Land Degradation

Drought Land Degradation

Poverty

Illiteracy

Water is the Key-Issue An Entry Point

Integrated Watershed Management

Soil Erosion -4 tones / Ha-Average

Soil Erosion -About 16.35 tones / Ha/year -is happening due to poor SWC Measures

5334 million tones per year

Category ` ` ` ` ` ` ` `

Water Erosion Wind Erosion Water Logging Salinity/ Alkalinity Soil Acidity Complex Problem Total Degraded Area Rainfed Arable land

Extent 93.68 9.48 14.30 5.94 16.03 7.38 146.82 85

Average Size of Holding: 1976-77

2.00ha

1980-81

1.82ha

PER CAPITA CULTIVABLE LAND:

1950-51

0.48 ha

1981

0.20 ha

2000

0.14

Land availability per capita by 2020-0.07 ha

Orissa Ind. 2000 By 2020

.39 ha .13 ha .06 ha

Catchment Name of the area Reservoir sq/km.

Annual rate of silting, t/ha Design Observed

Hirakud

82,652

3.78

9.42

Bhakra Tungbhadra Gandhi Sagar

58,875, 25,832

6.43 6.43

9.21 9.81

21,873

5.41

9.03

9,816

3.7

15

Panchet

Total Forest cover - 31.06% Tree cover - 4.10% Very Dense forest0.18%(288sqkm) Moderately dense- 17.91 Open forest- 12.97% Mangrove- 0.13%

Per capita Forest WORLDs average Forest During 2005 India Orissa

0.14 ha 1.08 ha

0.07 ha 19% 37.33%

F - Flora & Fauna, Food O- Oxygen R- Rainfall, Recreation E - Environment, employment S - Soil Erosion, Shelter, Shadow T- Temperature, Tree

Water saves Plant Plants Yield Food Food save Life Life needs Livelihood

“WATER IS LIFE”

1.1 billion(110 cr) people worldwide lack access to adequate clean water. About 2.2 billion(220 cr) don’t have sanitation Daily water requirment-2-4lit/day/person 2000-5000 litres water produce-1 person’s food per day 1000-3000 litres water produce -1 kilo rice Costal salinity and fluoride contamination in ground water India receives 400 mha m of rain water annually Nearly 160 mha m falls on agril. Land Around 24 Mha m rainwater is available for harvesting in small-scale WHSs 1000 mm rainfall potentially produce 6.32 Mha m harvestable runoff Net irrigated area-48.8 Mha

:1400 million km3

Total Water

Fresh water

:2.53%(35 million km3

World's Water Usage water use %

100 50 0

World

Europe

Africa

India

Agriculture

69

33

88

83

Industry

23

54

5

12

Domestic use

8

13

7

5

Broad Scenario

Agriculture

Industry

Domestic use

Population, millions

Fresh water,K M3

Per capita fresh water, 1000 m3

1994

2025

2050

1994

1994

2025

2050

Brazil

150.1

230.3

264.3

6950

46.3

30.18

26.3

Canada

29.1

38.3

39.9

2901

99.69

75.74

72.7

China

1191

1526.1

1606

2800

2.35

1.83

1.74

Indonesia

189.9

275.9

318.6

2530

13.32

9.17

7.94

Bangladesh

117.8

196.1

238.5

2357

20

12.02

9.88

India

913.6

1392.1

1639.1

2085

2.28

1.5

1.27

Japan

124.8

121.6

110

547

4.38

4.5

4.97

UK

58.1

61.5

61.5

120

2.07

1.95

1.95

Egypt

57.6

97.3

117.4

59

1.02

0.6

0.5

Argentina

34.2

46.1

53.1

994

29.06

21.56

18.71

Country

Biswaas.A.K. 1998, Water Resources Environmental Planning, Management and Development, Pub. Tata McGraw-Hill Pub, New Delhi

PRODUCT

UNIT

EQUIVALENT WATER (m3 per unit)

Cattle Sheep & goats fresh beef fresh poultry cereals palm oil citrus fruits pulses,roots & rubber

head head kg kg kg kg kg

4,000 500 15 6 1.5 2 1

kg

1

Source: FAO,1997,Published in the UN World Water Development Report

Virtual water introduced by Tony Allan in the early 1990s. VW-Volume of water required to produce a commodity or service. Paddy-120 cm water, if water priced at 1 paise a litre, it costs Rs. 1,20,000 for growing paddy in one ha. land

Commodity

Virtual Water

1 cup of coffee

140 litres

1 litre of milk

800 litres

1 kg maize

900 litres

1 kg of wheat

1100 litres

1 kg of rice

3000 litres

1 kg sugar

3200 litres

Rain water 400 mhm 4.5% Direct use-Agriculture Drinking Water Other needs

Evaporation-27%

Runoff-58% Ground water-15%

4.5% Storage in Reserves & Tanks

49% Bay of Bengal

Total Water on Earth

Fresh water 3% Fresh w ater Saline w ater

Saline water 97%

First layer of WT is 6 - 9 m deep and highly contaminated. Second layer 18 -21 m has traces of mica, making it naturally contaminated.

Ground water above 800m) 11%

Lakes, River & Streams 1% Glaciers & Ice

Ground water below 800m) 11%

Ground water below 800m) Ground water above 800m) Lakes, River & Streams Glaciers & Ice 77%

Sl.No. Items 1 Forest 2 Miscellaneous Trees & Groves

(Area in lakh hectares) Area 58.13 3.42

3

Permanent Pasture

4.94

4

Culturable waste

3.75

5

Land Put to Non-Agriculture

12.98

6

Barren & un-culturable land

8.4

7 8 9

Current fallow Other fallow Net Area Sown Total Geographical Area

10 11 12

Gross cropped area Cropping Intensity (%) Normal Rainfall Normal Rainydays Fertiliser Consumption

5.56 2.29 56.24 155.71 90.09 160 1451.2 mm 69.3 47 kg/ha

(Area in 000 hectares) Sl.No.

Items

Area

1

Forest

69700

2

Area not available for cultivation

42218

3

Uncultivated land excluding fallow land

26999

4

Total fallow land

26043

5

Net Area Sown

140883

6

Total Cropped Area

190644

7

Total Geographical Area

328726

Cropping Intensity (%)

135.3

Fertiliser Consumption

104.50 kg/ha

Restoration of Alps Movement – Europe-19th Century

Conservation MovementUSA-1930s

INDIA- Damodar Valley Corporation (DVC)+ Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)+ ICAR Southern Bihar 1951

Priority

MWS

= 3298 = 2962

= 3298

= 2569

= 2962

= 1274

= 2569

= 2311

= 1274

= 3142

= 2311

= 4523

= 3142 = 4523

85˚35’E

AREA OF INTEREST

85˚40’E

20˚10’N 20˚10’N

20˚05’N 20˚05’N 85˚35’E

85˚40’E

W‐watershed ??? Geo‐hydrological unit draining water to a common point Watershed is that area from which all rain water runoff  flows  into a single stream A geographical unit or piece of land which drains at a  common point Watershed is a definite area from which the entire rain drains  out through a single outlet.

Watershed What is a watershed?

“a Geohydrological unit having a common drainage point” A basin, catchments, mini µ-watershed

Micro Watershed Boundary Delineated as per satellite image

W A T E R S H E D

Common Discharge Point

Ridge Line

CODIFICATION OF WATERSHED

W A TRegion Basin E Catchment Sub-catchment R 04     00   00          00                       00            00               00                   00 S Watershed H Sub-watershed Mini-watershed E Micro-watershed D

TYPES OF WATERSHED 1. Drainage area more than 300 lakh hectares –Region 2. Drainage area between ‐30 to 300 lakh hectares ‐Basin 3. Drainage area between ‐10 to 30 lakh hectares with a  4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

number of tributaries of 1st, 2nd, 3rd,4th, &5th‐‐‐‐‐Catchment Drainage area – 2 to 10 lakh ha—Sub‐catchment Drainage with secondary river of .5 to 2 lakh ha. ‐‐‐‐ Watershed Drainage area in between 10 to 50 thousand ha.‐‐‐‐Sub‐ Watershed Drainage area in between 1 to 10 thousand ha.‐‐‐‐Macro‐ Watershed Drainage area in between 100 to 1000 ha.‐‐‐micro‐ Watershed But we consider 500 ha. (average) as ‐‐ micro‐watershed

W A T E R S H E D

WATER RESOURCE REGION AND RIVER BASINS OF INDIA

1

6 2

3

5 4 SN   Water Resource Regions 1       Indus drainage  2       Ganges drainage 3       Brahmaputra drainage 4       All drainage flowing into Bay of Bengal except those at 2 & 3 5       All drainage flowing into Arabian Sea except that at 1 6      Western Rajasthan mostly ephemeral  drainage

WATERSHED

PART OF REGION MAP

W A T E R S H E D

ORISSA STATE IS COMING  UNDER WATER RESOURCES  REGION NO ‐ 04 04 –All rivers flowing into  Bay of Bengal except Ganges  and Brahmaputra

W A T E R S H E D

BASIN MAP

Orissa is Divided  into four basins 0405 – Godabari (Indravati, Sabari, Sileru 0406 ‐ Nagabali and Bansadhara 0407 – Mahanadi 0408 – Subarnarekha, Budhabalanga, Baitarini and Brahmani

CATCHMENT  MAP

W A T E R S H E D

Orissa is Divided  into Nine Catchments Basin  0405 – 0406 ‐ 0407 – 0408 –

No. of Catchments 2 2 2 3

SUB‐CATCHMENT  MAP

W A T E R S H E D

Orissa is Divided  into Thirty Seven Sub‐ Catchments

Objectives y Develop five capitals ( Human, Social, Natural, Physical 

and Financial) y Poverty reduction and alleviation  y Judicious use of available resources like land, water, and  plant y Eco‐restoration/ improve natural resources y Improve the Soil and Moisture regime through SWC  measures. y Common Property Resources (CPR) management  y Capacity building of Primary and secondary  stakeholders y Improve the agricultural productivity, production and  farm incomes

Community Mobilization‐

Development of Natural Resource 

¾ Confidence building measures ¾ Entry Point Activities ¾ Institutional Building

¾ Ridge to valley ¾ Water to walk‐not to run ¾ Use land as per its potential ¾ Treat land as per its capability ¾ Development of Common Property 

Resources

Capacity Building – ¾ Training (Human Capital) ¾

Exposure Visit ¾ Skill transfer and Up  gradation

Enhancement of livelihoods ¾ Ensuring Socio‐economic  development, equity and Social  Justice to weaker group with  emphasis on gender ¾ Conflict Resolution

Convergence A movement towards  Sustainability

Watershed management emphasizes…. y Productivity y Equity y Sustainability y Gender neutrality y Social harmony  y Accountability y Responsibility

Why Participation Past Experience Failure of projects Failure of socio‐economic  condition Not addressed properly to the  poor people Top down approach Beyond reality Less involvement of people

Present Ethics ‘WE’ feeling To understand ground reality Sharing peoples Experience  Real need based planning Bottom up planning

People participate ‐‐ when Clear cut idea and message on the project Project objectives and goal Address properly the people’s need Types of benefit Demand based Facilitator role and responsibility  Project time & cost

Village Meeting Planning process

Field Survey

Monitoring

Peoples Participation

Decision Making

Coordination

Control

Prioritization & Execution

Negotiation

The SL Framework

Livelihood Capital Assets

Human Social

Physical Vulnerability Context • Shocks • Trends • Seasons

Natural

Financial

Policies & Institutions (Transforming Structures & Processes) • Structures - Government - Private Sector • Processes - Laws - Policies - Culture - Institutions

Livelihood Outcomes • + Sustainable use of NR base • + Income • + Well-being • - Vulnerability • + Food security

Livelihood Strategies

Vulnerability Context The external environment in which people  exist y Trends ‐ population, resources, economic,  governance, technology y Shocks ‐ illness, natural disaster, economic,  conflict, crop / livestock pests & diseases y Seasons ‐ prices, production, health,  employment

Âto be more holistic ‐ poor people lead complex lives

Âto be dynamic ‐ like the threats and opportunities the poor face

Âto build on their inherent potential ‐ rather than what they have not got

Âto consider macro‐micro links ‐ because people are affected by policies

Âto mainstream sustainability ‐ environmental, economic, social, institutional

What are these ‘assets’ then? Human capital ‐ skills, knowledge & info., ability to work,  health 

Natural capital ‐ land, water, wildlife, biodiversity,  environment

Financial capital ‐ savings, credit, remittances, pensions Physical capital ‐ transport, shelter,  water, energy,  communications

Social capital ‐ networks, groups, trust, access to institutions

Livelihood Outcomes ‐ what are people seeking to achieve? ÂMore sustainable use of the NR base ÂMore income ÂIncreased well‐being ÂReduced vulnerability ÂImproved food security

TREATMENT OF SLOPES ALONE?

Thrusts….. y New Innovations in processes and approaches y Replicable y Cross Sharing of experiences/knowledge blending  y Technical Inputs y Consultancies y Capacity building of Primary & Secondary Stake 

holders

y Community mobilization  y Collection of baseline information  y PRA exercises  y Analysis of data/ information  y Identification of constraints & opportunities  y Situation Analysis y Problem Analysis  y Negotiation with the community  & Action Plan  y Documentation & Approval  y Action

y Watershed development plans began to adopt

approach wherein the local people wholeheartedly participate in planning and execution of the watershed development programme.

Rapport Building

Baseline Information

Social Map

Resource Map

Time Line 

Seasonality

Mobility

Forward and backward Linkage W/S Possible Interventions

• Dairy • Aquaculture • Goataery • Duckery • Poultry • Apiary • Mushroom • Fruit preservation • On-season/ off- season Vegetable cultivation 10. NTFP 11. Agro-forestry System

Convergence Of Services 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

NGOs Livestock Dept. Agriculture Dept. Horticulture Dept. KVK RRTTS Other Govt. Schemes Financial Institutions Market/Traders

Challenges…… y Equity and access y Benefit sharing y Health and sanitation y Development of Common Property Resources y Conflict Resolution mechanisms y + support to vulnerable section y Gender y Convergence

SUSTAINABILITY ?

Go to the people, Live with them, Learn from them, Love them, Start with what they know, Build with what they have, But with the best leaders. When the work is done, The task accomplished The people will say “We have done this ourselves” ‐Laotsu‐700 B.C.