Knights

Catholic Evangelisation: an overview The Rev’d Dr Philip Knights, CASE, April 2005

‘As a river twists and turns in its journey toward the sea, both shaping and being shaped by the contour of the land, the geological composition of the soil and the enterprises of humanity, so the Church, as a community-in-mission, both forms and is formed by the “lay of the land”. In turn, the various constants of the church’s one mission throughout its history have both shaped and been shaped by the historical-cultural context and the corresponding theological thought of particular times and places. The history of mission, the movements of culture and the history of theology intersect.’1

It is the purpose of this paper to explore some of the ‘lay of the land’ which connects Catholic practice of evangelisation with theology and locates both that practice and that theology within history, culture and the ‘enterprises of humanity’. Separate papers will examine the cultural context in more depth and specific theological and methodological questions but it is the primary argument of this paper that the theology and practice of mission and evangelisation2 cannot be understood without reference to the ‘movements of culture’. Theological principles of evangelisation are always articulated by their intersection with people and their patterns of behaviour and meaning systems in concrete historical contexts. It is not just that evangelisation is shaped by such contexts; the missionary activity of the Church is itself a shaper of those contexts. Evangelisation necessarily connects the constant Gospel with the contexts in which it is proclaimed and enacted. The changing contexts raise different barriers to and opportunities for the Gospel and the Church which serves it. Different times have different needs which may mean that different aspects of the Gospel will be emphasised at different moments of history. Certainly every time, place and culture will have its own 1

Stephen B. Bevans and Roger P. Schroeder Constants in Context: A Theology of Mission for Today (Orbis, Maryknoll, 2004) p73 2 ‘Mission’, ‘evangelisation’ and ‘evangelism’ are notoriously difficult words to define with various users meaning varied things by them. For our part let us note that it has become common in Catholic circles, taking the lead from both Evangelii nuntiandi and Redemptoris Missio, to use ‘mission’ and ‘evangelisation’ interchangeably, and even to talk of ‘the evangelising mission of the Church’. This paper will follow this practice even if we shall also acknowledge that at times ‘mission’ has been and still is used to refer to structures, territories, governance or to a preached retreat (and these uses can also be found in Canon Law e.g. CIC Canons 781 ff, esp 786, Canon 770.) and indeed we shall observe that particularly those influenced by the curial-canonical Louvain school of missiology resisted the use of ‘mission’ to describe the activity of the Church in the context of ‘de-Christianisation’ (see below). For a fuller treatment of these terms please see the second chapter of Knights and Murray pp 11-55. Also there is no common agreement on ‘evangelisation’ or ‘evangelization’ as the normative spelling, even in the UK; for consistency this paper will use ‘evangelisation’ unless original texts quoted have the alternative.

questions and the methods and means of evangelisation will change. Charlemagne’s bloody campaigns which imposed conversion, death or exile on the pagan Saxons are definitely not to be the model of contemporary evangelisation and the ‘cross and sword’ seems a distorted reading of the Gospel imperative to ‘compel them to come in’.3 In our context, or better in our contexts in England and Wales, evangelisation should take place through modes appropriate to our age. This orientation fits with what arguably remains the best approach to a definition of evangelisation given by the extraordinary Magisterium: ‘In the church's work of evangelization there are undoubtedly certain elements and aspects which are deserving of special attention. Some of these are indeed of such importance that they may at times be regarded as constituting in themselves the whole of evangelization. Thus, for example, evangelization has been defined as consisting in the proclamation of Christ Our Lord to those who do not know him, in preaching, catechetics, baptism and the administration of the other sacraments. But no such defective and incomplete definition can be accepted for that complex, rich and dynamic reality which is called evangelization without the risk of weakening or even distorting its real meaning. .... The Church appreciates that evangelization means the carrying forth of the good news to every sector of the human race so that by its strength it may enter into the hearts of men and renew the human race ... In a word the church may be truly said to evangelize when, solely in virtue of the news which she proclaims, she seeks to convert both the individual consciences of men and their collective conscience, all the activities in which they are engaged and, finally, their lives and the whole environment which surrounds them. ... evangelization is to be achieved, not from without as though by adding some decoration or applying a coat of colour, but in depth, going to the very centre and roots of life. The gospel must impregnate the culture and the whole way of life of man, taking these words in the widest and fullest sense which they are given in the constitution Gaudium et Spes. This work must always take the human person as its starting point, coming back to the interrelationships between persons and their relation with God.’4

These key sections of Evangelii Nuntiandi set out several necessary aspects of evangelisation. Catholic evangelisation is a comprehensive activity which comprises many activities, Historical periods and particular needs will cause certain elements of this comprehensive activity to predominate. Sometimes this predomination is such that these certain elements can seem to be all that evangelisation is but care should be taken that no ‘defective or incomplete’ partial definition does injustice to the rich, dynamic, complex whole. Named elements of evangelisation in the Apostolic Exhortation include: proclamation of Christ to those who do not know him (EN 22, 26); preaching (EN 11, 14, 42), sacraments and sacramental initiation and discipleship in the Church (EN 13 -16, 38, 47, 60); 3

Bosch David J. Bosch Transforming Mission: Paradigm Shifts in Theology of Mission (Orbis Books, Maryknoll, 1991), p222ff for a discussion of ‘indirect and direct missionary wars’, Bevans and Schroeder p126 and Stephen Neill A History of Christian Missions ( Penguin, Harmondsworth, 1964) p78ff. 4 Evangelii Nuntiani 17-18, 20

orientation to destiny in relationship with God (EN 28, 32); transformation/salvation (EN 9, 27); conversion of the human person and the human collective (EN 29-31); and the penetration of the Gospel into and transformation of human culture (EN 20). Catholic Evangelisation is therefore Christ-centred, salvific, ecclesial (and within this specifically sacramental), human (personal and social) and cultural. The above list has been deliberately presented in these categories to cohere with the analysis of Bevans and Schroeder who identify six constants of mission which are expressed with different weights and emphases by different theological types at different historical moments. Their constants are: Christology, Ecclesiology, Eschatology, Salvation, Anthropology and Culture. The types of theology in mission they identify as A, B and C. One of the ways of describing these is to call them orthodox/conservative, liberal and radical5 – but these are loaded labels and can disguise as much as illuminate. However, whilst acknowledging and supporting appropriate caveats as to the distortions of compartmentalisation, these sketches of theological trends may be useful to consider as we examine where we have come from in evangelisation, where we are and why we do what we do. Type

Christology

A: (orthodox/ conservative) Mission as saving souls and extending the Church Law to live by • •

Ecclesiology

•

Eschatology Salvation

• •

Anthropology (Humanity) Culture

•

Figures in Mission

•

Divine nature of Christ (high) Satisfaction

B: (liberal) Mission as discovery of the Truth Making sense of experience • Premodern high > Modern low • Example

Institutional Church Future/ Individual Spiritual

•

Negative, hierarchical Classic view of culture

•

Mystical Communion Realised Internal with external expression Positive

•

Empirical

Boniface Francis Xavier William Carey

• •

Cyril & Methodius Matteo Ricci Max Warren John Mbiti

C: (radical/ liberation theology) Mission as commitment to (social) transformation Movement through history • •

Human Nature of Christ (low) Liberation

•

Herald/Servant

• •

Inaugurated Holistic

•

Equality

•

Praxis

East Syrian Monks Francis of Assisi Liberation Theologians

Adapted from Bevans and Schroeder p 36 5

These are (more or less) the labels attached to them by Dorothee Sölle in Thinking about God. Bevans and Schroeder are guided by this and by the typology of Justo L González Christian Thought Revisited. See Bevans and Schroeder p35f.

Type A concerns rescuing the lost for a future heaven and building up the Church as a community of people who in this life follow a set of rules moving towards this other worldly state of being. One of its earliest expressions was in Carthage and in the writings of Tertullian. The emphasis is often on obeying the law that has been revealed by God. It is often the theology of the hierarchic Church.6 Culture in Type A is more that one is educated into as one progresses through practice upwardly from uncultured to cultured. Type B has the sense of coming to understand the truth, being persuaded by argument or by personal experience of the value of the Gospel. Type B would see mission as the discovery of the truth. It is more associated in the early centuries with Alexandria and is associated with such figures as Clement of Alexandria and Origen. Here the emphasis is on philosophical reflection and human reason coming into contact with divine wisdom. It is often the theology of the academy. Culture in Type B is ‘the way we do things here’ – the web of significance and signifiers which provide the lexicon and grammar for discourse. Type C is less about internal individual reason and experience but about social outworkings of faith. In particular this concerns how the Christian vision interprets events and gives a critique of the way the world is by declaring how it should be. Making a difference in history and society characterises this type of theology. Type C would see mission as commitment to liberation and transformation. A locale in the early Church was Asia Minor and in particular Antioch. The key person who encapsulates this would be Irenaeus (who although Bishop of Lyons was a native of Smyrna). The important things here were witnessed events and actual history in the process of being transformed by God. Type C is therefore a world located theology. Culture is that which is to be critiqued and changed. There is a danger to typologies that we set up caricatures in which we distort certain features to distinguish one trend in a neat frame from another. The truth is that these types of theology are not hermetically sealed one from another nor are they necessarily in opposition. ‘Both/and’ distinguishes Christian mission more than ‘either/or’: It has often been claimed that missiology has moved from being Church-centred to being Kingdomcentred, yet the paradox is to say mission and evangelisation are about both Church and Kingdom without collapsing the one into the other. That ‘both/and’ seems to typify Catholic evangelisation rather than either/or. Roman Carthage, Greek Alexandria and Syrian(-ish) Antioch may be distinguishable but they are connected as important sites for Christian learning. The Church would be wise to value from the tradition, to applaud those things discerned as good in the contemporary and have the courage to change what needs changing. Obedience to revealed law, discovery of experienced truth and the transformation of history are not contradictions but aspects of wholeness in Christian mission.

6

Although it would be a mistake to force these three types to fit in with the three ‘publics’ of David Tracy, (The Analogical Imagination. Christian Theology and the Culture of Pluralism. New York: Herder & Herder, 1981 p 5) there is a sense that they serve the different audiences of Church, University and Society.

Some moments of practice David Bosch promoted within the theology of mission the concept of ‘paradigms’, as popularised by Thomas Kuhn.7 This presumed two things, one of which seems obvious but worth stating, the other of which is more contentious. The first is that Christian mission at different times and different places shows different patterns of practice. This is important to state else we locate mission and evangelisation into a timeless bubble of disincarnate principle. However, the second presumption is that of incommensurability between one paradigm and the next. In the case of Catholic Evangelisation the experience is that the models and patterns which had the greatest weight at one historical period continue into later times, and although other patterns may have developed the greater influence, there is still a vector derived from the earlier.

Pre-Conciliar presuppositions: Cardinal Vaughan The predominant tenor of the Catholic Church in England and Wales during the late nineteenth and the beginning of the twentieth century was both ultramontane and triumphalist. Few illustrated this more than Cardinal Manning and Cardinal Vaughan.8 Cardinal Vaughan was responsible for two significant mission and evangelisation initiatives: the Mill Hill Missionaries and the Catholic Missionary Society. The former, developing from the mid 1860s was clearly intended for Foreign Missions outside Europe or in the words of Cardinal Manning: ‘for sending missionaries to heathen lands; not to our colonies, not to our brethren who are scattered abroad throughout the British Empire, but beyond its frontiers and over the boundaries of Christendom, among the nations that sit in darkness and in the shadow of death.’9

That being stated so firmly it is to be noted that the Propoganda in Rome were more keen to send the missionaries trained by St Joseph’s College Mill Hill to be chaplains to the British Army in Afghanistan and the first major mission was to the black Catholic populations of North America. (Indeed there was the interesting suggestion, not as far as I know followed up, that such black Catholics could be formed to be themselves missionaries in Africa.) 7

Bosch p181ff and Thomas S. Kuhn The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1970) 8 Although there were more liberal voices (Cardinal Newman, Lord Acton and others), mission and evangelisation and much else were framed by the vision of Manning and Vaughan. See: Lawrence Nemer SVD Anglican and Roman Catholic Attitudes on Missions (Steyler Verlag, St Augustin, 1981); Edward Norman The English Catholic Church in the Nineteenth Century (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1984); Derek Holmes More Roman than Rome (Burns and Oates, London, 1978); J. G. Snead-Cox The Life of Cardinal Vaughan (Burns and Oates, London, 1910) 2 vols; Robert O’Neil MHM Cardinal Herbert Vaughan: Archbishop of Westminster, Bishop of Salford, Founder of the Mill Hill Missionaries (Burns and Oates, Tunbridge`Wells, 1995); Henry Patrick Russell From Hussar to Priest: A Memoir of Charles Rose Chase (Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner 1913). 9 Quoted in Nemer p122

The ‘Westminster Diocesan Missioners of Our Lady of Compassion’, later the ‘Catholic Missionary Society’ (CMS), had a different remit. Vaughan wrote to Fr Charles Rose Chase: ‘We [the Diocese of Westminster] have some 300 priests zealously ministering to the needs of the flock. But outside this flock there are millions within our reach. No one can contemplate, without overpowering grief of soul, the ever-increasing multitudes who profess no religion, and are altogether without a shepherd. Their spiritual condition is like that of the inhabitants of China, Japan or Central Africa. It is probably worse, for they are the descendents of forefathers who were devout Catholics, whereas the latter are not children of Apostates from the truth, but of those who have never known the mysteries of Faith, and the truths of redemption. It is especially to these millions that I send you to preach the Gospel, and to ‘turn back the hearts of the children to their fathers.’’10

The central focus was the conversion of non-Catholics, rather than non-Christians. Although there is a secondary note of those who ‘profess no religion’, the Church of England and in particular the ‘High Church’ party were the main targets.11 Fr Chase himself had been a leading ritualist (Curate at All Saints, Clifton and Vicar of All Saints Plymouth) and was seen as having a special ministry to those within his former network of Anglo-Catholics, several of whom were received into the Catholic Church under his influence. The context was a nation understood as Christian and the prize was making as many of that Christian society Catholics. Apologetics was defending Catholicism against Protestant objections allied to a critique of Protestantism, especially the Church of England. Dominant themes were therefore the truth and universality of the Catholic Church in comparison with the falsity and parochialism of competing ecclesial communities, the authority of teaching that this truth gave the Catholic Church and the confidence in sacramental grace administered by the Catholic Church. The other element which increasingly came to the fore in the practice of Parish Missions and Retreats by the CMS was reaching the ‘lapsed’. The mission was seen as a chance to visit those whose practice of the faith (most obviously their attendance at mass and confession) were less than they had been. Often these were called ‘Missions to Catholics and non-Catholics’ indicating that their purpose was to deepen and renew the faith of Catholics, to bring back those whose faith was becoming inactive and to reach out to those who were members, if not necessarily active members, of other Christian Churches. In the typology of Bevans and Schroeder, this moment of evangelisation practice is overwhelmingly type A. Christology is high, Ecclesiology is even higher. The Church is very much hierarchical and obedience to the rules of proper authority is much emphasised. Salvation is other worldly as part of a future eschatology. The present 10

Transcribed in Russell p 228f See for instance the Editorial of The Missionary Gazette (later The Catholic Gazette) in September 1910 describing a mission of Brighton for a delightfully arch example of targeting Anglo-Catholics in the area where the present writer now lives.

11

experience of the human is but a feeble shadow of the glories to come, and indeed much of the ‘old man’ is to be regretted, disciplined and opened up to sacramental transformation in the confessional. Human cultures are under the suspicion of being ‘worldly’, although one might note that it may have a place for culture considered as a classicist high canon of art, music and literature which could be considered edifying. The metaphorical language of both overseas mission and home mission was largely military. The ‘Crusades’ by the ‘Soldiers of Christ’ were part of a ‘battle’ for souls who might be lost but could be won in which heathenism and Protestantism were the enemy, both to be defended against and attacked.12 Such a mindset did not disappear with the passing of this paradigmatic moment: a contemporary expression of it may be seen in groups such as Miles Jesu. It is also to be observed that intellectual argument was a central weapon in this struggle. One of the features of early CMS missions was the ‘Question Box’. Here non-Catholics were encouraged to submit written questions which the mission priests would answer. Many of these questions and answers were printed in the Missionary Gazette/Catholic Gazette. These asked detailed questions about Canon Law (especially concerning marriage) and points of doctrine, especially sacramental theology and ecclesiology, and were answered with even greater detail. The cerebral, juridical and philosophical common ground that these questions presumed was not one that this author would recognise from direct experience of CMS missions of a later period! The ministers of evangelisation in both the examples here were distinct from the norm of parish ministers. Notwithstanding that both the Mill Hill Missionaries and the Catholic Missionary Society would be at pains to understand themselves as secular priests rather than religious, yet each showed something of the characters of congregations set aside for particular missionary tasks. Much of the evangelising mission of the Church until after the Second Vatican Council would be the work of such dedicated bodies who had ‘almost exclusively undertaken the entire missionary work of the Church.’13

Post-colonial and post-conciliar trajectories Catholic missiology in the pre-conciliar period was largely divided into two schools with different emphases upon what made for ‘mission’. The Münster school (Josef Schmidlin) gave greatest weight to the proclamation of the Gospel, the conversion of people and the salvation of souls – conversio animarum; the Louvain school (Pierre Charles, André

12

See Donal Dorr Mission in Today's World (Columba, Dublin, 2000) p 186f for reflections on this military language and the shift away from it. 13 Suso Brechter ‘Decree on the Church’s Missionary Activity’ in Herbert Vorgrimler Commentary on the Documents of Vatican II (Burns and Oates/ Herder and Herder, London/New York, 1969) Volume Four p87f

Suemois) put its emphasis on the implanting of the Church – plantatio ecclesiae.14 The former was primarily personal and framed in terms of God’s salvific will, relationship to Christ and the Kingdom of God; the latter was primarily ecclesial, cultural, territorial and canonical. However, both schools agreed that ‘mission’ was something which happened outside Christian countries. Even in the period of the council ‘mission’ was seen as something that happened in territories outside the historical establishment of the Church. The use of ‘mission’ to dechristianised areas was at best analogical, but rejected as a misuse of the term15 (pace Cardinal Vaughan). Yet the period after the Second World War brought crisis to the presuppositions of missionary practice across the Christian Churches. Independence in India and the Communist victory in China as well as the hopes of Africa shattered the expectations of mission predicated on wise Europeans educating the heathen races. Not least it was increasingly apparent that the Churches of Africa, Asia and so forth were no longer places where the Church had not been established but were rather areas with growing rooted local Churches and increasing numbers of native clergy, catechists and other Church workers. Kongo, as far back as the sixteenth century had a Christian Monarch and a capital renamed São Salvador which was also an Episcopal see.16 By the later Twentieth Century it was more and more difficult to define such territories by the characterisation of a first proclamation of the Gospel or in terms of Church planting. The inclusion of bishops from these areas at the Second Vatican Council signalled a major movement in the Church’s self-understanding.17 This is not just that the Church had shifted from being a European Church to a world Church but that the significant energy of global Christianity was and is increasingly in the South.18 In the aftermath of the Second World War there was much discussion about the influential book La France, pays de mission?19 This presented a picture of France without religion and examined the social context with a view to what new ministries and activities were necessary in the changing actual situation. While technical canonical arguments could dispute whether the term ‘mission’ was acceptable, what was clear was that secularisation and de-Christianisation (and Nazism and Marxism) were eroding the sense of a Christian Europe. Some of the demands of proclamation, conversion of souls and 14

Karl Müller ‘Joseph Schmidlin, 1876-1944: Pioneer of Catholic Missiology’ in Gerald H. Anderson, Robert T. Coote, Norman A. Horner and James M. Philips eds Mission Legacies: Biographical Studies of Leaders of the Modern Missionary Movement (Orbis, Maryknoll, 1994) p402ff, Joseph Masson SJ ‘Pierre Charles 1883-1954: Advocate of Accultutration’ in Anderson et al p410ff, Bevans and Schroeder p244ff. Karl Miffier SVD ‘Missiology an introduction' in Sebastian Karotemprel Following Christ in Mission: A Foundational Course in Missiology (Pautines Publications, Africa, Nairobi, 1995) p29. 15 Brechter p 119f. 16 See Adrian Hastings The Church in Africa 1450-1950 (Clarendon, Oxford, 1994) p73-77, and Kevin Ward ‘Africa’ in Adrian Hastings (ed) A World History of Christianity (Cassell, London, 1999) p200-203 17 Karl Rahner, “Towards a Fundamental Interpretation of Vatican II,” Theological Studies, 40, 4 (December, 1979) p716-727; 18 See Lamin Sanneh, Whose Religion is Christianity? The Gospel beyond the West (William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, Grand Rapids, MI, 2003); Robert J. Schreiter, The New Catholicity: Theology between the Global and the Local (Orbis Books, Maryknoll, NY. 1997). Philip Jenkins The Next Christendom: the Coming of Global Christianity (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2002) 19 Henri Godin and Yvan Daniel La France, pays de mission? (Les Éditions de l'Abeille, Lyon, 1943)

church planting associated with the ‘missions’ would have to be brought back to Europe. New initiatives and new ministries would be needed for the work of re-Christianisation. For the Churches of the Reformation this period of re-evaluation of mission was marked by seeking new understandings. In particular the emphasis moved from practice to theology. Karl Barth’s observations that until the sixteenth century ‘mission’ had been a Trinitarian concept (the sending of the Son, the sending of the Spirit) and not thought of primarily as a Church activity or structure were influential. The 1952 Willengen conference of the International Missionary Council adopted a theology of Missio Dei which in one way or another would mark the major thrust of thinking on mission for the later Twentieth Century.20 One way was a spiritualisation of mission which enabled practitioners to divorce themselves from the ecclesial, geographic or social success of missions. However, the more normative way was to understand a missionary and loving God reaching out into his world with the Church having the privilege of participating in this divine movement. For some this became strongly identified with a secularised vocation in which ‘the world sets the agenda’. From this (actually always a minority) perspective ‘evangelism’ (in the usage of the Churches of the Reformation) was treated as something suspicious and outmoded. A large block of Evangelicals, the Lausanne Movement, took exception to this and other perceived liberal and modernist trends and withdrew from the World Council of Churches.21 Ad Gentes (AG), the conciliar decree on the missionary activity of the Church, is a synthesis of responses in which we can trace the influence of these themes. Both the Münster and Louvain schools are represented, but the disputes between them are not resolved. Missionary Activity follows from ecclesiology, and indeed Ad Gentes begins from its first sentence with the insight of Lumen Gentium(LG) that the Church was sent to be ‘the universal sacrament of salvation’ (AG 1, LG 48). Drawing upon this start, the doctrinal frame of the missionary activity coheres remarkably with the themes of Missio Dei.22 The Church on earth is by its very nature missionary since according to the plan of the Father, it has its origin in the mission of the Son and the Holy Spirit (Cf Dogm.Const Lumen Gentium, 1). This plan flows from “fountain-like love,” the love of God the Father. … He generously pours out, and never ceases to pour out his divine goodness, so that he who is creator of all things might be at last become “all in all” (1 Cor 15:28), thus simultaneously assuring his own glory and our happiness. It pleased God to call men to share in his life and not merely singly, without any bond between them, but he formed 20

International Missionary Council Missions under the Cross (Willengen, 1952) (Edinburgh House Press for the IMC, London, 1953), See Bosch p389ff and Frans J. Verstraelen "World Mission: towards a Common Missiology" in Mission Studies 1 (1984) p35. 21 The core opposition grew from 1958 onwards and coalesced in the Lausanne Congress of 1974. Bevands and Schroeder p 260ff. See Harvey T. Hoekstra The World Council of Churches and the Demise of Evangelism (Tyndale House, Wheaton, 1979) for an evangelical critique of the WCC representing a significant voice in the ‘Lausanne Consultation’ and ‘Wheaton Declaration’. See also Jacques Matthey ‘Milestones in Protestant Ecumenical Missionary Thinking from the 1970s to the 1990s’ available online at http://www/sedos.org/english/matthey.htm for a perspective on this from one currently active within the WCC seeking reconciliation with evangelicals. 22 For more detailed examination of how recent Catholic theology of mission coheres with the major themes of Missio Dei see Knights and Murray Ch 3.

them into a people, in which his children, who had been scattered were gathered together (cf John 11:52).23

The nature of the Church flows from the nature of God and how the mission of the Trinitarian communion is expressed in the world by the Church, the people who ‘share in his life’. The Father who sends the Divine Son and the Holy Spirit, chooses to send the Church to continue the purposes he revealed and enacted in Christ and which will come to eschatological completion. The work of the Church in mission is its privilege and duty to participate in the work of God in Christ. (AG 4, 5). This is the fundamental general and universal character of the Church, yet this also leads to the fundamental paradox of the document. It starts with this all-encompassing theological frame, yet then narrows its focus from the general nature of the church to the special activity of some within the Church in some fairly tightly defined territories. The participants in the preparation of the document were substantially drawn from religious, societies of apostolic life and other specialists responsible for work in ‘mission’ territories.24 Mission remains focussed upon those places beyond the normal pastoral situation of the church: The special undertakings in which preachers of the Gospel, sent by the Church, and going out into the whole world, carry out the work of preaching the Gospel and implanting the Church among people who do not yet believe in Christ, are generally called “missions.” Such undertakings are accomplished by missionary activity and are, for the most part, carried out in defined territories recognized by the Holy See.25

It is to be noticed that the decree itself here allows a certain flexibility, ‘for the most part’, within its definition. In a footnote the Council clarifies its position: Obviously included in this concept of missionary activity are in fact those parts of Latin America where there is no proper hierarchy, nor maturity of Christian life, nor sufficient preaching of the Gospel. Whether these territories are in fact recognised by the Holy See as missionary or not is not a matter for the Council.

This does lead one to ask questions about the status of those territories where even with a ‘proper hierarchy’, there may yet be a lack of ‘maturity of Christian life’ and insufficient ‘preaching of the Gospel’, as well as those areas which are still thought of as ‘mission territories’ but who seem to have had for many years bishops, mature Christians and substantial preaching of the Gospel.

Paul VI and Evangelii Nuntiandi Clearly Ad Gentes was not the last word on the Church’s evangelising mission. In the decade after the Council there was much discussion about evangelisation and the bishops met in Synod in 1974 with the purpose of clarifying what and where evangelisation was. Several diverse strands were present within that Synod but not unanimity. Unable by

23

AG 2, references from the original included in parentheses. Brechter p 87 25 AG 6 24

themselves to find a common statement the Synodal Bishops passed over their discussions to Pope Paul VI: The copious riches we have found in such reciprocal communication could not be easily unified without jeopardizing its integrity. Having certainly become the richer through this experience, we have preferred to offer the integral fruits of our exchange to the Holy Father with great confidence and simplicity, and to await new impetus from him. 26

In answer to this request the Apostolic Exhortation Evangelii Nuntiandi was prepared.27 Although in some ways it as a document signalled a broadening of understanding of mission, it should be noted that the real achievement of the document was to phrase understandings which diverse parties could accept. By using ‘evangelisation’ as its primary term, it evaded the debate about ‘mission’ being solely in non-christianised territories and was able to apply the learnings from such areas of cultural dialogue, Gospel proclamation and Church planting to dechristianised territories. In line with Ecclesiam Suam it does have about it a commitment to dialogue. In line with Gaudium et Spes it sees the realm of culture as an essential location for such dialogue. It does give significance to the traditional emphases on proclamation, preaching and sacramental initiation whilst opening up that there is more to evangelisation than just these. In line with ‘Justice in the world’ and Progressio Populorum it does see social transformation, development and the active promotion of Justice and Peace as part of evangelisation. In recognition of the positive aspects of Liberation Theology, communautés de base are honoured, with qualifications, for their contribution to evangelisation (EN 58). In the terms of Bevans and Schroeder this moment of the Church’s evangelising mission would appear to move substantially towards type B, particularly as promoted by Societies of Apostolic life after the Council. Perhaps a key interpretive location of this is its stress on the Kingdom of God (EN 8ff, 34).To be sure there are continuing elements of type A and a regular acknowledgement of type C. However, the tenor is one of making sense of experience, journeying in dialogue with the thought forms and meaning systems of the day and expressing faith in contemporary cultural vehicles. The humanity of Christ is emphasised together with a positive anthropology. The Church is perceived of primarily as a Sacrament. Culture is perceived in primarily empirical terms. One measure of this Type B approach may be discerned in the practice of the ‘spirituality of mission’ in the wake of the Council and Evangelii Nuntiandi. Many extended the thrusts incipient in the apostolic exhortation to foster a world-centred and person-centred 26

Declaration of the Synod Fathers 3 (26th October 1974) published in L’Osservatore Romano Weekly Edition in English (7th November 1974) p3. See D. S. Amalorpavadass Evangelisation in the Modern World (National Biblical Catechetical and Liturgical Centre, Bangalore). Some clearly saw this as a failure, a charge refuted in the address of Pope Paul VI at the conclusion of the Synod: ‘[The Synod] is also to be called positive, because … as it contemplates the immensity of the task, has frankly recognised the difficulty of expressing in an immediate document all the aspects and obligations of Evangelization. We regret that certain quarters have wished to interpret this episode as a sign that the Synod has not succeeded’ L’Osservatore Romano Weekly Edition in English (November 7th 1974) p8. 27 Although the 1972 Synod produced its own report, ‘Justice in the World’ it has become the pattern of each Synod of Bishops since 1974 for the Pope to collate and promulgate their findings in an Apostolic Exhortation.

spirituality. Stories and songs and images and experiences of the ‘grass roots’ were given a priority over hierarchically directed doctrines. The ‘other’ as a person/people already graced by God was to be honoured and the Church was perhaps less the normal as the abnormal means of salvation.28 Another important location of this person-centred and context-centred approach may be seen in the revival of the Catechumenate. In the first part of the Twentieth century extended pre-baptismal catechesis was developed in Africa and France.29 The Second Vatican Council fostered a more widespread promotion of this (Sacrosanctum Concillium 64-66, Christus Dominus 14 and AG 14) and led to the publication of the Rite of Christian Initiation of Adults in 1972 (English Translation 1974).30 This has become (at its best) a holistic approach to formation in which initiation is typically developmental, personal, peer-to-peer, communal, ecclesial, scriptural, liturgical and experiential. The General Directory for Catechesis (GDC) within its locating of catechesis within evangelisation clearly further underscores the normative nature of this process. Through it faith is contextualised and its content appropriated.31 The language in post-conciliar discourse moves from the military to the relational.32 Several aspects of this should be noted– experience, feeling, imagination, creativity, belonging with others are all locations of evangelisation. The whole Gospel touches the whole person in all his or her dimensions (EN 18) however these dimensions be typed: memory, love and will; mind, heart and will; body and soul; personal and corporate; objective, subjective and inter-subjective; interior and exterior; familial, ecclesial and social; home, work, Church and social network; human, social, intellectual and spiritual.33 The post-Conciliar Church was both engaged in and addressing Modernity. However, it should be noticed that this very Modernity is itself now questioned. The present context of the Church is not the 1950s or 1960s (the era Callum Browne identified as the highwater mark of discursive Christianity in the UK34) but a time which is increasingly

28

See Anthony J. Gittins Reading the Clouds: Mission Spirituality for New Times (Ligouri Publications, Ligouri Missouri, 1999) for an example of such a reading. His discussion of the Church as normal or abnormal means of salvation is on p39. See too his Bread for the journey: the mission of transformation and the transformation of mission (Orbis, Maryknoll, 1993) and Vincent Donovan Christianity Rediscovered: An Epistle from the Maasai (SCM, London, 1978). 29 See Thomas Ohm Das Katechumenat in den katolischen Missionem (Aschendorff, Münster, 1959) and Aidan Kavanagh The Shape of Baptism: The Rite of Christian Initiation (Puebla, New York, 1979). 30 Cf EN 43 31 GDC 7 32 See Robert J. Schreiter "Changes in Roman Catholic Attitudes toward Proselytism and Mission" in James A. Scherer and Stephen B Bevans New Directions in Mission and Evangelization 2: Theological Foundations (Orbis, Maryknoll NY, 1994) p 117 33 Such typologies of the dimensions of humanity could be expanded with due reference to many theologians, philosophers and schools. This list, prepared for this paper, chooses to pick up traditions which run from St Augustine of Hippo De Trinitate to Christifideles Laici 60. 34 Callum G. Browne The Death of Christian Britain (Routledge, London, 2001) p5ff and p170ff.

post-Modern, maybe post-Christian and certainly post-Christendom.35 Also we might note that although mission became fundamental, it also became more vague.36

The New Evangelisation Pope John Paul II did not draw back from the breadth of Evangelii Nuntiandi but built upon it. This is scarcely surprising as he himself was a major voice in the 1974 Synod.37 Indeed many of the concerns which gather under the umbrella of ‘the New Evangelisation’ were already noted in Evangelii Nuntiandi – not least the necessity of explicit proclamation (EN 22), the call for a renewed proclamation in response to the dechristianisation of Europe (EN 52, 55), the need for the whole church to be ministers of evangelisation (EN 59) and the call to use the potential of the mass media in evangelisation (EN 45). Yet the promulgation of Redemptoris Missio (RM) not only affirmed these earlier trends but gave a firm direction as to the priority of committing all the energies of all the Church to the tasks of evangelisation and specific tasks of the proclamation of Christ and Church extension. There is a change of tone which has become evident during the pontificate of John Paul II. He has sought to give a greater focus and urgency to what may be thought more traditional components of mission - especially proclaiming the Gospel of Jesus Christ to those who do not know it, so that they may come to be members of Christ’s Church. He has made clear that inter-religious dialogue has NOT replaced mission and that the Kingdom of God is NOT to be identified with solely secular humanism. (RM 4, 17-18) As such this may be considered a restoration of type A theology. However, the easy categorisation of John Paul II in such terms ignores both his philosophical background, his commitment to dialogue (ecumenical, inter-faith and with men and women of goodwill, including artists and scientists) and his passion for social justice. There are elements to the corpus of his teaching, including his call for a New Evangelisation, which have aspects both of type B and of type C. However, the Church as hierarchy is reaffirmed. A high Christology is preferred (cf. Dominus Iesus) and a Christ-centred approach to mission is fundamental. The ‘evangelisation of culture’ tends to move away from the positive learning from culture (inculturation) towards a critique of contemporary trends (Church as counter-culture). Again the measure of ‘Spirituality of Evangelisation’ may prove revealing. Redemptoris Missio ends with a section on Spirituality which does appear to restate Type A basics, or at least to move in that direction. ‘Docility’ to the Spirit (RM 87), union with Christ (RM 88) a ‘zeal for souls’ and ‘loving the church’ (RM 89) are the marks of ‘missionary 35

See Robert Schreiter CPPS ‘Major Currents of Our Time: What They Mean for Preaching the Gospel’ Origins 31 (11) 36 Bevans and Schroeder p250. 37 As Cardinal Karol Wojtyla he reported on the theological part of the theme L’Osservatore Romano Weekly Edition in English (October 31st 1974) p5ff and in the discussion about what sort of document the Synod could or could not produce he noted that the diversity of experiences and orientations meant that any document of the Synod could only be generic. L’Osservatore Romano Weekly Edition in English (November 28th 1974) p11.

spirituality. These are expressed best in the lives of the Saints (RM 90). The Beatitudes are presented as the model of missionary activity. (RM 91). To be sure there is within these sections also acknowledgement of more Type B and type C concerns such as ‘openess to an interest in all peoples and individuals, especially the poorest of his breathren’ (RM 89). When Cardinal Ratzinger speaks of the spirituality of the New Evangelisation what seems emphasised are fidelity and the discipline of those who communicate the Gospel and the content of the Gospel communicated and little weight given to those by whom this communication is to be received.38 It is worth drawing attention to what may be complementary opposite sides of a single coin: • ‘Spirituality of Evangelisation’ which is orientated to the world and people outside the Church, openness to their experiences and cultures and discerning where the Spirit is moving and where grace is active; • ‘Spirituality for Evangelisation’ concerned with resourcing and equiping evangelisers from within - marked by a primary openness and fidelity to the transcendent God, rootedness in Scripture and traditions and liturgy. In Haiti, recalling the 500th anniversary of the evangelisation of the Americas, John Paul II called on his brother bishops to ‘Look to the future with commitment to a New Evangelization, one that is new in its ardour, new in its methods, and new in its means of expression.’ For many this has become the slogan of the ‘new evangelisation’ project. The novelty is not in the content of the Gospel but in the enthusiasm of Catholics in proclaiming it and the techniques and channels through which they achieve this. It is no accident that CASE chose as its strap line ‘enthusing, equipping, engaging’. This intentionally addressed the need to foster enthusiasm within the church for evangelisation, to provide tools with which to carry out this evangelisation and to engage with the locations and modalities through which this enthusiasm and these tools would connect with people and the world. ‘New ardour’ is a call to a Church which appears to have lost its confidence and enthusiasm and which was in danger of dissipating its activities down too many avenues. The sense of ennui which has often been noted in wider modern and post-Modern society is also an issue for the Church. Part of the call of Redemptoris Missio is to re-centre the energies of the Church onto a kerygmatic core of Evangelisation. There is a sense that the Pope saw other, undoubtedly laudable activities, as dispersing the resources required for evangelising mission along subsidiary paths. ‘New methods’ would seem to abound with innovative programmes and initiatives being launched each year. We might note the significance of the promulgation of the Rite of Christian Initiation of Adults and the renewal of the Catechumentate, the Alpha and CaFE courses, various programmes of diocesan and parish renewal including the RENEW International programme, the CMS parish mission process, the Cell Church model, KeKaKo, The Sion Community presentation of an oikos model of evangelisation, the

38

Jubilee address to Catechists available online at http://www.ewtn.com/new_evangelization/Ratzinger.htm and elsewhere.

Youth 2000 retreats, initiatives to reach inactive Catholics including the Landings programme and a host of others.39 ‘New means of expression’ picks up the theme of the ‘means of social communication’ which has been part of the backdrop of discussions since the Second Vatican Council and the decree Inter Mirifica. Growth in global and globalised communications technologies have created a ‘new Areopagus’ in which the unknown God must be proclaimed and which the Gospel must penetrate and shape.40 Since Redemptoris Missio communication technology has grown exponentially, not least through the influence of major advances in mobile telephony and the Internet. This last has a particular edge in being both an opportunity for evangelisation and a place of ethical ambiguity. The Internet is certainly a new “forum” understood in the ancient Roman sense of that public space where politics and business were transacted, where religious duties were fulfilled where much of the social life of the city took place, and where the best and the worst of human nature was on display. It was a crowded and bustling urban space, which both reflected the surrounding culture and created a culture of its own. This is no less true of cyberspace, which is as it were a new frontier opening up at the beginning of this new millennium. Like the new frontiers of other times, this one too is full of the interplay of danger and promise, and not without the sense of adventure which marked other great periods of change. For the Church the new world of cyberspace is a summons to the great adventure of using its potential to proclaim the Gospel message.41

The intentional response of CASE since its launch has been to use the Internet both to resource Catholic evangelisers (www,caseresources.org.uk) and to use it as a space for exploration for enquirers (www.life4seekers.co.uk). New ardour is a quality which is often associated with the new movements and communities who frequently demonstrate a zeal and liveliness often not seen in parish life. John Paul II has often drawn attention to them and given them substantial backing (even if also calling them to maturity and to unity): ‘… the newer ecclesial movements … continue to give the Church a vitality that is God’s gift and a true “springtime of the Spirit.”’42

These new movements have been most eager to respond to the call of the New Evangelisation. They have not only embodied enthusiasm, but they have been willing to try new methods and to enter into new fields and new expressions of evangelisation. That being noted, one may also note that they seem eager to restore old methods and old expressions: apologetics, tracts, street events and door knocking. This is not simply preConciliar conservative restorationism but may well prove to be a re-appropriation of

39

CASE is in the process of collating an inventory and directory of such initiatives who have had some profile in England and Wales. 40 RM 37c 41 Pope John Paul II Message for 36th World Communications Day May 12th 2003 available online at http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/messages/communications/documents/hf_jpii_mes_20020122_world-communications-day_en.html See also various papers of the Pontifical Council for Social Communications including ‘The Church and Internet’ February 2002. 42 Novo Millenio Ineunte 46

traditions in a new context. Indeed some of the traditions being appropriated may well have first appeared among evangelical Christians. Much of the meaning of New Evangelisation’ coalesces around the double edge of ‘renewed proclamation’. There is a new emphasis on the activity of proclaiming Christ. ‘Church in Europe, the “new evangelisation is the task set before you! Rediscover the enthusiasm for proclamation.’43 And this is a proclamation of Christ in a new context. That context includes those who have had some Christian contact or background but are not fully evangelised. That context includes the loss of Christian memory (EiE 7f). That context includes much which is partially Christian and much that is simply not at all Christian. In this context John Paul II urges that all the energies of all the Church be focussed on the New Evangelisation. (RM 3). There is a real question of where energies are placed. For many Catholics in England and Wales energy investment has been in pastoral care of existing Catholics; however, the call of New Evangelisation is for energy to be focused on those outside the Church. More, the whole church is called to contribute to the evangelising mission of the Church. This is not a specialist ministry. It is not that Catholics can evangelise by buying in services from those who are dedicated to this ministry. Rather it is the primary ministry of every Christian. It is the primary purpose of every ordained minister: but it is also something with which every baptised Christian is to be engaged. Every Christian man and woman, in every workplace, every home, every social network, everywhere, has a vocation to contribute to the work of evangelisation. But also the New Evangelisation opens up new locations to the Gospel. There are new places which need to hear the Gospel. The world is changing and the Church must meet it in its changes: new ways of seeing the situation in specific territories, new social realities, new ideas, new technologies, new media and new cultural forces.44 The General Directory for Catechesis identifies three contexts: The evangelization of the world finds itself placed in a very diversified and changing religious panorama, in which it is possible to distinguish three basic situations requiring particular and precise responses. a) The situation of those "peoples, groups and socio-cultural contexts in which Christ and his Gospel are not known, or which lack Christian communities sufficiently mature to be able to incarnate the faith in their own environment and proclaim it to other groups". This situation requires a "mission ad gentes", where missionary activity is concentrated preferably toward young people and adults. Its particular characteristic consists in the fact that it is directed to non-Christians and invites them to conversion. In this context catechesis is usually developed within the baptismal catechumenate. b) There are, moreover, situations in which, in a definite socio-cultural context, "there are Christian communities with adequate and solid ecclesial structures. They are fervent in their faith and in Christian living. They bear witness to the Gospel in their surroundings and have a sense of commitment to the Universal mission". These communities demand 43 44

Ecclesia in Europa (EiE) 45 RM 37

an intense "pastoral action of the Church" since they are made up of people and families of profound Christian outlook. In such contexts it is vital that catechesis for children, adolescents and young people develop various processes of well articulated Christian initiation which permit these to arrive at adulthood with mature faith which makes evangelizers of those who have been evangelized. Also in these situations adults are also in need of different types of Christian formation. c) In many countries of established Christian tradition and sometimes in younger Churches there exists "an intermediate situation", where "entire groups of the baptized have lost a living sense of the faith, or even no longer consider themselves members of the Church and live a life far removed from Christ and his Gospel". Such situations require "a new evangelization". The peculiar nature of this situation is found in the fact that missionary activity is directed towards the baptized of all ages, who live in a religious context in which Christian points of reference are perceived purely exteriorly. Here primary proclamation and basic catechesis are priorities. 45

It will be clear that these three situations are not hermetically sealed compartments but that a certain overlap exists between them. While much of the task of the New Evangelisation in England and Wales will best fit into the last category (situation c) – and this is the frequently encountered core exemplar of ‘new evangelisation’ - there is no doubt that it will also require sustained pastoral renewal (situation b), as well as engagement with the non-baptised and non-Christian (situation a). There is part of our peculiar situation which concerns the evangelisation of those who have been sacramentally initiated. Of particular concern must be that out of the 72% of the 2001 census who identified themselves as Christian, it would appear that only 7.5% have recognisable Christian practice. However, many in these nations have little Christian belief or Christian belonging. This does set something of an agenda: i. Making Evangelisers of the Evangelised or what could be identified as the ‘life of the household’; ii. The primary proclamation to and catechesis of those who have some, possibly even sacramental, connection to the Church – those who are close to, on or crossing the threshold; iii. The invitation to conversion of those totally outside the Church, those who need to be invited through the gateway, and of course the corollary of making gates open to those outside; iv. Presence, ‘pre-evangelisation’ and engagement in the world outside the Church. Being on the street and in the market place and visibly ‘making a difference’.46 The Catholic Church in England and Wales has put considerable energy into the first two of these. Much of what is described as evangelisation concerns ecclesial renewal, adult formation which increases the maturity and commitment of those already in or connected 45 46

GDC 85 See Knights and Murray Evangelisation in England and Wales 161ff.

to the Church and assisting those who have an interest in or are on the fringe of believing and belonging move from relatively inactive faith to a more active faith. However, there would appear fewer initiatives and less success in the third and fourth of the above categories. Yet the task is a coherent and balanced synthesis of actions which cover all these locations. David Bosch described his emerging ecumenical paradigm of mission as ‘mission in many modes’.47 This is a necessary orientation for the Churches evangelising mission in the fragmented and multi-factoral contexts of contemporary Britain, in which Church and culture exists in many, often overlapping modalities. A commitment to synthesis is also the conclusion of Constants in Context, although the authors primarily see this in a fusion of their types B and C. Bevans and Schroeder delineate recent Catholic missiological documents as approximately Ad Gentes, a Trinitarian-centred type B, Evangelii Nuntiandi, a kingdom-centred type C and Redemptoris Missio, a Christ-centred type A. While this may have some value as a rough sketch, of more value is their insistence upon a synthesis of all three of these theological types (and all six constants). While we believe that all three approaches are valid, we also believe that only a synthesis of all three will provide the firmest foundation for the model of mission we are proposing as the most adequate model for these first years of the twenty-first century: mission as prophetic dialogue.48

This acknowledges the need both for confident prophetic witness and to respectful conversation and sharing of life. Being open to the other, yet having a commitment to a truth which must be shared and to the transformation of history ought to be marks of a Church which exists not for itself but in communion with the triune God, as witnesses to Christ and a sacrament of his Kingdom.

47 48

Bosch p 511ff. Bevans and Schroeder p284