ووركس )هو يعمل( ‪.‬‬ ‫مدحت( ‪ .‬وتنطق ز مع أي كلمة تنتهي بأي حرف غير الحروف السابقة مثل ‪ :‬أ( ‪ beds‬بدز‬ ‫)سراير( ‪ .‬ب( ‪ he says‬هي سييز )هو يقول( ‪ .‬ج( ‪ Magdy's pen‬ماجديز بن )قلم مجدي( ‪.‬‬

‫السماء التي تعد والتي لتعد ‪Countable and Uncountable Nouns‬‬ ‫‪Uncountable nouns‬‬ ‫فضة‬ ‫موسيقى‬ ‫هواء‬ ‫دخان‬ ‫خبز‬ ‫ماء‬

‫‪Silver‬‬ ‫‪Music‬‬ ‫‪Air‬‬ ‫‪Smoke‬‬ ‫‪Bread‬‬ ‫‪Water‬‬

‫دم‬ ‫ذهب‬ ‫هندسة‬ ‫معلومات‬ ‫نصيحة‬ ‫لبن‬

‫]‪Countable nouns [Meena‬‬

‫‪Blood‬‬ ‫)‪Gold (H.K.‬‬ ‫‪Engineering‬‬ ‫‪Information‬‬ ‫‪Advice‬‬ ‫‪Milk‬‬

‫بنت‬ ‫حيوان‬ ‫شركة‬ ‫مشروع‬ ‫كتاب‬ ‫زجاجة‬

‫‪Girl‬‬ ‫‪Animal‬‬ ‫‪Company‬‬ ‫‪Project‬‬ ‫‪Book‬‬ ‫‪Bottle‬‬

‫وظيفة‬ ‫بيت‬ ‫مجموعة‬ ‫كمبيوتر‬ ‫تفاحة‬ ‫برتقالة‬

‫‪Job‬‬ ‫‪House‬‬ ‫‪Group‬‬ ‫‪Computer‬‬ ‫‪Apple‬‬ ‫‪Orange‬‬

‫استخداماتهم في جمل مع ‪ there is , there are‬ومع ‪: here is , here are‬‬ ‫‪There is an apple (orange).‬‬ ‫‪There is some milk (water).‬‬ ‫‪There are some apples (oranges). There are some bottles of milk (of‬‬ ‫‪water).‬‬ ‫نلحظ هنا ان السماء التي تعد تأخذ ‪ there is‬في المفرد وتأخذ ‪ there are‬مع الجمع ‪ ،‬أما‬ ‫السماء التي لتعد دائما تأخذ ‪ there is‬إل لو أضفنا اسم يعدها مثل ‪.bottles‬‬ ‫أما بالنسبة للشياء التي تأتي مع كلمة ‪ pair‬مثل ‪ glasses‬فتكون الجمل كالتي‪:‬‬ ‫‪32‬‬

There is a pair of glasses (trousers , shoes , socks). There are some pairs of glasses (trousers , shoes , socks). [Meena] ‫ بدل‬here are ‫ ونضع‬، there is ‫ بدل‬here is ‫ومن الممكن في كل ماسبق أن نضع‬ . ‫ ويكون كل شئ كما هو‬there are H.W. Fill in the blanks with suitable words: ‫امل مكان الفراغات بكلمات مناسبة‬ 1) ______________ some pens. 2) _____________ a ruler. (H.K.) 3) There is ____________socks. 4) Here are _______________trousers. ‫ وذلك مثل‬uncountable ‫ وأيضا‬countable ‫ ويوجد بعض السماء التي قد تستخدم‬--. beautiful hair ‫ أو مثل‬a hair ‫ فيمكن أن نقول‬،hair ‫ في النجليزي ولكنها تعد في بعض‬uncountable ‫ ويوجد بعض السماء التي لتعد‬--: ‫ مثل‬، ‫اللغات الخرى‬ Advice , furniture , news , bread , behavior , trouble , traffic , work , luggage , baggage, weather , information , permission ‫أي أنه يمكن اضافة هذه الكلمات السابقة في هذا الجدول الموجود أعلى هذه الصفحة في الجزء‬ ‫ أو‬advice ‫ عند جمع‬، ‫ وعلى سبيل المثال‬، uncountable nouns ‫اليمين منه الخاص بال‬ . loaves of bread ‫ أو نقول‬pieces of advice ‫ نقول‬bread Saying good bye : Formal : Good bye / good bye , it was nice to meet (see) you . --- I wish you the best of luck . / same for you . Informal : Bye (bye bye) (see you) / bye (see you) . --- Keep in touch . / I will . (H.K.) --- Have a good day (have a nice one) / you too . At work : Excuse me , are you busy / oh, hi Mary I'm not working right now , I'm just reading the newspaper , come in .

Pronouns ‫الضمائر‬ :‫أفضل وأسهل أسلوب لحفظ الضمائر المهمة أن نضعهم في جدول واحد وهو‬ Personal pronouns ‫الضمائر الشخصية‬ Before the After the verb verb [Meena] I ‫أنا‬ Me You ‫أنت‬ You He ‫هو‬ Him She ‫هي‬ Her It ‫لغير العاقل‬ It We ‫نحن‬ Us You ‫انتم‬ You They ‫هم‬ Them

Possessive pronouns ‫ضمائر الملكية‬ With nouns Without a noun My Mine Your Yours His (H.K.) His Her Hers Its Our Ours Your Yours Their Theirs

33

Reflexive and intensive pronouns ‫النعكاس والتأكيد‬ Myself Yourself Himself Herself Itself Ourselves Yourselves Themselves

) ‫أول جزء هو الضمائر الشخصية التي تأتي قبل الفعل‬ : ‫ونفهم من الجدول ما يأتي‬ ) ‫ثم يليها الضمائر الشخصية التي تأتي بعد الفعل‬ ، I write ‫( مثل‬before the verb ) ‫ثم ضمائر الملكية التي تأتي مع السماء‬ ، they gave me ‫( مثل‬after the verb ‫ثم ضمائر الملكية التي تأتي بدون ارتباط باسم‬ ، this is my book ‫( مثل‬with nouns ‫ ثم ضمائر النعكاس والتأكيد التي تأتي في صورة‬، It is mine ‫( مثل‬without a noun) . I myself saw him ‫ أوتأتي في صورة التأكيد مثل‬، I struck myself ‫النعكاس مثل‬ [Meena] : ‫ولفهم استخدامات ما في الجدول أكثر نقول مثل‬ I have a book , my father gave it to me , he himself gave it to me on my birthday , it was his book but now it is mine. (H.K.) ‫ كان كتابه‬، ‫ هو بنفسه أعطاه لي في عيد ميلدي‬، ‫ أبي أعطاه لي‬، ‫ أنا عندي كتاب‬: ‫والمعنى هو‬ . ‫ولكن الن أصبح كتابي‬ : ‫ ترجم إلي النجليزية‬.H.W ‫ وانت يمكن أيضا أن تعطيها نفس‬، ‫ كان كتابه ولكن الن اصبح كتابك‬، ‫هو أعطاك كتابه بنفسه‬ ‫ الكتاب بنفسك‬. ________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ [Meena]

‫ بنوعيه ممكن استخدامهما مكان السماء‬personal pronouns ‫ومن الضروري معرفة ان ال‬ ‫ فمثل يمكن ان نقول‬، (‫)وهذا المفروض ان يكون معروف أصل‬ Ahmed is a teacher. Ahmed and George are teachers. .He is a teacher. They are teachers ‫ويمكن أن نقول‬ .The girl is beautiful. The cat is young ‫وأيضا يمكن أن نقول‬ .She is beautiful. (H.K.) It is young ‫أو نقول‬ .She gave the book to Magdy. They asked Mary ‫و‬ .She gave the book to him. They asked her ‫أو‬ . ‫من المهم أن نذكر كل هذا لن استخداماتهم كثيرة جدا‬

Level 7 [Meena]

(H.K.)

Gerund (its pronunciation is djerend) : A gerund is used : [Meena] 1) After certain prepositions (‫ )بعد حروف الجر‬:

- He is interested in learning English . / - I'm accustomed to getting up early. - We're looking forward to seeing you . / - She went on crying all the time . - They talked about solving the problems.

2) After certain expressions (‫( )بعد بعض اصطلحات‬go on , carry on , keep on , be used to , got used to , no use , worth , give up , would you mind) :

- He kept on interrupting us. / - I'm used to getting up early. - I got used to getting up early. (H.K.) ‫ ثم بعد‬got ‫ أي أن في بداية التعود نستخدم‬، got used to ‫ أكثر في التعود من‬am used to ‫لحظ ان‬ . verb be ‫ أو يعني‬am ‫التعود تماما نستخدم‬ - This car is nice , it's worth buying. / - There is no use trying this again. 34

- I don't feel like eating lunch. / - will you give up smoking. - Would you mind giving it to me. [Meena]

3) Gerund is also used as a subject of a sentence (‫ )في البداية أو كمبتدأ‬:

- Learning English is very important. / - Driving quickly can be dangerous. - Swimming and walking are good exercises.

4) And as an object of a sentence when it (the gerund) comes after the following verbs (‫ )بعد أفعال‬: (enjoy , like , dislike , love , hate , begin , stop , finish , avoid , appreciate , mind, consider , discuss , delay , go , hear , imagine , keep, give up , prevent). - I'll go when I've finished doing my work. / - They enjoy praying. - I can't imagine Magdy driving a truck. / - Stop talking. - She likes walking. / - It started raining last night. - Would you mind giving it to me. (H.K.)

: ‫ ترجم إلي النجليزية‬.H.W ___________________________________ ‫( هم مهتمين بدراسة النجليزية‬1 __________________________________________ ‫( هو يحب التمشية‬2 _____________________________________ ‫( هذا البيت يستحق الشراء‬3 ‫ إذا أردت تأجيله يكون أفضل ولكنه يتعلق بنفس الموضوع‬، ‫ الجزء القادم قد يكون صعب‬--.‫لذلك كتبناه هنا‬ ‫ وهو أصل‬infinitive ‫ وبين استعمال ال‬gerund ‫وهنا يفضل توضيح الفرق بين استعمال ال‬ ) ‫ أو‬gerund ‫ فيوجد بعض الفعال التي يمكن أن نضع بعدها‬، ( verb) ‫أو مصدر الفعل‬ ‫ ويوجد بعض أفعال أخرى يتغير المعنى إذا‬، ‫ ( بدون تغيير معنى الجملة‬+ infinitive to . to + infinitive)) ‫ عن إذا وضعنا بعدها‬gerund ‫وضعنا بعدها‬ : ‫( مايلي هي أفعال ممكن نضع بعدها أي من الثنين بدون تغيير في المعنى‬1 Like , hate , start , begin , prefer -

She likes walking = She likes to walk It started raining last night = It started to rain last night.

) ‫ عن إذا وضعنا بعدها‬gerund ‫( ومايلي هي أفعال يتغير بعدها المعنى إذا وضعنا بعدها‬2 . (to + infinitive Stop , try -

He stopped playing . He stopped to play . Try swimming . Try to swim . [Meena] : ‫ مثل‬: ‫ نوع من التجربة أو الختبار أو التغيير‬: ‫ ( يكون المقصود بها‬ing ‫حيث الجملة الولى )باضافة‬ I have had a headache for 2 hours now, I tried taking an aspirin but it didn't help. : ‫ مثل‬،‫ لمرة واحدة أو في أي وقت أو بصفة عامة‬: ‫( يكون المقصود بها‬to + infinitive) ‫والثانية‬ Try to be quiet when you come home late , everyone will be asleep. (H.K.)

‫ هكذا أيضا يمكن عمل اسماء‬، ‫ في الخر‬ing ‫ باضافة‬gerund ‫ وكما عملنا اسماء في ال‬--: ‫بالضافات التالية في نهاية الكلمات‬ To form nouns : we add suffixes (see page 11) , some of which are : 35

-ness (kindness) , -ship (friendship) , -hood (childhood) , -ry (bakery) , -ism (socialism) , -ist (scientist) , -ion (invention) , -ation (information) , -ance (ignorance) , -ency (presidency) , -r (maker) , -er / -ar / -or (actor) .

H.W. Write the noun form of each of the following words : Verb Make Build

Noun

Verb Inform Do

Noun

Translate into Arabic: I don't feel like doing it _______________________________________ They hate playing football ______________________________________ Jv[l ‫ترجم إلي النجليزية‬ ____________________________________________ ‫أنا متعود أستيقظ مبكرا‬ ___________________________________________ ‫هذه الشقة تستحق الشراء‬

The Arabic Alphabet ‫الحروف البجدية العربية‬ ‫ انجليزي‬-‫ أي عند استخدام قاموس عربي‬، ‫وهي ضرورية في حالة الترجمة من عربي لنجليزي‬ ‫أ ب ت ث ج ح خ د ذ ر زس ش ص ض ط ظ ع غ ف ق ك ل م ن ه و ي‬ ، ‫ نرجع الكلمة لصلها ثم نبحث عنها في القاموس‬، ‫وعندما نحتاج معرفة معنى كلمة عربي بالنجليزي‬ ‫ وكذلك مثل كلمة "يلعبون" نجدها هي‬، "‫ كلمة "يشتغل" نجدها هي وكل مشتقاتها في "شغل‬: ‫مثال‬ " ‫ وترجمة يلعبون هي‬، "He works" ‫ وبالتالي تكون ترجمة يشتغل هي‬. "‫وكل مشتقاتها في "لعب‬ . "They play (.H.K) : ‫ ترجم إلي النجليزية‬.H.W _______________________________________ ‫( الطلبة يصغون )يستمعون( للمدرس‬1 __________________________________________________ ‫( المشي مفيد للجسم‬2

Things to Know [Meena] : Subjects : A subject tells who or what is

doing the main verb . It can be a regular noun, pronoun or a gerund. Appositives : An appositive is simply a noun phrase that defines the subject. It must be identical to the subject and provide additional information. A comma must immediately precede and follow the appositive. Ex.: Aids, a highly infectious disease, causes death. Modifiers : They describe or give more information about the subject, verb, or other modifiers. Ex.: Canada, which has a small population, covers slightly more territory than the United States does. [Meena] N.B. Adjectives are modifiers for nouns, and adverbs are modify verbs, adjectives or other adverbs.

36

Subordinations (modifying clauses) : They combine two or more sentences into one sentence. The subordinate clause usually contains a relative pronoun. Relative pronouns are : Who / which / that / when / whose / where Ex.: He plays with a ball. The ball is blue / He plays with a ball that is blue. Conjunctions : They express a relationship between ideas. There are two basic types of conjunctions : 1) those that show agreement between ideas, like : because / also / in addition to / such as / as well as / as 2) Those that show disagreement between ideas, like : Although / but / however / despite / in spite of / whereas Conjuncion Patterns : like : either … or / neither … nor / both … and / such … as / not only … but also Joining words ‫كلمات الوصل‬ And / so / as well / both .. and / as well as / either .. or / neither.. nor / but / not only .. but also (but.. also) / when / as soon as / because / as / since / to / in order to / so as to / so that (so.. that) / in order that / such a (an).. that Ex : We may go either to Cairo or to Alexandria, we haven't decided yet. Neither Ahmed nor George did the homework. Mary is studying hard so that she may get high grades. It was such an interesting book that I read it several times. Other expressions followed by a gerund : Responsible for doing something / punish someone for doing something / capable of doing .. / believe in … / known for … / accuse someone of … / committed to … / succeed in … / excited about … / participate in … / take part in … / admit to … / confess to … / blame someone for … / keep someone from … / prohibit someone from … / forgive someone for something . H.W.: In your h.w. copy book : 1) Put each of the following words in a sentence : capable / either / although / because / when / who / but also . 2) Write a sentence with a gerund as a subject.

Adverbs ‫الظروف‬ . (‫نقول باختصار عن الظروف أنها هي التي تدل علي كيفية حدوث الفعل أو مكانه أو زمانه )وقته‬ Adverbs are related to verbs , they tell : 1) how , 2) where , and , 3) when , the verbs are done. 1) How : like : fast , quickly Ex: He runs fast.‫ هو بيجري بسرعة‬/ He did it very quickly.‫هو عملها بسرعة جدا‬ 2) When : like : next , now , yesterday (H.K.) Ex: Next thing you should do is this./ She went there yesterday. Do it now. 3) Where : like : nowhere , anywhere , here , there , out Ex: I couldn't find it anywhere. / Come here. [Meena] He ran slowly : ‫ مثل‬ly ‫ ومعظم الظروف في النجليزي تنتهي ب‬--A friendly person : ‫ مثل‬ly ‫ولكن يوجد صفات تنتهي أيضا ب‬ 37

Adjectives ‫الصفات أو النعوت‬ ‫ أي الصفات أو النعوت التي تصف أسماء وهي ل تتأثر‬descriptive ‫أهمها والمعروفة دائما هي‬ (.red, young . (H.K ‫بعدد أو نوع الموصوف مثل‬ ‫_كما قلنا تصف‬، (adverbs) ‫ أما الظروف‬،‫( تصف اسماء‬adjectives) ‫ لحظ أن الصفات‬--: ‫ مثال‬، ‫أفعال‬ H.W. Write 6 adverbs that say how a verb is done _________________ __________________________________________________________ Write 6 descriptive adjectives __________________________________ __________________________________________________________ _______ ‫ يصفوا‬adjectives ‫ أما ال‬، _______ ‫ يصفوا‬adverbs ‫ ال‬: ‫أكمل الجملة التية‬

Conversations :

Making suggestions : Shall we go swimming ? (let us go swimming) (why don't we eat dinner there ?) (How about doing this ?) / Yes, sure (that is a good idea) (it sounds great) (ok.) . (H.K.) --- There is a football game at the stadium tomorrow , do you want to go ? (would you like to go ?) (how about going ?) / yes, sure (I'd like to) (may be) (I don't know) , what time is it? / at 7:30 / ok. see you there . Asking for permission : Asking for permission

Giving the permission

Refusing the permission

May I [Meena] (can I) (could I) drink some water Do you mind if I borrow your book?

Yes , sure (certainly) (of course) (here you are) (help yourself) No, of course I don't mind. (no problem)

I'm sorry (sorry I need it myself)

Yes, I 'm using it right now. (Yes , I need it)

Giving thanks : Thank you (thanks) (thanks a lot) (I appreciate your help) / you're welcome (you are very welcome any time) (my pleasure) To agree or disagree : Do you agree with me ? (what do you think ?) (Is that right ?) / I agree with you (I agree with all what you've just said except ..) (yes, that's right) (exactly) (you are absolutely right) or Sorry I don't agree (I disagree with you) (I don't think so) ( that is not right because .. ..) [Meena] To ask for help : Could you help me ? (may you do me a favor ?) / yes, sure (of course) --- Would you mind doing this for me ? / no, I don't mind (yes , I'm sorry I can't) (H.K.) 38

H.W. Practice all these conversations with any of your friends

Level 8 [Meena]

(H.K.)

Adjectives and adverbs Adverbs ‫الظروف‬ . (‫نقول باختصار عن الظروف أنها هي التي تدل علي كيفية حدوث الفعل أو مكانه أو زمانه )وقته‬ Adverbs are related to verbs , they tell : 1) how , 2) where , and , 3) when , the verbs are done. 1) How : like : fast , quickly Ex: He runs fast. He did it very quickly. 2) When : like : next , now , yesterday (H.K.) Ex: Next thing you should do is this. She went there yesterday. Do it now. 39

3) Where : like : nowhere , anywhere , here , there , out Ex: I couldn't find it anywhere. Come here. He ran slowly : ‫ مثل‬ly ‫ ومعظم الظروف في النجليزي تنتهي ب‬--A friendly person] : ‫ مثل‬ly ‫ولكن يوجد صفات تنتهي أيضا ب‬

Meena]

: (adverbs) ‫ والكلمات التية تعتبر ظروف‬--Where , when , how , why , before , after , while , since , there , rarely , seldom , should , had , little , not only , nowhere , no sooner , never Examples : Rarely has he done a good job. Seldom do I eat butter. Should they come , we wouldn't go out. Had he prayed , he would have succeeded. Not only did he succeed but he also got the best grade. Never will I do that again. Nowhere could they find her.

Adjectives ‫الصفات أو النعوت‬ ‫ أي الصفات أو النعوت التي تصف أسماء وهي ل‬descriptive ‫أهمها والمعروفة دائما هي‬ (1 . red, young ‫تتأثر بعدد أو نوع الموصوف مثل‬ much , little , ‫ صفة تبين كمية ويكون لموصوف بعدها دائما مفرد مثل‬Quantitative (2 . some , enough many , few , ‫ صفة تبين العدد وبالتالي سيكون الموصوف بعدها في الجمع مثل‬Numeral (3 . three , no . each , every ‫ مثل‬Distributive (4 ‫ أي صفات الملكية وهم‬Possessive (5 My , your , his , her , its , our , your , their , whose . ، ‫ للمفرد البعيد‬that ، ‫ للمفرد القريب‬this : ‫ صفات الشارة وهم‬Demonstrative (6 ‫ للجمع البعيد‬those ، ‫ للجمع القريب‬these what, which, whatever, whichever ex : I had to ‫ الصفات الموصولة وهم‬Relative (7 ‫ صفات‬wait for 4 hours , during which I watched a movie. 8) Interrogative . what , which ‫الستفهام وهم‬

(‫صيغة التفضيل في الظروف والنعوت )الصفات‬ The Comparison of adjectives and adverbs [Meena]

: (‫عند وضع الظروف والصفات في صيغة التفضيل )المقارنة‬ : ‫ فمثل نقول‬est ‫ أو‬er ‫ في الكلمات الصغيرة )مقطع أو اثنين( نستخدم‬--Rich , richer , the richest ‫ لو واحد أغنى من الكل‬est ‫ لو واحد أغنى من آخر أو آخرين واضافة‬er ‫لحظ اضافة‬ : ‫ مثل‬most ‫ و‬more ‫ أما في الكلمات التي تزيد عن مقطعين نستخدم‬--Wonderful , more wonderful , the most wonderful ‫ مع الفضل‬the ‫ولحظ اننا دائما نضع‬ ‫ والثالثة تسمى‬comparative ‫ والثانية تسمى‬positive (‫ وتسمى الكلمة الصلية )المجردة‬--. superlative (‫ ومايلي هو جدول لبعض الظروف المنتظمة في تفضيلها )في مقارنتها‬--The following is a table of comparison of some regular adverbs : 40

Positive [Meena]

Comparative

Superlative

Fast Early Quickly Hard High

Faster Earlier More quickly Harder Higher

Fastest Earliest Most quickly Hardest Highest (H.K.)

(‫ ومايلي هو جدول لبعض الظروف الغير منتظمة في تفضيلها )في مقارنتها‬---

The following is a table of comparison of some irregular adverbs : Positive Comparative Superlative Well Badly Late Little Much (many)

Better Worse Later Less (lesser) More

Best Worst Latest (last) Least Most

Completely, immediately ‫ مثل‬،‫ ويوجد بعض الظروف التي ل تأتي في صيغة التفضيل‬---

:‫ مثل‬، ‫ ويوجد بعض الكلمات التي يمكن أن تستخدم كظروف ويمكن أن تستخدم أيضا كصفات‬--Fast , cheap , high , short , fine , straight , bright , flat , free , sharp , hard , late , loud , real Ex: A fast car runs fast. : adjectives ‫ وال‬adverbs ‫ ونلحظ أن في حالتي ال‬--‫ أما إذا كان‬، ‫ كبقية الكلمات‬est ‫ أو‬er ‫ قبله حرف متحرك تأخذ‬Y ‫( إذا كانت الكلمة تنتهي ب‬1 : ‫ مثل‬I ‫ ونضع مكانها‬y ‫ نحذف ال‬y ‫هناك حرف ساكن قبل ال‬ Grey , greyer , greyest / busy , busier , busiest ‫ نضاعف الحرف‬، ‫ وقبله حرف متحرك‬y ‫( أما إذا كانت الكلمة تنتهي بحرف ساكن غير ال‬2 big , bigger , biggest / hot , hotter , hottest: ‫ مثل‬، ‫الخير‬ : ‫ وذلك مثل الكلمات‬، ‫( يمكن استخدام الكلمات التي تعني كمية قبل مقارنة الظروف والصفات‬3 a bit / a little / much / a lot / far (H.K.) ex : He is much (a lot) richer than her / this watch is much more expensive than the other one / may you walk a bit (a little) more slowly / the discovery was far more dangerous than we thought at first. adjectives ‫وبالنسبة للصفات‬

‫_كما قلنا‬، (adverbs) ‫ أما الظروف‬، ‫( تصف اسماء‬adjectives ) ‫ أذكر أن الصفات‬--.Ex : He speaks perfect Arabic. He speaks Arabic perfectly : ‫ مثال‬، ‫تصف أفعال‬ ‫ وسنكتب بعض المثلة وستكون اللواحق‬، (suffixes) ‫ يمكن عمل صفات بكثير من اللواحق‬--[bold : [Meena ‫بال‬

wonderful, patient, bored, blackened, reddish, tiresome, metallic, natural, active, friendly, Egyptian, American, Chinese , secondary , partial, interesting.

: ‫ ومايلي هو جدول ببعض الصفات المنتظمة في تفضيلها‬---

The following is a table of comparison of some regular adjectives : Positive Comparative Superlative Fast Young Friendly

Faster [Meena] Younger More friendly

41

Fastest Youngest Most friendly

Beautiful Interesting

More beautiful More interesting

Most beautiful Most interesting (H.K.)

: ‫ ومايلي هو جدول ببعض الصفات الغير منتظمة في تفضيلها‬---

The following is a table of comparison of some irregular adjectives: Positive Comparative Superlative Good Bad (ill) Little (uncountable) Few (countable) Near Much (many) Far Late Old Out Up In [Meena]

Better Worse Less (lesser) Fewer Nearer More Farther (further) Later Older (elder) Outer (utter) Upper Inner

Best (H.K.) Worst Least Least Nearest (next) Most Farthest (furthest) Latest (last) Oldest (eldest) Outmost (utmost) Upmost Inmost (innermost)

Rectangular , correct: ‫ ويوجد بعض الصفات التي ل توضع في صيغة التفضيل مثل‬----- Sometimes we use two or more adjectives together , ex : Roushdy lives in a nice new house . ‫ حسب الكلم المستخدم‬، ing– ‫ أو‬ed– ‫ بعض الصفات تنتهي ب‬--Some adjectives end in –ed or –ing like , bored and boring , for we say: someone is –ed if something (or someone) is –ing , or , if something (or someone) is –ing it makes you –ed , (H.K.) ex : Zaki is bored with his job . / Zaki's job is boring . Are you interested in buying a nice house ? Did you meet anyone interesting at the club ? Other adjectives that can end in –ed or –ing are : satisfied , worried , excited , confused , annoyed , astonished , amazed , amused , terrified , depressed , shocked . ied ‫ قبله حرف ساكن تتحول إلي‬Y ‫وهنا أيضا نلحظ أن الصفات التي تنتهي ب‬ ‫ قبله حرف متحرك تبقى كما هي‬y ‫ أما الصفات التي تنتهي ب‬، worried, terrified ‫مثل‬ . annoyed ‫ مثل‬ed ‫ونضيف لها‬ --- Sometimes we use adjectives after some verbs , especially be and get , ex : be patient , be careful , I'm getting hungry . [Meena] __________________________ ‫( هو أطول منها‬1 : ‫ ترجم إلي النجليزية‬.H.W ______________________________________ ‫( هم يتكلمون انجليزي بسهولة‬2 _________________________________________ ‫( هذا قميص أبيض جميل‬3 _____________________________________ ‫( هذا الفستان الصفر مريح جدا‬4 ____________________________________________ ‫( هي أكثر صبرا منه‬5 (H.K.)

H.W. Complete the following table : ‫أكمل الجدول التالي‬ 42

Positive

Comparative [Meena]

Superlative

Fast Better Most Quickly

The following is a table of some nouns and their adjectives : Nouns ‫ المعنى‬Adjectives Nouns ‫ المعنى‬Adjectives Accuracy Aggression Anger Anxiety Ascetic, asceticism Bigot, bigotry Boredom Bravery Cleverness Confidence Creation Death Discipline Energy Equality Faithfulness Fluency Friendliness / friendship Happiness Hard-work Heat Height

‫دقة‬ ‫عدوان‬ ‫غضب‬ ‫قلق‬ ‫ زهد‬،‫تقشف‬ (‫متعصب )في الرأي‬

‫ملل‬ ‫شجاعة‬ ‫ذكاء‬ ‫ثقة‬ ‫خليقة‬ ‫موت‬ ‫ تهذيب‬، ‫نظام‬ ‫طاقة‬ ‫مساواة‬ ‫ثقة‬ ‫طلقة لسان‬ ‫صداقة‬ ‫سعادة‬ ‫شغل بهمة‬ ‫حرارة‬ ‫ارتفاع‬

Accurate Aggressive Angry Anxious Ascetic

Honesty Hunger Joy (H.K.) Kindness Length

Bigoted

Loneliness Loyalty Maturity Necessity Nervousness Outgo Patience Popularity Probability Rarity Reality

Bored / boring

Brave Clever Confident Creative Dead Disciplined Energetic Equal Faithful Fluent Friendly Happy Hard-working

Hot High

Responsibility

Selfishness Shyness Stupidity Thirst Wisdom

‫أمانة‬ ‫جوع‬ ‫فرح‬ ‫طيبة‬ ‫طول‬ ‫ وحدانية‬، ‫وحدة‬ ‫وفاء‬ ‫نضج‬ ‫أهمية‬ ‫عصبية‬ ‫الخروج‬ ‫صبر‬ ‫ شهرة‬، ‫شعبية‬ ‫احتمال‬ ‫ندرة‬ ‫ واقع‬، ‫حقيقة‬ ‫مسئولية‬ ‫أنانية‬ ‫خجل‬ ‫بلهة‬ ‫عطش‬ ‫حكمة‬

Honest Hungry Joyful Kind Long Lonely Loyal Mature Necessary Nervous Outgoing Patient Popular Probable Rare Real Responsible Selfish Shy Stupid Thirsty Wise

Tenses [Meena] ‫الزمنة‬ simple ‫ بالنسبة لل‬--Present I eat You eat He (she , it) eats We eat You eat They eat

Simple (Simple Tense) Past

Future

I ate You ate He (she , it) ate We ate (H.K.) You ate They ate

I shall eat You will eat He (she , it) will eat We shall eat You will eat They will eat . ‫ فقط‬present ‫ في ال‬he, she, it ‫ بتأتي فقط مع‬s ‫ونلحظ )كما قلنا من قبل( ان ال‬

H.W. Complete the following table like the previous one using verb "Drink". ‫"أكمل الجدول التالي مثل السابق مستخدما الفعل "يشرب‬ Simple (Simple Tense) 43

‫‪Future‬‬

‫]‪Past [Meena‬‬

‫‪I shall drink‬‬

‫‪Present‬‬ ‫‪I drank‬‬

‫‪I drink‬‬ ‫‪You drink‬‬ ‫‪He, she, it‬‬ ‫‪We‬‬

‫‪ --‬وهنا ملحوظة هامة يجب معرفتها وهي انه هناك فرق بين‬‫ال ‪ s, es, ies‬الذين يأتوا مع ال ‪ verbs‬مع ‪ he, she, it‬في ال ‪ ، present‬وبين‬ ‫ال ‪ s, es, ies‬الذين يأتوا عند جمع السماء ‪ ، nouns‬فمثل ‪:‬‬ ‫‪He (she, it) : eats, enjoys, / goes, does, / carries, tries‬‬ ‫‪Pen-pens, toy-toys, / dish-dishes, box-boxes, / factory-factories‬‬ ‫ولحظ في السطرين السابقين ان ال ‪ Y‬تتحول ل ‪ ies‬إذا كان قبلها حرف ساكن فقط ‪ ،‬أما اذا كان‬ ‫قبلها حرف متحرك تبقى كما هي ونضيف لها ‪ s‬فقط‬ ‫‪ --‬ولتوضيح استخدامات ال ‪ simple tense‬أكثر نأخذ أمثلة ‪) :‬لحظ ال ‪( Key words‬‬‫‪He always writes letters to his friends.‬‬ ‫‪Last week she wrote many letters to her friends.‬‬ ‫)‪I'll write a letter to him tomorrow. (H.K.‬‬ ‫‪ --‬ولعمل أسئلة )وأجوبة( لهذه الجمل السابقة ‪ ،‬تكون بنفس السلوب الذي درسناه من قبل‬‫‪1) Does he always write letters to his friends? / yes, he always writes‬‬ ‫‪letters to his friends / yes, he does / no, he doesn't always write -‬‬‫‪2) Did she write any letters to her friends? / yes, she wrote some letters to‬‬ ‫‪her friends / yes, she did / no, she didn't write any -‬‬‫‪3) Will you write a letter to him tomorrow? / yes, I shall / no, I shan't‬‬ ‫‪ --‬وبالنسبة لل ‪ present simple‬فهو يتكلم أيضا عن حقائق ‪ facts‬مثل ‪the sun rises‬‬‫‪ --‬وبالنسبة لعمل الفعل في الماضي ‪ ،‬نجد أن الفعل الذي ينتهي ب ‪ y‬وقبلها ‪ vowel‬يأخذ ‪ed‬‬‫مثل ‪ ، play - played‬والفعل الذي ينتهي ب ‪ y‬وقبلها حرف ساكن نلغي ال ‪ y‬ونضع ‪ied‬‬ ‫مثل ‪ ، carry – carried‬وذلك يشبه تماما ماقلناعن ال ‪ Y‬التي تأتي في نهاية ال ‪ verbs‬و ال‬ ‫‪ nouns‬وال ‪.adjectives‬‬ ‫‪ --‬وبالنسبة لل ‪ simple future‬يمكن عمله باسلوب آخر )بدون استخدام ‪ (shall, will‬وهو‬‫يتم ب ‪ v.be + going to‬فنقول مثل ‪ I am going to eat‬والمقصود بها ‪. I'll eat‬‬ ‫ومن الممكن استخدام الثنين بدل بعض ‪ ،‬ولكن أحيانا ‪ going to‬تستخدم في حالت المستقبل‬ ‫القريب وأحيانا تستخدم في اثبات النية في عمل شئ في المستقبل أو التخطيط للمستقبل أو في‬ ‫‪[It is going to be hot today [Meena‬‬ ‫الكلم عن شئ على وشك الحدوث مثل ‪:‬‬ ‫وبالطبع الفرق واضح بين ‪ going to‬وبين ال ‪) continuous‬الذي سنشرحه في ال ‪level‬‬ ‫القادم( ‪ ،‬وهو ان ال ‪ ing‬في ‪ going to‬تكون دائما في ‪ ، going‬أما ال ‪ ing‬في ال ‪.cont‬‬ ‫تكون دائما في ال ‪ verb‬نفسه ‪ ،‬فنقول مثل‪:‬‬ ‫)أنا سآكل( ‪I am going to eat‬‬ ‫‪ ,‬أو ‪, or‬‬ ‫)أنا آكل الن( ‪I am eating now‬‬ ‫)أنا كنت بآكل( ‪) , or , I was eating‬أنا كنت هآكل( ‪I was going to eat‬‬

‫المبني للمعلوم والمبني للمجهول ‪Active and passive‬‬ ‫لحظ ان ال ‪ active and passive‬ليسوا ‪ tenses‬ولكنهم اسلوب كلم وفيهم ‪. tenses‬‬ ‫‪44‬‬

‫ وخاصة الجزء الول فيه‬personal pronouns ‫نحتاج أن نتذكر هنا الجدول الخاص بال‬ . ‫ وهكذا‬him ‫" تتحول ل‬he"‫ و‬، me ‫" تتحول ل‬I" ‫حيث نجد مثل أن‬ I You He She It We You they

Me (H.K.) You Him Her It Us You Them

Tenses Sim.

Pr Pa Fu

Active

Passive

He eats apples I ate an apple They will eat apples (H.K.)

Apples are eaten by him An apple was eaten by me Apples will be eaten by them

"Y " ‫الحرف‬ Words (verbs, nouns, adjectives and adverbs) end in "a consonant + y" , we change the Y to I , to add es or ed or er or est or ly / but the Y remains the same when we add ing : Ex : country – countries / study – studies / apply – applied / easy – easier – easiest / heavy – heavily // but study – studying .

Conversation At home : Where is dad ? / he is in the kitchen / what's he doing ? / he is reading / why is he reading in the kitchen ? / because Ahmed is watching TV. in the living room . On the phone : Hello Omar / yes / this is Medhat / oh , hi Medhat / is Ahmed there / no, he is not , he is at the supermarket / ok. I'll call him back later . (H.K.) --- Hello / hi Ann / is Mary there / sure , hold on she is listening to the radio , Mary , it is for you . --- Hello John , are you busy? / well I'm eating lunch right now , can I call you back later / sure no problem . About a trip : Hi Aly , how was your trip , I just talked to George and he said it was really nice / nice ! I thought it was awful , the weather wasn't very good , the people weren't friendly , and the hotel wasn't good at all / was the food any good ? / Ya it was delicious . (H.K.) 45

‫‪At the airlines office : I'd like to go to New York on Tuesday flight / ok.‬‬ ‫? ‪Madam / what are the departure and arrival times please‬‬

‫)‪(H.K.‬‬

‫]‪Level 9 [Meena‬‬

‫الزمنة ]‪Tenses [Meena‬‬ ‫بالنسبة للزمنة سنكتبهم كلهم مع بعض ثم نشرحهم كلهم مع بعض ‪ ،‬وذلك للسهولة ولمقارنة‬ ‫كله ببعض وبالتالي اتقانهم أكثر ‪ .‬وللسهولة أكثر سنأخذ من ال ‪ pronouns‬معهم كلهم في هذا‬ ‫الجدول التالي "‪ "I‬فقط ‪ ،‬ثم نستخدم بقية ال ‪ pronouns‬مع بعض التطبيقات ‪.‬‬ ‫وبرجاء الهتمام بفهم وحفظ هذا الباب )الفصل( تماما ‪ ،‬لنه هام جدا في المحادثات )‬ ‫‪ (conversations‬ولنه مبني عليه كل البواب التي تليه في هذا الكتاب‪.‬‬ ‫ولننسى )بل دايما نذكر( أننا دائما سنختصر بعض الكلمات كالتي ‪:‬‬ ‫‪Present = pr. / past = pa. / future = fu. / past participle = p.p. / simple‬‬ ‫)‪= s. / continuous = cont. / perfect = perf. / verb = v. (H.K.‬‬ ‫ملحوظة ‪ :‬ستجد جداول فيها ال ‪ (.past participle (p.p‬ابتداء من صفحة ‪52‬‬ ‫]‪Tenses [Meena‬‬ ‫)‪I eat ( everyday , sometimes , always , usually , often‬‬

‫‪46‬‬

‫‪Pr.‬‬

‫)‪Simple (H.K.‬‬

Pa. Fu. Continuous Pr. ‫ مستمر‬Pa. V. be + --ing Fu. Perfect Pr. ‫تام‬ V. have + p.p. Pa. Fu. Perfect continuous Pr. V.have + been + Pa. --ing Fu. ‫بسيط‬

I ate (yesterday , last night , in the past , ago) I shall eat (tomorrow , next week , later) (H.K.) I am eating (now , nowadays, today) I was eating (while , as , when) I shall be eating (tomorrow , at that time) I have eaten (already , just , almost , nearly , since , yet , not yet , ever , never , now , today) I had eaten (before , after , when , until) I shall have eaten (by) (H.K.) I have been eating (for , since) I had been eating (for , since , before) I shall have been eating (for , on , after)

. ‫من الضروري جدا حفظ هذا الجدول لنه سيفيد كثيرا جدا‬ ‫ وكل واحد من‬.tenses) ، s. , cont. , perf. , perf. cont 12) ‫ زمن‬12 ‫ونلحظ اننا عندنا‬ key ‫ وبجوار كل واحد بعض كلمات بين قوسين تسمى ال‬. .pr. , pa. , fu ‫هؤلء الربعة فيه‬ . ‫ وهي الكلمات التي تساعد في تكوين هذا الزمن‬words . ‫ ليس فيه اي تعقيدات ول أي شروط لتركيبه ولذلك سمى بسيط‬، ‫ هو بسيط‬.s ‫ ال‬-.pa ‫ أو كان مستمر في ال‬، .pr ‫ أي أنه فعل مستمر ألن في ال‬، ‫ وهو المستمر‬.cont ‫ ال‬-‫ أثناء حدوث فعل آخر أو‬.fu ‫ أو سيكون مستمر في ال‬، ‫أثناء حدوث فعل آخر أو أثناء وقت معين‬ .(am eating ‫ )مثل‬verb ‫ في نهاية ال‬ing ‫ ثم‬verb be ‫ ويكون تركيبه ب‬، ‫أثناء وقت معين‬ (‫ أو تم )انتهى‬، ‫ بيتم )بينتهي( أو علي وشك النتهاء الن‬، ‫ وهو فعل‬، ‫ وهو التام‬.perf ‫ ال‬-‫ أو سيتم )سينتهي( أو‬، ‫أو كان علي وشك النتهاء في الماضي بالمقارنة بفعل آخر أو وقت معين‬ ‫ ويكون تركيبه ب‬.‫سيكون علي وشك النتهاء في المستقبل بالمقارنة بفعل آخر أو وقت معين‬ . ( have eaten ‫ )مثل‬.p.p ‫ ثم ال‬verb have ‫ وفيه نعرف طول مدة استمرار الفعل وبداية أو نهاية‬، ‫ وهو التام المستمر‬.perf. Cont ‫ ال‬-‫ مدة‬.fu ‫ و ال‬.pa ‫ وفي ال‬، ‫ ما هي مدة استمراره إلي الن أو متى بدأ‬.pr ‫ في ال‬. ‫هذه المدة‬ verb have + been ‫ ويكون تركيبه ب‬. ‫استمراره من أو إلي حدوث فعل آخر أو وقت معين‬ . ( have been eating ‫ في نهاية الفعل )مثل‬ing ‫ثم‬ H.W. Complete the table using "drink" and one key word in each sentence Tenses Simple

Pr. ‫ بسيط‬Pa. Fu. Continuous Pr. ‫ مستمر‬Pa. V. be + --ing Fu. Perfect Pr. ‫ تام‬Pa. V. have + p.p. Fu. Perfect continuous Pr. V.have + been + Pa. --ing [Meena] Fu.

They always drink water (H.K.) It We She He You You They It We He You

47

‫ أو علي‬pronouns ‫( في جداول أخرى مع بقية ال‬tense) ‫ والن سنأخذ أمثلة عن كل زمن‬--. ‫ تم شرحه‬simple ‫بالنسبة لل‬ :‫هيئة أسئلة وأجوبة لتوضيح كل التفاصيل بقدر المكان‬ : continuous ‫ وبالنسبة لل‬--Present I am eating You are eating He is eating She is eating It is eating We are eating You are eating They are eating

Continuous Past I was eating You were eating He was eating (H.K.) She was eating It was eating We were eating You were eating They were eating

Future I shall be eating You will be eating He will be eating She will be eating It will be eating We shall be eating You will be eating They will be eating

: ‫ونقول مثل‬ I'm praying now.‫أنا أصلي الن‬ They were playing yesterday when I met them. ‫هم كانوا يصلون بالمس حينما قابلتهم‬ She will be walking tomorrow when you come. ‫هي ستكون بتتمشى حينما تأتي غدا‬ : ‫ولعمل أسئلة وأجوبة‬ Are you praying now? / Yes, I'm praying now / No, I'm not -Were they playing yesterday when you met them? / Yes, they were playing yesterday when I met them / No, they were not playing --. Will she be walking tomorrow when I come? / Yes, she will be walking tomorrow when you come / No, she'll not be walking --. ‫ هو‬.cont ‫( وهو أن ال‬47) ‫ نكرر ماقلناه في الصفحة السابقة‬، ‫ولفهم المستمر أكثر‬ ‫ أثناء حدوث فعل‬.pa ‫ أو كان مستمر في ال‬، ( .pr ‫ أي أنه فعل مستمر الن ) في ال‬، ‫المستمر‬ ‫ أثناء حدوث فعل آخر أو أثناء وقت‬، .fu ‫ أو سيكون مستمر في ال‬، ‫آخر أو أثناء وقت معين‬ . ( am eating ‫ )مثل‬verb ‫ في نهاية ال‬ing ‫ ثم‬verb be ‫ ويكون تركيبه ب‬،‫معين‬ H.W. complete the following table like the previous one using verb "play" "‫أكمل الجدول القادم مثل السابق مستخدما الفعل "يلعب‬ Continuous Past

Present I am playing (H.K.) You

Future

He was She It will be playing [Meena] We You They

--- N.B. : The present continuous is also used for the near future (like going to), specially with verbs of movement like "go, come, leave" Ex: Ahmed is coming here next week. / They are leaving for U.S.A. on Friday. 48

‫ أي‬continuous ‫التي ل تأتي في ال‬

(verbs)‫ ويجب ملحظة أنه توجد بعض الفعال‬--[Meena] : ‫ ومنها‬ing ‫لنضيف لها‬ Like , love , believe , hate , see , hear , understand , consist , contain , possess , belong , resemble , recognize , want . ‫ مثل‬e ‫ نحذف ال‬e ‫ لفعل ينتهي ب‬ing ‫ ولبد أن نذكر ما قلناه من قبل وهو انه عند اضافة‬--‫ نضاعف الحرف‬، vowel ‫ لفعل ينتهي بحرف ساكن قبله‬ing ‫ وعند اضافة‬، write - writing . get - getting ‫ مثل‬، ‫الساكن‬ continuous tense ‫ ممكن يكون الفعلين في ال‬، past continuous ‫ في ال‬--Ex: While he was reading , the children were playing . (H.K.) : perfect ‫ وبالنسبة لل‬--Present I have eaten You have eaten He has eaten She's eaten (H.K.) It's eaten We've eaten You've eaten they've eaten

Perfect Past [Meena] I had eaten You had eaten He had eaten She had eaten It had eaten We had eaten You had eaten They had eaten

Future I shall have eaten You will have eaten He will have eaten She will have eaten It will have eaten We shall have eaten You will have eaten They will have eaten

H.W. complete the following table like the previous one using verb "walk" "‫أكمل الجدول القادم مثل السابق مستخدما الفعل "يمشي‬ Present

Perfect Past

Future

I have walked (H.K.)

: ‫ولعمل أسئلة وأجوبة‬ Have you prayed yet? / Yes I've already prayed. / No, I haven't prayed yet. Had she written the report before he came? / Yes, she had written it before he came. / No, she hadn't written it before he came. (H.K.) Shall we have done the homework by 6:00 o'clock? / Yes, we shall have done it by 6:00 o'clock. / No, we shall not have done it by 6:00 o'clock. ‫ بيتم )بينتهي( أو‬، ‫ وهو فعل‬، ‫ هو التام‬.perf ‫ وهو أن ال‬47 ‫ونكرر هنا أيضا ماقلناه في صفحة‬ ‫ أو تم )انتهى( أو كان علي وشك النتهاء في الماضي بالمقارنة بفعل آخر‬، ‫علي وشك النتهاء الن‬ 49

.

‫ أو سيتم )سينتهي( أو سيكون علي وشك النتهاء في المستقبل بالمقارنة بفعل آخر‬، ‫أو وقت معين‬ [have eaten ) [Meena ‫ )مثل‬.p.p ‫ ثم ال‬verb have ‫ويكون تركيبه ب‬ .‫أو وقت معين‬ : perfect continuous ‫ بالنسبة لل‬--Present

I've been eating You've been eating He's been eating She's been eating It's been eating We've been eating You've been eating They've been eating

Perfect continuous Past I had been eating You had been eating He had been eating She had been eating It had been eating (H.K.) We had been eating You had been eating They had been eating

Future

I shall have been eating You will have been eating He will have been eating She will have been eating It will have been eating We shall have been eating You will have been eating They will have been eating

H.W. complete the following table like the previous one using verb "talk" "‫أكمل الجدول القادم مثل السابق مستخدما الفعل "يتكلم‬ Present

Perfect continuous Past

Future

I've been talking (H.K.)

: ‫ولعمل أسئلة وأجوبة‬ Have you been playing here since 5:00 o'clock? / Yes. I have been playing here since 5:00 o'clock. / No, I haven't been playing here since 5:00 , I've been playing just for half an hour. (H.K.) Had they been praying for 3 hours before we went there? / Yes, they had been praying for 3 hours before we went there / No, they had not been ----. Will you have been studying here for 5 hours by 10:00 o'clock? / yes, we shall have been studying here for 5 hours by 10:00 o'clock / No, we shall not have been studying ----. [Meena] ‫ هو التام‬.perf. Cont ‫ وهو أن ال‬47 ‫ في صفحة‬.perfect cont ‫ونكرر أيضا ما قلناه عن ال‬ ‫نعرف ما‬.pr ‫ في ال‬. ‫ وفيه نعرف طول مدة استمرار الفعل وبداية أو نهاية هذه المدة‬، ‫المستمر‬ ‫ نعرف مدة استمراره من أو إلي‬.fu ‫ و ال‬.pa ‫ وفي ال‬، ‫هي مدة استمراره إلي الن أو متى بدأ‬ ‫ في نهاية‬ing ‫ ثم‬verb have + been ‫ ويكون تركيبه ب‬. ‫حدوث فعل آخر أو وقت معين‬ . ( have been eating ‫الفعل )مثل‬ H.W. Answer the questions with Yes and No: [Meena] Is he drinking water now? Yes, _________________ No, __________________ Has she already eaten? Yes, __________________ No,____________________ 50

Have they been praying for an hour now? Yes, ___________________________ (H.K.) No, _______________________________________________________ Were you talking when I called her? Yes, _______________________________ No, ___________________________________________________________ Will they have eaten when I come? Yes, ________________________________ No, ___________________________________________________________ Will you have finished eating when we come? Yes, _______________________ No, ___________________________________________________________ Do you always drink tea in the morning? Yes, ___________________________ No, ___________________________________________________________ Will she have been studying for an hour when we go to her? Yes, __________________________________________________________ No, ___________________________________________________________

Conjugation of verbs ‫تصريف الفعال‬ ‫( أو‬past participle) ‫( وإلي اسم المفعول‬past) ‫ إلي الماضي‬، ‫وهو تحويل الفعل‬ [pronouns . [Meena ‫تصريفهم مع ال‬ ed ‫ أو‬d ‫( وهي التي تأخذ‬regular verbs) (‫وهنا نجد الفعال المنتظمة )القياسية‬ : ‫ مثل‬past participle ‫ وفي ال‬past ‫ في التصريف الثاني والثالث أ ي في ال‬ied ‫أو‬ ‫( وليس‬irregular verbs) (‫ ويوجد الفعال الغير منتظمة )الشاذة‬، pray prayed prayed . eat ate eaten : ‫لهم قواعد في تصريفهم مثل‬ The following is a table of conjugation of some regular verbs(that take d) : Regular verbs (that take "d") Regular verbs (that take "d") Present ‫ المعنى‬Past Past Present ‫ المعنى‬Past Past (infinitive)

Advise Agree Arrange Care Continue Decide Deserve Hate Hesitate

‫ينصح‬ ‫يوافق‬ ‫يرتب‬ ‫ يهتم‬،‫يعتني‬ ‫يستمر‬ ‫يقرر‬ ‫يستحق‬ ‫يكره‬ ‫يتردد‬

Advised Agreed ---d Cared ---d Decided ---d ---d ---d

participle

(infinitive)

Advised Agreed ---d Cared ---d Decided ---d ---d ---d

Hope Like Love Manage Prepare Promise Refuse Struggle (H.K.)

participle

‫يرجو‬ ‫ يفضل‬،‫يحب‬ ‫يحب‬ ‫يدير‬ ‫ يعد‬،‫يحضر‬ ‫يوعد‬ ‫يرفض‬ ‫يصارع‬

Hoped Liked Loved ---d ---d ---d ---d ---d

Hoped Liked Loved ---d ---d ---d ---d ---d [Meena]

The following is a table of conjugation of some regular verbs(that take ed) : Regular verbs (that take "ed") Regular verbs (that take "ed") Present (infinitive)

‫المعنى‬

Past

Past participle

Present (infinitive)

51

‫المعنى‬

Past

Past participle

Affect

‫يؤثر‬

Affected

Affected

Afford Appear Arrest Ask Attack Avoid Beg Blink Claim Climb Control [Meena] Demand

‫ يقدر‬، ‫يمد‬ ‫يظهر‬ ‫يقبض على‬ ‫يسأل‬ ‫يهاجم‬ ‫يتجنب‬ ‫يتوسل‬ ‫يرمش‬ ‫يطالب ب‬ ‫يتسلق‬ ‫يتحكم‬

Afforded ---ed Arrested Asked Attacked Avoided Begged Blinked Claimed Climbed ---ed

Afforded ---ed Arrested Asked Attacked Avoided Begged Blinked Claimed Climbed ---ed

‫يطلب‬

---ed

Discuss Drop End Expect Fail Float Guess Harvest Heat Intend

‫يناقش‬ ‫يسقط‬ ‫ينتهي‬ ‫يتوقع‬

---ed Dropped Ended Expected Failed Floated ---ed ---ed ---ed ---ed

---ed (H.K.) ---ed Dropped Ended Expected Failed Floated ---ed ---ed ---ed ---ed

‫ يرسب‬،‫يسقط‬

‫يطفو‬ ‫يخمن‬ ‫يحصد‬ ‫يسخن‬ ‫ينوي‬

Learn [Meena] Need Offend Offer Plan Pretend Regret Resist Seem Shop Slow Smell Spell Start Step Stop Switch Threaten Travel Wait Want Water Wish

‫يتعلم‬ ‫يحتاج‬ ‫يعثر‬ ‫ يعرض‬،‫يقدم‬

‫يخطط‬ ‫يتظاهر‬ ‫يندم‬ ‫يقاوم‬ ‫يبدو‬ ‫يتسوق‬ ‫يبطئ‬ ‫يشم‬ ‫يتهجى‬ ‫يبدأ‬ ‫يخطو‬ ‫يقف‬ ‫ يشغل‬،‫ينقل‬ ‫يهدد‬ ‫يسافر‬ ‫ينتظر‬ ‫يريد‬ ‫يسقي‬ ‫يتمنى‬

Learned (learnt) Needed Offended Offered Planed ---ed ---ed Resisted Seemed Shopped Slowed Smelled (smelt) Spelled (spelt) Started Stepped Stopped

Learned (learnt) Needed Offended Offered Planed ---ed ---ed Resisted Seemed Shopped Slowed Smelled (smelt) Spelled (spelt) Started Stepped Stopped

---ed

---ed

---ed Waited Wanted ---ed Wished

---ed Waited Wanted ---ed Wished

---ed

---ed

The following is a table of conjugation of some regular verbs (that take ied) : Regular verbs (that take "ied") Regular verbs (that take "ied") Present ‫ المعنى‬Past Past Present ‫ المعنى‬Past Past (infinitive)

Bury Carry Marry

‫يدفن‬ ‫يحمل‬ ‫يتزوج‬

[Meena] Buried Carried Married

participle

(infinitive)

Buried Carried Married

Reply Worry [Meena]

‫يجاوب‬ ‫يقلق‬

(H.K.) Replied Worried

participle

Replied Worried

The following is a table of conjugation of some irregular verbs : Irregular verbs Irregular verbs Present (infinitive)

Am , is (be) Are (be) Bear Beat Become Begin

‫المعنى‬

Past

‫ يكون‬Was

Past participle

Present

Been

Leave

(infinitive)

‫المعنى‬

Past

Past Participle

‫يترك‬

Left

Left

Lent Let Lay Lied ‫ يفقد‬،‫ يخسر‬Lost

Lent Let Lain Lied Lost

[Meena]

‫يحتمل‬ ‫يضرب‬ ‫يصبح‬ ‫يبدأ‬

Were Bore Beat Became Began

Been Borne Beat Become Begun

Lend Let Lie Lie Lose

52

‫يقرض‬ ‫يجعل‬ ‫يتمدد‬ ‫يكذب‬

Bend Bet Bid Bid Bind Bite Bleed Blow Break Breed Bring Build Burst Buy Cast Catch Chide Choose Cling [Meena]

Come Cost Creep Cut Deal Dig Do Draw (H.K.)

Dream Drink Drive Dwell Eat Fall Feed Feel Fight Find Flee Fly Forbear Forbid Forget Forgive Freeze Get

‫يثتي‬ ‫يراهن‬ ‫يأمر‬ ‫يزيد‬ ‫يربط‬ ‫يعض‬ ‫ينزف‬ ‫ينفخ‬ ‫يكسر‬ ‫يربي‬ ‫يحضر‬ ‫يبني‬ ‫يفجر‬ ‫يشتري‬ ‫يلقي‬ ‫يمسك‬ ‫يوبخ‬ ‫يختار‬ ،‫يتعلق‬ ‫يلتصق‬ ‫يأتي‬ ‫يتكلف‬ ‫يزحف‬ ‫يقطع‬ ‫يتعامل‬ ‫يحفر‬ ‫يعمل‬ ،‫يرسم‬ ‫يسحب‬ ‫يحلم‬ ‫يشرب‬ ‫يسوق‬ ‫يسكن‬ ‫يأكل‬ ‫يقع‬ ‫يغذي‬ ‫يشعر‬ ‫يتشاجر‬ ‫يجد‬ ‫يهرب‬ ‫يطير‬ /‫يرفض‬ ‫يترفق‬ ‫يمنع‬ ‫ينسى‬ ‫يسامح‬ ‫يجمد‬ ‫يحضر‬

Bent Bet Bade Bid Bound Bit Bled Blew Broke Bred Brought Built Burst Bought Cast Caught Chided Chose Clung

Bent Bet Bidden Bid Bound Bitten Bled Blown Broken Bred Brought Built Burst Bought Cast Caught Chidden Chosen Clung

Make Mean Meet Pay Put Read Rebuild Ride Ring Rise Run Saw Say See Seek Sell Send Set Sew

Came Cost Crept Cut Dealt Dug Did Drew

Come Cost Crept Cut Dealt Dug Done Drawn

Shake Shine Show Shrink Shut Sing Sink Sit

Dreamt Drank Drove Dwelt Ate Fell Fed Felt Fought Found Fled Flew Forbore

Dreamt Drunk Driven Dwelt Eaten Fallen Fed Felt Fought Found Fled Flown Forborne

Slay Sleep Slide Smell Sow Speak Speed Spell Spend Spill Split Spread Spring

Forbade Forgot Forgave Froze Got

Forbidden Forgotten Forgiven Frozen

‫يصنع‬ ‫يعني‬ ‫يقابل‬ ‫يدفع‬ ‫يضع‬ ‫يقرأ‬ ‫يعيد بناء‬ ‫يركب‬ ‫يرن‬ ‫ يقوم‬،‫يرتفع‬

‫يجري‬ ‫ينشر‬ ‫يقول‬ ‫يرى‬ ‫يبحث‬ ‫يبيع‬ ‫يرسل‬ ‫ يثبت‬،‫ينظم‬ ‫يخيط‬

Made Meant Met Paid Put Read Rebuilt Rode Rang Rose Ran Sawed Said Saw Sought Sold Sent Set Sewed

Made Meant Met Paid Put Read Rebuilt Ridden Rung Risen Run Sawn Said Seen Sought Sold Sent Set Sewn

Shook Shone Showed Shrank Shut Sang Sank Sat

Shaken Shone Shown Shrunk Shut Sung Sunk Sat

(H.K.)

‫يهز‬ ‫يلمع‬ ‫ يفرج‬،‫يظهر‬

‫ينكمش‬ ‫يغلق‬ ‫يغني‬ ‫يغطس‬ ‫يجلس‬

[Meena]

‫يذبح‬ ‫ينام‬ ‫يتزحلق‬ ‫يشم‬ ‫يبذر‬ ‫يتكلم‬ ‫يسرع‬ ‫يتهجى‬ ‫يصرف‬ ‫يدلق‬

Slew Slept Slid Smelt Sowed Spoke Sped Spelt Spent Spilt ‫ يشق‬،‫ يفصل‬Split ‫ ينشر‬Spread ‫ يقفزلعلى‬Sprang

Slain Slept Slid Smelt Sown Spoken Sped Spelt Spent Spilt Split Spread Sprung

[Meena]

Got / gotten

Stand Steal Stick Sting Strike

53

‫يقف‬ ‫يسرق‬ ‫يلصق‬ ‫يلذغ‬ ‫يضرب‬

Stood Stole Stuck Stung Struck

Stood Stolen Stuck Stung Struck

Give Go Grind Grow Hang Hang Have

‫يعطي‬ ‫يذهب‬ ‫يطحن‬ ‫ينمو‬ ‫يشنق‬ ‫يعلق‬ ، ‫يملك‬ ‫عنده‬ ‫يسمع‬ ‫يخبي‬ ‫يخبط‬ ‫يمسك‬ ،‫يضر‬ ‫يجرح‬ ،‫يحفظ‬ ‫يخلي‬ ‫يركع‬ ‫يعرف‬ ‫يضع‬ ‫يقود‬

Hear Hide Hit Hold Hurt Keep Kneel Know Lay Lead

Gave Went Ground Grew Hanged Hung Had

Given Gone Ground Grown Hanged Hung Had

Strive Swear Sweep Swim Swing Take Teach

‫يجاهد‬ ‫يحلف‬ ‫يكنس‬ ‫يسبح‬ ‫يتأرجح‬ ‫يأخذ‬ ‫يعلم‬

Strove Swore Swept Swam Swung Took Taught

Heard Hid Hit Held Hurt

Heard Hidden Hit Held Hurt

Tear Tell Think Throw Wear

‫يمزق‬ ‫يقول‬ ‫يفكر‬ ‫يرمي‬ ‫يلبس‬

Tore Told Thought Threw Wore

Torn Told Thought Thrown Worn

Kept

Kept

Weep

‫يبكي‬

Wept

Wept

Knelt Known Laid Led

Win Write

‫يكسب‬ ‫يكتب‬

Won Wrote

Won Written

[Meena]

Striven Sworn Swept Swum Swung Taken Taught (H.K.)

(H.K.)

Knelt Knew Laid Led

‫ اقرأ هذا الباب مرة أخرى حتى لتنساه أبدا لكي‬، ‫ قبل النتقال للباب التالي‬، ‫ والن برجاء‬--.‫يسهل عليك فهم كثير مما سيأتي‬

Level 10 [Meena]

(H.K.)

Active and passive ‫المبني للمعلوم والمبني للمجهول‬ ، tenses ‫ ولكنهم اسلوب كلم وفيهم‬tenses ‫ ليسوا‬active and passive ‫لحظ ان ال‬ . ‫ او ان يكون الفاعل مجهول‬، ‫أي ان الكلم يكون الفاعل معلوما من هو‬ ‫ هي أن نعمل جدول‬active and passive voices ‫أحسن وأسهل طريقة لفهم واتقان ال‬ ‫ ومع تكميل‬pronouns ‫ مع تغيير شوية في ال‬47 ‫ الموجود في صفحة‬tenses ‫من جدول ال‬ ‫ وخاصة‬personal pronouns ‫ ونحتاج أن نتذكر أيضا الجدول الخاص بال‬. ‫جزء في الجملة‬ . ‫ وهكذا‬him ‫" تتحول ل‬he"‫ و‬، me ‫" تتحول ل‬I" ‫الجزء الول فيه حيث نجد مثل أن‬ I [Meena] You He She It We You they

Tenses Sim.

Pr Pa Fu

Me You Him Her It Us You Them

Active

Passive [Meena]

He eats apples I ate an apple They will eat apples

Apples are eaten by him An apple was eaten by me Apples will be eaten by them

54

Con. Per. p.c.

Pr Pa Fu Pr Pa Fu Pr Pa fu

He is eating apples I was eating an apple (H.K.) They will be eating apples He has eaten apples I had eaten an apple They will have eaten apples He has been eating apples I had been eating an apple They will have been eating apples

Apples are being eaten by him An apple was being eaten by me Apples will be being eaten by them Apples have been eaten by him An apple had been eaten by me (H.K.) Apples will have been eaten by them Apples have been being eaten by him An apple had been being eaten by me Apples will have been being eaten by them

‫ في‬،( past ‫ في ال‬was ‫ )أي تأخذ‬it ‫ مفرد فنتعامل معها كأنها‬An apple (1 : ‫لحظ التي‬ ‫ وتأخذ‬present ‫ في ال‬have ‫ و‬are ‫ )أي تأخذ‬they ‫ جمع فنتعامل معها كانها‬apples ‫حين‬ .( future ‫ في‬will verb ‫( بتاع ال‬.past participle (p.p ‫ يكون دائما فيه ال‬passive voice ‫( تكوين ال‬2 : ‫فنجد أنه‬ . (.verb be + past participle (p.p ‫ من‬passive ‫ يتكون ال‬simple ‫في ال‬ .verb be + being + p.p ‫ يتكون من‬continuous ‫وفي ال‬ .verb have + been + p.p ‫ يتكون من‬Perfect ‫وفي ال‬ .verb have + been + being + p.p ‫ يتكون من‬.perf. Cont ‫وفي ال‬ . ‫ وهكذا‬by me ‫ نستبدلها ب‬I ‫ و‬by him ‫ يكون بدلها‬he ‫( دايما‬3 H.W.Complete the following table like the previous one using verb "drink" Tenses Sim.

Con.

Per.

p.c.

Pr Pa Fu Pr Pa Fu Pr Pa Fu Pr Pa fu

Active

Passive [Meena]

You drink milk She drank milk (H.K.) We shall drink milk You She We You

Milk is drunk by you Milk was drunk by her

‫ في كل‬، ‫ بنفس اسلوب الجدول السابق‬، two objects ‫ والن لنأخذ جملة أطول فيها مفعولين‬--passive ‫ وسنجد طريقتين لعمل ال‬، ‫الزمنة‬ Active (H.K.)

She tells me stories I told them a story They will tell us stories

Passive

Stories are told to me by her I am told stories by her A story was told to them by me They were told a story by me Stories will be told to us by them

55

She is telling me stories I was telling them a story They will be telling us stories She has told me stories [Meena] I had told them a story (H.K.) They will have told us stories She has been telling me stories I had been telling them a story They will have been telling us stories

We shall be told stories by them Stories are being told to me by her I am being told stories by her (H.K.) A story was being told to them by me They were being told a story by me Stories will be being told to us by them We shall be being told stories by them Stories have been told to me by her I have been told stories by her A story had been told to them by me They had been told a story by me Stories will have been told to us by them We shall have been told stories by them Stories have been being told to me by her I have been being told stories by her (H.K.) A story had been being told to them by me They had been being told a story by me Stories will have been being told to us by them We shall have been being told stories by them

to ‫ أو‬to me ‫ ولكن فقط أضفنا فيه‬، ‫ونلحظ ان هذا الجدول هو نفسه الجدول السابق له‬ . .. ‫ أو‬them ‫ ومنهم‬، ‫ يوجد أيضا أفعال أخرى مثله‬، two objects ‫ يأخذ‬tell ‫ وكما أن الفعل‬--give, ask, send, show, teach, pay Ex: The men were paid 500$ by him to do the job. [Meena] I was given two hours by him to make my decision. " ‫ ل نكتب‬passive ‫ كما نلحظ اننا من الممكن في كل الزمنة في الجملة الثانية في ال‬--‫" وهذا لن عدم كتابتها لن يغير شئ في الموضوع طالما انه مفهوم من هو الفاعل أو طالما‬-- by . ‫انه لن يهمنا من هو الفاعل‬ H.W.Complete the following table like the previous one using verb "teach" Active [Meena] He teaches you English We taught them Eng.

Passive English is taught to you by him. You are taught Eng. by him (H.K.) Eng. was taught to them by us

You will teach her Eng. He is teaching you Eng.

Eng. is being taught to you by him

We were teaching them Eng. You He has taught you Eng.

56

.‫ وهذه بعض أمثلة أخرى‬---

The room looks nice, somebody has cleaned it The room looks nice, it has been cleaned (by somebody) The room looked nice, somebody had cleaned it The room looked nice, it had been cleaned (by somebody)

key words ‫والن لنأخذ بعض أمثلة من الجداول السابقة مع استخدام‬ --- Every Sunday she tells them some short stories = Every Sunday some short stories are told to them by her --- While he was writing the letter , they came = They came while the letter was being written by him --- By 6:00 o'clock , I'll have told them a story = By 6:00 o'clock a story will have been told to them by me --- He has been writing the report to his manager for an hour now = The report to the manager has been being written by him for an hour now . --- The new hotel will be opened next month (H.K.) --- That house is going to be painted after a week --- leave him , he wants to be left alone :active and passive ‫مع الزمنة وال‬should, must, ought to ‫ أحيانا نستخدم الكلمات‬----- Someone should have cleaned the house last Friday The house should have been cleaned last Friday --- Somebody must have stolen her car Her car must have been stolen [Meena] --- They ought to have cancelled the meeting The meeting ought to have been cancelled ، passive ‫ دايما تأتي في ال‬born ‫ كلمة‬--Where were you born? I was born in Cairo How many babies are born in this hospital everyday? : active and passive ‫ في ال‬ing ‫ استخدام‬--I don't like people telling me what to do I don't like being told what to do It is said / He is said to : ‫الفرق بين‬ It is said that he is 90 years old / He is said to be 90 years old. 57

It is believed that Noha eats one meal a day / Noha is believed to eat one meal a day. (H.K.) It is expected that the strike will begin tomorrow / The strike is expected to begin tomorrow. It is reported that two people were killed / Two people are reported to have been killed. : ‫عند عمل شئ‬ Magdy repaired the roof yesterday (he did it himself) Magdy had the roof repaired .. (he got someone else to do it) : ‫ يمكن ان نكتب الجمل التالية‬، ‫وبنفس اسلوب الجملة الثانية‬ We are Where did you Roushdy has just I want to

Have having have had have

Object the house your hair (H.K.) a telephone my photograph

Past part. painted done? installed taken

at the moment in his flat

Coversation : When will she fix her car ? / It can't be fixed by just one person / Will you help her? / she will be helped by her brother. The following is a table of some verbs with their meanings , nouns and their adjectives : Present ‫ المعنى‬Nouns [Meena] Adjectives (infinitive ) Act Affect Amaze Apostate Bear Beat Blacken Bleed Blow Bow Break Build Care Choose Come Compete Correct Differ Do Eat Encourage Entertain

‫ يمثل‬،‫يعمل‬ ‫يؤثر‬ ‫يدهش‬

Action, actor, Effect Amazement ‫ يرتد عن العقيدة‬Apostasy ‫ يحتمل‬Bearing (H.K.) ‫ يضرب‬Beat / beating ‫ يسود‬Black ‫ ينزف‬Bleeding ‫ ينفخ‬Blow / blowing ‫ ينحني‬،‫ يحني‬Bow / bowing ‫ يكسر‬Break / breakage ‫ يبني‬Builder / building ‫ يعتم‬Care ‫ يختار‬Choice / choiceness ‫ يأتي‬Coming ‫ ينافس‬Competition ‫ يصحح‬Correction, corrector ‫ يختلف‬Difference ‫ يعمل‬Doing ‫ يأكل‬Eater ‫ يشجع‬Encouragement / courage ‫ يسلي‬Entertainment

58

Acting, active Effective Amazed / amazing Apostate Bearable Beaten Black Bleeding Blown Bowing Broken Built / built-up Careful Choice / chosen Coming [Meena] Competitive Correct Different (H.K.) Done Eatable / uneatable Encouraging / courageous Entertaining

Exchange Excite Fly (H.K.) Forgive

‫يبدل‬ ‫يثير‬ ‫يطير‬ ‫يسامح‬

Infect Inform Lose Make Marry Organize Perfect Practice Pride Read Redden Regulate Rise Save Write

‫يعدي‬ ‫يبلغ‬ ‫يخسر‬ ‫يصنع‬ ‫يتزوج‬ ‫ينظم‬ ‫يجعله كامل‬ ‫ يتمرن‬،‫يمارس‬ ‫يفتخر‬ ‫يقرأ‬ ‫يحمر‬ ‫ينظم‬ ‫يقوم‬ (.H.K) ‫ينقذ‬ ‫يكتب‬

Grow

Exchange Excitement Fly / flying Forgiver / forgiveness

Exchangeable Excited / exciting Flying Forgiving

Infection Information Loser / loss

Infectious Informative Lost Made / made-up Married Organized Perfect Practical Proud Readable / Unreadable Red Regular Risen Safe Written

‫ ينمو‬Growth / grower

Make / make-up / maker / making

Marriage Organization Perfection / perfectionist Practice Pride Read / reader / reading Red Regulation / regularity Rise / rising Safety Writer / writing

Grown / grown-up

The following is a table of some verbs with their meanings , past, past participle, nouns and their adjectives :

Verb

‫ المعنى‬Past Accused Adapted Adopted

participle Accused Adapted Adopted

Committed

Committed

adultery Advised

adultery Advised

‫ يحامي‬،‫يشفع‬ ‫ يؤذي‬،‫يصيب‬ ‫يدهش‬ ‫ يدهن‬،‫يمسح‬ ‫ يرسم‬،‫يعين‬ ‫ تحبل‬/‫يحتمل‬ ‫يطوب‬ ،(‫يولد )للذكور‬ ‫ينجب‬ ‫يؤمن‬ ‫ يمنح‬،‫يوهب‬ ‫يخون‬ ‫يخطب‬ ‫يربط‬ ‫ يؤنب‬،‫يلوم‬

---d ---ed ---d ---ed ---ed Bore ---ied Begot

---d ---ed ---d ---ed ---ed Borne ---ied Begotten

---d ---ed

---d ---ed

---ed ---ed Bound ---ed

---ed ---ed bound ---ed

‫يجدف‬ ‫يبارك‬

---ed ---ed

---ed ---ed

Accuse Adapt Adopt Adultery (commit) Advise

(.H.K) ‫يتهم‬ ‫يتكيف‬ ‫يتبنى‬ ‫ يفسق‬،‫يزني‬

Advocate Afflict Amaze Anoint Appoint Bear Beatify Beget [Meena] Believe Bestow Betray Betroth Bind Blame Blaspheme Bless

Past

‫ينصح‬

Noun

Adjective

Accusation, accuser Adaptation, adapter Adoption, adoptionism Adultery, adulteration Adulterer, adulteress Advice, adviser, advisor, advisability advocate Affliction Amazement Anointing, anointment Appointment Bearing Beatification Begetting

Accusing Adaptable Adaptive Adulterous

Believer, belief Bestowal Betrayal, betrayer Betrothal

Believable

Blame

Blameful, blameless, blameworthy

Blasphemy, blasphemer Blessedness, blessing

59

Advisable, advisory [Meena] Afflicted Amazing Anointed Bearable Beatified (H.K.)

Blessed,

Bound Breathe Cast Catechize (H.K.) Celebrate Chasten, chastise Chase Circumcise

Comfort Command Confess Consecrate Contribute Corrupt

‫يحدد )يعطي‬ (‫حدود‬ ‫ يتنسم‬،‫يتنفس‬ ‫ يطرد‬،‫يلقي‬ ‫يعلم بالسؤال‬ ‫والجواب‬ ‫يحتفل‬ ‫يؤدب‬ ‫يطارد‬ ‫يختن‬ ‫ يريح‬،‫يعزي‬

---ed

Boundary, boundlessness

---d Cast

---d Cast ---d

Breath, breather Cast, casting Catechism, catechist

Breathless Cast

---d ---ed, ---d ---d ---d ---ed ---ed

Celebration, celebrity Chastening, chastisement

Celebrated Chaste

Chase Circumcision Comfort, comforter

Circumcised

Confessant, Confessor, Confession Consecration

Confessed (H.K.) Consecrated Contributory Corrupt

---d ---d

---ed, ---d ---d ---d ---ed

‫ يأمر‬،‫يوصي‬

---ed

‫ يقر‬،‫يعترف‬

---ed [Meena] ---d

---ed

---d ---ed

،‫يكرس‬ ‫يخصص‬ ‫ عطاء‬،‫مساهمة‬ ‫يفسد‬

Command, Commandment, Commander, Commandant

---d

Create Do Darken Deafen Die Deepen Defile Deliver (H.K.) Descend Divorce Donate Elect Enchant

‫يخلق‬ ‫يعمل‬ ‫ يظلم‬،‫يغمق‬ ‫يجعله أصم‬ ‫يموت‬ ‫يعمق‬ ‫ينجس‬ ‫ يسلم‬/ ‫ينقذ‬

---d Did ---ed ---ed ---d ---ed ---d ---ed

---d ---ed [Meena] ---d Done ---ed ---ed ---d ---ed ---d ---ed

‫ يهبط‬،‫ينزل‬ ‫يطلق‬ ‫ يتبرع‬،‫يهب‬ ‫يختار‬ ‫ يشعوز‬،‫يسحر‬

---ed ---d ---d ---ed ---ed

---ed ---d ---d ---ed ---ed

Fast Forgive

‫يصوم‬ ‫ يسامح‬،‫يغفر‬

---ed Forgave

---ed Forgiven

Free Guide Leaven Legalize

‫يحرر‬ ‫يرشد‬ ‫يخمر‬ ‫ يحعله‬،‫يقنن‬ ‫شرعي‬ ‫ يعيش‬،‫يحيا‬

---d ---d ---ed ---d

---d ---d ---ed ---d

---d

---d

Contribution, contributor Corruption, corrupter, corruptness Creator, creation, creature Doer Darkness, dark Deafness Death Depth, deepness Defilement Deliverer, delivery, deliverance Descendents, descent Divorce, divorcee Donator, donation Elector, election Enchanter, enchantress, enchantment Fast, fasting Forgiveness (H.K.) Freedom Guide, guidance Leaven Legality, legalism, legalization life, living

‫يحب‬ ‫يتأمل‬ ‫يخدم‬ ‫ يضايق‬،‫يعثر‬

---d ---d ---ed ---ed

---d ---d ---ed ---ed

Love, lover Meditation Minister, ministry Offence, offense, offender

Live Love Meditate Minister Offend

blessing Boundless

---ed

60

Comfortable Commanding

Creative Done Dark Deaf Dead Deep Defiled Delivered Divorced Elect, electoral Enchanting, enchanted Forgiven, forgiving Free Leavened Legal Living, live, alive Loving, lovely Meditative Ministerial Offencless, offensive

Oppress Praise

‫يظلم‬ ‫يسبح‬

---ed ---d

---ed ---d

Oppression, oppressor Praise

Pray Proceed Prophesy

‫يصلي‬ ‫ يتقدم‬،‫ينبثق‬ ‫يتنبأ‬

---ed ---ed ---ied

---ed ---ed ---ied

Reform Represent

‫يصلح‬ ‫ ينوب‬،‫يمثل‬

---ed ---ed

---ed ---ed

‫يعلن‬ (.H.K) ‫ينهض‬ ‫يراجع‬ ‫يرمز‬

---ed

---ed

Prayer Procession, proceedings Prophecy, prophet, prophetess Reformist, reformation Representation, representative Revelation

---d ---d ---d

---d ---d ---d

---d ---d

---d ---d

Reveal Revive Revise Symbolize (H.K.) Terrorize Vote

‫ يفزع‬،‫يرهب‬ ‫ينتخب‬

Revival Revision Symbol, symbolism, symbolization Terror, terrorism, terrorist Vote, voter, voting

Level 11 [Meena]

Oppressive Praiseworthy praising Prayerful Processional Prophetic, prophetical Reformed Representative Revealing, revealed Revived Revised Symbolic, symbolical Terrorist Voting, votive

(H.K.)

Conditional If ‫)لو )الشرطية‬ ‫ يكون النصف الثاني ب‬present ‫ كان في ال‬if ‫( انه لو جزء الجملة بعد‬1 : ‫ببساطة جدا نقول‬ ‫ مثل‬، (‫ ويكون المقصود كلم عن المستقبل )وليس الحاضر‬، will If he prays , you will succeed. ‫ ويكون‬، would ‫ يكون النصف الخر ب‬past ‫ كان في ال‬if ‫( ولو نصف الجملة بعد‬2 ‫ مثل‬، (‫المقصود كلم عن الحاضر )وليس الماضي‬ If he prayed , you would succeed. ‫( يكون النصف‬.past perf. (or / past perf. cont ‫ في ال‬if ‫( ولو نصف الجملة بعد‬3 ‫ مثل‬، ‫ ويكون الزمن المقصود هو الماضي‬، would have + past participle ‫الخر ب‬ If he had prayed , you would have succeeded. If he had been praying , you would have succeeded. H.W. Complete the sentences: [Meena] If she eats, they __________________________________________ If we bought the house, he __________________________________ If you had done it, he ______________________________________ If he had been working, she __________________________________ ‫ أما خلف ذلك فيمكن التكلم بحسب سياق الكلم وبحسب‬، ‫ هذه هي القواعد الثلثة الرئيسية‬--‫ أو كلم مفتوح في حرية‬open condition ‫ أو ممكن القول ان خلف ذلك يسمى‬، ‫مايفهم السامع‬ : ‫ وذلك مثل‬، ‫ حقائق ثابتة‬open condition ‫ وفي ال‬، ‫التكلم بحسب مايفهم السامع‬ If you are right , I'm wrong : ‫ ومايلي أمثلة أخرى على القواعد الثلثة الرئيسية‬--If he goes to the club tomorrow , I'll meet him. 61

If I were you , I would pray every time. (H.K.) If he had informed the police , he would not have been killed. ‫ يمكن أن نأتي بالجزء الخير من الجملة أول‬if ‫ أي دائما مع‬، ‫ونلحظ أن في كل هذه الجمل‬ ‫ مثل‬، ‫ في الجزء الخير‬if ‫وتكون‬ I'll meet him if he goes to the club tomorrow. ‫ مع‬were ‫ يمكن أن نستخدم‬if ‫ فمع‬، I ‫ مع‬were ‫ونلحظ اننا في الجملة الثانية استخدمنا‬ ‫ ولكن ممكن أيضا نستخدم‬، verb be ‫( بدل التصريف العادي ل‬pronouns) ‫كل الضمائر‬ ‫ فمثل‬، ‫التصريف العادي‬ .If he were at home , he would help her ‫يمكن أن نقول‬ .If he was at home , he would help her ‫وأيضا يمكن أن نقول‬ : ‫ تكون كالتي‬if ‫ولعمل أسئلة ب‬ --- 1) What will you do if you have a lot of money? I'll buy a car. 2) What would you do if you had a lot of money? I'd buy a car. (H.K.) 3) What would you have done if you had had a lot of money? I would have bought a car. --- 1) If you have a lot of money , will you buy a car? Yes, I will buy a car. No, I won't buy a car. 2) If you had a lot of money , would you buy a car? Yes, I would. No, I wouldn't. [Meena] 3) If you had had a lot of money , would you have bought a car? Yes, I'd have bought a car. No, I wouldn't have bought a car. ‫( هو الحاضر‬2) ‫( هو المستقبل وفي نمرة‬1) ‫ الزمن المقصود في نمرة‬، ‫ وكما قلنا من قبل‬--. ‫( هو الماضي‬3) ‫وفي نمرة‬ : ‫ وأذكر الختصارات التي تكلمنا عنها من قبل وهي‬--I would ‫ اختصار‬I will not . 3) I'd ‫ اختصار‬I shall . 2) I won't ‫ اختصار‬I'll(1 . I had ‫واختصار‬ H.W. Answer the questions with Yes and No: If he has good health, will he help her? Yes, _________________________ No, _________________________ If they prayed a lot, would she give you some help? Yes, _________________________ No, _________________________ If we had prayed, would they have succeeded? [Meena] Yes, _________________________ No, _________________________ ‫ نفس القواعد ونفس‬، ‫فيكون كل شئ كما هو‬

"if not" ‫بدل‬

unless ‫وممكن استخدام‬ : ‫ أمثلة‬، ‫المعنى‬

If he doesn't work hard , they won't pay him. Unless he works hard , they won't pay him. If he didn't go out , we would visit him. (H.K.) Unless he went out, we would visit him. If I hadn't visited your brother , I wouldn't have seen you. 62

Unless I had visited your brother , I wouldn't have seen him. Sheriff can't hear unless you shout :‫" مثل‬except if" ‫ تعني‬unless ‫ وأحيانا‬--: would ‫ بدل من‬if ‫ مع‬could , might ‫ ويمكن أيضا استخدام‬--We could go out if it stopped raining. She could get a job more easily if she could type. We might have won if we'd played better. (we'd = we had) If the weather hadn't been so bad , we could have gone out. ‫ ولكن يكون المقصود هو التمني )تمني‬، ‫ يظل كل شئ كما هو‬if ‫ بعد‬only ‫ واذا أضفنا‬--: ‫ ولكن كمثال‬، ‫ في الصفحة القادمة‬wish ‫ وهذا سندرسه مع‬، (‫حدوث الشئ‬ If only he was at home , he would help her.

Wishes [Meena] (and if only)

[1] If the wish is in the future, we use present simple tense after "wish" . Ex.: It will rain tomorrow, I wish it doesn't rain. [2] If the wish is in the present simple (or present continuous), we use past tense after "wish" (H.K.) Ex: 1) I am short , I wish (if only) I was tall (I wish I wasn't short) 2) I don't have a nice watch , if only I had this watch . 3) He always comes late , if only he would come early . 4) Omar and Aly are shouting, their father wishes they would stop arguing. 5) It is raining hard , I wish it would stop raining. --- 6) If the wish is fulfilled , there would be a consequence . ex: We live far away from the beach , I wish we lived near the beach all the time , then I could swim everyday . [3] If the wish is in the past, we use past perfect tense after "wish" Ex: 1) He ate too much , he wishes he hadn't eaten too much . 2) She came late , I wish she would've come early . [Meena] --- 3) If the wish was fulfilled , there would have been a consequence. Ex: I didn't know that Mary was ill , I wish I'd (I had) known that she was ill , then I'd (I would) have gone to see her. (H.K.) --- [4] love to / like to (would --) (‫)بمعنى التمني وليس بمعنى محبة‬ 1) I'd love to get a car . 2) I'd like to apply to work as .. .. . 3) She would like to buy a house . ‫ أو‬wish ‫ شبيهة ب‬، conditional if ‫ مع ال‬tenses ‫ ان ال‬، ‫لحظنا من كل ماسبق‬ : ‫ هام‬---

‫( في الحاضر يكون الزمن الذي‬if only : 1 ‫ أو‬wish ‫ أو‬if ‫ اي عندما يكون الفعل بعد‬، if only ‫( وعندما يكون الفعل في الماضي يكون الزمن الذي يقصده المتكلم هو‬2 .‫يقصده المتكلم في المستقبل‬ ‫ يكون الزمن الذي يقصده المتكلم هو‬past perfect ‫( وعندما يكون الفعل بعدهم في ال‬3 .‫الحاضر‬ : ‫ وهذه أمثلة أخرى للتوضيح‬، ‫الماضي‬

I didn't know that you were ill. If I'd known that you were ill, I'd have gone to see you. I didn't know that you were ill. I wish (if only) I'd known that you were ill, then I'd have gone to see you. 63

: ‫ولتجميع كله في أمثلة واحدة متشابهة‬ 1) If he goes to the club tomorrow, I'll meet him. Unless he goes to the club tomorrow, I'll not meet him. I wish (if only) he goes to the club tomorrow, then I'll meet him. 2) If I were you, I would pray every time. (H.K.) Unless I were you, I would not pray every time. I wish (if only) I were you, then I would pray every time. 3) If he had informed the police, he would not have been killed. Unless he had informed the police, he would have been killed. I wish (if only) he had told the police, then he would not have been killed. H.W. complete the following If they went home, she would see them Unless ___________________________________________________ I wish (if only) _____________________________________________ ‫ التي تعني‬only if ‫ وبين‬، wish ‫ التي تعني‬if only ‫ يجب التمييز بين‬: ‫ ملحوظة‬--: ‫ مثال‬، as long as , or , provided that , or , providing that You may use my car as long as (but only if) you drive carefully. [

Letters

[Meena

‫خطابات‬

" ‫ وهو بالطبع يكون مرفق لل "السيرة الذاتية" أي ال‬، ‫وسنكتب جواب تقديم على عمل‬ : ‫ وقد تختلف الصيغة قليل ولكن الكثر استخداما هو‬، (".C. V" ‫" )أو ال‬resume Dear sir or Madam, I would like to apply for (to work for) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . Sincerely yours Magdy Youssef (.Dear

Sir (Dear Madam), (H.K ‫ ممكن نبدأ ب‬--: ‫ بأي واحدة مما يأتي‬sincerely yours ‫ وممكن نختم بدل‬--Yours sincerely / yours respectfully / respectfully yours. (‫ عنوان المستلم )المرسل إليه‬، Dear sir ‫ وممكن أن نضع على الشمال فوق‬--. Dear sir ‫ وممكن أيضا نضع التاريخ على اليمين أعلى من‬، ‫والتاريخ‬ ‫ ونضع تحتهم الوظيفة‬،‫ على اليسار‬،‫ أو بدائلها‬sincerely yours ‫ وممكن أن نضع‬--. Job title ‫أو الرتبة الحالية‬ .‫ نكمل بكتابة الوظيفة المطلوبة ورقم اعلنها‬Dear sir ‫ وممكن في أول سطر تحت‬--:‫نلخص كل ما فات بانه من الممكن أن يكون الجواب كالتي‬

………………. 12 Rameses St. Cairo , Egypt

November 13, 2003 64

Dear Sir or Madam, I would like to apply to work for (‫ )جهة العمل‬, as a "Construction Engineer", Job announcement # 1234. … …. ………

……… ………………………... …… ………… ………… …………… . Respectfully yours Magdy Youssef Project manager

‫السيرة الذاتية‬ Resume (C.V.) [Meena] . resume ‫" في العنوان بدل‬.C. V" ‫لحظ انه يمكن كتابة‬ : ‫وعادة تكون السيرة الذاتية كالتي‬

Name : Telephone # : E-mail address : Mailing address : Objective : Education : Experience : (start with the most recent job or the current job , and write the date , for instance :) (H.K.)

From: November 2001- To: Now (or may 2003) (then describe your job)

…………. ……. …………. ….. ………….. ……….... From: June 2000 – To: November 2001 [Meena] ……….. …………. …….. ……. ………. … …………… Interests and skills : H.W. There is a job vacancy for an accountant , and you want to apply , write your C.V. and the attached letter. Street directions : Excuse me , how can I get to ABC club? / go straight ahead , make left at this coming square , then turn right on the second street , it'll be on your left hand side . 65

Eating : I'll have big breakfast this morning / what will you have for breakfast ? / bread and butter and fried eggs with sausages / tea or coffee ? / tea with milk please . (H.K.) Everyday life : Have the children left for school , honey ? / yes , they have , darling . I'm going to make the beds and clean the living room . / and I'll help some before going to work / oh yes , you must hurry , the traffic is very heavy today . -- How about going out for a walk after dinner ? / that is fine and tomorrow we'll go to see some friends . -- It's bedtime / not yet dad / ok. , come , take off your clothes and put on your pajamas . -- Where is he ? / At the bank / where is the bank ? / on 33 Ramses st. -- That is a nice watch, where is it from, Japan? / No, from Italy . -- Good morning mother / good morning son / where are my sandwiches ? / come and have breakfast at the table , it is better for your health . -- Are you going downtown tomorrow ? / Yes, I am / may you get a train ticket for I'll be working many hours all this week. / ok. -- Now that the school year has come to an end, how will you spend the summer vacation? / I'll go to U.S.A / who are you going to visit there? / my family. -- Do you want me to bring you anything for lunch? / No, thanks I had eaten a sandwich before I left home. -- Have you ever been to London? / Yes, I went there once and I have travelled to U.S. many times. -- Are Ahmed and George doing their homeworks? / no, they aren't / what are they doing? / they are playing on the computer / since when? / they have been doing this since six o'clock (for 3 hours now). Comprehension: The concept of love The best thing in the world is to love God and love everyone through or within our love for God. It is great to love our parents, life partener, children, friends, and everyone, and even our enemies. We should love them as we said , through and within our love to God. Therefore, love should be wise and spiritual, for there are kinds of false love that may cause harm and may destroy a lot of things. True love wants always to give as to receive. What may false love cause? _____________________________________ __________________________________________________________ What is the greatest thing? ______________________________________ __________________________________________________________ About the following topic: Virtues and vices with other concepts. 66

1) Write a dialogue between you and one or more of your friends (at least 5 lines). 2) Write an essay (at least 7 lines).

Level 12 [Meena]

(H.K.)

Direct and Indirect Speech Statements 2) Questions 3) Commands (1 : ‫سندرسه في الثلث حالت‬ : ‫ يكون حسب الجدول التي‬indirect ‫ لل‬direct ‫وببساطة نقول ان التحويل من ال‬ Direct [Meena] 1 2 3 4 5

Indirect

Present (simple, continuous) Will (H.K.) Past simple or present perfect Would + infinitive(‫)المصدر‬ Fact (‫)حقيقة أو واقع‬

Past (simple, continuous) Would Past perfect Would have + past participle Stays the same (‫)تبقى كما هي‬

: ‫ كالتي‬indirect ‫ لل‬direct ‫وبعض الكلمات يتم تغييرها أيضا من ال‬ + This – that / these – those / here – there / now – then ( at that time ) / come – go, go – go, came-went, went-went / ago – before / today – that day / tomorrow – the next day, the day after , the following day / yesterday – the day before, the previous day / may – might . [Meena] : ‫وبالنسبة للكلمات التية تظل كما هي‬ Must , might , could , would , should , ought : (‫والمثلة التالية توضح هذه القواعد )المثلة التالية مرتبة حسب ترتيب القواعد في الجدول السابق‬ 1) Statements (said to -- / told -- that) 1) Mark said to me, "I am learning French" - direct He told me that he was learning French - indirect (reported) 2) He said to Mary, "I will come tomorrow" He told Mary that he would go the next day . 3) He said to me, "I finished my work" He told me that he had finished his work . 67

4) He said, "If I had the money , I would buy a house" . He said that if he had had the money he would have bought a house . 5) When what is said is a fact, it remains the same. He said, "The triangle has 3 sides" (H.K.) He said that the triangle has 3 sides . 2) Questions (said to -- / asked – if, asked --, wanted to know ) --- Roushdy said, "What time do the banks close?" He wanted to know what time the banks closed. --- John said to me, "Are you playing now?" He asked me if I was (were) playing at that time. --- The policeman said to us, "Where are you going?" He asked us where we were going --- "Did you speak French?" He said to me. He asked me if I had spoken French. 3) Commands (said to -- / ordered -- to , requested --to , asked -- to) --- He said to me, "Go away" He ordered me to go away [Meena] --- He said to him, "Play the piano, please" He requested him to play the piano. --- He said to them, "Don’t shut the door" He asked them not to shut the door. All the previous examples are when what was said , was in the past (said to), but if the act is in the present (say) or in the future (will say) , the sentence does not change . Ex: 1) He says , "This work is too difficult" He says that this work is too difficult. (H.K.) 2) He will say, "This work is too difficult" He will say that this work is too difficult. H.W. rewrite the following sentences in the indirect form: [Meena] 1) They said "We are students" / They __________________________ 2) He said "I'll be playing football tomorrow" _____________________ _______________________________________________________ 3) She said "I've just finished" _________________________________ 4) we say "she is beautiful" ___________________________________ 5) you will say "He is smart" __________________________________ 6) They said to me "Are you the English teacher?" __________________ ________________________________________________________ 7) I said to him "Go away" ____________________________________

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N.B .: 1) It is always better to use the direct speech, than the indirect speech. 2) It's not always necessary to change the verb when we change the direct into the indirect speech (the reported speech) especially if we are reporting (saying) something and we feel that it is still true or still happening : (H.K.) Ex: Ahmed said "I want to go to Egypt" Ahmed said (that) he wants (or wanted) to go to Egypt. Zaki said "I woke up feeling ill and so I stayed in bed" Zaki said (that) he woke (or had woken) up feeling ill and so he stayed (or had stayed) in bed.

: ‫كلمات متشابهة وتوضيح الفروق بينها في جمل‬

(‫ )ضروري محاولة وضع كل منهم في جملة أخرى‬.H.W Above / over : who live in the flat above you? / the lamp is over the desk Near / beside / next to : our house is near the sea / we sit beside each others / our house is next to the bank. [Meena] Below / under (underneath) : the temperature is below freezing point / put it under the table (H.K.) [Meena] In front of / opposite / before : behave in a better way before the children / our house is opposite the bank / put matters before God in prayers Too / enough (too comes before the adjective but enough comes after it) : Magdy is too young to go to school Magdy can't go to school this year because he is not old enough. May / might : might is the past of may , and sometimes it is used when there is less possibility , and also for politeness . Ex : Where is your brother today? he may be at work. What is he doing now? He might be watching TV. Should (ought to) / must : [Meena] You should (ought to) do it ‫المفروض )يستحسن( تعملها‬ You must do it ‫لزم تعملها‬ Deed / work / job / occupation / career (‫ )مهنة الحياة العملية للنسان‬/profession (‫مهنة النسان التي درسهاأو‬ ‫)تدرب عليها‬: Ex : repent of your evil deeds / he wants to finish his work now / he wants to get a good fulltime job / what is your occupation? I'm a doctor / he started his career 3 years ago / teaching is a profession. Leave / stop / forsake (leave forever) / quit (stop and leave) : Ex : she left her book on the desk / you must stop this loud noise / they all forsook him after he had become poor / he quit smoking Speak / talk : 69

Ex : do you speak English / speak good things / it is I who speak / I'll not talk much with you because I have something to do / this is he whom you need to talk to . Like / as : (like is followed by a noun or a pronoun / as is followed by subject + verb) Ex : It is like the other one / like me (you, him, her, it, us, them) / like this (that, these, those) / like someone (or something) Write it as it is / just as I told you / stay as you are / as usual / as you know. NB. Sometimes we also put a noun after as : 1) when we talk about someone's job, or 2) how we use something Ex : 1) He worked as a bus driver. 2) This hotel was used as a hospital. "A few" , "many" and "a lot of" are used with countable plural nouns , ex: she bought a few pens "A little" , "much" and "a lot of" are used with uncountable nouns ex : please , I need a little rest.

Things to know

‫ في حالة‬in case of / ‫ علشان لو‬in case

After "in case" comes "subject + verb" , but after "in case of" comes "noun"

--- He wears two watches in case one of them stops. We bought more food in case they came. We rang the bell again in case they hadn't heard the first time. --- In case of emergency , telephone this number. during ‫ وبين‬while ‫الفرق بين‬ After while comes "subject + verb" , but after during comes "noun"

Ex: He ate while he was watching TV. He ate during the film [Meena]

: ‫استخدامات بعض الكلمات‬ "need" ‫استخدامات كلمة‬ I need to rest. / I needed to rest / the house needs cleaning I don't need to rest / I didn't need to rest / the house doesn't need cleaning [Meena] I needn't rest / I needn't have rested (it wasn't necessary but I rested) / the house needn't cleaning. : "mind" ‫استخدامات كلمة‬ Keep (bear, have) in mind to do it tomorrow Keep (set) your mind on your work. Turn (put) your mind to it. She took her mind off her sorrow Have you made up your mind yet? No, I'm still in two minds about it He is out of his mind (he's mad) I'm sorry , I broke the bottle . Never (don't) mind, we'll get another one.

Conversations: 70

At the airport : I'd like to check in for flight number 758 that is going to London / ok., may I have your ticket and passport? / sure , here you are / thanks , the boarding time is ten fifteen , and here is your boarding pass / thank you . The customs : Which is your luggage ? / this is my luggage , two suitcases and a handbag / have you anything to declare ? / yes I have a mobile phone and some presents . Ordering goods from a supermarket : Yes, please , I'd like some goods to be sent to my home / sure sir , can I take your home address / yea, I live in 33 Rameses St. , second floor appartment # 4 / good , and what would you like? / I need a bottle of milk , three kilos of rice , one coffee creamer medium size and a bag of sugar . Tourism : Where are you from ? / I'm from Cairo, Egypt / oh, that's great, I'd love to visit Egypt sometime / you're very welcome, and you'll find good hospitality from all Egyptians there At the railway station : Can I help you? / yes please, I'd like a ticket to Aswan / what day and time ? / next Monday at 7:00 am. (in the morning) / first or second class? / first class / ok. here you are / thank you / you're very welcome. (H.K.) At the doctor's clinic : Doctor , my eyes hurt me much / how long have you had this? / for about a week now / don't worry , let me see / they get red especially when I use the computer / I'll give you eye drops , you should use it two times a day and everything will be ok. / Thank you. Comprehension : How to spend leisure time : Leisure time can be useful or harmful. Among the useful things that suits leisure time , to those who can read and like reading , is to read. It is important to choose such a reading that is useful for building your personality intellectually, spiritually and socially … . Another method is listening, listen to your father and mother, to friends, to cassette tapes and to the T.V., but in all this you should choose useful things for you. No objection at all to getting some entertainment , amusement, rest or relaxation, for all these things are also useful and no one can continuously concentrate, be serious, or be in tension all the time. To summarize the whole matter , everything can be useful to me if I do it the right way, in the right place and in the best time. Is there a problem of getting some rest? ___________________________ __________________________________________________________ What is useful for us? _________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ Is reading useful to everyone? ___________________________________ __________________________________________________________ 71

About: How can we, easily, learn and be excellent at English 1) Write a dialogue between you and one or more of your friends (at least 7 lines). 2) Write an essay (at least 10 lines). Speaking English : [Meena] Now , after you have studied this book by heart and have memorized everything in it , can you speak , read and write English good? / yes, sure , not only good but very good , now I'm excellent and brilliant at English / could you make up your own conversations as you need in your daily life? / of course / will you help others learning English? / sure, I will / will you do this honestly / Yes, I promise to do it honestly , so that God may also help me when I'm in need / very good , you are a good person , may God be with you / and also with you sir / thank you / thank you sir very much .

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