Lab Report Group 3

shes 1270 Biology practical INSTITUTE OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA GROUP : FRUITY VALLEY ROAD LECTURER:Prof Madya Dr Fauziah Abdullah MALRUPI B. SANGKILING MOHAMAD ISHAM B. ISMAIL MOHAMAD TAQIYUDDIN B.OMAR FAIRUZ BT ABDUL RAHMAN NIK ZAHARAH BT NIK HUSIN NOOR HASNI BT MOHD FADZIL NOR AFIFAH BT HABLI NUR SUHAIDA BT ABDULLAH@MOHAMED SITI FAIRUS BT HASSAN

IES 080021 IES 080024 IES 080025 IES 080012 IES 080048 IES 080049 IES 080052 IES 080064 IES 080083

SURIYANI BT AHMAD

IES 080091

TITLE Insect sampling in orchard area, Botanical Garden using Malaise Trap INTRODUCTION A Malaise trap is a large, tent-like structure that used for trapping flying insects particularly Hymenoptera and Diptera. The trap is made of a material such as terylene netting that are able to trap insects in it. Insects fly into the tent wall and because it trapped and cannot go elsewhere, it was funneled into a collection container attached to highest point. Malaise trap was invented in 1934 by René Malaise. INSECTS Class Insecta is the largest class of arthropods and the only ones with wings. They are the dominant group of animals on the earth today where over a million described species. Insects are extremely important to man by their pollinating activities they make possible the production of many agricultural crops, including fruits and vegetables; they provide human with honey and silk although a few of them may cause losses and harmful to human health and food sources. Insects possess segmented bodies supported by an exoskeleton, a hard outer covering made mostly of chitin. The segments of the body are organized

into three distinctive but interconnected units, or tagmata; a head, a thorax, and an abdomen. The head supports a pair of sensory antennae, a pair of compound eyes, if present, one to three simple eyes, if present, ( ocelli ) and three sets of variously modified appendages that form the mouthparts. The thorax has six segmented legs (one pair each for the prothorax, mesothorax and the metathorax segments making up the thorax) and two or four wings (if present in the species). The abdomen (made up of eleven segments some of which may be reduced or fused) has most of the digestive, respiratory, excretory and reproductive internal structures. The oldest insect fossils date from the Devonian period which began 416 millions years ago. During this time they have evolved in many directions to become adapted to life in almost every type of habitats.

CLASSIFICATION OF INSECTS INSECT

DICONDYLIA

MONOCONDYLIA

PTERYGOTA

THYSANURA

NEOPTERA

PALEOPTERA ORDONATA

ORTHOPTERA

BLATTARIA

LEPIDOPTERA

DIPTERA

COLEOPTERA

HIMEPTERA

HYMENOPTERA

Hymenoptera is one of the larger orders of insects, comprising the sawflies, wasps, bees, and ants. The winged members of this order have four membranous wings; the hind wings are smaller than the front wings and have a row of tiny hooks (hamuli) on their anterior margin by which the hind wing attached to the front wing. The name refers to the membranous wings of the insects, and was derived from the Ancient Greek, humen: membrane and pteron: wing. The antennae usually contain ten or more segments and are generally fair long. Only female can sting. Diptera, from the Greek, di: two, and pteron: wing, possessing a single pair of wings on the mesothorax and a pair of halteres which is the hind wings that are

reduced to small knobbed structures on the metathorax, function as organ of equilibrium. The presence of a single pair of wings distinguishes true flies from other insects with "fly" in their name, such as mayflies, dragonflies, damselflies, stoneflies, whiteflies, fireflies, alderflies, dobsonflies, snakeflies, sawflies, caddisflies, butterflies,calliphorid flys or scorpionflies. In common names of Diptera, the “fly” of the name is written as a separate word. Diptera is a large order, containing an estimated 240,000 species of mosquitos, gnats, midges and others. The majority of the Diptera are relatively small and soft-bodied insects. It is one of the major insect orders both in terms of ecological and human (medical and economic) importance. The Diptera, in particular the mosquitoes, are of great importance as disease transmitters, acting as vectors for malaria and other infectious diseases, other Diptera aid in the pollination of useful plants and some are enemies of noxious weeds. The mouth parts of Diptera are the sucking type, but there is considerable variation in mouth part structure within the order. In many flies, the mouth parts piercing, in others they are sponging or lapping, and in a few flies, the mouth part are so poorly developed as to be nonfunctional. Lepidoptera is an order of insect that includes moths and butterflies. They are most readily recognized by the scales on the wings, which come off like dust on one’s fingers when the insects are handled; most of the body and legs are also covered with scales. This order has more than 180,000 species. The name is derived from Ancient Greek λεπίδος (scale) and πτερόν (wing). The Lepidoptera

are of considerable economic importance. Natural silk is the product of a member of this order.

Coleoptera from Greek, koleos, "sheath"; and pteron, "wing", thus "sheathed wing", Estimates put the total number of species, described and undescribed, at between 5 and 8 million. These insects vary in length from less than a millimeter up to about 3 inches. The beetles vary considerably in habitats, and are able to be found almost everywhere. One of the most distinctive features of the Coleoptera is the structure of the wings. Most beetles have four wings, with the front pair thickened, leathery, or hard and brittle, and usually meeting in a straight line down the middle of the back and covering the hind wings. The hind wings are membranous, usually longer than the front wings, and at rest, are usually folded up under the front wings. The front wings of a beetle are called elytra, normally serve only as protective sheaths; the hind wings are the only ones ordinarily used for flight. Blattaria, this name derives from the Latin word for "cockroach", blatta. There are about 4,000 species of cockroach, of which 30 species are associated with human habitations and about four species are well known as pests. They can usually be recognized by their oval flattened shape, the head concealed under the pronotum, and long hairlike antennae. The wings may well developed, reduced, or absent; the females of many species have shorter wings than the males. These insects are rather general feeders.

Hemiptera comprising around 80,000 species of cicadas, aphids, planthoppers, leafhoppers, shield bugs, and others. They range in size from 1 mm to around 15 cm, and share a common arrangement of sucking mouthparts. The defining feature of hemipterans is their possession of mouthparts where the mandibles and maxillae have evolved into a proboscis, sheathed within a modified labium to form a "beak" or "rostrum" which is capable of piercing tissues (usually plant tissues) and sucking out the liquids, typically sap. One of the most distinctive features of the Hemiptera, and one front which the order gets its name, is the structure of the front wings. In most Hemiptera the basal portion of the front wing is thickened and leathery, and the apical portion is membranous, this type of wing is called a hemelytron. The hind wings are entirely membranous and slightly shorter than the front wings. The wings at rest are held flat over the abdomen, with membranous tips of the front wings overlapping. The antennae are fairly long in most of the Hemiptera and consist of four or five segments. Orthoptera, from the Greek, orthos : "straight" and pteron : "wing" are an order of insects with paurometabolous or incomplete metamorphosis, including the grasshoppers, crickets and locusts. Many insects in this order produce sound (known as a "stridulation") by rubbing their wings against each other or their legs, the wings or legs containing rows of corrugated bumps. The tympanum or ear is located in the front tibia in crickets, mole crickets, and katydids. These organisms use vibrations to locate other individuals. The Orthoptera may be winged or wingless, and the winged forms usually have four wings. The forewings or tegmina are narrower than the hind wings and hardened at the base. They are

held overlapping the abdomen at rest. The hind wing is membranous and held folded fan-like under the forewings when at rest. They have mandibulate mouthparts, large compound eyes, antennae length varies with species. Their saltatorial hind legs are elongated for jumping. MATERIALS AND METHOD

1. Malaise trap was set up in Rimba Ilmu 48m from the valley road. A location map drawn based on this location. 2. 70 % alcohol put into the collection container and was placed at the highest point in the Malaise Trap. 3. After 5 days, all trapped insects collected from the collection container were put into a plastic bag. 4. The insects are observed using hand lens and the orders of the insects identified. 5. 99 % alcohol put into each of the black cap bottle and all the insects were put into it according to their order. 6. Each individuals of each order were count and all the data filled into a table. 7. All the insects that have been classified into orders were observed again and then sorted into families according to their morphological features. . Species that unidentified were given a code with alphabets. 8. About 1 - 2 ml alcohols were put into the white cup bottle and the bottle labeled with order and family species.

9. All the insects were put into the white cup bottle according to their families. 10. Every individual in every family counted and the data filled into a table. 11. Picture each of the insect of each family captured. 12. From all the data, the Margalef index, Simpson diversity index and Shannon Weaver index were used to calculate the abundance and diversity of the insects: Margalef Index = (S – 1) / In (N) S = Number of species N = Total number of individuals The higher value of Margalef index, the more abundant the species at the sampling area. Simpson index (D) = ∑ ni (ni – 1) / N (N – 1) ni = Number of individuals of species observed N = Total number of individuals in the family Shannon index (H) = - ∑ pi In (pi) pi = Frequency of the species of the i’th individual In = Natural log

RESULT

Order Hymenoptera

No. of individual 41

Coleoptera Lepidoptera Diptera Blatidae Orthoptera Total

8 5 29 4 1 88

Insect

Order

Family

Species

Individual

Hymenoptera

Coleoptera

Lepidoptera

a

Hymenop A

19

b

Hymenop B

1

c

Hymenop C

2

d

Hymenop D

3

e

Hymenop E

1

f

Hymenop F

3

g

Hymenop G

1

h

Hymenop H

1

i

Hymenop I

2

j

Hymenop J

1

k

Hymenop K

1

l

Hymenop L

1

m

Hymenop M

1

n

Hymenop N

1

o

Hymenop O

1

p

Hymenop P

1

q a

Hymenop Q Coleop A

1 2

b

Coleop B

3

c

Coleop C

1

d

Coleop D

1

e

Coleop E

1

a

Lepidop A

2

b

Lepidop B

3

Diptera

Blatidae

Orthoptera

a

Dip A

1

b

Dip B

1

c

Dip C

1

d

Dip D

1

e

Dip E

3

f

Dip F

1

g

Dip G

1

h

Dip H

1

i

Dip I

14

j

Dip J

1

k

Dip K

1

l

Dip L

1

m

Dip M

1

n a

Dip N Blati A

1 1

b

Blati B

2

c a

Blati C Orthop A

1 1

Calculation of Margalef Index, Simpson Diversity Index and Shannon Weaver Index

Margalef Index -

to measure the species richness at the sampling area. I Margalef = (S – 1) / ln(N)

Simpson Diversity Index -

to measures the probability that two individuals randomly selected from a sample will belong to the same species (or some category other than species).

D Simpson = Σ ni(ni – 1) / N(N – 1)

Shannon Weaver Index -

to measure diversity in categorical data. It is simply the information entropy of the distribution, treating species as symbols and their relative population sizes as the probability. I Shannon = H = - Σ pi ln (pi)

Order

Family

Species

Individual

S

N

Hymenopter

a

Hymenop A

19

17

41

a

b

Hymenop B

1

c

Hymenop C

2

d

Hymenop D

3

e

Hymenop E

1

f

Hymenop F

3

g

Hymenop G

1

h

Hymenop H

1

i

Hymenop I

2

j

Hymenop J

1

k

Hymenop K

1

l

Hymenop L

1

m

Hymenop M

1

n

Hymenop N

1

o

Hymenop O

1

p

Hymenop P

1

q TOTAL

Hymenop Q

1 41

Margelaf Simpson Simpson Shannon Index Index Diversity Index Weaver 4.308520129 0.218292682 0.781707318 2.120679309

HYMENOPTERA 1) Margalef Index (S – 1) / ln(N) = (17 –1) / ln (41) = 4.308520129 2) Simpson Index Σ ni(ni – 1) / N(N – 1) = {19(19-1) + 1(1-1) + 2(2-1) + 3(3-1) + 1(1-1) + 3(3-1) + 1(1-1) + 1(1-1) + 2(2-1) +1(1-1) +1(1-1) + 1(1-1) + 1(1-1) + 1(1-1) + 1(1-1) + 1(1-1) +1(1-1) } 41(41-1) = 0.218292682 3) Simpson Diversity Index 1 – 0.22 = 0.781707318 4) Shannon Weaner Index - Σ pi ln (pi) = - { (19/41 ln 19/41) + (1/41 ln 1/41) + (2/41 ln 2/41) + (3/41 ln 3/41) + (1/41 ln 1/41) + (3/41 ln 3/41) + (1/41 ln 1/41) + (1/41 ln 1/41) + (2/41 ln 2/41) + (1/41 ln 1/41) + (1/41 ln1/41) + (1/41 ln 1/41) + (1/41 ln 1/41) + (1/41 ln 1/41) + (1/41 ln 1/41) + (1/41 ln 1/41) + (1/41 ln 1/41) = - (-2.120679309) = 2.120679309

Order

Family

Species

Individual

S

N

Coleoptera

a

Coleop A

2

5

8

b

Coleop B

3

c

Coleop C

1

d

Coleop D

1

e

Coleop E

1

TOTAL

Margelaf Index 1.923593388

Simpson Simpson Shannon Index Diversity Index Weaver 0.142857142 0.857142858 1.494175138

8

COLEOPTERA 1) Margalef Index = (S – 1) / ln(N) = (5 –1) / ln (8) = 1.923593388 2) Simpson Index = Σ ni(ni – 1) / N(N – 1) = { 2(2-1) + 3(3-1) + 1(1-1) + 1(1-1) + 1(1-1) } = 0.142857142 8(8-1) 3) Simpson Diversity Index = 1 – 0.14 = 0.857142858 4) Shannon Weaner Index = - Σ pi ln (pi) = - { (2/8 ln 2/8) + (3/8 ln 3/8) + (1/8 ln 1/8) + (1/8 ln 1/8) + (1/8 ln 1/8) } = - (-1.494175138) = 1.494175138

Order

Family

Species

Individual

S

N

Lepidoptera

a

Lepidop A

2

2

5

b

Lepidop B

3

TOTAL

Margelaf Index 0.621334934

5

LEPIDOPTERA 1) Margalef Index (S – 1) / ln(N) = (2 –1) / ln (5) = 0.621334934 2) Simpson Index Σ ni(ni – 1) / N(N – 1) = { 2(2-1) + 3(3-1) } = 0.4 5(5-1) 3) Simpson Diversity Index 1 – 0.40 = 0.6 4) Shannon Weaner Index = - Σ pi ln (pi) = - { (2/5 ln 2/5) + (3/5 ln 3/5) = - (-0.673011667) = 0.673011667

Simpson Index 0.4

Simpson Shannon Diversity Index Weaver 0.6 0.673011667

Order Diptera

DIPTERA Family Species

Individua l

a

Dip A

1

b

Dip B

1

c

Dip C

1

d

Dip D

1

e

Dip E

3

f

Dip F

1

g

Dip G

1

h

Dip H

1

i

Dip I

14

j

Dip J

1

k

Dip K

1

l

Dip L

1

m

Dip M

1

n TOTAL

Dip N

1 29

S

N

Margelaf Index

Simpson Index

14

29

3.8606646 57

1) Margalef Index (S – 1) / ln(N) = (14 –1) / ln (29) = 3.860664657 2) Simpson Index Σ ni(ni – 1) / N(N – 1) =

0.2315270

Simpson Diversity Index 0.76847290

Shannon Weaver 1.9796186

93

7

07

{ 1(1-1) + 1(1-1) +1(1-1) + 1(1-1) + 3(3-1) +1(1-1) +1(1-1) +1(1-1) +14(141) + 1(1-1) +1(1-1) +1(1-1) +1(1-1) +1(1-1) }_______________________ 29(29-1) = 0.231527093 3) Simpson Diversity Index 1 – 0.23 = 0.768472907 4) Shannon Weaner Index - Σ pi ln (pi) = - { (1/29 ln 1/29) + (1/29 ln 1/29) + (1/29 ln 1/29) + (1/29 ln 1/29) + (3/29 ln 3/29) + (1/29 ln 1/29) + (1/29 ln 1/29) + (1/29 ln 1/29) + (14/29 ln 14/29) + (1/29 ln 1/29) + (1/29 ln 1/29) + (1/29 ln 1/29) + (1/29 ln 1/29) + (1/29 ln 1/29) } = - (-1.979618607) = 1.979618607

Order

Family

Species

Individual

S

N

Blatidae

a

Blati A

1

3

4

b

Blati B

2

c

Blati C

1

TOTAL

Margelaf Index 1.442695041

Simpson Index 0.166666666

Simpson Diversity Index 0.833333334

3

BLATIDAE 1) Margalef Index = (S – 1) / ln(N) = (3 –1) / ln (4) = 1.442695041 2) Simpson Index Σ ni(ni – 1) / N(N – 1) = { 1(1-1) + 2(2-1) + 1(1-1) } = 0.166666666 4(4-1) 3) Simpson Diversity Index = 1 – 0.17 = 0.833333334 4) Shannon Weaner Index = - Σ pi ln (pi) = - { (1/4 ln 1/4) + (2/4 ln 2/4) + (1/4 ln 1/4) } = - (-1.039720771) = 1.039720771

Shannon Weaver 1.039720771

Order

Family

Species

Individual

S

N

Orthoptera

a

Orthop A

1

1

1

TOTAL

2

ORTHOPTERA 1) Margalef Index (S – 1) / ln(N) = (1 –1) / ln (1) = 0 2) Simpson Index Σ ni(ni – 1) / N(N – 1) = { 1(1-1) } = 0 1(1-1) 3) Simpson Diversity Index 1–0=1 4) Shannon Weaner Index = - Σ pi ln (pi) = - { (1/1 ln 1/1) = 0

Margelaf Index 0

Simpson Index 0

Simpson Diversity Index 1

Shannon Weaver 0

DISCUSSION

From our observation, we confirm that Hymenoptera was the major order in the orchard (fruit trees) with 41 individual insects belonging to 17 species. As we know, Hymenoptera can be found in large numbers in almost terrestrial ecosystem and the important is they are responsible for a larger share of interaction with other species in ecosystem than any other insect group. Ants, bees and wasps have the ability to adapt to different microhabitat even harsh one. Although there were non fruit season during the experiment, the orchard still become the source of food to the insect. The surrounding of the orchard which was wet after raining attract more insect out and find the food. Ants were known as biological control and plant mutualism while bees and wasp known as pollinator. This interaction balance the ecosystem of the orchard. Diptera was the second most abundant order recorded in this experiment with 29 individual insects belonging to 14 species. Insect like mosquitoes and houseflies were found from this order. Both of this insect can pick up bacteria and viruses that may cause human diseases.They serve as carriers of disease agents. Houseflies are generally found in greatest numbers during the hotter summer months, so during this experiment it was not too much because there were non summer month. One of the most popular living spots of mosquitoes is the wetlands, usually nice quite place that keep dark a lot of the time. This explain why we get a lot number of mosquitoes compare to the houseflies.

Beetles is the only insect in Coleoptera order with 8 individuals belonging to 5 species. It play role as herbivores, scavengers or predators. The beetles that we collected were come from under the bark of living and dead trees or in decomposing wood of the orchard. Most kinds of plants in the orchard are eaten by some kind of beetle. Lepidoptera are among insect that visit the orchard. There are 5 individuals recorded with 2 different species. Moth play most important ecological role is in pollination, the transfer of pollen from one flower to another, which helps plants to reproduce. In general, wooded habitats like this orchard are more hospitable to moths.Thats why we can collect moth in this experiment although it is not in large number. Blatidae was the second least abundant with only 4 individuals recorded into 3 species. This

species tends to be seasonal, with adults appearing in

spring and summer. Cockroach were often found feeding on garbage, sewage, or decaying organic matter and will eat almost anything. This orchard not provided garbage and sewage in large amount which is the favourite of a cockroch. Orthoptera was the least abundant in this experiment because only one individual recorded. Many species of crickets and grasshopper are herbivores. There were too many enemies of Orthoptera in the orchard include birds, mammals, amphibians, reptiles, spiders, insects, mites, fungi, nematodes and even bacteria. This explain why orhtoptera was the least in number.

QUESTIONS a. How many specimen were collected? 89 specimens. b. How many of the specimens are from phylum Insecta? 88 specimens. c. How many order was collected? 6 orders : Hymenoptera, Diptera, Coleoptera, Blatidae, Orthoptera and Lepidoptera. d. In your opinion, which order is dominant? Order Hymenoptera : 41 speciments. e. Which order is the most diverse? Order Hymenoptera. f. Which order is the abundant? Order Hymenoptera. g. What is your opinion concerning the insects found in Rimba Ilmu/University Malaya or the site? This study concerns that Hymenoptera was the major insect in the orchard area.We believe that, it is because of the Hymenoptera which comprise ants and bees,are most abundant in the area especially bees

which is the best agent for pollination.On the other hand, March is the month when the fruit season is in the air.Sweet smell of the 70% alcohol put in the container was the main attraction for Hymenoptera to get into the Malaise Trap.

REFERENCES Books Order Coleoptera 1. Donald J.B , Dwight M.D. and Charles A.T. (1907) Coleoptera. An

Introduction to the study of Insects 4, 335-441. 2. Crowson, R. A 1960. The phylogeny of Coleoptera. Ann. Rev. Ent., 5:111134 3. Guilan P.J. and Cranston P.S. (1994) Insects and Plant. The Insects an

Outline of Entomology 1, 253. Order Diptera 1. Donald J.B , Dwight M.D. and Charles A.T. (1907) Diptera. An

Introduction to the study of Insects 4,536-607. 2. Byers, G. W. 1969.A new family of nematocerous Diptera. J.Kan. Ent. Soc., 42(4) : 366-371 ; 5 f. (Baeonotidae) 3. Borror and White.(1970) Phantom Midgos. A Field Guide to the Insects 1, 306. Order Orthoptera 1. Donald J.B , Dwight M.D. and Charles A.T. (1907) .Orthoptera.An

Introduction to the study of Insects 4,

2. Guilan P.J. and Cranston P.S. (1994) Mutualism in Specialized Plant

Structures. The Insects an Outline of Entomology 1, 275.

Order Blattidae 1. Guilan P.J. and Cranston P.S. (1994) Insects of Soil, Litter, Carrion, and

Dung. The Insects an Outline of Entomology 1, 219. Order Hymenoptera 1. Guilan P.J. and Cranston P.S. (1994) Insects Societies. The Insects an

Outline of Entomology 1, 306. 2. Donald J.B , Dwight M.D. and Charles A.T. (1907) Hymenoptera. An

Introduction to the study of Insects 4,514 Order Lepidoptera 1. Donald J.B , Dwight M.D. and Charles A.T. (1907) Hymenoptera. An

Introduction to the study of Insects 4,514

Sources from internet

1. http://www.insectimages.org 2. http://www.bugwood.org/entomology.html 3. http://www.colostate.edu/Depts/Entomology/images/images.html 4. http://www.chenowith.k12.or.us/tech/subject/science/bugs.html 5. http://diptera.myspecies.info/image 6. http://www.coleoptera.org/ 7. http://www.ent.iastate.edu/imagegal/coleoptera/ 8. http://bugguide.net/node/view/60

9. http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/course/ent425/compendium/coleop~1.html 10. http://tolweb.org/tree?group=Blattidae 11. http://www.myrmecos.net/insects/hymenoptera.html

APPENDIX Malaise Trap

Field site

FRUITY TEAM

Location : Fruit trees in Botanical Garden, University of Malaya. -

48 metres from Valley Road to the field site (South East).

HERE

LEPIDOPTERA Family:hesperiidae

7.04mm

10X

Family:Noctuidae

5.34mm 10X

COLEOPTERA Family:Chrysomelidae

10X

4.57mm

Family:Coccinellidae

5.79mm 10X Family:Cicindelidae

7.64mm

Family:Curculionidae

10X

10X

Family:Cerambycidae

10.81mm

9.97mm 10X

BLATTIDAE Family: Blattidae

4.57mm

10X

Family: Blattidae

5.79mm 10X

Family: Blattidae

11.15mm 10X

HYMENOPTERA

Family: Spechidae

10X

Family: Sphecidae

8.47mm

10X 7.18mm

Family: Scoliidae

8.30mm 10X

Family: Ichneumonedae

5.06mm

10X

Family:Formicidae Formica

4.41mm 10X

Family: Halictidae

5.77mm 10X

Family: Vespidae

4.90mm

10X

11.75mm 10X

Family: Braconidae

5.64mm

10X

Family: Forcinidae

5.21mm 10X Family: Tiphiidae

8.33mm

10X

Family: Sphecidae

10X

7.43mm

Family:Sphecidae

4.58mm

10X

Family: Ichneumonidae

6.35mm 10X

Family: Tiphiidae

10X

DIPTERA

6.07mm

Family:Culicidae Ochleratatus

6.00mm 10X

Family:Dixidae

10X 11.19mm

Family:Syrphidae Milasea

10X 6.45mm

Family : Syrphidae

10X 8.43mm

Family : calliphoridae

4.99mm 10X

Family : piophilidae

13.46mm 10X

Family : Tachinidae

7.90mm

Family : Tachinidae

8.21mm 10X

10X

Family: Culicidae

4.25mm

10X

Family:conopidae

4.87m 10X

Family:Calliphoridae

4.95m 10X

Family:Calliphoridae

5.22mm

10X

Family: Conopidae

10X 9.71mm

Family: Megachilidae Megachile

6.17mm 10X

ORTHOPTERA

Family:Arcrididae

3.44m

10X