Ko Topicality By Daniel
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Topicality DDI 2008 Daniel Lee AFF – (C/I) Grants, Loans, Rebates, Tax Credits, Exemptions...............................................................................................................2
AFF – (C/I) Grants, Loans, Rebates, Tax Credits, Exemptions.........................................................................2 AFF – (C/I) Tax Credits...........................................................................................................................................................................3
AFF – (C/I) Tax Credits.........................................................................................................................................3 T – (BQ Military AFF) “alternative energy” ..........................................................................................................................................4
T – (BQ Military AFF) “alternative energy” ......................................................................................................4 More Cards – (BQ Military AFF) “alternative energy”...........................................................................................................................5
More Cards – (BQ Military AFF) “alternative energy”.....................................................................................5 T – (BQ Patents AFF) “increase” ............................................................................................................................................................6
T – (BQ Patents AFF) “increase” ........................................................................................................................6 T – (BQ|CM|GT|SS Natives AFF) “incentive” 1/2..................................................................................................................................7
T – (BQ|CM|GT|SS Natives AFF) “incentive” 1/2..............................................................................................7 T – (BQ|CM|GT|SS Natives AFF) “incentive” 2/2..................................................................................................................................8
T – (BQ|CM|GT|SS Natives AFF) “incentive” 2/2..............................................................................................8 More Cards – (BQ|CM|GT|SS Natives AFF) “incentive”......................................................................................................................9
More Cards – (BQ|CM|GT|SS Natives AFF) “incentive”.................................................................................9 T – (BQ|CM Natives AFF) “increase”...................................................................................................................................................10
T – (BQ|CM Natives AFF) “increase”................................................................................................................10 T – (GT Airforce AFF) “alternative energy”..........................................................................................................................................12
T – (GT Airforce AFF) “alternative energy”.....................................................................................................12 T – (CO Hemp AFF) “incentives”.........................................................................................................................................................13
T – (CO Hemp AFF) “incentives”......................................................................................................................13 More Cards – (CO Hemp AFF) “incentives”.........................................................................................................................................14
More Cards – (CO Hemp AFF) “incentives”....................................................................................................14
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Topicality DDI 2008 Daniel Lee
AFF – (C/I) Grants, Loans, Rebates, Tax Credits, Exemptions Grants, loans, rebates, tax credits and exemptions for income, sale and property are all incentives for alternatives to energy Susan Gouchoe, Valerie Everette, and Rusty Haynes, No Date Given, North Carolina State Institute, authors of State Incentives for Renewable Energy: Case studies on Program Effectiveness Over the years, states have provided various financial incentives to promote the use of renewable energy technologies. Such incentives include grants, loans, and rebates, as well as credits or exemptions for income, sales, and property taxes. While existing databases such as the National Database of State Incentives for Renewable Energy (DSIRE, www.dsireusa.org) have documented what incentive programs are available, the effectiveness of such programs is not well understood. Understanding the impact of financial incentives on the deployment of renewable energy technologies and the factors which influence their effectiveness is critical to a variety of stakeholders, particularly for states considering new incentives or interested in improving or discarding existing ones.
Loans are incentives to develop alternatives to energy Susan Gouchoe, Valerie Everette, and Rusty Haynes, No Date Given, North Carolina State Institute, authors of State Incentives for Renewable Energy: Case studies on Program Effectiveness Government-subsidized loans are used to encourage the installation of renewable energy technologies by helping customers overcome the financial barrier associated with high up-front equipment costs. Interested, but cash challenged customers who could not otherwise purchase a system outright can buy one with the help of such loans, which typically provide lower interest rates, more favorable terms, and lower transaction costs relative to private lending arrangements. There are at least 22 active loan programs in 18 states that provide low cost financing for renewables. Some programs are funded by revolving loan funds which were established with petroleum violation (“oil overcharge”) escrow funds, while others are funded through annual appropriations, the sale of bonds, or air quality noncompliance penalty fees. More recently established programs are funded by a system benefits charge. Total funding for loan programs varies as well, with some programs operating with as little as $200,000 per year while others lend up to $200 million per year. While the majority of loan programs promote energy efficiency improvements in addition to renewable energy technologies, a handful of states have designed programs specifically for the promotion of renewables. Approximately half of the loan programs apply to homeowners and businesses, while others are available only to government and/or non-profit and institutional entities. Interest rates vary from 1% to over 6%, with some programs setting rates on a case-by-case basis. Loan repayment terms range from three to 20 years, with some established based on individual project needs. Maximum loan amounts for residential applications are typically in the $10,000 to $25,000 range. Programs financing larger projects cap loan amounts as high as $10 million. Loan applications typically involve a technical description that is evaluated by program administrators. A couple of the recently implemented loan programs require pre-approved contractors and post-installation inspections.
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Topicality DDI 2008 Daniel Lee
AFF – (C/I) Tax Credits Tax incentives are incentives for development CFED, 2008, What Are Development Incentives? Development incentives refer to inducements state and local governments use to attract and retain companies and facilities. These incentives take two principal forms: tax incentives and non-tax incentives. Tax incentives. The traditional workhorse of business climate policy is the tax incentive. Tax incentives include various types of abatements, exemptions, reductions, and moratoria. These may take a variety of forms, such as corporate income tax exemptions, sales/use tax exemptions on new equipment, and tax exemptions or moratoriums on equipment and machinery. Included in this category are also other tax-related investment incentives, such as investment and tax credits, research and development tax incentives, and accelerated depreciation of industrial equipment. A special kind of tax incentive program that has received much attention in recent years is the Enterprise Zone (EZ) concept (also known as Empowerment Zones and Empowerment Communities). EZs have been used by the federal government and even more widely by many states. Ohio, for instance, created 310 separate zones! Despite their popularity, however, research has not, by and large, found them to be very effective tools for economic development.2 Non-tax incentives. These are a growing form of inducement, including grants, creative financing subsidies and customized worker training. The mainstay is the Industrial Development Bond, or IDB. These are used by almost every state to offer lowinterest loans to firms. A variation on the IDB is the use in many states of Tax Increment Financing (TIF) districts. TIF allows governments to float bonds to help companies based on their anticipated future tax impact. Some states also compete in important non-tax ways by offering watered-down environmental regulations, "right to work" laws that inhibit union organizing, and so on.
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Topicality DDI 2008 Daniel Lee
T – (BQ Military AFF) “alternative energy” A. Interpretation – Alternatives to energy must be renewable US Department of Interior, 7/16/08 "Alternative energy programs, definitions" Minerals Management Service http://www.mms.gov/offshore/AlternativeEnergy/Definitions.htm Alternative energy: Fuel sources that are other than those derived from fossil fuels. Typically used interchangeably for renewable energy. Examples include: wind, solar, biomass, wave and tidal energy.
Hydrogen itself is not a viable alternative to energy – it’s derived from fossil fuels and results in a net loss of energy Laurence O’Sullivan, president of Energy Conversion, July 9, 2008, Hydrogen as an Alternative Energy Source, Hydrogen is Not a Source of Energy Commercially, hydrogen is mainly produced from fossil fuel and to a lesser extent by electrolysis using energy produced from fossil fuels. Basic Research Needs for the Hydrogen Economy states, “Hydrogen is currently produced on an industrial scale (9 Mtons/yr in the U.S.) through steam reforming of natural gas.” Hydrogen produced from either fossil fuels or by electrolysis involves a loss of energy and results in high emissions of greenhouse gases. In the Future of the Hydrogen Economy: Bright or Bleak? published on April 15 2003, Ulf Bossel says on page 13, “The efficiency of hydrogen production by autothermal reforming is about 90%, but may be less”, and further on says, “Also, more CO2 is released by this indirect process than by direct use of the hydrocarbon precursors.” Marking Hydrogen a Renewable Fuel. To make hydrogen a renewable fuel it should use renewable energy, such as wind power or solar power, for production. A report carried on Solar Today by Susan Hock, Carolyn Elam and Debra Sandor, titled “Can We Get There” states, “Due to the relatively low cost of wind power, along with recent dramatic growth in wind energy, wind/electrolysis is well positioned to become the first economical renewable hydrogen production system.” Another example of using wind to make hydrogen was reported in the UK Daily Telegraph of June 21 2008. The Isle of Unst, Britain’s most northerly settlement, uses two wind turbines to “create hydrogen gas to run a hydrogenpowered car and cooking facilities while the rest is captured as hydrogen fuel cells to provide back-up when the wind dies.” As an alternative fuel hydrogen is ideal, producing little or no emissions, with a plentiful supply available. But hydrogen produced by conventional means is not renewable or carbon neutral. Wind power is a totally renewable energy source with no greenhouse gas emissions, but due to its unpredictability, has problems integrating with national grids. Combined together, wind and hydrogen can cancel out their inherent defects and be an effective tool in the battle against carbon dioxide and global warming.
B. Violation – the AFF only increases incentives for Hydrogen fuel cells. C. Standards 1. Predictable limits – using energy outside the topic justifies using any fuel, exploding the topic. The AFF can claim advantages off of harnessing sulfur as a source of energy 2. Ground – the NEG loses specific links to proper alternatives to energy, crushing topic specific education 3. Research burden – the AFF chooses to lie outside the resolution, forcing the NEG to research all types of fuels D. Voters for fairness, education and jurisdiction 4
Topicality DDI 2008 Daniel Lee
More Cards – (BQ Military AFF) “alternative energy” Hydrogen is not a renewable alternative to energy CARE, Canadian Association for Renewable Energies, No Date Given, ‘Hydrogen – let’s make it Renewable Hydrogen is touted as the energy carrier of the future; billions of dollars / Euros / yen have been allocated for R,D&D into hydrogen and fuel cells. Most of the world's current supply of hydrogen is derived from fossil fuels and, therefore, most hydrogen does not eliminate the emission of GHG pollutants that are connected with climate change. The Canadian Association for Renewable Energies argues that, only when an eligible renewable energy technology is used for electrolysis or non-hydrocarbon derivation process, can the resulting hydrogen be considered as renewable or the fuel cell considered as clean.
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Topicality DDI 2008 Daniel Lee
T – (BQ Patents AFF) “increase” A. Interpretation – Increase means to add in quantity. Decreasing a disincentive does not always result in an increase. WordNet 2003 increase n 1: a quantity that is added; "there was an addition to property taxes this year"; "they recorded the cattle's gain in weight over a period of weeks" [syn: addition, gain] 2: a change resulting in an increase; "the increase is scheduled for next month" [ant: decrease] 3: a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important; "the increase in unemployment"; "the growth of population" [syn: increment, growth] [ant: decrease] 4: the amount by which something increases; "they proposed an increase of 15 percent in the fare" [syn: increment] [ant: decrease] 5: the act of increasing something; "he gave me an increase in salary" [syn: step-up] [ant: decrease] v 1: become bigger or greater in amount; "The amount of work increased" [ant: decrease] 2: make bigger or more; "The boss finally increased her salary"; "The university increased the number of students it admitted" [antonym: decrease]
B. Violation – the AFF re–establishes the TSM test, not increasing incentives. C. Standards 1. Predictable limits – decreasing any disincentive explodes the topic by justifying any mechanism. The AFF can claim big advantages off of removing tariffs on imports to not discourage people from buying the products 2. Ground – the AFF trades off with NEG links to mechanism DA’s and CP’s 3. Research burden – the AFF chooses to lie outside the resolution, forcing the NEG to research all types of mechanism 4. FX T illegit – a) Limits: allows the AFF to take an infinite number of steps to attain solvency b). Prima facie burden – different authors strung together could create a solvency story – force them to stick to the plan text c). Potential Abuse – the AFF doesn’t force solvency either – this allows abusive cases. Disqualify any AFF that step outside the predictable limits d) Brightline – it’s either topical or not. The AFF forces you to look at their solvency to decide. Adding shades of grey blurs the role of topicality D. Voters for fairness, education and jurisdiction
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Topicality DDI 2008 Daniel Lee
T – (BQ|CM|GT|SS Natives AFF) “incentive” 1/2 A. Interpretation – tax credits are not incentives for wind farms AWEA, July 29, 2005, Energy Bill Extends Wind Power Incentive through 2007, < http://www.awea.org/news/energy_bill_extends_wind_power_072905.html> Washington, D.C.—The American Wind Energy Association (AWEA) hailed today the extension of the wind energy Production Tax Credit (PTC) included in the wide-ranging energy bill that Congress just adopted and President Bush is soon expected to sign into law. The PTC, which was scheduled to expire on December 31, 2005, provides a 1.9 cent-per-kilowatthour (kWh) tax credit for electricity generated with wind turbines over the first ten years of a project’s operations, and is a critical factor in financing new wind farms. “This is the first time that an extension of the production tax credit for wind energy has been approved before the credit expires, and, following the past six years of boom-and-bust cycles caused by successive expirations, that is very good news for the industry,” said AWEA Executive Director Randall Swisher. “The timely extension of the credit allows companies to plan for growth, create jobs, and provide more clean power to customers nationwide.” Up to 2,500 megawatts of wind energy capacity are scheduled to come on line in the U.S. this year, bringing new power to the equivalent of 700,000 homes and injecting over $3 billion of investment into the power generation sector. With the timely extension of the PTC, the American Wind Energy Association anticipates that strong growth momentum will continue in 2006 and 2007. “The PTC extension was secured thanks to the leadership of tax committee chairmen Senator Chuck Grassley (R-IA) and Representative Bill Thomas (R-CA),” said AWEA Legislative Director Jaime Steve. “AWEA is also very appreciative of the leadership of energy committee chairmen Senator Pete Domenici (R-NM) and Representative Joe Barton (R-TX), and of the Bush Administration’s support for an extension of the PTC.” “AWEA also thanks Senators Max Baucus (D-MT), Jeff Bingaman (D-NM), Byron Dorgan (D-ND), Orrin Hatch (R-UT), Larry Craig (R-ID), Tim Johnson (D-SD), Ron Wyden (DOR), and Representatives John Dingell (D-MI) and Ralph Hall (R-TX), all of whom served on the conference committee for their efforts in gaining an extension of the PTC,” said AWEA’s Deputy Director of Legislative Affairs Jon Chase. “In addition, we commend Representatives Jim McCrery (R-LA), Mark Foley (R-FL), Earl Pomeroy (D-ND), Richard Pombo (R-CA) and Mark Udall (D-CO), and Senators Harry Reid (D-NV), Kent Conrad (D-ND), Gordon Smith (R-OR) and Tom Harkin (D-IA) for their contributions. Other key players included Senators Mike Crapo (R-ID), Ken Salazar (D-CO), Wayne Allard (R-CO), and Jim Jeffords (I-VT), and Representatives Jim Nussle (R-IA), Greg Walden (R-OR), Dave Camp (R-MI), Bob Beauprez (RCO), Tom Reynolds (R-NY), Ed Markey (D-MA), Jay Inslee (D-WA), Zach Wamp (R-TN), Dennis Rehberg (R-MT), Ron Kind (D-WI), Chris Van Hollen (D-MD), Tom Latham (R-IA), Jerry Weller (R-IL) and others. By simply changing the PTC expiration date to December 31, 2007, the extension leaves in place the PTC’s current 1.9 cent per kilowatt-hour value, the annual inflation adjustment provision, and the 10-year term to generate credits following the installation of a wind turbine. The bill does not contain restrictions on the availability of the PTC or place limits on offshore wind projects, as some anti-wind lawmakers had proposed. The final energy bill does not include the Senate provision calling for 10% of the nation’s electricity to be generated from renewable sources like wind and solar by 2020, also referred to as the Renewables Portfolio Standard (RPS). “By failing to include in the energy bill this provision to boost renewable energy development over the longer term, Congress missed a unique opportunity to enact forward-looking energy, economic, security, and environmental policy all at once,” said Swisher. The bill also does not include an incentive for small wind systems for homeowners and small businesses, although it provides a 30% credit capped at $2,000 for residential solar systems and fuel cells. Such incentives are needed to help reduce the up-front cost of purchasing such systems.
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Topicality DDI 2008 Daniel Lee
T – (BQ|CM|GT|SS Natives AFF) “incentive” 2/2 Incentives must be positive rewards USAID, No Date Given, Quality Assurance Project, Healthcare and Workforce improvement, "Glossary of useful terms", http://www.qaproject.org/methods/resglossary.html Incentive A tangible or intangible reward that is designed to motivate a person or group to behave in a certain way. For example, in an effort to reduce fertility, community health workers may be given a small amount of money for each woman they refer to the health clinic for family planning services.
B. Violation – the AFF doesn't offer a reward, they offer tax credits C. Standards 1. Limits – Opens the floodgates to doing anything to promote alternative energy; they could kidnap oil barons to increase development for alternatives to energy 2. Ground – incentives in alternatives to energy provide links for politics and spending 3. Predictability – there are any number of threats; this moots ability to get links off of the type of incentive 4. FX T illegit – wind farms result from tax credits a) Limits: allows the AFF to take an infinite number of steps to attain solvency b) Prima facie burden – different authors strung together could create a solvency story – force them to stick to the plan text c) Potential Abuse – the AFF doesn’t force solvency either – this allows abusive cases. Disqualify any AFF that step outside the predictable limits d) Brightline – it’s either topical or not. The AFF forces you to look at their solvency to decide. Adding shades of grey blurs the role of topicality D. Voters for fairness, education and jurisdiction.
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Topicality DDI 2008 Daniel Lee
More Cards – (BQ|CM|GT|SS Natives AFF) “incentive” Incentives are distinct from tax credits Gary Bingel, senior manager of state and local taxes with Smart and Associates LLP, summer 2004, "Getting to the STATE'S CAPITAL: Negotiating Business Incentives", Pennsylvania CPA Journal, proquest When considering financial assistance from governmental authorities, it is important to keep in mind the definitions of "incentive" and "credit." "Incentive" is something that stimulates one to take action,1 and "credit" is to give deserved commendation for; to commend one for.2 These concepts are at the root of why governments give assistance to businesses in the form of incentives and tax credits. Incentive programs are usually offered to stimulate businesses to take some form of action, and are considered forward-looking. Tax credits are often offered to reward businesses that took some form of desired action, and are a reaction to steps already taken. There are some programs, however, that combine these concepts, such as negotiated tax credits and those that require preapproval, that are used to promote some future action. There are also incentives programs that, while negotiated and subject to preapproval, are only rewarded once a specified action, or promise, has been fulfilled. The following discussion will focus on true incentives programs, those that require preapproval and negotiation, as opposed to pure tax credits, which merely reward past behavior and that do not require any form of preapproval or negotiation.
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Topicality DDI 2008 Daniel Lee
T – (BQ|CM Natives AFF) “increase” A. Interpretation – Increase means to become greater WordNet 2003 increase n 1: a quantity that is added; "there was an addition to property taxes this year"; "they recorded the cattle's gain in weight over a period of weeks" [syn: addition, gain] 2: a change resulting in an increase; "the increase is scheduled for next month" [ant: decrease] 3: a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important; "the increase in unemployment"; "the growth of population" [syn: increment, growth] [ant: decrease] 4: the amount by which something increases; "they proposed an increase of 15 percent in the fare" [syn: increment] [ant: decrease] 5: the act of increasing something; "he gave me an increase in salary" [syn: step-up] [ant: decrease] v 1: become bigger or greater in amount; "The amount of work increased" [ant: decrease] 2: make bigger or more; "The boss finally increased her salary"; "The university increased the number of students it admitted" [antonym: decrease]
B. Violation – the AFF changes the nature of tax credits and makes them tradable \
C. Standards 1. Predictable limits – changing the nature of existing mechanisms explodes the topic. The AFF can claim big advantages off of changing the nature of existing policies to increase incentives 2. Ground – the AFF trades off with NEG links to mechanism DA’s and CP’s 3. Research burden – the AFF chooses to lie outside the resolution, forcing the NEG to research all types of mechanism 4. Extra T illegit – changing the properties of tax credits is not increasing incentives a) Supplements resolution – by requiring extra-topical planks, the AFF concedes that the resolution is not enough to justify a policy change b) Severance is abusive – it’s impossible and unfair for the NEG to debate a different plan each speech. They chose this plan, and if they can’t justify it in its entirety, they should lose. c) Multitude of advantages – the AFF claims ridiculous internal links and advantages off of a change in to tradable tax credits d) Kills debate – makes clash irrelevant because the AFF can always be extra topical and use unfair advantages to win e) Brightline – any extra topical plank means the entire plan isn’t topical. Even if the ball lands halfway outside the line, it’s the other team’s point D. Voters for fairness, education and jurisdiction 10
Topicality DDI 2008 Daniel Lee
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Topicality DDI 2008 Daniel Lee
T – (GT Airforce AFF) “alternative energy” A. Interpretation – Algae biomass fuels are not renewable alternatives to energy ScienceDaily, July 6, 2005, Ethanol And Biodiesel From Crops Not Worth The Energy, ScienceDaily (July 6, 2005) — ITHACA, N.Y. -- Turning plants such as corn, soybeans and sunflowers into fuel uses much more energy than the resulting ethanol or biodiesel generates, according to a new Cornell University and University of California-Berkeley study. "There is just no energy benefit to using plant biomass for liquid fuel," says David Pimentel, professor of ecology and agriculture at Cornell. "These strategies are not sustainable."Pimentel and Tad W. Patzek, professor of civil and environmental engineering at Berkeley, conducted a detailed analysis of the energy input-yield ratios of producing ethanol from corn, switch grass and wood biomass as well as for producing biodiesel from soybean and sunflower plants. Their report is published in Natural Resources Research (Vol. 14:1, 65-76). In terms of energy output compared with energy input for ethanol production, the study found that: * corn requires 29 percent more fossil energy than the fuel produced; * switch grass requires 45 percent more fossil energy than the fuel produced; and * wood biomass requires 57 percent more fossil energy than the fuel produced. In terms of energy output compared with the energy input for biodiesel production, the study found that: * soybean plants requires 27 percent more fossil energy than the fuel produced, and * sunflower plants requires 118 percent more fossil energy than the fuel produced. In assessing inputs, the researchers considered such factors as the energy used in producing the crop (including production of pesticides and fertilizer, running farm machinery and irrigating, grinding and transporting the crop) and in fermenting/distilling the ethanol from the water mix. Although additional costs are incurred, such as federal and state subsidies that are passed on to consumers and the costs associated with environmental pollution or degradation, these figures were not included in the analysis. "The United State desperately needs a liquid fuel replacement for oil in the near future," says Pimentel, "but producing ethanol or biodiesel from plant biomass is going down the wrong road, because you use more energy to produce these fuels than you get out from the combustion of these products." Although Pimentel advocates the use of burning biomass to produce thermal energy (to heat homes, for example), he deplores the use of biomass for liquid fuel. "The government spends more than $3 billion a year to subsidize ethanol production when it does not provide a net energy balance or gain, is not a renewable energy source or an economical fuel. Further, its production and use contribute to air, water and soil pollution and global warming," Pimentel says. He points out that the vast majority of the subsidies do not go to farmers but to large ethanol-producing corporations. "Ethanol production in the United States does not benefit the nation's energy security, its agriculture, economy or the environment," says Pimentel. "Ethanol production requires large fossil energy input, and therefore, it is contributing to oil and natural gas imports and U.S. deficits." He says the country should instead focus its efforts on producing electrical energy from photovoltaic cells, wind power and burning biomass and producing fuel from hydrogen conversion.
B. Violation – the AFF only increases incentives for the procurement of algae biofuels C. Standards 1. Predictable limits – using energy outside the topic justifies using any fuel, exploding the topic. The AFF can claim advantages off of harnessing sulfur as a source of energy 2. Ground – the NEG loses specific links to proper alternatives to energy, crushing topic specific education 3. Research burden – the AFF chooses to lie outside the resolution, forcing the NEG to research all types of fuels D. Voters for fairness, education and jurisdiction 12
Topicality DDI 2008 Daniel Lee
T – (CO Hemp AFF) “incentives” A. Interpretation – Government incentives are financial subsidies Lloyd C. Irland, Lecturer and Senior Scientist, Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, 4/22/2007, Financial Incentives/Subsidies, Across the Americas, governments have used incentives and subsidies in different ways to affect how private land owners manage their forests. In this article, we consider only direct financial grants and similar incentives, and not tax provisions, land grants, or property rights rules. Incentives were traditionally justified on the basis of the long production period in forestry, and they originated in northern regions where this is true. Yet, they are often used for short-rotation stands in the tropics where that argument does not apply. Economic development may be more relevant in these regions, and indeed forestry subsidies have been used to build entire forest-based manufacturing sectors. Incentive grants can take the form of free or low cost seedlings, cash payments per acre, or payments of a given percentage of establishment cost (cost-share programs). In one program, the US Conservation Reserve, annual payments are made to owners who maintain lands in cover crops or trees. Much of the forest based industry in Latin America started subsidies for tree planting, icluding in Brazil, Chile, Argentina, and Uruguay. Changing Objectives Objectives of incentive programs vary, and have shifted over time. In many countries, erosion control, water quality, or other environmental goals were prominent. In the US and Canada, strains on commercial agriculture have led to the cessation of cropping on large areas, especially during the crisis of the Great Depression. As part of efforts to ease social conditions in rural areas, and to seek alternate productive uses for unneeded farmland, US and Canadian governments funded extensive tree planting programs. Generating rural employment was one objective of these programs. Future wood production was often of secondary importance.
Incentives must be positive rewards USAID, No Date Given, Quality Assurance Project, Healthcare and Workforce improvement, "Glossary of useful terms", http://www.qaproject.org/methods/resglossary.html Incentive A tangible or intangible reward that is designed to motivate a person or group to behave in a certain way. For example, in an effort to reduce fertility, community health workers may be given a small amount of money for each woman they refer to the health clinic for family planning services.
B. Violation – The AFF removes a barrier instead of subsidizing hemp C. Standards 1. Limits – Opens the floodgates to doing anything to promote alternative energy; they could bomb Iranian oil fields to increase development for alternatives to energy 2. Ground – incentives in alternatives to energy provide links for politics and spending 3. Predictability – there are any number of threats; this moots ability to get links off of the type of incentive D. Voters for fairness, education and jurisdiction
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Topicality DDI 2008 Daniel Lee
More Cards – (CO Hemp AFF) “incentives” Incentives are government subsidies Windustry’s, April 11, 2005, Wind Farmers Network, Wind energy does not need government incentives just because other energy sectors have them. The logic is nice; but if this were the reality, then all sectors would enjoy the same level of government incentive. With regard to wind energy, government incentives promote the investment required to build the infrastructure of an infant industry. These incentives, or subsidies, come from federal, state, and local level of government in different forms for different beneficiaries but all contain the incentive to increase capital expenditure thus facilitating economic expansion greater than the level of subsidy.
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AFF – (C/I) Grants, Loans, Rebates, Tax Credits, Exemptions.........................................................................2 AFF – (C/I) Tax Credits...........................................................................................................................................................................3
AFF – (C/I) Tax Credits.........................................................................................................................................3 T – (BQ Military AFF) “alternative energy” ..........................................................................................................................................4
T – (BQ Military AFF) “alternative energy” ......................................................................................................4 More Cards – (BQ Military AFF) “alternative energy”...........................................................................................................................5
More Cards – (BQ Military AFF) “alternative energy”.....................................................................................5 T – (BQ Patents AFF) “increase” ............................................................................................................................................................6
T – (BQ Patents AFF) “increase” ........................................................................................................................6 T – (BQ|CM|GT|SS Natives AFF) “incentive” 1/2..................................................................................................................................7
T – (BQ|CM|GT|SS Natives AFF) “incentive” 1/2..............................................................................................7 T – (BQ|CM|GT|SS Natives AFF) “incentive” 2/2..................................................................................................................................8
T – (BQ|CM|GT|SS Natives AFF) “incentive” 2/2..............................................................................................8 More Cards – (BQ|CM|GT|SS Natives AFF) “incentive”......................................................................................................................9
More Cards – (BQ|CM|GT|SS Natives AFF) “incentive”.................................................................................9 T – (BQ|CM Natives AFF) “increase”...................................................................................................................................................10
T – (BQ|CM Natives AFF) “increase”................................................................................................................10 T – (GT Airforce AFF) “alternative energy”..........................................................................................................................................12
T – (GT Airforce AFF) “alternative energy”.....................................................................................................12 T – (CO Hemp AFF) “incentives”.........................................................................................................................................................13
T – (CO Hemp AFF) “incentives”......................................................................................................................13 More Cards – (CO Hemp AFF) “incentives”.........................................................................................................................................14
More Cards – (CO Hemp AFF) “incentives”....................................................................................................14
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Topicality DDI 2008
AFF – (C/I) Grants, Loans, Rebates, Tax Credits, Exemptions Grants, loans, rebates, tax credits and exemptions for income, sale and property are all incentives for alternatives to energy Susan Gouchoe, Valerie Everette, and Rusty Haynes, No Date Given, North Carolina State Institute, authors of State Incentives for Renewable Energy: Case studies on Program Effectiveness
Loans are incentives to develop alternatives to energy Susan Gouchoe, Valerie Everette, and Rusty Haynes, No Date Given, North Carolina State Institute, authors of State Incentives for Renewable Energy: Case studies on Program Effectiveness
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Topicality DDI 2008
AFF – (C/I) Tax Credits Tax incentives are incentives for development CFED, 2008,
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Topicality DDI 2008
T – (BQ Military AFF) “alternative energy” A. Interpretation – Alternatives to energy must be renewable US Department of Interior, 7/16/08 "Alternative energy programs, definitions" Minerals Management Service http://www.mms.gov/offshore/AlternativeEnergy/Definitions.htm Alternative energy: Fuel sources that are other than those derived from fossil fuels. Typically used interchangeably for renewable energy. Examples include: wind, solar, biomass, wave and tidal energy.
Hydrogen itself is not a viable alternative to energy – it’s derived from fossil fuels and results in a net loss of energy Laurence O’Sullivan, president of Energy Conversion, July 9, 2008, Hydrogen as an Alternative Energy Source,
B. Violation – the AFF only increases incentives for Hydrogen fuel cells. C. Standards 1. Predictable limits – using energy outside the topic justifies using any fuel, exploding the topic. The AFF can claim advantages off of harnessing sulfur as a source of energy 2. Ground – the NEG loses specific links to proper alternatives to energy, crushing topic specific education 3. Research burden – the AFF chooses to lie outside the resolution, forcing the NEG to research all types of fuels D. Voters for fairness, education and jurisdiction 4
Topicality DDI 2008
More Cards – (BQ Military AFF) “alternative energy” Hydrogen is not a renewable alternative to energy CARE, Canadian Association for Renewable Energies, No Date Given, ‘Hydrogen – let’s make it Renewable
5
Topicality DDI 2008
T – (BQ Patents AFF) “increase” A. Interpretation – Increase means to add in quantity. Decreasing a disincentive does not always result in an increase. WordNet 2003 increase n 1: a quantity that is added; "there was an addition to property taxes this year"; "they recorded the cattle's gain in weight over a period of weeks" [syn: addition, gain] 2: a change resulting in an increase; "the increase is scheduled for next month" [ant: decrease] 3: a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important; "the increase in unemployment"; "the growth of population" [syn: increment, growth] [ant: decrease] 4: the amount by which something increases; "they proposed an increase of 15 percent in the fare" [syn: increment] [ant: decrease] 5: the act of increasing something; "he gave me an increase in salary" [syn: step-up] [ant: decrease] v 1: become bigger or greater in amount; "The amount of work increased" [ant: decrease] 2: make bigger or more; "The boss finally increased her salary"; "The university increased the number of students it admitted" [antonym: decrease]
B. Violation – the AFF re–establishes the TSM test, not increasing incentives. C. Standards 1. Predictable limits – decreasing any disincentive explodes the topic by justifying any mechanism. The AFF can claim big advantages off of removing tariffs on imports to not discourage people from buying the products 2. Ground – the AFF trades off with NEG links to mechanism DA’s and CP’s 3. Research burden – the AFF chooses to lie outside the resolution, forcing the NEG to research all types of mechanism 4. FX T illegit – a) Limits: allows the AFF to take an infinite number of steps to attain solvency b). Prima facie burden – different authors strung together could create a solvency story – force them to stick to the plan text c). Potential Abuse – the AFF doesn’t force solvency either – this allows abusive cases. Disqualify any AFF that step outside the predictable limits d) Brightline – it’s either topical or not. The AFF forces you to look at their solvency to decide. Adding shades of grey blurs the role of topicality D. Voters for fairness, education and jurisdiction
6
Topicality DDI 2008
T – (BQ|CM|GT|SS Natives AFF) “incentive” 1/2 A. Interpretation – tax credits are not incentives for wind farms AWEA, July 29, 2005, Energy Bill Extends Wind Power Incentive through 2007, < http://www.awea.org/news/energy_bill_extends_wind_power_072905.html> Washington, D.C.—The American Wind Energy Association (AWEA) hailed today the extension of the wind energy Production Tax Credit (PTC) included in the wide-ranging energy bill that Congress just adopted and President Bush is soon expected to sign into law. The PTC, which was scheduled to expire on December 31, 2005, provides a 1.9 cent-per-kilowatthour (kWh) tax credit for electricity generated with wind turbines over the first ten years of a project’s operations, and is a critical factor in financing new wind farms. “This is the first time that an extension of the production tax credit for wind energy has been approved before the credit expires, and, following the past six years of boom-and-bust cycles caused by successive expirations, that is very good news for the industry,” said AWEA Executive Director Randall Swisher. “The timely extension of the credit allows companies to plan for growth, create jobs, and provide more clean power to customers nationwide.” Up to 2,500 megawatts of wind energy capacity are scheduled to come on line in the U.S. this year, bringing new power to the equivalent of 700,000 homes and injecting over $3 billion of investment into the power generation sector. With the timely extension of the PTC, the American Wind Energy Association anticipates that strong growth momentum will continue in 2006 and 2007. “The PTC extension was secured thanks to the leadership of tax committee chairmen Senator Chuck Grassley (R-IA) and Representative Bill Thomas (R-CA),” said AWEA Legislative Director Jaime Steve. “AWEA is also very appreciative of the leadership of energy committee chairmen Senator Pete Domenici (R-NM) and Representative Joe Barton (R-TX), and of the Bush Administration’s support for an extension of the PTC.” “AWEA also thanks Senators Max Baucus (D-MT), Jeff Bingaman (D-NM), Byron Dorgan (D-ND), Orrin Hatch (R-UT), Larry Craig (R-ID), Tim Johnson (D-SD), Ron Wyden (DOR), and Representatives John Dingell (D-MI) and Ralph Hall (R-TX), all of whom served on the conference committee for their efforts in gaining an extension of the PTC,” said AWEA’s Deputy Director of Legislative Affairs Jon Chase. “In addition, we commend Representatives Jim McCrery (R-LA), Mark Foley (R-FL), Earl Pomeroy (D-ND), Richard Pombo (R-CA) and Mark Udall (D-CO), and Senators Harry Reid (D-NV), Kent Conrad (D-ND), Gordon Smith (R-OR) and Tom Harkin (D-IA) for their contributions. Other key players included Senators Mike Crapo (R-ID), Ken Salazar (D-CO), Wayne Allard (R-CO), and Jim Jeffords (I-VT), and Representatives Jim Nussle (R-IA), Greg Walden (R-OR), Dave Camp (R-MI), Bob Beauprez (RCO), Tom Reynolds (R-NY), Ed Markey (D-MA), Jay Inslee (D-WA), Zach Wamp (R-TN), Dennis Rehberg (R-MT), Ron Kind (D-WI), Chris Van Hollen (D-MD), Tom Latham (R-IA), Jerry Weller (R-IL) and others. By simply changing the PTC expiration date to December 31, 2007, the extension leaves in place the PTC’s current 1.9 cent per kilowatt-hour value, the annual inflation adjustment provision, and the 10-year term to generate credits following the installation of a wind turbine. The bill does not contain restrictions on the availability of the PTC or place limits on offshore wind projects, as some anti-wind lawmakers had proposed. The final energy bill does not include the Senate provision calling for 10% of the nation’s electricity to be generated from renewable sources like wind and solar by 2020, also referred to as the Renewables Portfolio Standard (RPS). “By failing to include in the energy bill this provision to boost renewable energy development over the longer term, Congress missed a unique opportunity to enact forward-looking energy, economic, security, and environmental policy all at once,” said Swisher. The bill also does not include an incentive for small wind systems for homeowners and small businesses, although it provides a 30% credit capped at $2,000 for residential solar systems and fuel cells. Such incentives are needed to help reduce the up-front cost of purchasing such systems.
7
Topicality DDI 2008
T – (BQ|CM|GT|SS Natives AFF) “incentive” 2/2 Incentives must be positive rewards USAID, No Date Given, Quality Assurance Project, Healthcare and Workforce improvement, "Glossary of useful terms", http://www.qaproject.org/methods/resglossary.html Incentive A tangible or intangible reward that is designed to motivate a person or group to behave in a certain way. For example, in an effort to reduce fertility, community health workers may be given a small amount of money for each woman they refer to the health clinic for family planning services.
B. Violation – the AFF doesn't offer a reward, they offer tax credits C. Standards 1. Limits – Opens the floodgates to doing anything to promote alternative energy; they could kidnap oil barons to increase development for alternatives to energy 2. Ground – incentives in alternatives to energy provide links for politics and spending 3. Predictability – there are any number of threats; this moots ability to get links off of the type of incentive 4. FX T illegit – wind farms result from tax credits a) Limits: allows the AFF to take an infinite number of steps to attain solvency b) Prima facie burden – different authors strung together could create a solvency story – force them to stick to the plan text c) Potential Abuse – the AFF doesn’t force solvency either – this allows abusive cases. Disqualify any AFF that step outside the predictable limits d) Brightline – it’s either topical or not. The AFF forces you to look at their solvency to decide. Adding shades of grey blurs the role of topicality D. Voters for fairness, education and jurisdiction.
8
Topicality DDI 2008
More Cards – (BQ|CM|GT|SS Natives AFF) “incentive” Incentives are distinct from tax credits Gary Bingel, senior manager of state and local taxes with Smart and Associates LLP, summer 2004, "Getting to the STATE'S CAPITAL: Negotiating Business Incentives", Pennsylvania CPA Journal, proquest When considering financial assistance from governmental authorities, it is important to keep in mind the definitions of "incentive" and "credit." "Incentive" is something that stimulates one to take action,1 and "credit" is to give deserved commendation for; to commend one for.2 These concepts are at the root of why governments give assistance to businesses in the form of incentives and tax credits. Incentive programs are usually offered to stimulate businesses to take some form of action, and are considered forward-looking. Tax credits are often offered to reward businesses that took some form of desired action, and are a reaction to steps already taken. There are some programs, however, that combine these concepts, such as negotiated tax credits and those that require preapproval, that are used to promote some future action. There are also incentives programs that, while negotiated and subject to preapproval, are only rewarded once a specified action, or promise, has been fulfilled. The following discussion will focus on true incentives programs, those that require preapproval and negotiation, as opposed to pure tax credits, which merely reward past behavior and that do not require any form of preapproval or negotiation.
9
Topicality DDI 2008
T – (BQ|CM Natives AFF) “increase” A. Interpretation – Increase means to become greater WordNet 2003 increase n 1: a quantity that is added; "there was an addition to property taxes this year"; "they recorded the cattle's gain in weight over a period of weeks" [syn: addition, gain] 2: a change resulting in an increase; "the increase is scheduled for next month" [ant: decrease] 3: a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important; "the increase in unemployment"; "the growth of population" [syn: increment, growth] [ant: decrease] 4: the amount by which something increases; "they proposed an increase of 15 percent in the fare" [syn: increment] [ant: decrease] 5: the act of increasing something; "he gave me an increase in salary" [syn: step-up] [ant: decrease] v 1: become bigger or greater in amount; "The amount of work increased" [ant: decrease] 2: make bigger or more; "The boss finally increased her salary"; "The university increased the number of students it admitted" [antonym: decrease]
B. Violation – the AFF changes the nature of tax credits and makes them tradable \
C. Standards 1. Predictable limits – changing the nature of existing mechanisms explodes the topic. The AFF can claim big advantages off of changing the nature of existing policies to increase incentives 2. Ground – the AFF trades off with NEG links to mechanism DA’s and CP’s 3. Research burden – the AFF chooses to lie outside the resolution, forcing the NEG to research all types of mechanism 4. Extra T illegit – changing the properties of tax credits is not increasing incentives a) Supplements resolution – by requiring extra-topical planks, the AFF concedes that the resolution is not enough to justify a policy change b) Severance is abusive – it’s impossible and unfair for the NEG to debate a different plan each speech. They chose this plan, and if they can’t justify it in its entirety, they should lose. c) Multitude of advantages – the AFF claims ridiculous internal links and advantages off of a change in to tradable tax credits d) Kills debate – makes clash irrelevant because the AFF can always be extra topical and use unfair advantages to win e) Brightline – any extra topical plank means the entire plan isn’t topical. Even if the ball lands halfway outside the line, it’s the other team’s point D. Voters for fairness, education and jurisdiction 10
Topicality DDI 2008
11
Topicality DDI 2008
T – (GT Airforce AFF) “alternative energy” A. Interpretation – Algae biomass fuels are not renewable alternatives to energy ScienceDaily, July 6, 2005, Ethanol And Biodiesel From Crops Not Worth The Energy,
B. Violation – the AFF only increases incentives for the procurement of algae biofuels C. Standards 1. Predictable limits – using energy outside the topic justifies using any fuel, exploding the topic. The AFF can claim advantages off of harnessing sulfur as a source of energy 2. Ground – the NEG loses specific links to proper alternatives to energy, crushing topic specific education 3. Research burden – the AFF chooses to lie outside the resolution, forcing the NEG to research all types of fuels D. Voters for fairness, education and jurisdiction 12
Topicality DDI 2008
T – (CO Hemp AFF) “incentives” A. Interpretation – Government incentives are financial subsidies Lloyd C. Irland, Lecturer and Senior Scientist, Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, 4/22/2007, Financial Incentives/Subsidies,
Incentives must be positive rewards USAID, No Date Given, Quality Assurance Project, Healthcare and Workforce improvement, "Glossary of useful terms", http://www.qaproject.org/methods/resglossary.html Incentive A tangible or intangible reward that is designed to motivate a person or group to behave in a certain way. For example, in an effort to reduce fertility, community health workers may be given a small amount of money for each woman they refer to the health clinic for family planning services.
B. Violation – The AFF removes a barrier instead of subsidizing hemp C. Standards 1. Limits – Opens the floodgates to doing anything to promote alternative energy; they could bomb Iranian oil fields to increase development for alternatives to energy 2. Ground – incentives in alternatives to energy provide links for politics and spending 3. Predictability – there are any number of threats; this moots ability to get links off of the type of incentive D. Voters for fairness, education and jurisdiction
13
Topicality DDI 2008
More Cards – (CO Hemp AFF) “incentives” Incentives are government subsidies Windustry’s, April 11, 2005, Wind Farmers Network,
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