Kyat Pyay Stories

'Drdkua&pDESifhzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk-------------

okawoeESifhrSwfwrf;wifXme

-uyfajy;eef;wGif;t&+yfawmfykH (trSwf 1=26)

2009 ckESpf/ ZGefv

'Drdkua&pDESifh zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk/ okawoeESifh rSwfwrf;wifXmerS xkwfa0onf?

=uyfajy;eef;wGif;t&_yfawmfykH

1

'Drdkua&pDESifhzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk-------------

okawoeESifhrSwfwrf;wifXme

trSmpm

'Drdkua&pDESifhzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk (NDD) . okawoeESirfh Swfwrf;wifXmerS “=uyfajy;eef;wGif; t&_yfawmfykH” acgif;pOfjzifh tywfpOfa&;om;jzef@a0cJo h nf@ jynfwGif;owif;oHk;oyfcsufrsm;udk pkpnf;I pmtkyt f oGif jzifh xkwfa0jzef@csjd cif; jzpfygonf? owif;rSefrsm;udk zHk;uG,t f arSmifcsxm;avh&dSonf@ ppftkyfpk. twGif;a&;owif;rsm;ESifh jynfwGif;owif; rsm;udk rdrdwdk@Xmetaejzifh &SmazGpkaqmif; rSwfwrf;wifxm;+yD; xdkowif;tcsuftvufrsm;tay: tajccHI ppftm %m&Sipf epf. twGif;o&kyfrSerf sm;udk wyfrawmfom;rsm;tygt0if jynfoltrsm; tvG,fwul avhvmod&EdS dkiaf p&ef oHk;oyfwifjyxm;jcif; jzpfygonf? Tpmtkyfyg ta=umif;t&m tcsuftvufrsm;onf rnfol@udkr# yk*~dKvfa&;t& xdcdkufepfemap&ef &nf&G,f csufr&dSyg? odk@aomf ppftm%m&Sirf sm;ESifh ‚if;wdk@todkif;t0dkif;. pdwfaeoabmxm;rsm;/ pOf;pm;awG;ac:csufrsm;/ vkyf enf;vkyf[efrsm;udk wpHkw&m avhvmod&dSjcif;tm;jzifh ppftm%m&Sifpepfudk jrefrmhajray:rS wGef;vSefz,f&mS ;&mwGif taxmuftuljzpfapEdkifvdrfhrnf[k ,Hk=unfygonf? ?

okawoeESifhrSwfwrf;wifXme 'Drdkua&pDESifh zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk (tJef'D'D) 2009 ckESpf/ ZGefv(9)&uf?

=uyfajy;eef;wGif;t&_yfawmfykH

2

'Drdkua&pDESifhzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk-------------

okawoeESifhrSwfwrf;wifXme

rmwdum ta=umif;t&m

pmrsufESm

1? =uyfajy;eef;wGif;t&_yfawmfykH trSwf(1)------------------------------------------3 2? =uyfajy;eef;wGif;t&_yfawmfykH trSwf(2)------------------------------------------7 3? =uyfajy;eef;wGif;t&_yfawmfykH trSwf(3)------------------------------------------10 4? =uyfajy;eef;wGif;t&_yfawmfykH trSwf(4)------------------------------------------13 5? =uyfajy;eef;wGif;t&_yfawmfykH trSwf(5)------------------------------------------17 6? =uyfajy;eef;wGif;t&_yfawmfykH trSwf(6)------------------------------------------20 7? =uyfajy;eef;wGif;t&_yfawmfykH trSwf(7)------------------------------------------24 8? =uyfajy;eef;wGif;t&_yfawmfyHk trSwf(8)------------------------------------------27 9? =uyfajy;eef;wGif;t&_yfawmfykH trSwf(9)------------------------------------------31 10? =uyfajy;eef;wGif;t&_yfawmfykH trSwf(10)----------------------------------------35 11? =uyfajy;eef;wGif;t&_yfawmfykH trSwf(11)----------------------------------------39 12? =uyfajy;eef;wGif;t&_yfawmfykH trSwf(12)----------------------------------------42 13? =uyfajy;eef;wGif;t&_yfawmfykH trSwf(13)----------------------------------------46 14? =uyfajy;eef;wGif;t&_yfawmfykH trSwf(14)----------------------------------------49 15? =uyfajy;eef;wGif;t&_yfawmfykH trSwf(15)----------------------------------------53 16? =uyfajy;eef;wGif;t&_yfawmfykH trSwf(16)----------------------------------------56 17? =uyfajy;eef;wGif;t&_yfawmfykH trSwf(17)----------------------------------------59 18? =uyfajy;eef;wGif;t&_yfawmfykH trSwf(18)----------------------------------------63 19? =uyfajy;eef;wGif;t&_yfawmfykH trSwf(19)----------------------------------------67 20? =uyfajy;eef;wGif;t&_yfawmfykH trSwf(20)----------------------------------------71 21? =uyfajy;eef;wGif;t&_yfawmfykH trSwf(21)----------------------------------------75 22? =uyfajy;eef;wGif;t&_yfawmfykH trSwf(22)----------------------------------------80 23? =uyfajy;eef;wGif;t&_yfawmfykH trSwf(23)----------------------------------------82 24? =uyfajy;eef;wGif;t&_yfawmfykH trSwf(24)----------------------------------------85 25? =uyfajy;eef;wGif;t&_yfawmfykH trSwf(25)----------------------------------------88 26? =uyfajy;eef;wGif;t&_yfawmfykH trSwf(26)----------------------------------------91

=uyfajy;eef;wGif;t&_yfawmfykH

3

'Drdkua&pDESifhzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk-------------

okawoeESifhrSwfwrf;wifXme

N Neettw woorrkk ffoorr DDeem mooccrraaccyy aanndd DDeevveellooppm meenntt D Dooccu um meen nttaattiioon n aan ndd R Reesseeaarrcch hD Deeppaarrttm meen ntt P.O Box 179, Mae Sod, Tak, 63110, Thailand. Tel: 66 (0) 81 7241 281, [email protected], [email protected]

“=uyfajy; eef;wGif;t&_yf awmfyHk trSwf(1)” etzppftpdk;&twGif; tajymif;tvJwcsdK@udk etz ppfaumifpDu ZGefv(20)&ufae@ &ufpGJeJ@ xkwfjyef a=unmcJhygw,f? umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf(a&) 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD; pdk;odef;udk trSwf(2)pufr_0ef}uD; Xme 0ef}uD;tjzpf ajymif;vJcef@tyfcJh+yD; trSwf(2)pufr_0ef}uD;Xme0ef}uD; AdkvfcsKyfapmvGifudkawmh vl0ifr_}uD;=uyfa&;ESifh jynfol@tif tm;0ef}uD;Xme 0ef}uD;tjzpf ajymif;vJcef@tyfa=umif; etzppfaumifpD twGif;a&;rSL;(1) 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD; oD[ ol& wifatmifjrifOD;&J@ vufrSwfeJ@ xkwfjyefcJhwm jzpfygw,f? wcsdefwnf;avmufrSmyJ jrefrmhwyfrawmf&J@ xdyfydkif; &mxl;wcsdK@rSmvnf; tajymif;tvJawG jyKvkyfcJhwm awG@&ygw,f? 'gayrJh wyfrawmftwGif;u tajymif;tvJawGudk awmh etzppftpdk;&u w&m;0if xkwfjyefavhr&dSygbl;? tpdk;&tzGJ@0ifawGeJ@ t&yfbuf0efxrf;t}uD;tuJawG&J@ cef@tyf/ ajymif;vJ/ xkwfy,fr_awGudk tpdk;& a*Zuf (Gazette) awGrSm az:jya=unmay;&wJh oabmobm0&dSayrJh wyfrawmftwGif;u cef@tyf/ ajymif;vJ/ xkwfy,fr_awGudkawmh MS Order taeeJ@ wyfrawmftwGif;rSmom uef@owf+yD; xkwfjyefavh&dSw mudk awG@&yg w,f? tckwpf}udrfjyKvkyfcJhwJh etzwyfwGif;u tajymif;tvJawGrSm etzppfaumifpDtzGJ@0if xdyfwef; 'kwd, AdkvfcsKyf}uD; (5)OD;udk wm0efawGu tem;ay;vdkuf+yD; 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD;wpfOD;udkawmh 0ef}uD;tjzpf ajymif;a&$@cef@tyf cJhwm awG@&ygw,f? vuf&dSwm0efawGu tem;ay;cHcJh&wJh 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD;awGuawmh umuG,fa&;0ef}uD;Xme trSwf(1) ppfqifa&;txl;tzGJ@rSL; 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD; &Jjrifh/ trSwf(2) ppfqifa&;txl;tzGJ@rSL; 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD; ausmf0if;/ trSwf(3) ppfqifa&;txl;tzGJ@rSL; 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD; cifarmifo ef;/ wyfrawmfppfaq;a&;t&m&dScsKyf (=unf;/ a&/ av) 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD; armifbdk/ wyfrawmfavhusifha&;t&m&dScsKyf 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD; atmifaxG; wdk@jzpf =u+yD; 0ef}uD;tjzpfeJ@ ajymif;a&$@wm0efay;cH&oluawmh umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf(a&) 'kwd,AkdvfcsKyf}uD; pdk;odef ; jzpfyg w,f? olwdk@&J@ae&mawGrSm ppfwdkif;rSL; (5)OD;eJ@ ppfOD;pD;t&m&dScsKyf(a&) wdk@udk csufcsif;tpm;xdk; cef@tyfcJhwmudkvnf; awG@&dS&ygw,f? ryc wdki;f rSL; AdkvfcsKyftkef;jrifh/ &rc wdkif;rSL; AdkvfcsKyfatmifoef;xGÉf/ w*c wdkif;rSL; AdkvfcsKyfrif;atmif vd_if/ wycwdkif;rSL; AdkvfcsKyfudkudk wdk@udk upxrSL;awGtjzpf tpm;xdk;cef@tyfcJh+yD; &uc wkdif;rSL; AdkvfcsKyf vSaX;0if;udk wyfrawmfavhusifah &;t&m&dScsKyf/ eyc wdkif;rSL; AdkvfcsKyfarmif&dSef udk wyfrawmfppfaq;a&;t&m&dScsKyf (=unf;/ a&/ av) tjzpfeJ@ tpm;xdk; cef@tyfcJha=umif; od&dS&ygw,f? ppfOD;pD;t&m&dScsKyf(a&) AdkvfcsKyf^m%fxGef; udkvnf; umuG,f a&;OD;pD;csKyf (a&) tjzpf tpm;xdk;cef@tyfcJhwm awG@&ygw,f? vpfvyfoGm;wJh ppfwdkif;rSL;awG&J@ ae&mawGudkvnf; wyfrrSL;awG ppfausmif;tkyf}uD;awG/ aq;wyfrSL;awGeJ@ csucf sif;tpm;xdk;cJhwm awG@&ygw,f? wyfrawmf(=unf;) wdkufcdkufa&;oifwef;ausmif;(Axl;wyf+ rdK@) ausmif;tkyf}uD; AdkvfrSL;csKyfpdk;0if; ukd ryc wdkif;rSL;/ wyfrawmfaq;wuUodkvf ygarmuQcsKyf AdkvfrSL;csKyf&mjynfh udk &yc wdkif;rSL;/ OD;pD; t&m&dS wuUodkvf(uavm) ausmif;tkyf}uD; AdkvfrSL;csKyfausmf+zdK;udk w*c wdkif;rSL;/ wyfr(77) wyfrrSL; AdkvfrSL;csKyf =uyfajy;eef;wGif;t&_yfawmfykH

4

'Drdkua&pDESifhzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk-------------

okawoeESifhrSwfwrf;wifXme

0if;jrifh udk &uc wdkif;rSL;/ wyfr(11) wyfrrSL; AdkvfrSL;csKyfvSrif; udk wyc wdkif;rSL;/ ponfjzifh tpm;xdk;cef@tyf wm0ef ay;cJha=umif; od&dS&ygw,f? (&yc wdkif;rSL; AdkvfcsKyfaomif;at;udk eyc odk@ ajymif;a&$@cJhonf?) qifhuJqifhuJ vpfvyfoGm;wJh ae&mawGudkvnf; tpm;xdk;cef@tyfr_awG jyKvkyfcJh&wJhtwGuf AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD; (1)OD;/ 'kwd,AkdvfcsKyfrSL;}uD; (1)OD;/ AdkvfcsKyf}uD; (2)OD;/ 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD; (12)OD; ('kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD;vpmudk pm; ae+yDjzpfaom AdkvfcsKyfomat;/ AdkvfcsKyfcifaZmfESifh AdkvfcsKyf ol&jrifhatmif wdk@rygao;yg)/ AdkvfcsKyf (50)ausmf/ AdkvfrSL; csKyf (100)ausmf/ AdkvfrSL;}uD; 340 ausmf/ 'kwd,AdkvfrSL;}uD; 1,300 ausmfavmuf&dSwJh jrefrmhwyfrawmftwGif;rSm tenf;qHk; t&m&dS (200) ausmfavmufudk tajymif;tvJawG jyKvkyfcJha=umif; od&dS&ygw,f? etzppfaumifpD/ etz ppftpdk;&eJ@ etzwyfrawmftwGif;rSm aemufxyftajymif;tvJawG qufvufjzpfay:EdkifwJh tvm;tvm &dSygw,f? etz wyfwGif;u 'Dtajymif;tvJawG[m r=umcifurS jyKvkyfcJhwJh etzppfaumifpD&J@ 2008 ckESpf yxr av;vywf tpnf;ta0;t+yD;rSm ay:xGufvmwmjzpfygw,f? 'DESpftapmydkif;rSm jyKvkyf&rJh 2007 ckESpftwGuf etz ppfaumifpD&J@ wwd,av;vywf tpnf;ta0;udk yHkrSeftwdkif; usif;yrjyKvkyfEdkifcJhwmudk axmuf&_jcif;tm;jzifh etz wyfwGif; ae&mtajymif;ta&$@ udpPawGeJ@ywfouf+yD; ppfaumifpDtwGif;rSm rausvnfr_awG &daS eEdkifw,fvdk@ ,lq& ygw,f? wm0efuae tem;ay;cHvdkuf&wJh etzppfaumifpDtzGJ@0if 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD; (6)OD;vHk;[m tjrifhqHk; tm %mydkiftzGJ@tpnf;jzpfwJh tzGJ@0if(19)OD;yg ppfaumifpDuvnf; E_wfxGufay;vdkuf&+yDvdk@ ,lq&ygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$[m wyfrawmfuaetem;r,lcif ol@&J@ wyfrawmfumuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyfae&mudk qufcH rJo h leJ@ wyfrawmf&J@ xdyfwef;&mxl;}uD;awGudk qufcH&rJholawGudk txl;owdxm;+yD; a&G;cs,faeyHk&ygw,f? aocsmwJh tcsuw f pfckuawmh vuf&dS 'kwd,umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyfjzpfwJh 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;armifat;udk ol ouf&dSxif&Sm;&dS aeoa&G@ umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyftjzpf wm0efay;cef@tyfrSmr[kwfbl;qdkwJh tcsufjzpfygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD; oef;a&$ taeeJ@ ol,Hk=unfpdwfcsolawGudk ol@ae&meJ@ wyfrawmf&J@xdyfydkif;&mxl;awGrSm wm0efay;cef@tyf+yD;&if oleJ@twl 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD; armifat;/ 0ef}uD;csKyf AdkvfcsKyf}uD;odef;pdef/ twGif;a&;rSL;(1)eJ@ ppfaxmufcsKyf 'kAdkvfcsKyf}uD; oD[ol&wifatmifjrifOh D;/ umuG,fa&;ypPnf;xkwfvkyfa&;t&m&dScsKyf 'kAdkvfcsKyf}uD; wifat;/ umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf (av) 'kAdkvfcsKyf}uD; jrwf[def; wdk@udkyg wyfrawmftwGif;u qGJ+yD;ac:xkwfoGm;rSm aocsmae+yDjzpfygw,f? ( 1988 ckESpf ZlvdkifvtwGif; usif;yjyKvkyfcJhonfh rqvygwD. ta&;ay:ygwDnDvmcHwGif ppftm%m&Sif}uD; OD;ae0if;u oleJ@ twl OD;pef;,k/ OD;at;udkESifh OD;ausmx f if wdk@udkyg qGJac:oGm;ovdkrsdK; AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$uvnf; 'kwd, AdkvfcsKyf rSL;}uD;armifat;udk cg;zuf+yD; oleJ@twl qGJac:oGm;&ef }uHpnfaeonf[k ,lq&ygonf?) AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD; oef;a&$[m ol@&J@ wyfrawmfumuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyfae&mudk qufcHrJholtjzpf AdkvfcsKyfol&a&$ref; udk 2001 ckESpfuwnf;u pwifa&G;cs,f owfrSwfcJhwm awG@&ygw,f? DSA tywfpOf(11)ausmif;qif; ewc wdkif;rSL; AdkvfcsKyfol&a&$ref;udk 2001 ckESpf Edk0ifbm(15)&ufae@rSm umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf&Hk;udk ac:,lcJh+yD; (!d‡Ed_if;uGyfuJ a&;rSL;-=unf;/ a&/ av) tjzpf &mxl;opfwpfck wDxGifzefwD; wm0efay;cJhwJhtjyif 2002ckESpf pufwbFmvrSm 'kwd, AdkvfcsKyf}uD;/ 2003 ckESpf =o*kwfvrSm AdkvfcsKyf}uD;tjzpf &mxl;awGudk wqifh+yD;wqifh wdk;jr‡ihfay;tyfcJhwm awG@Edkifyg w,f? AdkvfcsKyf}uD;a&$ref;[m AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$&J@ i,fwynfh&if;wpfOD; r[kwfayrJh vl&dk;vlat; wpfOD;jzpfwJhtjyif txufucdkif;wJt h wdkif; vkyfudkifwwfol jzpfwma=umifh ol@udk AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$u vufoyfarG;zdk@ qHk;jzwfcJhwm jzpfEdkifygw,f? (AdkvfcsKyfa&$ref;&J@ZeD; a':cifav;oufu AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;uawmf a':}udKif}udKifeJ@ om;orD;awG&J@ 0wf }uD;0wfi,fawGudk ae@pOf0ifxGuf jyKpkay;aewJhtwGuf a':}udKif}udKif&J@ !$ef=um;csuft& AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD; oef;a&$u AdkvfcsKyfa&$ref;udk tckvdk csD;jr‡ifhajr‡mufpm;cJhwmjzpfw,fvdk@ AdkvfcsKyfuawmftodkif;t0dkif;rSm ajymqdkae=uwmawG awmh &dSygw,f?) wyfrawmfumuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf odk@r[kwf 'kwd,wyfrawmf umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyftjzpf AdkvfcsKyf}uD; a&$ref;eJ@ twl ,SOfwGJvsmxm;cH&olwpfOD;uawmh DSA tywfpOf(15)ausmif;qif; trSwf(5) txl;ppfqifa&;tzGJ@rSL; 'kA dkvf csKyf}uD;jrifhaqG jzpfa=umif; od&dS&ygw,f? 'kAdkvfcsKyf}uD;jrifhaqGuawmh AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;uawmf a':}ud Kif}udKifeJ@ aqGrsdK; awmfpyfwt Jh wGuf wyfr(11) wyfrrSL;/ &efukefwdkif;ppfXmecsKyfwdkif;rSL;/ wyfrawmfppfbufa&;&m vHk+cHKa&;t&m&dScsKyf pwJh &mxl;awGudk tvG,fwul &&dScJhwJhtjyif 2005 ckESpf atmufwdkbmvrSm 'kAdkvfcsKyf}uD;tqifh wdk;jr‡ifhay;wmudk =uyfajy;eef;wGif;t&_yfawmfykH

5

'Drdkua&pDESifhzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk-------------

okawoeESifhrSwfwrf;wifXme

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6

'Drdkua&pDESifhzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk-------------

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7

'Drdkua&pDESifhzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk-------------

okawoeESifhrSwfwrf;wifXme

“=uyfajy; eef;wGif;t&_yf awmfyHk trSwf(2)” rqv ppftm%m&Sifa[mif; AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; vufxufu “'dk@vlawG &dSao;vm;” qdk+yD; r=umc%ar; avh&dSygw,f? “'dk@vlawG”qdkwmu olwyf&if;rSL;vkyfcJhwJh trSwf(4) Armhaoeyfudkifwyf&if;rSm oleJ@twlwm0efxrf; cJh=uwJh ol@wynf@&if; t&m&dS/ t&mcH/ t=uyfwyfom;awGudk &nf!$ef;wmjzpfygw,f? AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; umuG,fa&; OD;csKyfjzpfvmcJhwJh 1949 ckESpf azaz:0g&Dvup+yD; oleJ@oabmxm;csif; rwdkufqkdifwJh Armhwyfrawmf&J@ xdyfydkif; wyfrSL;}uD;awG (AdkvfrSL;csKyfausmfaZm tygt0if) udk wOD;csif;jzpfap/ tpkvdkuft+yHKvdkufjzpfap wajz;ajz; z,f&Sm;ypf cJh+yD; “'dk@vlawG” eJ@ tpm;xdk;cJhygw,f? tck etzppftm%m&Sif AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$ vufxufrSmvnf; ol umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyfjzpfvmcJhwJh 1992 ckESpf {+yDvup+yD; jrefrmhwyfrawmf&J@ xdyfydkif;&mxl;awGrSm “ol@vlawG” eJ@ tpm;xdk;Edkifzdk@ pwif}udK;yrf;vmcJh wm awG@&dS&ygw,f? tckvuf&dS ol@ab;rSm 0ef;&Hxm;oltrsm;pk[m ol wyf&if;rSL;/ AsL[mrSL;/ wyfrrSL;/ wdkif;rSL;eJ@ 'kwd,umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf/ pwJhwm0efawGudk xrf;aqmifcJhpOfu ol@wynf@&if;jzpfcJhbl;olawG/ oludk,fwdkif ,Hk=unf pdwfcs tm;udk;&olawG jzpfaewmudkawG@Edkifygw,f? OTS tywfpOf(9) oifwef;qif; t&m&dSwOD;jzpfwJh AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$[m cv&(1)/ cr&(101)/ wyfr (88)/ taemufawmifwdkif;ppfXmecsKyf(ewc) pwJh wdkufcdkufa&;wyfawGrSm wm0eftqifhqifhudk xrf;aqmifcJhbl;ayrJh wdkufcdkufa&;bufrSm xl;c|efatmifjrifwJh wyfrSL;wOD;awmh rjzpfcJhygbl;? 1980 ckESpfavmufu wyfr(88) wyfrrSL;b0 eJ@ usdKif;wHka'orSm ppfqifa&;wm0efawGudk xrf;aqmifaepOf wyfr(88)udk Auy (815)ppfa'o (,QK OD;pdkif;vif;. rdkif;vm; typf&yftxl;a'o) vufatmufcHwyfawGu jyif;jyif;xefxef ydwfqdk@wdkufcdkufacsr_ef;cJhwJhtwGuf wyfr (88)vufatmufcH trSwf(3)ucsifaoeyfudkifwyf&if; XmecsKyfygusqk;H cJh&+yD; ppfonfawGeJ@ rdom;pktrsm;tjym; aoqHk;cJh&bl;ygw,f? 'gayrJh AdkvfcsKyfoef;a&$[m tJ'Dtcsdefu OD;ae0if;&J@ txl;,Hk=unfpdwfcs&wJh ppfacgif;aqmifwOD; jzpfaewJh twGuf ta&;,lrcH&wJhtjyif tJ'DESpftwGif; usif;yjyKvkyfcJhwJh rqvygwD&J@ pwkwˆt}udrfygwDnDvmcHrSm A[dkaumf rwD0iftjzpfawmif csD;jrSifhajrSmufpm;wmudk cHcJh&ygw,f? 1983 ckESpfrSm ewcwdkif;rSL;eJ@ {&m0wDwdkif;&J@ a'oygwD aumfrwDOuUX &mxl;awGudkyg csD;jrSifhcHcJh&+yD; 1985 ckESpfrSmawmh 'kwd,umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf jzpfvmcJhygw,f? tJ'D tcsdefu touf(52)ESpf t&G,fom&dSao;wJh AdkvfcsKyfoef;a&$[m &mxl; tqifh(2)qifhudk ckefysHausmfwuf+yD; 'kwd, umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf jzpfvmwJhtay: rqvwyfrawmf xdyfydkif;wyfrSL;awGtwGif;rSm rauseyfr_awG trsm;tjym; &dScJh=uygw,f? 'gayrJh ppftm%m&Sif}uD;OD;ae0if; a&S@rSmawmh tm;vHk; a&iHkE_wfydwfaecJh=u&w,fvdk@ qdkygw,f? AdkvfcsKyf}uD; oef;a&$[m ppfrwdkufwwfayrJh “vBufawmh aumif;aumif;xkwfwwfw,f” qdkwJh vlpm;xJrSm ygyHk&ygw,f? olu t&m&dSaygufpb0eJ@ uu§jynf/ ryc eJ@ wyfr[m(1)wdk@rSm e,fvSnf@ pdwf"gwfppfqifa&;rSL; wm0efawGudk xrf;aqmifcJhbl;wJhtjyif A[dkEdkifiHa&;wuUodkvfrSmvnf; enf;jywm0efawGudk xrf;aqmifcJhbl;wJh tawG@t}uHKawGa=umifh vlawG&J@ pdwf"mwfoabmobm0eJ@ EdkifiHa&;tvm;tvmwcsdK@udk }udKwifwGufcsuf cef@rSef; Edkif+yD; vl}uD;awG ESpfoufoabmusatmif aexdkifjywwfwJht&nftcsif;&dSa=umif; od&dS&ygw,f? 'gayrJh 1988 ckESpf &Spfav;vHk;ta&;tcif;umvrSmawmh ppftm%m&Sif}uD; OD;ae0if;eJ@ orD;}uD; AdkvfrSL; pENm0if;wdk@u AdkvfcsKyfoef;a&$udk acgufxm;+yD; ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;t}uD;tuJ AdkvfrSL;csKyfcif!Gef@udk a&S@wef;wif yGJ xkwv f mwJhtwGuf AdkvfcsKyfoef;a&$&J@ pdwfxJrSm OD;ae0if;rdom;pkeJ@ AdkvfrSL;csKyfcif!Gef@wdk@tay: t+idK;taw;awG pwif jzpfay:cJhw,fvdk@ ,lq&ygw,f? 1988 ckESpf pufwbFmvtwGif; ppftm%m&Sif}uD; OD;ae0if;u AdkvfcsKyf}uD; apm armifeJ@ AkdvfcsKyfcif!Gef@wdk@udk ol@&J@tdrfawmfrSm ac:,lawG@qHk+yD; ppfwyfeJ@tm%modrf;zdk@/ ppftm%modrf;aumifpDrSm AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmifu OuUXvkyf+yD; AdkvfcsKyfcif!Gef@eJ@ AdkvfrSL;csKyfwifOD; wdk@udk twGif;a&;rSL; (1)eJ@(2) vkyfcdkif;zdk@ !$ef=um;cJhygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;apmarmifuvnf; 'kwd,umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyfjzpfwJh AdkvfcsKyf}uD;oef;a&$udk tm%m =uyfajy;eef;wGif;t&_yfawmfykH

8

'Drdkua&pDESifhzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk-------------

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9

'Drdkua&pDESifhzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk-------------

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10

'Drdkua&pDESifhzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk-------------

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11

'Drdkua&pDESifhzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk-------------

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12

'Drdkua&pDESifhzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk-------------

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'Drdkua&pDESifhzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk-------------

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15

'Drdkua&pDESifhzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk-------------

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'Drdkua&pDESifhzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk-------------

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17

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“=uyfajy; eef;wGif;t&_yf awmfyHk trSwf(5)” AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD; apmarmif [m 1991 ESpfukefydkif;avmufup+yD; pdwfa0'emcHpm;vm&wJhtwGuf 'k-OuUX AdkvfcsKyf}uD; oef;a&$ OD;aqmifwJh e0wtzGJ@u AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;apmarmif&J@ vkyfydkifcGifhtm%mawGudk wpfck+yD;wpfck odrf; ,lcJh=uygw,f? 1991 ckESpf pufwbFm(18)&ufae@rSm AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;apmarmif wm0ef,lxm;wJh EdkifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD; wm0efawGudk OD;tHk;a*smfudk v$Jajymif;ay;tyfcJhygw,f? 1992ckESpf rwfv(20)&ufae@rSm AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;apmarmif&J@ umuG,fa&;0ef}uD; wm0efudk AdkvfcsKyf}uD;oef;a&$u v$Jajymif;&,lcJhygw,f? 1992 ckESpf {+yDv(22)&ufae@rSm um uG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyfwm0efudkyg v$Jajymif;,lcJhygw,f? {+yDv(23)&ufae@rSm AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD; apmarmifudk usef;rma&; ta=umif;jy tem;ay;vdkuf+yD; e0wOuUX&mxl;udk AdkvfcsKyf}uD;oef;a&$u v$Jajymif;,lcJhygw,f? {+yDv(24)&ufae@rSm e0wppftpdk;&&J@ 0ef}uD;csKyf&mxl;udkyg wygwnf; v$Jajymif;&,lcJhygw,f? wu,fawmh AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;apmarmif[m txufuay;wJhtrdef@twdkif; vdkufemaqmif&GufcJhwJh ppfom; wpfOD;om jzpfygw,f? ol@rSm tm%mudk a&&Snfqkyfudkifxm;vdkwJhqENeJ@ }uD;rm;wJhEdkifiHa&;&nfrSef;csuf r&dSbl;qdkwm olajymcJhwJh rdef@cGef;awGeJ@ ol@vkyf&yfwcsdK@rSm txift&Sm; awG@Edkifygw,f? vGwfvyf+yD;w&m;r#wwJh a&G;aumufyGJ wpf &yf usif;yjyKvkyfay;+yD;&if wyfrawmfu ppfwef;vsm;udk jyefr,fvdk@ ajymcJhbl;ovdk/ zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccH Oya' a&;qGJzdk@qdkwm 'kd@tvkyf r[kwfbl;/ ordkif;w&m;cH tjzpfrcHEdkifbl;vdk@vnf; vlod&Sif=um; ajymqdkcJhbl;ygw,f? wu,f vnf; 1990 arv taxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJudk vGwfvyf+yD; w&m;r#watmif usif;yjyKvkyfay;cJhwm awG@Edkifygw,f? 'gayrJh a&G;aumufyGJrSm trsdK;om;'Drku d a&pDtzGJ@csKyfu tjywftowf tEdkif&&dSoGm;wJhtcg tm%mudkvufrv$wf csif=uwJh e0wAdkvfcsKyfawGu AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD; apmarmifudk 0dkif;0ef;uef@uGuf zdtm;ay;vm=uygw,f? ppfom;yDyD udk,fajymcJhwJh pum;/ udk,fay;cJhwJhuwdudk rzsufcsifwJh AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;apmarmif[m tJ'Dtcsdefupvdk@ ab;usyfeH usyfjzpf+yD; pdwfzdpD;r_a0'emudk cHpm;cJh&ygw,f? ol@&J@pdwfa0'emudk ydkrdkqdk;0g;apwmuawmh 1990 ckESpf =o*kwfv(27)&ufae@rSm rEWav;+rdK@&dS oHComr*~D tzGJ@csKyfuOD;aqmif+yD; e0wppfAdkvfcsKyfawGtygt0if tm%mydkifawGtm;vHk;udk “ywWeduUKZ…e” uHaqmif oydwf arSmufcJhjcif; jzpfygw,f? rEWav;upvdkufwJh 'DuHaqmifoydwfwdkufyGJ[m ppfudkif;/ rHk&GmeJ@ &efukef+rdK@awG tygt0if wjynfvHk;udk awmrD;vdk csufcsif;jyef@ESef@oGm;wJhtwGuf AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;apmarmif tygt0if e0wppftkyfpkwpfckvHk;udk txl;wkefv_yf ajcmufjcm;oGm;apcJhygw,f? txl;ojzifh &Spfav;vHk;ta&;tcif;rSm ausmif;om;jynfol &[ef;&Sifvl awGudk um,uHajrmuf owfjzwfcJh=u&wJh wyfrawmf&J@atmufajcydkif;udk pdwf"mwfa&;&mt& ydkrdkxdcdkufapcJhwm awG@&ygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;apmarmif taeeJ@ 'DudpPudk odrfodrfarG@arG@eJ@ udkifwG,fajz&Sif;vdkwJhqEN&dSayrJh AdkvfcsKyf}uD; oef;a&$ OD;aqmifwJh acgif;rm*dk%f;u tm%mpufeJ@ cyfjywfjywfudkifwG,fzdk@ twif;tusyf zdtm;ay;awmif;qdkvm wma=umifh aoG;xGufoH,dkESdrfeif;r_awG jyKvkyfcJh&wJhtay:rSmvnf; AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;apmarmif&J@ pdwfa0'em[m ydkrdk qdk;&Gm;cJh&ygw,f? AdkvfcsKyf}uD;oef;a&$uawmh EdkifiHawmf&J@tm%mawGtm;vHk; ol@vufxJudk a&muf&dSvmwJhtcsdefup+yD; Akdvf csKyfrSL;}uD;apmarmif wm0efcHvkyfaqmifcJhwJh vkyfief;rSefor# oleJ@bmrSrqdkifovdk oabmxm;cJhygw,f? ol@v ufxJu tm%mudk t"du+cdrf;ajcmufoljzpfvmwJh trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyfudkvnf; b,fawmhrS tm%mv$Jray;zdk@ qHk; jzwfcJhygw,f? AdkvfcsKyf}uD;oef;a&$ EdkifiHawmf0ef}uD;csKyfwm0efudk v$Jajymif;,lwJhae@rSmbJ zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'a&;qGJzdk@ trsdK;om;nDvmcHac:,lwhJ a=unmcsufudk xkwfjyefcJhygw,f? ppfwdkif;rSL;awGtygt0if e0w ppfaumifpD0if(19)OD;vHk;[m rqv ppftm%m&Sifa[mif;}uD; OD;ae0if; udk,f wdkif a&G;cs,fwm0efay;xm;cJholawG jzpfygw,f? rqv ppftpdk;&acwfrSm umuG,fa&;0ef}uD;u AdkvfcsKyf}uD; ol& ausmfxif jzpf+yD; wyfrawmfumuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyfu AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmifjzpfayrJh wu,fawmh olwdk@(2)a,mufvHk;

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18

'Drdkua&pDESifhzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk-------------

okawoeESifhrSwfwrf;wifXme

[m jrefrmhwyfrawmfwpfckvHk;tay:rSm OD;ae0if;avmuf =oZmoufa&mufr_ r&dScJhygbl;? olwdk@[m &kyfjyoabm avmufomjzpf+yD; tm%mtm;vHk;udk OD;ae0if;uom csKyfudkifxm;cJhwmjzpfygw,f? tm%m&Sif}uD; OD;ae0if;[m ppfwyfu ol@udk tmcHykefuefvdk@r&atmifvnf; wyfrawmf&J@ xdyfwef;wyfrSL;}uD;awGtwGif;rSm aoG;cGJtkyfcsKyfwJhpepf udk usifhoHk;xm;wma=umifh 1988 ckESpftwGif; ppfwyfu tm%mv$Jajymif;,lcJh&wJhtcsdefrSm ppfwdkif;rSL;trsm;pk[m 'kumuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf AdkvfcsKyf}uD;oef;a&$udk rqdkxm;eJ@ umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;apmarmif udkawmif &dkaoav;pm;r_odyfr&dSwmudk txift&Sm; awG@&ygw,f? cyfrdkufrdkuf ppfwdkif;rSL;awGjzpf=uwJh erc (,QK vyc) wdkif;rSL; AdkvfcsKyfxGef;=unf/ ryc wdkif;rSL ; AdkvfcsKyf ausmfb eJ@ vyc wkdif;rSL; AdkvfcsKyf at;aomif wdk@[m ppf&Hk;csKyfu AdkvfcsKyf}uD;awGudk odyf*&krpdkufyJ olwdk@vkyfcsif&m udk pGyfvkyfwwfolawGvdk@ tJ'Dtcsdefu eHrnf}uD;cJhygw,f? “&kwf&kwf &kwf&kwfawmh rvkyfeJ@/ 'dk@(3)a,muf aygif; vdkuf&if jrefrmEdkifiHudk ESpfydkif;cGJypfvdk@&w,f”vdk@ (4)vywftpnf;ta0;wpfckrSm ppf&Hk;csKyfudkawmif cyfajymifajymif +cdrf;ajcmuf&JwJholawG jzpfygw,f? 'Dvdk ppfwdkif;rSL;rsdK;awG&dSaeoa&G@ wyfrawmfwpfckvHk;udk ol@vufol@ajc xifovdk csKyfudkifvdk@r&Edkifbl;qdkwm }udKwifod&dS oabmaygufaewJh AdkvfcsKyf}uD;oef;a&$uvnf; AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;apmarmif&J@ usef;rma&;tajctae qdk;vmwJhtcsdefup+yD; cyfpGmpGmAdkvfcsKyfawGudk wyfrJhAdkvfcsKyfawGjzpfvmatmif pepfwus pwifvkyfaqmifvmcJhwm awG@&ygw,f? 1992 ckESpf rwfv(5)&ufae@rSm ppfa&;csKyf AdkvfcsKyfjrifhatmifudk v,f,m pdkufysdK;a&;0ef}uD;/ eycwdkif;rSL; AdkvfcsKyfjroif; udk or0g,r0ef}uD;tjzpf ajymif;vJcef@tyfcJhygw,f? ppfa&;csKyf AdkvfcsKyfjrifhatmif qdkoluvnf; acol r[kwfygbl;? &Spfav;vHk;umvtwGif; ewcwkdif;rSL;tjzpfeJ@ {&m0wDwdkif; ykodr+f rdK@rSm wm0efxrf;aqmifaepOf “wjynfvHk; 'Drdkua&pD&&ifawmif ighwdkif;rSmawmh rar#mfvifheJ@/ ighwouf b,f awmhrSray;bl;/” vdk@ wif;wif;rmrm ajymqdkcJholwpfOD; jzpfygw,f? AdkvfcsKyf}uD; oef;a&$[m AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;apmarmifudk wm0eftm;vHk;u vHk;0 z,f&Sm;ypf vdkuf+yD;wJhaemufydkif; rSm “oHk;a,mufaygif;avmif;ausmf” ppfwdkif;rSL;awGjzpfwJh AdkvfcsKyfxGef;=unf/ AdkvfcsKyfausmfb eJ@ AdkvfcsKyfat;aomif wdk@udkvnf; 0ef}uD;awGtjzpfeJ@ uefwifvdkuf+yD; wyfeJ@ tqufjzwfypfcJhygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfxGef;=unfudk ukefoG,fa&; 0ef}uD;/ Adkvcf sKyfausmfbudk [dkw,fESifhc&D;oGm;vma&;vkyfief;0ef}uD;/ AdkvfcsKyfat;aomifudk tvkyform;0ef}uD;awG tjzpfeJ@ 1992 ck ESpf pufwbFm(24)&ufae@rSm ajymif;a&$@cef@xm;cJhwm jzpfygw,f? ppfwdkif;rSL;wm0efawGuae &kwf odrf;+yD; wyfeJ@tqufjzwfccH Jh&ayrJh AdkvfcsKyftqifh ppfbufqdkif&m&mxl;awGudk qufvufay;xm;wJhtjyif tJ'Dtcsdef u +rdK;+rdK;jrufjrufav;pm;&wJh 0ef}uD;XmeawGudkay;+yD; ESpfodrfhvdkufwJhtwGuf cyfpGmpGm ppfwdkif;rSL;wpfpk tidkufrd oGm;cJh=uygw,f? tJ'Dae@rSmbJ umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf(a&) 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD;armifarmifcif eJ@ umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf (av) 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD;wifxGef; wdk@udkvnf; 'kwd,0ef}uD;csKyfawGtjzpfeJ@ ajymif;a&$@cef@xm;vdkuf+yD; avwyf/ a& wyfawGeJ@ tqufjzwfypfvdkufygw,f? vpfvyfoGm;wJh umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf(av)/ umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf(a&)eJ@ ppfwdkif;rSL;awGae&mrSm AdkvfcsKyf}uD; oef;a&$ ,Hk=unfpdwfcsolawGeJ@ tpm;xdk;cef@tyfcJhygw,f? wyfrrSL;ae&mawGeJ@ ppf&Hk;csKyfu ta&;}uD;wJhae&mawGrSm vnf; ol@&J@wynfh&if;awGudk wm0efay;cef@tyfr_awG csufcsif;jyKvkyfcJhygw,f? wyfeJ@tqufjzwfcH&+yD; txufudk uef wifcHvdkuf&wJh AdkvfcsKyfawGudk ESpfodrfhzdk@}udK;yrf;wJhtaeeJ@ 1993 ckESpf rwfv(27)&ufae@rSm 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD; awG tjzpf &mxl;awGwdk;ay;cJh+yD; oludk,fwdkifvnf; tJ'Dae@rSm AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;&mxl;udk wdk;jr‡ifh&,lvdkufygw,f? tJ'D ae@rSmyJ wpfESpfeD;yg;avmuf vpfvyfxm;cJhwJh 'kwd,wyfrawmfumuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyfwm0efudkvnf; ta&S@ydkif;wdkif; ppfXmecsKyf wdkif;rSL; AdkvfcsKyfarmifat;udk csD;jr‡ifhay;tyfcJhygw,f? jrefrmhwyfrawmf&J@ ppfbufwm0efawGeJ@ &mxl;awGudk W.E (War Establishment) t& vdktyfcsufeJ@tnD a&;qGJjyXmef;xm;wmjzpfwJhtwGuf 'kwd, umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf ae&mudk 'Davmuft=um}uD; vpfvyfxm;p&m ta=umif;r&dSygbl;? 'D&mxl;udk 'Davmuf=um=um vpfvyfxm;cJh&wm [m e0wppfaumifpDtwGif;rSm 'Dwm0ef/ 'D&mxl;twGuf tkyfpk*dk%f;*%wdkufyGJawG tjyif;txef jzpfyGm;aecJhwm a=umifhom jzpfEdkifygw,f? AdkvfcsKyf}uD;oef;a&$taeeJ@ 'Dwm0efudk AdkvfcsKyfarmifat;udk odyfray;csifayrJh AdkvfcsKyfarmifat;eJ@ DSA tywfpOfwpfckwnf;jzpfwJh 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD;xGef;=unf wdk@tkyfpk&J@ axmufcHr_awGa=umifh AdkvfcsKyfarmifat;[m =uyfajy;eef;wGif;t&_yfawmfykH

19

'Drdkua&pDESifhzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk-------------

okawoeESifhrSwfwrf;wifXme

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=uyfajy;eef;wGif;t&_yfawmfykH

20

'Drdkua&pDESifhzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk-------------

okawoeESifhrSwfwrf;wifXme

“=uyfajy; eef;wGif;t&_yfawmfyHk trSwf(6)”

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21

'Drdkua&pDESifhzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk-------------

okawoeESifhrSwfwrf;wifXme

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=uyfajy;eef;wGif;t&_yfawmfykH

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'Drdkua&pDESifhzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk-------------

okawoeESifhrSwfwrf;wifXme

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=uyfajy;eef;wGif;t&_yfawmfykH

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'Drdkua&pDESifhzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk-------------

okawoeESifhrSwfwrf;wifXme

rsufESmudkaxmuf+yD; atmifhtnf;oD;cHaecJhwmjzpfw,fvdk@ 2004ckESpf ESpfukefydkif;rSm AdkvfcsKyf}uD;cif!Gef@eJ@twl jzKwf xkwf&Sif; cHvdkuf&wJh ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;t&m&dSwOD;u ajymqdkcJhbl;ygw,f? tm%meJ@ywfoufvm&if q&morm;vnf;rxm;/ vkyfaz:udkifzufqdkwmvnf; rxm;wwfwJh AdkvfcsKyfrSL; }uD;oef;a&$[m OD;ae0if;&J@om;ruf OD;at;aZmf0if;eJ@ ajr;(3)a,mufjzpfwJh at;ae0if;/ ausmfae0if;/ ZGJae0if; wdk@udk EdkifiHawmftm%modrf;&ef}uHpnfr_/ EdkifiHawmfvkyf}uHr_/ pwJhpGJcsufawGeJ@ 2002 ckeSpf rwfv(7)&ufae@rSm zrf;qD; ta&;,lcJhygw,f? tm%modrf;&ef}uHpnfrr_ Sm yg0ifywfoufr_&dSw,fqdk+yD; OD;ae0if;rdom;pkeJ@eD;pyfol avwyf um uG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf AdkvfcsKyfjrifhaqG(av)/ }wd*Ha'owdkif;ppfXmecsKyf wdkif;rSL; AdkvfcsKyfcspfoef;/ urf;&dk;wef;wdkif;ppfXme csKyf wdkif;rSL; AdkvfcsKyfat;aºuGeJ@ &JcsKyf AdkvfrSL;}uD;pdk;0if; wdk@udkvnf; jzKwf/ xkwf/ z,f&Sm;+yD; ta&;,lwmawG jyKvkyf cJhygw,f? ppftm%m&Sifa[mif;}uD; OD;ae0if;eJ@ orD;jzpfol AdkvfrSL;a[mif; a':cifpENm0if; wdk@udkawmh touft&G,f }uD;+yD; bmrSrvkyfEdkifawmhbl;vdk@ ,lqwmuwa=umif;/ wyfrawmftwGif;rSm txdkuftav#muf =oZm&dSaeEdkifao; w,fvdk@ ,lqwmuwa=umif;/ pwJhta=umif;awGa=umifh EdkifiHawmftm%modrf;&ef}uHpnfr_eJ@ w&m;pGJqdkjcif;rjyKcJh ayrJh ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm aetdrftus,fcsKyfcsxm;cJhwm awG@Edkifygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$[m OD;ae0if;eJ@ ol@rdom;pktay: b,favmuftxd yk*~dKvfa&;emusnf;csuf jyif;xefcJh ovJqdkwm OD;ae0if; aoqHk;wJhtcsdefrSm &uful;cGifhray;/ rdom;pktm;vHk;pHkatmif apmifhqdkif;cGifhvnf;rjyKyJ/ csufcsif; rD;&d_@o+F*dKvf+yD; jymawGudkjrpfxJar#mcdkif;cJhwJhvkyf&yfudk =unf@jcif;tm;jzifh odEdkifygw,f? touf(93)ESpf &dS+yDjzpfwJh tm %m&Sifa[mif;}uD; OD;ae0if;[m &efukef+rdK@ r&rf;ukef;+rdK@e,f/ arcvrf;&dS orD;}uD;a':cifpENm0if;&J@ tdrfeHygwf(19)rSm aetdrftus,fcsKyfeJ@ aexdkif&if; 2002 ckESpf 'DZifbm(5)&ufae@rSm aoqHk;oGm;wJhtcg csufcsif; o+F*dKvfcHcJh&ygw,f? ao'%fcscHxm;&wJh rdom;pk0ifawGeJ@ EdkifiHjcm;rSma&muf&dSaewJh om;orD;awGudkvnf; vma&mufcGifhray;wJhtjyif/ etztzGJ@eJ@ jrefrmhwyfrawmftwGif;u OD;ae0if;&J@wynf@a[mif;awGudkvnf; wufa&mufcGifhray;cJhygbl;? tJ'Dae@ ae@vnf(1)em&Du a&a0;ok\efrSm rD;oF+*dKvfcJhwJh OD;ae0if;&J@ aemufqHk;c&D;udk orD;}uD; a':cifpENm 0if;eJ@ t&yf0wf ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;tcsdK@tygt0if vl(25)OD;avmufom vdkufygydk@aqmifEdkifcJh=uygw,f? tJ'DvlawG xJrSm wcsdefu OD;ae0if;&J@wynf@ t+idrf;pm; a&wyfOD;pD;csKyfeJ@ EdkifiHawmfaumifpD0if AdkvfrSL;csKyfaomif;wif yg0ifae wmudk OD;ae0if;&J@tokbtcef;tem;ta=umif; &dkuful;xm;wJh AGD'D,dkrSwfwrf;rSm jrifawG@&wJhtcg AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD; oef;a&$wa,muf t}uD;tus,f a'goaygufuGJ+yD; AdkvfrSL;csKyfaomif;wif&J@om; a&wyfAdkvfrSL; rdk;oufwif udk ta=umif;rJh &mxl;ujzKwfypfcJhwJhtjyif AdkvfrSL;csKyfaomif;wif&J@om;ruf weoFm&Da&wyfpcef;XmecsKyf/ XmecsKyfrSL; AdkvfrSL;}uD; csdKoef;armif udkvnf; csufcsif; t&yfbufudk ajymif;a&$@ypfcJha=umif; od&dS&ygw,f? ? *****************************

=uyfajy;eef;wGif;t&_yfawmfykH

24

'Drdkua&pDESifhzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk-------------

okawoeESifhrSwfwrf;wifXme

“=uyfajy; eef;wGif;t&_yfawmfyHk trSwf(7)” e0w uae etz tjzpf trnfajymif;vdkuf+yD;wJhaemufup+yD; AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$[m jrefrmhwyfrawmf wckvHk;udk ol@pdwf}udKuf jyifqifajymif;vJr_awG jyKvkyfcJhygw,f? tJ'DtcsdefrSm AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$&J@toufu (64) ESpf &dSaeyg+yD? 1956 wyfrawmftufOya't&qdk&if touf(60)ausmfwmeJ@ jrefrmhwyfrawmfrSm b,folrS wm0ef qufvufxrf;aqmifcGifh r&dSygbl;? jrefrmhwyfrawmfordkif;udk jyef=unf@r,fqdk&ifvnf; *ENDpmcsKyft& 1945 ckESpf pufwbFm(7)&ufae@rSm jyefvnfpkzGJ@cJhwJh tcsdefup+yD; 'Duae@txd umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyfaygif; (7)OD;&dScJhwJhteuf vuf&dS wyfrawmfumuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$uvGJvdk@ b,folrS touf(60)ausmfwJhtxd 'D&mxl; udk qufvufzufwG,fxm;wmrsdK; rawG@cJh&ygbl;? ,kwfpGtqHk; acwfopfjrefrmhwyfrawmfordkif;rSm yxrqHk; ppftm %m&Si}f uD;jzpfcJhwJh AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;awmif wyfrawmfumuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf&mxl;udk touf(60)ausmfwJhtxd xrf; aqmifjcif; rjyKcJhygbl;? 'gayrJh jrefrmhwyfrawmf&J@ 'kwd,ppftm%m&Sif AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$uawmh touf(75) ESpft&G,fudka&mufaewmawmif umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf&mxl;udk vufrv$wfao;bJ zufwG,fxm;wmawG@&ygw,f? ppf+yD;acwf jrefrmhwyfrawmf&J@ yxrqHk;umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyfjzpfcJhwJh u&ifvlrsdK; 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD; prpf'Gef; (BC-5106) qdk&ifvnf; wm0efuz,f&Sm;cHvdkuf&wJh 1949 ckESpf Zefe0g&Dv(31)&ufae@rSm touf(60) rjynf@ao; wm awG@&ygw,f? ol@ae&mudkqufcHcJhwJh AdkvfcsKyfae0if;(BC-3502) qdk&ifvnf; 1962ckESpfrSm ppfwyfeJ@tm%m odrf;cJhol jzpfwJhtwGuf umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf&mxl;udk touf(60)ausmfwJhwdkifvufrv$wfyJ qufvufqkwfudkifoGm; r,fqdk&if aumif;aumif;}uD; &EdkifayrJh 1972ckESpf {+yDv(20)&ufae@rSm ol@&J@ wyfrawmfumuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf &mxl; udk AdkvfcsKyf}uD;pef;,k(BC-3569)udk v$Jajymif;ay;tyfcJhwm awG@&ygw,f? AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;&J@ arG;ouU&mZfu (145-1911) jzpfwJhtwGuf ol@touf(60)jynf@wJhtcsdefrSm ppfpnf;urf;udk av;pm;vdkufema=umif;jywJhtaeeJ@ ol@&J@ &mxl;udk pGef@v$wfcJhwmjzpfygw,f? wyfrawmfumuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf AdkvfcsKyf}uD;pef;,k (arG;ouU&mZf 3-3-1918) uvnf; touf(60)rjynf@ cif 1974 ckESpf {+yDv(26)&ufae@rSm ol@&J@ &mxl;udk AdkvfcsKyf}uD; ol&wifOD; (BC-3651) xH v$Jajymif;ay;tyfcJhwm awG@Edkifygw,f? wyfrawmfom;awGeJ@ jynfolawG&J@ av;pm;cspfcifr_udkcHcJh&wJhtwGuf ppftm%m&SifawGupdk;&drf+yD; 1976ckESpf rwfv(6)&ufae@rSm jzKwf/ xkwf/ &Sif; cHvdkufwJh wyfrawmfumuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf AdkvfcsKyf}uD; ol&wifOD;&J@ arG;ouU&mZfu (12-3-1927) jzpfwma=umifh tJ'DtcsdefrSm ol@touf[m (50)awmif rjynf@ao;wmudk awG@Edkifyg w,f? AdkvfcsKyf}uD; ol&wifOD;&J@&mxl;udk qufcHcJhwJh wyfrawmfumuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ol&ausmfxif (BC5332) uvnf; (1924) ckESpfrSm arG;zGm;cJholjzpfwJhtwGuf ol@touf( 60)jynf@wJh 1985 ckESpf Edk0ifbmvrSm ol@&J@ &mxl;udk AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmif (BC-6187) xH v$Jajymif;ay;tyfcJhwm awG@&ygw,f? wu,fawmh ppftm%m&Sifvufopf AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$[m ol@q&mjzpfcJhwJh ppftm%m&Sifvufa[mif; AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;avmuf owWda&m/ t&nftcsif;yg r&dSygbl;? oltm%m&vmwm ESpf(20)eD;yg;&dS+yD; toufuvnf; (75)ESpft&G,f a&mufaewmawmif/ ol@&J@ umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf&mxl;udk atmufvlawGxH ,Hk=unfpdwfcspGmeJ@ v$J ajymif; ray;&Jao;wmudk=unf@&if 'Dtcsufudk xifxif&Sm;&Sm; awG@jrifEdkifygw,f? 'gayrJh Adkv fcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$[m aumufuspf,kwfrmwJhae&mrSmawmh AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;xuf ydk+yD;tpGrf;xufwmudk awG@&ygw,f? ol@touf (60) ausmfvmwJhwdkifatmif umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf&mxl;udk rpGef@v$wfcsifao;wma=umifh 1997 ckESpfrSm e0w uae etz tjzpf trnfajymif;vdkuf+yD; oleJ@toufr&G,f rwdrf;r,drf; vkyfaz:udkifzuf 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD; w'gZifausmfudk wyf rawmftwGif;uae jzKwf/ xkwf/ &Sif;vif;ypfcJhygw,f? topfjyifqifzGJ@pnf;cJhwJh etz ppfaumifpDeJ@ 0ef}uD;tzGJ@xJrSm ol@wynf@ trsm;tjym;udk xdk;xnf@ ae&may;cJh+yD; oluawmh wyfrawmfumuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf &mxl;tygt0if xdyf

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'Drdkua&pDESifhzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk-------------

okawoeESifhrSwfwrf;wifXme

qHk;u vkyfydkifcGifhtm%mtm;vHk;udk qufvuf&,l xdrf;csKyfxm;cJhygw,f? ol@wynf@awGu ol@udk ruvefEdkifatmif vkyfwJhtaeeJ@vnf; ae&mopfawGeJ@ &mxl;opfawG trsm;tjym;udk wDxGifzefwD;+yD; cGJa0ay;tyfcJhwm awG@&ygw,f? rlv e0wppfaumifpDrSm twGif;a&;rSL;(1)eJ@(2)om xm;&dScJh&mu topfzGJ@pnf; vdkufwJh etzppfaumifpDrSm twGif;a&;rSL;(3)qdkwJh ae&mopfwckudk xyfrHwDxGifzefwD;cJh+yD; ol@wynf@jzpfwJh ppfa&;csKyf 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD;0if;jrifh (BC-8809)udk yl;wGJudkifcdkif;cJhygw,f? 'Dvdk vkyfvdkufjcif;tm;jzifh 'kAdkvfcsKyf}uD;0if;jrifh[m etztzGJ@rSm (5)OD;ajrmuf tm%mt&dS qHk;yk*~dKvfjzpfvm+yD; 1988 ckESpfupvdk@ twGif;a&;rSL; (1)eJ@(2) &mxl;awGudk&,lxm;cJh=uwJh 'kwd, Adkvf csKyf}uD; cif!Gef@eJ@ 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD; wifOD;wdk@&J@ vkyfydkifc Gifhtm%meJ@ =oZmt&dSeft0gawGudkvnf; av#mhenf;usqif; oGm;apcJhygw,f? AdkvfcsKyf0if;jrifh[m 1988 vlxkta&;awmfyHk}uD;udk &uf&ufpufpuf ypfcwfowfjzwf acsr_ef;&mrSm a&S@wef;u wufºuGpGmyg0ifcJhwJh wyfr(11)&J@ vufr&GH@wyfrSL;jzpfcJholrdk@ AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$ umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf jzpf vmwJh 1992 ckESpfrSm taemufydkif;wdkif;ppfXmecsKyf wkdif;rSL;tjzpf ajymif;a&$@cef@tyfcJh+yD; 1995 ckESpfrSm ppfa&;csKyf tjzpfeJ@ ol@teD;udk ac:,lxm;cJhwmjzpfygw,f? umuG,fa&;0ef}uD;Xme&dSygv#ufeJ@ AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD; oef;a&$[m 1997 ckESpf etzacwfrSm wyfrawmfa&;&m 0ef}uD;Xme qdkwmudk wDxGifzGJ@pnf;cJh+yD; ol@wynf@wOD;jzpfwJh ppfaxmufcsKyf 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD;wifvS (BC-8752) udk yl;wGJudkifcdkif;cJhygw,f? 'ghtjyif aemufwESpft=um 1998 ckESpf Edk0ifbmv (14)&ufae@rSm 'kwd,0ef}uD;csKyf &mxl; udkyg yl;wGJudkifcdkif;cJhjcif;tm;jzifh 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD;wifvSudk etztzGJ@rSm (6)OD;ajrmuf tm%mt&dSqHk;yk*~dKvf jzpfvm apcJhygw,f? 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD; wifvS [mvnf; 1988 vlxkta&;awmfyHk}uD;udk &uf&ufpufpuf ypfcwfowfjzwf acsr_ef;&mrSm a&S@wef;uwufºuGpGmyg0ifcJhwJh wyfr(22)&J@ vufr&GH@wyfrSL;jzpfcJholrdk@ AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$ umuG,f a&;OD;pD;csKyfjzpfvmwJh 1992 ckESpfrSm taemufawmifwdkif;ppfXmecsKyf wkdif;rSL;tjzpf ajymif;a&$@cef@tyfcJh+yD; 1995 ckESpf rSm ppfaxmufcsKyftjzpfeJ@ ol@teD;udk ac:,lxm;cJhwmjzpfygw,f? wu,fawmh etz ppfaumifpDrSm twGif;a&;rSL;(3)OD;txd cef@tyfp&mrvdkbJ wOD;wnf;eJ@wif vHkavmuf w,fqdkwmudk 'Duae@ wOD;wnf;aomtwGif;a&;rSL;jzpfwJh 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD; oD[ol& wifatmifjrifOD; u ouf aojyaeygw,f? twGif;a&;rSL;&mxl;awG azgif;yGaewm[m ol@wynf@ukd,hfwynf@awGudk ae&may;zdk@eJ@ tcsif;csif; tm%mcsdefcGifv$mxdrf;!dSzdk@twGuf &nf&G,fjyKvkyfae=uwm jzpfEdkifygw,f? 2001 ckESpf azaz:0g&Dv(19)&ufae@rSm &[wf,mOfysufus+yD; aoqHk;oGm;cJhwJh twGif;a&;rSL;(2) 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD;wifOD;&J@ae&mudk (2)ESpfeD;yg;=umatmif vpfvyfxm;cJh+yD;rS 2003ckESpf azaz:0g&Dv(1)&ufae@rSm AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$&J@ vl,HkawmfwOD;jzpfwJh ava=umif;&ef umuG,fa&;XmecsKyfrSL; 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD;pdk;0if; udk tJ'Dwm0ef yl;wGJay;tyfcJhwm awG@&ygw,f? 'gayrJh vmbfpm;r_ pGJcsufawGeJ@ 2001 ckESpf Edk0ifbm(9)&ufae@rSm jzKwf/ xkwf/ &Sif; cHvdkuf&wJh twGif;a&;rSL;(3) 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD; 0if; jrifh &J@ ae&mudkawmh tcktcsdefxd tpm;xdk;cef@tyfjcif;rjyKawmhyJ jyefvnfzsufodrf;vdkufwm awG@&ygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD; oef;a&$[m ol@tm%mwnf+rJa&;twGufqdk&if wu,frvdktyfyJeJ@ wyfrawmfeJ@ 0ef}uD;tzGJ@ awG&J@ zGJ@pnf;yHkawGudk wdk;vdkufav#mhvdkufeJ@ ol vkyfcsifovdkvkyfcJhwJhom"uawG trsm;tjym;&dScJhygw,f? 1997 ckESpf Edk0ifbmvrSm e0w uae etztjzpf ajymif;vJzGJ@pnf;cJhpOfu jzKwfxkwfz,f&Sm;cHvdkuf&wJh AdkvfcsKyf}uD;wpkudk ,m,DESpfodrf@zdk@}udK;pm;wJhtaeeJ@ “t}uHay;tzGJ@”qdk+yD; zGJ@pnf;ay;cJhayrJh (7)vrjynf@cif tJ'DtzGJ@udk jyefvnfzsuf odrf;ypfcJhwm awG@&ygw,f? tvm;wl 0ef}uD;tzGJ@rSmvnf; 'kwd,0ef}uD;csKyfawGudk (3)OD;txdxm;vdkuf aemufjyef zsufvdkuf/ wyfrawmfa&;&m0ef}uD;Xmeqdk+yD; ckzGJ@vdkuf aemufzsufvdkuf/ etzOuUX&Hk; 0ef}uD;/ 0ef}uD;csKyf&Hk; 0ef}uD;/ 'kwd,0ef}uD;csKyf&Hk; 0ef}uD;/ qdkwmawGudkvnf; 2OD;pD/ 3OD;pD cef@xm;vdkuf jyefzsufypfvdkufeJ@ jzpf§ysuf oHo&m vnf aewmudk awG@&ygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$[m (de facto) tpdk;&jzpfwJh etzppftpdk;&&J@ 0ef}uD;csKyf&mxl;udkvnf; &,lxm;cJh ayrJh oludk,fwdkif EdkifiHwumtpdk;&awGeJ@qufqH&rSmudk pdk;&drfa=umufvef@aewma=umifh 1997 ckESpf e0wu etz trnfudk ajymif;vJcJhwJhtcsdefrSm umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf(a&) 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD; armifarmifcif eJ@ umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf (av) 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD; wifxGef; wdk@udk wef;+yD;jzKwfrypfao;bJ 'kwd,0ef}uD;csKyfawGtjzpfeJ@ ol@atmufrSm cef@tyf wm0efay;cJhwJhtjyif aemufwESpft=umrSm 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD; wifvS udkyg 'kwd,0ef}uD;csKyftjzpfeJ@ cef@tyf wm0ef =uyfajy;eef;wGif;t&_yfawmfykH

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'Drdkua&pDESifhzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk-------------

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27

'Drdkua&pDESifhzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk-------------

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28

'Drdkua&pDESifhzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk-------------

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'Drdkua&pDESifhzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk-------------

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'Drdkua&pDESifhzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk-------------

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'Drdkua&pDESifhzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk-------------

okawoeESifhrSwfwrf;wifXme

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33

'Drdkua&pDESifhzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk-------------

okawoeESifhrSwfwrf;wifXme

AdkvfrSL;}uD;tqifheJ@ wyfr(88)rSm wyfrrSL;jzpfvmcJhwJhtjyif 1981 ckESpf rqvygwD&J@ pwkwWt}udrfygwDnDvmcHrSm A[dkaumfrwD0ifyg jzpfvmcJhwm awG@&ygw,f? q&mjzpfol 'kAdkvfcsKyf}uD; at;udk u 1981 ckESpf pufwbFm(19)&ufae@rSm oufjynfhyifpifeJ@ wyfrawmf wm0efawGu z,fay;cJh&ayrJh tJ'DESpftwGif; usif;yjyKvkyfcJhwJh rqv A[dkaumfrwD&J@ pwkwˆt}udrftpnf;ta0;eJ@ wwd,t}udrf jynfol@v$wfawmf yxrt}udrftpnf;ta0;awGrSm rqvygwD&J@ taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;eJ@ EdkifiH awmfaumifpD twGif;a&;rSL;tjzpf a&G;cs,fcHcJh&+yD; =oZmtm%mt&dSeft0g ydkrdk}uD;rm;vmcJhygw,f? q&mu wyfr awmfxJrSm r&dSawmhayrJh ygwDvdkif;rSm taumif}uD;jzpfvmwma=umifh Adkvfoef;a&$uvnf; 1983 ckeSpfup+yD; ewc wdkif;rSL;/ a'oygwDOuUX/ 1985 Edk0ifbmvrSm 'kwd,umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf/ 1988 ZlvdkifvrSm 'kwd,umuG,fa&; 0ef}uD;eJ@ rqvA[dktvkyftr_ aqmifaumfrwD0if pwJh &mxl;}uD;awGudk&&dSvmwm awG@&ygw,f? etzwGif;(2)eJ@ ppfOD;pD;t&m&dScsKyf 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD; wifOD; [mvnf; Adkvfat;udk &J@ wynfh&if;wpfOD;jzpf a=umif; od&dS&ygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfat;udk 'kcsKyftjzpf umuG,fa&;OD ;pD;csKyf&Hk;rSm pwifwm0efxrf;aqmifcJhwJh 1976 ckESpfrSm AdkvfrSL;wifOD;[m uu§=unf; ppfqifa&;XmerSm ppfOD;pD;rSL;('kwd,wef;) wm0efudk xrf;aqmifaewJhtcsdef jzpfygw,f? AdkvfrSL; wifOD;[mvnf; tJ'Dtcsdefup+yD; AdkvfcsKyfat;udk&J@ wynfh&if;wpfOD; jzpfvmcJhygw,f? tJ'Dtcsdef u Adkvfoef;a&$uvnf; uu§=unf;rSm ppfOD;pD;rSL;(yxrwef;)wm0efudk xrf;aqmifae&wJhtwGuf Adkvfat;udk/ Adkvfoef;a&$eJ@ AdkvfwifOD; wdk@[m wpf&Hk;wnf;/ wpfÏmewnf;rSm q&mwynfhawGtjzpfeJ@ twlvufwGJcJh=ubl;wm awG@Edkifygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfat;udk[m 1977 ckESpfrSm AdkvfrSL;wifOD;udk cr&(106)udk wyf&if;rSL;wm0efeJ@ acwWajymif;a&$@jy cdkif;cJh+yD; 1979 ckESpfuae ol 'kwyfcsKyfwm0ef u z,fay;cJh&wJh 1981 ckESpftxd 'kAdkvfrSL;}uD;wifOD;udk uu§=unf; ppfqifa&;XmerSm ppfOD;pD;rSL;(yxrwef;)tjzpf wav#mufvHk; ac:,lxm;cJhwm awG@&ygw,f? Adkvfcif!Gef@&J@ q&m&if;jzpfwJh AdkvfcsKyf wifhaqG(zsmyHk)eJ@ 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD; at;udk(usHKaysmf) wdk@[m {&m0wD wdkif;om;awGjzpfayrJh i,fpOfuwnf; wpfOD;eJ@wpfOD; +ydKifbufawGjzpfcJh=uwmudk awG@&ygw,f? Adkvfat;udk eJ@ Adkvf wifhaqG wdk@[m 1943 ckESpfrSm ArmhumuG,fa&;wyfrawmfudk 0ifa&mufcJh=uygw,f? AdkvfwifhaqGu t*Fvdyf-jrefrm (10)wef; atmifxm;wJhtwGuf r*Fvm'HkAdkvfoifwef;ausmif;eJ@ *syefppfwuUodkvfawGrSm wufa&mufcGifh&&dScJh+yD; 1948 ckESpfrSm jyefwrf;0if t&m&dS jzpfvmcJhygw,f? Adkvfat;udkuawmh usHKaysmf ae&Sife,ftrsdK;om;ausmif;rSm (10) wef;txdom ynmoif=um;cJhbl;wJhtwGuf jznfhwif;a&;eJ@o,f,lydk@aqmifa&;wyf&if;rSm wyfom;tqifheJ@ pwif wm0efxrf;aqmifcJh&+yD; aemufydkif;rSm ol@&J@yg;eyfxufjrufr_a=umifh t&mcHAdkvfuav;tqifhtxd cef@tyfcHcJh&yg w,f? 1945 ckESpf zufqpf*syefawmfvSefa&;umvtwGif; AdkvfwifhaqG u *syefjynfrSm ppfynmoifaecJh+yD; Adkvfat; udk u o&ufc&dkif a&S@wef;ppfOD;pD;XmecsKyfeJ@ wdkif;(1) yJEG,fukef;pcef;awGrSm *syefawmfvSefa&;wm0efawGudk xrf; aqmifaecJhwm awG@&ygw,f? Adkvfat;udk[m *syefawmfvSefa&;t+yD; topfjyifqifzGJ@pnf;cJhwJh Armhwyfrawmfudk 1946 ckESpfrSm xyfrH 0ifa&mufcJh&ygw,f? jynf+rdK@&dS Adkvfae0if; OD;pD;wJh oeu(4)rSm wyfom;tjzpfeJ@ wm0efxrf;aqmifcJh+yD; 1952 ckESpf usrS Adkvfoifwef; tywfpOf(6)udk wufa&mufcGifh&&dScJh+yD; jyefwrf;0ift&m&dSjzpfvmcJhol jzpfygw,f? AdkvfwifhaqGu 1962 ckESpfrSm AdkvfrSL;}uD;tqifheJ@ taemufawmifwdkif;ppfXmecsKyf (ewc)rSm 'kwdkif;rSL;tjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmif aepOf Adkvfat;udkuvnf; ewcrSm 'kAdkvfrSL;}uD;tqifheJ@ ppfOD;pD;rSL;yxrwef; (G-1) wm0efudk xrf;aqmifcJhwm awG@&ygw,f? {&m0wDwdkif;om;csif;vnf;jzpf/ wyfwpfckwnf;rSmvnf; txufatmufwm0efawGudk twlwuG xrf; aqmifcJh&olawG jzpfc=Jh ubl;ayrJh Adkvfat;udk [m yk*~dKvfa&;tmCmw }uD;rm;vGef;oljzpfwJhtwGuf 'kwdkif;rSL; Adkvf rSL;}uD;wifhaqG tay:rSm rvdkrkef;wD;r_awG &dScJha=umif;od&dS&ygw,f? Adkvfoef;a&$eJ@ AdkvfwifOD;wdk@&J@q&m&if; Adkvfat;udk[m Adkvfae0if;&J@ oeu(4) i,farG;+cHaygufyDyD pdwfo abmxm; ao;odrf&kwfnHhwJ@ae&mrSm ol@q&m}uD;jzpfwJh Adkvfae0if;xufawmif tqaygif;rsm;pGmydkEdkifw,fvdk@ oleJ@ twl wm0efuscJholawGu rSwfcsufjyK=uwm awG@&ygw,f? 1967 ckESpfrSm 'kAdkvfrSL;}uD; at;udk[m wyfr(88)rSm 'kwyfrrSL; jzpfvmcJhygw,f? tJ'Dtcsdefu wyfr(88)&J@ wyfrrSL;[m AdkvfrSL;}uD;oef;wif jzpfygw,f? Adkvfoef;wifeJ@ Adkvfat;udk wdk@t=um;rSmvnf; yk*~dKvfa&;t& wpfOD;eJ@wpfOD; rwnfhcJ=h ubl;vdk@ qdkygw,f? Adkvfat;udk&J@ aemuf =uyfajy;eef;wGif;t&_yfawmfykH

34

'Drdkua&pDESifhzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk-------------

okawoeESifhrSwfwrf;wifXme

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'Drdkua&pDESifhzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk-------------

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'Drdkua&pDESifhzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk-------------

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'Drdkua&pDESifhzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk-------------

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43

'Drdkua&pDESifhzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk-------------

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'Drdkua&pDESifhzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk-------------

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45

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46

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47

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48

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49

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50

'Drdkua&pDESifhzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk-------------

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'Drdkua&pDESifhzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk-------------

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'Drdkua&pDESifhzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk-------------

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=uyfajy;eef;wGif;t&_yfawmfykH

53

'Drdkua&pDESifhzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk-------------

okawoeESifhrSwfwrf;wifXme

“=uyfajy; eef;wGif;t&_yf awmfyHk trSwf(15)” 1997 ppftkyfpkwGif; tm%mvkyGJrSm AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$bufu &yfwnfay;cJh=uwJh ppfwdkif;rSL;awGudk ppf tm%m&Sifvufopf AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$u 2001 ckESpf Edk0ifbmv(13)&ufae@rSm umuG,fa&;0ef}uD;Xmeatmuf udk ac:,lwm0efay;cJha=umif; tywfpOf(14)rSm wifjycJ+h yD;jzpfygw,f? ,QKwpfywfrSmawmh vpfvyfoGm;wJh tJ'D ppf wdkif;rSL;awGae&mudk wyfrrSL;/ pucrSL;/ 'uprSL;awGeJ@ tpm;xdk;cef@tyfcJhyHkawGudk qufvufwifjyoGm;rSm jzpfyg w,f? rqv/ e0w acwfwpfav#mufrSm ppfwdkif;rSL;awGtjzpf pDeD,m wyfrrSL;awGudk wm0efay;cef@tyfavh&dSayrJh 1997 ckESpf jzKwf/ xkwf/ &Sif;yGJt+yD;rSm ppfwdkif;rSL;awGtjzpf wyfrrSL; (Division Commander) awGudkomru pucvdk@ vlodrsm;wJh ppfqifa&;uGyfuJr_XmecsKyfrSL; (MOC-Military Operation Commander) awGeJ@ 'upvdk@ vlodrsm;wJh a'ouGyfuJr_ppfXmecsKyfrSL; (ROC-Regional Operation Commander) awGudkyg wm0efay;cef@tyfvmwm awG@&dS&ygw,f? ppftpdk;&[m 1991 ck ESpfaemufydkif;up+yD; wpfjynfvHk;rSm pucawGudk zGJ@pnf;wnfaqmufcJhwm tcktcsdefrSmqdk&if puc trSwf(1)uae (21) txd pucaygif; (20)udk zGJ@pnf;xlaxmif cJh+yD; jzpfygw,f? (puc-11 udkrl wyfr-11 ESifh a&maxG;Edkifojzifh rzGJ@pnf;yJ csefvSyfxm;cJha=umif; od&dS&onf) puc wpfck&J@atmufrSm wyf&if;(10)ckpD&dS+yD; zGJ@pnf;yHkt& puc wpfckudk tiftm;(9 ,000)pDeJ@pkzGJ@zdk@ &nfrSef; xm;a=umif; od&dS&ygw,f? pucawGeJ@ wyfrawG[m zGJ@pnf;yHkeJ@ tiftm;rSmomru &mxl;tqifhawGrSmvnf; wlnD =uwmudk awG@&ygw,f? wyfrrSL;awGeJ@ pucrSL;awG[m AdkvfrSL;csKyftqifh&dSolawG jzpf=u&ygw,f? uGyfuJr_ yHkpH rSm vnf; pucawGudk wyfrawGvdk uu§=unf;uae wdkuf&dkufudkifwG,fuGyfuJwm awG@&ygw,f? e0w/ etz ppftkyfpkvufxufrSm wyfrawGudk wyfr(11)rS wyfr(101)txd (10)ckomxm;+yD; puc trnf eJ@ ajymif;vJzGJ@pnf;cJhwm[m olwdk@&J@wyftiftm; tvGeftu|Hwdk;csJ@aer_udk jynfwGif;jynfyu tvG,fwul rod&dSEdkif atmif vsdK@0SufzHk;uG,fxm;zdk@ &nf&G,fcJhwmjzpfEdkifygw,f? pucawGudkomru e,fajrus,f0ef;wJh ppfwdkif;XmecsKyf wcsdK@&J@ atmufrSmvnf; 'up ac: a'oqdkif&muGyfuJr_ppfXmecsKyf (ROC-Regional Operation Command) (7)ckudk cGJjcm;zGJ@pnf;xm;ygw,f? 'upawGudkawmh ppfwdkif;XmecsKyfawG&J@ uGyfuJr_atmufrSm xm;&dSwmawG@&ygw,f? 2001 Edk0ifbmv (19)&ufae@rSm vpfvyfoGm;wJh ppfwdkif;rSL;ae&mawGrSm wyfrrSL;/ pucrSL;/ 'uprSL;awGeJ@ tpm; xdk;cef@tyfcJhygw,f? ppfwdkif;(12)ck&dSwJhteuf &efukefwdkif;ppfXmecsKyfeJ@ urf;&dk;wef;wdkif;ppfXmecsKyftwGuf AdkvfcsKyfjrifhaqG eJ@ AdkvfcsKyfat;aºuGwdk@udk 2001 ckESpf arvtwGif;rSmuwnf;u cef@tyfxm;+yD;jzpfwJhtwGuf usefwJh ppfwdkif;(10)ck twGufudkom xyfrHa&G;cs,fcef@tyfcJh&wm jzpfygw,f? tJ'Dtcsdefu ppfwdkif;rSL;jzpfzdk@ tvm;tvm&dSwJh wyfrrSL;(10)OD;uawmh AdkvfrSL;}uD;udkudk (=unf;§14235) (DSA-19) wyfr(11) wyfrrSL;/ AdkvfrSL;csKyf ol&jrifhatmif (=unf;§13970) (DSA-18) wyfr(22) wyfrrSL;/ Adkvf rSL;csKyf cifaZmf (=unf;§13242) (OTS-49) wyfr(33) wyfrrSL;/ AdkvfrSL;}uD; pdk;EG,f (=unf;§14268) (DSA-19) wyfr(44) wyfrrSL;/ AdkvfrSL;csKyfpdefvGif (=unf;§12297) (DSA-14) wyfr(55) wyfrrSL;/ AdkvfrSL;}uD; rif;atmifvd_if (=unf;§14232) (DSA-19) wyfr(66) wyfrrSL;/ AdkvfrSL;csKyfarmifarmifaqG (=unf;§12829) (OTS-47) wyfr (77) wyfrrSL;/ AdkvfrSL;}uD;jrifhvd_if (=unf;§13875) (DSA-19) wyfr(88) wyfrrSL;/ AdkvfrSL;csKyfaX;OD; (=unf;§ 12133) (DSA-19) wyfr(99) wyfrrSL;eJ@ AdkvfrSL;csKyf&Jjrifh (=unf;§121607) (DSA-19) wyfr(101) wyfrrSL;/ wdk@jzpf=uygw,f? wyfrrSL;awGvdkyJ ppfwdkif;rSL;jzpfzdk@ tvm;tvm&dS=uwJh pucrSL; (15)OD;uawmh AdkvfrSL;csKyfpdk;aX; (=unf;§12 -020) (DSA-13) puc(1)rSL;/ AdkvfrSL;csKyfodef;vGif (=unf;§12127) (OTS-43) puc(2)rSL;/ AdkvfrSL;csKyf cifarmif jrifh (=unf;§12875) (Tayza-1) puc(3)rSL;/ AdkvfrSL;csKyfapmvSrif; (=unf;§12630) (DSA-15) puc(4)rSL;/

=uyfajy;eef;wGif;t&_yfawmfykH

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'Drdkua&pDESifhzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk-------------

okawoeESifhrSwfwrf;wifXme

AdkvfrSL;csKyf =unfodef; (=unf;§12080) (DSA-13) puc(5)rSL;/ AdkvfrSL;csKyfodef;aqG (=unf;§12027) (DSA-13) puc (6)rSL;/ AdkvfrSL;csKyfol&pdefaomif; (=unf;§13273) (OTS-49) puc(7)rSL;/ AdkvfrSL;csKyfarmifOD; (=unf;§ 12039) (DSA-13) puc(8)rSL;/ AdkvfrSL;csKyfvSjrifh (=unf;§12034) (DSA-13) puc(9)rSL;/ AdkvfrSL;csKyf[efwifh (=unf;§ 12671) (DSA-15) puc(10)rSL;/ AdkvfrSL;csKyf cifarmifpdk; (=unf;§12610) (DSA-15) puc(12)rSL;/ AdkvfrSL;csKyf vSjrifh (=unf;§13068) (DSA-16) puc(13)rSL;/ AdkvfrSL;csKyfxGef;xGef; (=unf;§13133) (DSA-16) puc(14)rSL;/ AdkvfrSL;csKyfpdk;Edkif (=unf;§ 13853) (DSA-17) puc(15)rSL;/ AdkvfrSL;csKyfcifarmifat; (=unf;§12933) (Tayza-1) puc(16)rSL;/ wdk@ jzpfygw,f? umuG,fa&;0ef}uD;XmerSm wyfrawmfppf&mxl;cef@csKyf(uu§xl;) eJ@ M.S Board tzGJ@qdkwm&dSayrJh wdkif; rSL;/ wyfrrSL;/ pucrSL;eJ@ 'uprSL; tqifhawGudk cef@tyf&mrSmawmh ppftm%m&Si fawG&J@xHk;pHtwdkif; AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD; oef;a&$udk,fwdkif twnfjyKrSom cef@tyfcGifh/ ajymif;a&$@cGifheJ@ E_wfxGufcGifh&dSa=umif; od&dS&ygw,f? 1993 ckE Spf rwfv twGif; AdkvfcsKyfarmifat; 'kwd,umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyfjzpfvmwJhtcsdefrSm wdkif;rSL;/ wyfrrSL;eJ@ pucrSL;eJ@ 'uprSL; &mxl;awGtwGuf AdkvfcsKyf armifat;u trnfpm&if;jyKpk+yD; wifjyay;&w,fvdk@ qdkygw,f? jrefrmhwyfrawmfrSm DSA ppfwuUodkvfausmif;qif;t&m&dS/ OTS Adkvfoifwef;ausmif;qif;t&m&dS/ tvkyf oifAdkvfoifwef;(awZwyfcGJ) ausmif;qif;t&m&dS/ tajccHynmtxufwef; atmifjrifxm;wJhtjyif uef@owfxm; wJh touft&G,ftwGif;&dSwJh wyf=uyf}uD;pma&;eJ@ wyf=uyftqifhawGuae Adkvfoifwef;wuf+yD; jzpfvmwJh t&m&dS tqifheJ@ (Other Ranks) vdk@ac:wJh tjcm;tqifhuae tqifhqifh&mxl;wuf+yD;jzpfvmwJh t&m&dSqdk+yD; jyefwrf;0if t&m&dS (5)rsdK;(5)pm; &dSaewmudkawG@&ygw,f? tjcm;tqifhuae t&m&dSjzpfvmoltrsm;pku tjrifhqHk; Adkvf}uD;/ AdkvfrSL;b0avmufeJ@ *dwfqHk;avh&dSwma=umifh wyfrrSL;/ pucrSL;/ wdkif;rSL;/ &mxl;awGtxd wufvSrf;Edkifjcif; r&dSygbl;? jrefrmhwyfrawmf&J@ xdyfqHk;ae&mawGudk OTS eJ@ DSA ausmif;qif;t&m&dSawGuom vuf0g;}uD;tkyf+yD; &,lxm; =uwm awG@&ygw,f? 1988 ckESpfrwdkifciftxd jrefrmhwyfrawmf&J@ xdyfqHk;&mxl;awGrSm OTS ausmif;qif;t&m&dSawGu v$rf;rdk; xm;cJh=uayrJh DSA tywfpOf(1)ausmif;qif; AdkvfcsKyfarmifat; 'kwd,umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyfjzpfvmcJhwJhtcsdefup+yD; xdyfqHk;&mxl;awGrSm DSA ausmif;qif;t&m&dSawG wajz;ajz; ae&m,lvmwm awG@&ygw,f? “DSA ausmif;qif; t&m&dSawG[m tem*gwfjrefrmhwyfrawmf&J@ t}uD;tuJawGjzpf&r,f” qdkwJh 1959 ckESpf ZGefv(1)&ufae@ DSA tywfpOf(1)oifwef;qif;yGJrSm wyfrawmfOD;pD;csKyf AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;udk,fwdkif ajymqdkoGm;cJhbl;wmudk pdwfxJrSm oHrd_eJ@pGJxm;ovdk taorSwfxm;cJhwJh AdkvfcsKyfarmifat;u oludk,fwdkif 'kwyfcsKyf}uD;jzpfvmcsdefrSm 'Dpum;udk t aumiftxnfaz:zdk@ pwif}udK;pm;cJah =umif; od&dS&ygw,f? 1996-97 ckESpfavmufup+yD; 'kwyfcsKyf AdkvfcsKyf}uD;armifat;u ppfwdkif;rSL;avmif;awG&J@ trnfpm&if;awGudk jyKpkwifjycJh&mrSm AdkvfrSL;csKyfat;aºuG (OTS tywfpOf 47) wpfOD;wnf;uvGJ+yD; usefwJholtm;vHk;[m DSA ausmif;qif; wyfrrSL;/ pucrSL;awGcsnf; jzpfaecJhw,fvdk@ qdkygw,f? xHk;pHtwdkif;qdk&if 'kwyfcsKyfudk,fwdkif jyKpk wifjywJhtrnfpm&if;udk wyfcsKyf}uD;udk,fwdkifutwnfjyKay;zdk@ (90)&mcdkifE_ef;avmuftxd aocsma=umif; od&dS&yg w,f? 'gayrJh tJ'Dtcsdefu 'kwyfcsKyfwifjycJhwJh wdkif;rSL;avmif;trnfpm&if;udk wyfcsKyf}uD;eJ@ wyfcsKyf}uD;&J@ ppfbuf vufaxmufjzpfol AdkvfrSL;csKyfae0if;wdk@u oabmruswma=umifh jyifqifajymif;vJr_awG trsm;tjym;jyKvkyfcJh=uyg w,f? AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$u (OTS) ausmif;qif;/ AdkvfrSL;csKyfae0if;u tvkyfoifAdkvfoifwef; (awZ) ausmif; qif;awG jzpfaewma=umifhvnf; AdkvfcsKyf}uD; armifat;eJ@ ol@&J@ (DSA) tkyfpkawG =oZmv$rf;rdk;vmrSmudk pdk;&drf vGef+yD; jyifqifcJh=uwm jzpfEdkifygw,f? 'kwyfcsKyfwifjywJh wdkif;rSL;avmif;trnfpm&if;xJu (DSA)ausmif;qif; wyfrrSL;eJ@ pucrSL; trsm;tjym; udk wyfcsKyf}uD;trdef@eJ@ 0ef}uD;XmeawGudk ajymif;a&$@ypfcJha=umif; od&dS&ygw,f? ajymif;a&$@cHcJh&olawGxJrSm AdkvfrSL;csKyf odef;atmif/ AdkvfrSL;csKyfpdk;jrifheJ@ AdkvfrSL;csKyfarmifarmifodef;wdk@vnf; yg0ifw,fvdk@qdkygw,f? 'kwyfcsKyfwifjywJh trnf pm&if;udk AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$eJ@ AdkvfrSL;csKyfae0if;wdk@u (2)}udrfwdwd y,fcscJhbl;a=umif; pHkprf;od&dS&ygw,f? tJ'D

=uyfajy;eef;wGif;t&_yfawmfykH

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'Drdkua&pDESifhzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk-------------

okawoeESifhrSwfwrf;wifXme

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56

'Drdkua&pDESifhzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk-------------

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57

'Drdkua&pDESifhzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk-------------

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58

'Drdkua&pDESifhzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk-------------

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=uyfajy;eef;wGif;t&_yfawmfykH

59

'Drdkua&pDESifhzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk-------------

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'Drdkua&pDESifhzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk-------------

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'Drdkua&pDESifhzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk-------------

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63

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'Drdkua&pDESifhzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk-------------

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A/C Name : A/C No : A/C Address :



BANK Name : (OCBC) BANK Adress :

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AUNG THOUNG 501-110357-201 (USD) No. 6, DAFU LANE4 SINGAPORE 539410 OVERSEA CHINESE BANKING CORPORTION LTD. OCBC CENTRE 65, CHULIA STREET, SINGAPORE 049513

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'Drdkua&pDESifhzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk-------------

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79

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'Drdkua&pDESifhzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk-------------

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'Drdkua&pDESifhzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk-------------

okawoeESifhrSwfwrf;wifXme

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=uyfajy;eef;wGif;t&_yfawmfykH

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'Drdkua&pDESifhzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk-------------

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