Lab Ii 09studentqa

CC2417 - Human Biology I Laboratory I – Integumentary System, Skeletal System & Nervous System Venue: 1307 Health Care Lab Date: Week 12 (16th – 20th November 2009) Aims of the laboratory session: After the laboratory exercises, students are expected to be: 1. able to identify the organization, landmarks and features of the skeletal system, nervous system; 2. able to relate the physiology to anatomy; and 3. differentiate different types of joints. Activities: Relate to diagrams in your textbook and models of 1. whole skeleton 2. skulls, 3. vertebral column with pelvis 4. pelvis, knee joint and foot joint , shoulder joint, elbow joint, hand joint, 5. brain , and 6. the spinal cord. Then, do the following activities.

Group 1 Skull Part I Examining the Cranium (x 8) 1. Identify foramina, sutures and base of the skull Name the four cranium sutures. What kind of tissue made up of this suture? How does the anatomy of a baby skull different from an adult? Coronal – between the parietal bones and the frontal bone Lambdoidal – between the parietal bones and the occipital bone Squamosal – between each parietal bone and each temporal bone Sagittal – between the parietal bones Fibrous connective tissue joins bone to bone. A baby has anterior and posterior fontanels. 2 Locate the following skull bones; observe how each bone joint or articulate with other bones Cranium

Bone Frontal Parietal (x2) Temporal (x2) Occipital

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Articulate with parietal, nasal, zygomatic, sphenoid, ethmoid and maxillae articulate with occipital, frontal, temporal, sphenoid occipital, frontal, zygomatic, sphenoid and mandible; Parietal, temporal, sphenoid

Special features -----------encloses auditory ossicles Foramen magnum 1

Sphenoid Ethmoid

Occipital condyles articulate with atlas (1st cervical

allows the spinal cord passing through

occipital, frontal, temporal, zygomatic, palatine, maxillae, ethmoid and vomer Frontal, nasal, lacrimal, sphenoid, maxillae and vomer

Sella Turcica encloses the pituitary gland

vertebra)

Forms the roof of nasal cavity

Part II Examining the facial bones 9X14) 1. Identify the landmark and functions of the following bones 2. Locate the sinuses and discuss the functions of sinuses Inferior nasal conchae x2 Face Bones Function Mandible Forms the chin Maxillae Forms the main part of face (upperx2) All face bones, except mandible, join the maxillae Forms the anterior 2/3 of the hard palate Palatine (x2) Forms the posterior 1/3 of the hard palate Zygomatic (x2) Form the cheekbone Lacrimal (x2) The lacrimal foramen drains tears from orbit to nasal cavity Nasal (x2) Support bridge of nose Vomer Forms inferior and posterior part of nasal septum Sinuses Frontal Reduce the weight of the skull Ethmoid Give the voice a resonant sound. Sphenoid Maxillary

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Group 2 – Vertebral column with pelvis, Joints

Part I Examining the vertebral column Referring the model of vertebral column, 1. Identify the common features of a typical vertebra- Spinous Process, Lamina, Transverse process, pedicle, body, notch foramen, articular facet

2. Identify the 5 regions of vertebral column – cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum and coccyx 3. Examine the 4 curves of vertebral column- cervical, thoracic, lumbar and pelvic regions

Cervical and lumbar – convex anteriorly Thoracic and sacral – concave anteriorly. Vertebral Column (Spine) x26 Seven cervical (neck), Twelve thoracic (chest), Five lumbar (lower back), Five sacral, Three to five coccygeal

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Part II Examining Pectoral girdle Recognize the composition of a pelvic girdle- formed by 2 coxal bones 1. Name the three bones which form the coxal bone. Each coxal bone is fused by ilium, ischium and pubis. Identify symphysis pubis and pubic arch, Obturator foramen 2. How does a male pelvis different from a female pelvis? State the significance of this difference. i. Female has broader hips ii. Female pelvis is wider iii. Female inlet and outlet of the true pelvis are wider iv. Female pelvic cavity is more shallow v. Female bones are lighter and thinner vi. Female pubic arch is wider Thus, the outlets is large enough to allow a baby to pass through during the birth process.

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Part III Examining the Pelvis, knee joint, foot joint , shoulder joint, elbow joint, hand joint 1. With the given models, classify them into the following 6 types of synovial joints Saddle joint : first metacarpals, carpal ball- and socket joint : head of humerus, scapula pivot joint : radius & ulna, hinge joint : elbow joint (radius & humerus) gliding joint: carpals condyloid joint : phalange & metacarpal 2. Correlate their shapes with movement

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Group 3 Nervous System Part I Brain

Observe the brain model and answer the following questions. 1. Identify the major parts of the brain. What are they? Cerebrum, Diencephalon, Cerebellum, Brain stem 2. How are the cerebral hemispheres connected together? By the corpus callosum. 3. Locate hypothalamus and explain its function. Regulates hunger, sleep, thirst, body temperature, and water balance Link between nervous and endocrine systems 4. Which functional system of the brain is responsible for emotion? Limbic system 9/11/2009

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Part II Spinal Cord

Identify different parts of the spinal cord. Locate ganglion, the gray matter, and white matter. Distinguish sensory neuron, interneuron, motor neuron, dorsal root, ventral root. 1. A careless student touches a hot beaker. Draw a labeled diagram showing the path of a reflex arc and briefly explain the phenomenon. Sensory fibers enter at the posterior root. Motor fibers exit at the anterior root. The cell body of a sensory neuron is in a posterior-root ganglion Sensory receptors to generate action potential that travel in sensory neurons to spinal cord. Interneuron integrate the data & relay signal to motor neurons. Skeletal muscle contracts and the hand withdraw immediately. This is a kind of spinal reflex.

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Reviewing the whole skeleton (Optional) Part I Identify the components of the axial skeleton Skull Hyoid bone The vertebral column The thoracic cage Middle ear bones Examining the Rib cage 1. Identify different parts of the rib cage and differentiate true rib and false ( floating ribs) 2. Identify sternum – manubrium, body and xiphoid process

Examining the Vertebral Column 1. Identify different parts of the Vertebral Column (Spine) 2. State their functions and normal curvatures

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Part II Identify the components of the appendicular skeleton Examining Pectoral Girdle 1. Recognize the composition of a pectoral girdle 2. Recognize what are process and cavity 3. Locate the scapula, and clavicle

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Examining upper limbs 1. Recognize what are Head, Neck, Shaft, tubercle, tuberosity, groove, fossa and condyle 2. Identify the features in humerus ( head , neck, shaft, lateral & medial epicondyle) radius ( head, neck and styloid process) ulna ( olecranon and styloid process) 3. Identify carpal, metacarpals and differentiate proximal from distal phalanges

Examining the pelvis 1.Recognize the composition of a pelvic girdle- formed by 2 coxal bones Each coxal bone is fused by ilium, ischium and pubis 2. Identify ilium, iliac crest, spine and iliac fossa Ischium, ischial spine and tuberosity Pubis, symphysis pubis and pubic arch

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Examining lower limbs 1. Recognize what are Head, Neck, Shaft, tubercle, tuberosity, groove, fossa and condyle 2. Identify the features in femur ( head, neck, greater tronchanter, medial condyle and epicondyle patella ( sesamoid bone) tibia ( tubial tuberosity, medial malleolus) fibula ( lateral malleolus) 3. Identify tarsal, metatarsals and differentiate proximal from distal phalanges

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Write the scientific name of the numbered bones.

50. skull bone 51. sternum 52. ribs 53. vertebrae 54. intervertebral disks 55. clavicle 56. scapula 57. humerus 58. radius 59. ulna 60. carpals 61.metacarpals 62. phalanges 63. pelvic girdle 64. femur 65. patella 66. tibia 67. fibula 68. tarsals 69. metatarsals 70. phalanges.

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