Ku Geology 1

PET—631 PETROLEUM EXPLORATION AND GEOLOGY

THEORY PART: ORIGIN , MIGRATION AND ACCUMULATION. RESERVOIR ROCKS AND TRAPPING MECHANISM. PETROLEUM GEOLOGY OF PAKISTAN. WELLSITE GEOLOGY CASE HISTORIES OF SELECTED OIL & GAS FIELDS. GEOLOGICAL AND GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION.

LAB WORK: STRATIGRAPHIC AND STRUCTURAL CONTOUR ROBLEMS. LITHOFACIES MAPS AND PANEL DIAGRAMS.

PET—631 PETROLEUM EXPLORATION AND GEOLOGY

PET—631 PETROLEUM EXPLORATION AND GEOLOGY

PET—631 PETROLEUM EXPLORATION AND GEOLOGY

PET—631 PETROLEUM EXPLORATION AND GEOLOGY

PET—631 PETROLEUM EXPLORATION AND GEOLOGY

PET—631 PETROLEUM EXPLORATION AND GEOLOGY

PET—631 PETROLEUM EXPLORATION AND GEOLOGY

PET—631 PETROLEUM EXPLORATION AND GEOLOGY

PET—631 PETROLEUM EXPLORATION AND GEOLOGY

Kerogene:

Most of the organic Material (85-95%) found in source rocks consists of Kerogene. It is a solid Pyrobitumen i.e insoluble in ordinary organic solvents. Heat is required to break it. It is chiefly consists of C, H, O and less amount of N, S. It is found in marine rocks usually in Shales, fine amorphous dark brown powder like coal dust. Apparently kerogene is different types

PET—631 PETROLEUM EXPLORATION AND GEOLOGY Formation of Petroleum 

Accumulation and preservation of plankton as an organic-rich mud.

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Buried by many overlying layers and heated by burial

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Conversion of organic matter to oil (takes millions of years).

PET—631 PETROLEUM EXPLORATION AND GEOLOGY

PET—631 PETROLEUM EXPLORATION AND GEOLOGY

PET—631 PETROLEUM EXPLORATION AND GEOLOGY

PET—631 PETROLEUM EXPLORATION AND GEOLOGY



Heavy oil, light oil, and natural gas represent increasing grades of petroleum, formed with increasing temperature during burial (affects oil/gas ratio): 

Diagenesis: 0-100 m depth, < 50°C

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Catagenesis: 100 m to 3.5-5.0 km depth, 50150°C

PET—631 PETROLEUM EXPLORATION AND GEOLOGY 

Oil window  



3.5-6.2 km ~90-150°C

Gas window  

6.2-9 km 150-225°C

PET—631 PETROLEUM EXPLORATION AND GEOLOGY

PET—631 PETROLEUM EXPLORATION AND GEOLOGY

To form an economic oil deposit: 

Source Rock 



oil shale - sedimentary rock formed by compaction of organicrich mud, buried and heated

Migration 

Petroleum has a lower density than the rocks overlying it 

Allows it to move toward the surface

PET—631 PETROLEUM EXPLORATION AND GEOLOGY

To form an economic oil deposit: 

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Reservoir Rock 

Porous and permeable rock

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Common reservoir rocks

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Hold oil/gas in pore spaces 

Sandstone

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Fractured limestone

Often trapped by impermeable layers,

PET—631 PETROLEUM EXPLORATION AND GEOLOGY

PET—631 PETROLEUM EXPLORATION AND GEOLOGY

PET—631 PETROLEUM EXPLORATION AND GEOLOGY

PET—631 PETROLEUM EXPLORATION AND GEOLOGY

PET—631 PETROLEUM EXPLORATION AND GEOLOGY

PET—631 PETROLEUM EXPLORATION AND GEOLOGY

PET—631 PETROLEUM EXPLORATION AND GEOLOGY

PET—631 PETROLEUM EXPLORATION AND GEOLOGY

PET—631 PETROLEUM EXPLORATION AND GEOLOGY

PET—631 PETROLEUM EXPLORATION AND GEOLOGY

PET—631 PETROLEUM EXPLORATION AND GEOLOGY

PET—631 PETROLEUM EXPLORATION AND GEOLOGY

PET—631 PETROLEUM EXPLORATION AND GEOLOGY

PET—631 PETROLEUM EXPLORATION AND GEOLOGY

PET—631 PETROLEUM EXPLORATION AND GEOLOGY

Regions of major known oil reserves Where is the oil? 

About 2/3 of the world's oil is located in the Middle East.

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Other important reserves

include:

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Gulf of Mexico

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Venezuela

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West Siberia

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Libya

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Nigeria